Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020,
pp.
3468~3
475
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
4
.
pp3468
-
34
75
3468
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Des
i
gn o
f probe f
or NQR/
NMR de
tection
Preeti
Hem
nani
1
,
A. K
. Ra
j
araj
an
2
,
Gopa
l Joshi
3
,
S.
V.
G
. Ra
vindr
anat
h
4
1
Hom
i
Bhabha
Nati
ona
l
Insti
tute,
Ind
ia
2
,3,4
Bhabha
Ato
m
ic
Resea
r
ch
C
e
ntre
,
Indi
a
1
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
Te
l
ec
om
m
unic
ation
Eng
ine
er
ing
,
S.I.E.
S Gradu
ate
School
of Te
ch
nolog
y
,
Ind
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
y
10
, 201
9
Re
vised
Dec
16
,
2019
Accepte
d
J
an
11
, 2
020
Nucle
ar
Magne
t
i
c
Resonan
ce
(N
MR)
is
a
RF
t
echnique
th
at
is
ab
le
to
detec
t
an
y
compound
b
y
sensing
the
e
xci
t
ed
resona
nce
signal
s
from
at
om
ic
nucl
e
i
havi
ng
non
-
z
ero
spin.
NQ
R
is
sim
il
ar
to
NM
R
but
the
onl
y
di
ffe
ren
c
e
is
NM
R
nee
ds
a
DC
m
agne
ti
c
fi
el
d
and
due
to
th
is
i
ts
appl
icati
on
in
the
fi
el
d
is
li
m
it
ed
.
A
FPG
A
base
d
NQ
R
s
pec
tromet
er
is
designe
d
usin
g
a
single
FP
GA
chi
p
to
per
form
the
digital
t
asks
req
uire
d
for
NQ
R
spec
trometer.
Design
of
Probe
for
NM
R/NQR
spec
tromete
r
is
r
ese
ar
ched.
Para
llel
tune
d
and
se
rie
s
tune
d
Probes
are
discussed
and
sim
ula
te
d.
14
N
NQ
R
fro
m
NaNO
2
is
observe
d
from
s
pec
tromet
er
d
esi
gned
with
par
al
l
el
tune
d
probe
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Coil
FPGA
NMR
NQR
Pr
obe
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ute of
Ad
v
ance
d
Engi
ne
eri
ng
and
Sc
ie
n
ce
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Pr
eet
i
Hem
nani
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
ro
nics
and Telec
omm
un
ic
at
ion
E
ng
i
ne
erin
g,
S.I
.
E.S
Gra
du
a
te
Schoo
l
of Te
chnolo
gy,
Nerul,
Na
vi Mum
bai, I
ndia
.
Em
a
il
:
pr
eet
ia
he
m
nan
i@
gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Nu
cl
ea
r
Qu
a
dr
upole
Re
s
onan
ce
(
NQ
R
)
is
s
pectr
os
co
py
of
nucl
ear
ene
rgy
le
vels
res
ult
ing
from
the
interact
ion
o
f
nucl
ear q
ua
dru
po
le
m
o
m
e
nt
with
the
el
ect
ric
fiel
d
gr
a
di
ent
in
cryst
al
lin
e
(no
n
-
c
ubic
)
so
li
ds
.
The
nucl
ear
e
ne
rg
y
le
vels
pe
r
ta
ining
to
this
intera
ct
ion
a
bsor
b
an
d
em
it
e
le
ct
ro
m
agn
et
ic
rad
ia
ti
on
i
n
th
e
RF
range.
I
n
the pulsed
NQ
R sp
e
ct
ro
m
et
er,
the sam
ple
is exp
ose
d
to intense
RF rad
ia
ti
on
of r
eso
nan
ce
fr
e
quency
from
wh
ic
h
th
e
nucl
ei
ab
sor
b
powe
r.
Whe
n
th
e
RF
ra
diati
on
is
switc
he
d
off
t
he
a
bsor
bed
e
ne
r
gy
is
r
adiat
ed
from
the
nu
cl
ei
in
a
t
ypic
al
tim
e
con
sta
nt
(T
2
*)
of
fe
w
te
nth
s
of
m
i
cro
sec
onds
to
a
few
m
illi
se
conds
.
The
res
on
a
nce
fr
eq
ue
ncy
de
pends
on
both
the
qu
ad
r
upol
e
m
o
m
ent
and
the
e
le
ct
ric
fi
el
d
gr
a
dient
he
nce
is
a
pro
per
ty
of
no
t
only
the
nucl
eus
but
al
s
o
of
t
he
m
at
erial
.
Fo
r
m
os
t
of
t
he
orga
nic
cryst
al
s
the
re
so
na
nce
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
li
es
belo
w
10
MHz
.
14
N
NQ
R
f
re
qu
e
ncies
f
or
organ
ic
c
om
po
unds
li
ke
ur
ea
,
NaNO
2,
RD
X
et
c
li
es
in
the
range
of
1
-
5
MHz
[1
-
3
].
T
he
e
xp
l
osi
ve
detect
io
n
via
N
QR
is
al
so
base
d
on
presence
of
14
N
as
al
l
exp
l
os
ives
usu
al
ly
co
ntain
nitroge
n
[
4].
NQ
R
is
relat
e
d
to
N
uclear
m
agn
et
ic
Re
sonance
(
NMR)
[5
]
,
w
hich
is
al
so
known
by
on
e
of
it
s
app
li
cat
io
ns
,
Ma
gn
et
ic
Re
sonance
Im
aging
(MRI).
NMR
i
s
a
sp
ect
rosco
pic
te
chn
i
qu
e
wh
ic
h
is
us
e
d
t
o
detect
the
com
po
un
ds
by
obser
vi
ng
t
he
res
onance
sig
nal
f
ro
m
at
o
m
ic
nu
cl
ei
with
non
-
zer
o
s
pin
inside
the
com
po
un
d.
As
f
or
NMR
la
rg
e
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
is
require
d,
it
s
fiel
d
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
bec
om
e
s
lim
it
ed
and
he
nce
the
NMR
-
ba
se
d
ex
plo
sive
detect
ion
syst
e
m
s
are d
evel
oped fo
r
lugga
ge
scr
eenin
g
[6
]
. Ho
wev
e
r,
unli
ke NMR
,
the
j
ob
of
pro
du
ci
ng
the
s
pe
ct
ro
sc
op
ic
ene
rg
y
le
vels
in
NQ
R
is
carrie
d
out
by
the
cryst
al
li
ne
el
ectr
ic
fiel
d
gr
a
dient a
nd
he
nce, N
QR
do
e
s not re
quire a
st
at
ic
m
agn
et
ic
f
ie
ld.
Or
i
gin
al
ly
conceptuali
zed
a
nd
obse
rv
e
d
by
I.
I.
Ra
bi
[
7
]
,
te
chnolo
gy
of
NMR
de
velo
ped
i
n
instru
m
entat
ion
an
d
theo
ry
al
ong
with
the
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
RF
te
chn
ol
ogy
durin
g
the
world
wa
r
an
d
la
te
r
com
m
ercial
in
strum
ents
fo
r
obser
vatio
n
of
NM
R
and
Ma
gnet
ic
Re
so
na
nc
e
Im
aging
(MRI)
we
re
avail
able
for
var
i
ou
s
c
om
pan
ie
s.
NQ
R
howev
e
r
rem
ai
ned
as
a
s
pecial
iz
ed
fiel
d
an
d
the
de
velo
pm
e
nt
in
this
fiel
d
wa
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Desig
n of
pr
ob
e for N
QR/NM
R d
et
ect
io
n
(
Pr
eet
i
Hemnani
)
3469
lim
it
ed
to
sp
eci
al
iz
ed
app
li
cat
ion
s
li
ke
m
i
ne
an
d
dru
g
de
te
ct
ion
.
The
theo
reti
cal
devel
op
m
ent
in
NMR
is
ver
y a
dvance
d t
o
the e
xte
nt th
at
N
MR
d
e
vice
s ar
e
bein
g de
ve
lop
e
d for
qu
a
ntu
m
co
m
pu
ti
ng
pur
po
ses
[
8
].
The
N
QR
w
orkin
g
pri
nciples
are
si
m
il
ar
to
tho
se
of
NMR.
NQ
R
dif
fers
with
NMR
only
in
the
way
nu
cl
ea
r
m
agn
e
ti
c
m
o
m
ent
and
the
exter
na
l
m
agn
et
ic
fie
l
d
interact
s
,
w
her
e
unli
ke
N
MR
,
N
QR
e
xploit
s
the
interact
io
n
betwee
n
the
el
ect
ric
qu
a
drupole
m
o
m
ent
of
nucl
e
us
an
d
EF
G
that
surr
ounds
the
nucl
eus.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
NQR
do
es
not
re
qu
i
re
an
exter
nal
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d.
Atom
ic
n
uclei
with
sp
i
n
I>
1/
2
,
s
uch
as
14
N
(I
=
1)
,
17O
(I
=
5/2),
35
Cl
(
I=
3/
2),
63Cu
(I
=
3/2)
possess
a
non
sphe
rical
ch
arg
e
distrib
ution
(s
hap
e
)
a
nd
hen
c
e
a
quad
r
upole
m
o
m
ent.
I
n
N
QR,
t
he
el
ect
r
ic
qu
a
dru
pole
m
o
m
ent
(d
e
no
te
d
by
Q
)
int
eracts
wi
t
h
E
FG
of
the
no
n
-
c
ubic
cryst
al
sit
e
whic
h,
m
uch
li
ke
the
Zeem
an
ef
fect
of
NMR,
r
esults
in
t
he
e
ne
rg
y
of
the
nu
cl
eus,
dep
e
nd
on
it
s
or
ie
ntati
on
with
resp
ect
to
E
FG
.
FP
G
A
bas
ed
pu
lse
d
N
Q
R
syst
e
m
is
de
sign
e
d
us
in
g
pa
rall
el
tun
e
d
pro
be
[
9
]
.
Two
ty
pe
of
prob
e
ci
rc
uit
s
are
avail
able.
Re
search
was
done
on
wh
ic
h
ty
pe
of
pr
ob
e
to
be
us
e
d.
T
his
pa
pe
r descri
bes
a
bout t
he
tw
o
ty
pe
s of
pro
bes
a
nd
wh
ic
h
to
b
e
us
e
d based
on t
he
st
ud
y.
2.
FPGA
BA
SED P
ULSED
NQR
SYST
EM
DESIG
N
An
N
QR
/NM
R
syst
e
m
[10,
11]
,
in
ge
ne
ral,
is
com
po
sed
of
fo
u
r
sect
io
ns,
transm
itter,
prob
e
,
recei
ver
and
c
om
pu
te
r
con
t
ro
l
as
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
1.
The
tra
ns
m
i
tt
er
sect
ion
is
desi
gne
d
to
ex
ci
te
the
nu
cl
ei
us
in
g
a
high
pow
er
RF
pulse
;
he
nc
e
it
is
com
pr
ise
s
of
a
n
R
F
s
ource,
a
pu
lse
pro
gr
am
m
er
and
a
powe
r
a
m
pl
ifie
r.
The
r
ecei
ve
r
s
ect
ion
is
desig
ned
to
re
cei
ve
weak
sig
nal
f
ol
lowing
the
str
ong
excit
at
io
n
and
it
com
pr
ise
s
of
a
pream
plifie
r,
detect
ors,
fil
te
rs.
T
he
c
ompu
te
r
c
on
tr
ol
cou
l
d
pro
du
ce
the
require
d
pu
lse
seq
ue
nc
e
f
or
excit
at
ion
of
nu
cl
ei
;
howe
ve
r
it
is
designed
to
ac
quire,
dig
it
iz
e,
store
and
process
the
data.
I
n
highly
so
phist
ic
at
ed
c
omm
ercial
syste
m
s the co
m
pute
r
co
ntr
ol m
od
ule
r
un
s
the e
ntire
process.
FPGA
base
d
pulse
d
14
N
N
Q
R
sp
ect
r
om
et
e
r
wh
ic
h
is
de
ve
lop
e
d
as
a
pa
rt
of
th
e
work
is
ex
plained
in [
12
-
1
4
]
. F
P
GA
c
hip
co
ntai
ns
larg
e
num
ber
o
f pro
gr
am
m
able log
ic
g
at
e
s in
wh
ic
h
any o
f
the
dig
it
al
circuits
can
be
desig
ne
d
us
i
ng
hard
war
e
descr
i
ption
la
ngua
ges
li
ke
V
HD
L
a
nd
Ve
rilog.
T
he
dig
it
al
ta
sk
s
of
this
sp
ect
r
om
et
er
li
ke
pu
lse
pro
gr
am
m
er
(P
P)
,
Direct
Digital
Synth
esi
zer
(DDS
)
[
1
5
,
1
6
],
dig
it
al
dem
od
ulato
r
[
17
]
,
lo
w
pa
ss
Finit
e
Im
pu
lse
Re
sp
onse
filt
er
(FIR)
[18
]
are
desi
gn
e
d
usi
ng
sin
gle
c
hip
of
FPGA.
T
he
a
na
log
per
i
ph
e
ral
s
su
c
h
as
cr
os
s
diodes,
pr
e
-
a
m
pifier,
qu
a
rter
wa
ve
tra
ns
f
orm
er
and
pr
obe
wer
e
al
so
desig
ne
d
as
par
t
of
th
is
research.
T
his
pa
per
ex
pl
ai
ns
the
desi
gn
a
nd
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
pr
ob
e
for
the N
MR
/N
QR
sp
e
ct
r
om
et
er.
Fig
ure
1. Bl
oc
k
diag
ram
o
f
pulse
d
N
QR
pec
trom
et
er
3.
NMR/N
QR P
ROBE
The
job
of
a
n
N
QR
prob
e
i
s
tw
ofold.
It
i
s
re
qu
i
red
to
pro
du
ce
the
R
F
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
that
i
s
su
f
fici
ently
str
ong
t
o
e
xcite
the
nu
cl
ei
a
nd
require
d
to
be
sensiti
ve
e
no
ugh
t
o
detect
the
weak
sig
na
l
after
the
excit
at
io
n
is
com
plete
.
The
m
os
t
su
it
ab
le
pro
be
ci
rc
ui
t
for
this
pur
pose
is
t
he
tu
ne
d
LCR
ta
nk
ci
rcu
it
.
The
Fig
ure
2
sh
ows
series
a
nd
pa
rall
el
ta
nk
ci
rc
uits
that
can
be
us
e
d
f
or
this
pur
po
s
e.
Since
in
the
tune
d
conditi
on,
t
he
ta
nk
ci
rcu
it
s
ha
ve
e
xtrem
e
i
m
ped
ances
(
ze
ro
or
in
finity
theo
reti
cal
ly
),
the
tra
nsfer
of
powe
r
into
th
e
c
oil
as
well
as
tran
sfer
of
si
gn
al
from
the
coil
require
ad
diti
onal
com
pone
nts
that
c
ou
l
d
m
at
ch
the
im
ped
ance
of
these
ci
rcu
it
to
the
outp
ut/i
nput
im
ped
anc
es
of
the
am
pli
fiers.
This
is
ty
pical
ly
achieve
d
by
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
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:
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In
t J
Elec
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C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020 :
3468
-
3475
3470
m
aking
us
e
of
sta
nd
a
rd
im
ped
ance
c
onfi
gur
at
ion
f
or
t
he
com
po
ne
nts
in
the
ci
rcu
it
an
d
m
at
ching
the
pro
be
i
m
ped
ance
to
that
value.
T
he
auth
or
ha
s
us
e
d
50
Oh
m
com
pone
nts
wh
e
re
as
75
O
hm
stan
da
r
d
config
urat
ions
are also
av
ai
la
ble co
m
m
ercia
ll
y.
Fig
ure
2. The
par
al
le
l an
d ser
ie
s LC probe
The
Q
fact
or
of
the
ta
nk
ci
r
cuit
play
s
an
im
po
rtant
ro
le
in
a
m
plifyi
n
g
the
excit
ing
si
gn
al
f
ur
t
her.
Howe
ver
this
is
bo
t
h
a
boon
and
a
ba
ne
as
the
vo
lt
a
ges
in
the
coil
cou
ld
easi
ly
go
beyond
the
brea
kdow
n
vo
lt
age
s
of
t
he vari
ou
s
co
m
ponen
ts
of the
cir
cuit an
d
r
esult
in brea
kdown or
sp
a
rk
i
ng etc
.
S
o
th
e pr
ob
e
needs
to
hav
e
a
good
i
ns
ulati
on
a
nd
nee
d
to
us
e
com
po
ne
nts
w
it
h
hi
gh
volt
ag
e
rati
ngs
w
herever
re
quired
.
A
c
oil
al
ways
has
a
r
esi
sta
nce
ass
oc
ia
te
d
with
it
an
d
the
sa
m
e
ser
ves
as
a
dam
pin
g
t
o
the
Q
of
the
ci
rcu
it
.
O
ne
m
a
y
add
ad
diti
on
al
resist
ances
t
o
the
ci
rc
uit
in
order
to
furthe
r
dam
pen
t
he
Q
or
for
the
pur
poses
of
m
at
ching
the
i
m
ped
ance
of
the
pr
ob
e
with
rest
of
th
e
el
ect
ro
nics.
The
hi
gh
Q
is
al
so
associat
ed
with
a
lo
ng
recove
r
tim
e
(r
ing
i
ng)
of
the
probe.
A
dd
it
io
nal
ci
rcu
it
ry
ca
n
be
us
e
d
i
n
s
uc
h
case
t
o
s
witc
h
t
he
Q
to
da
m
pen
the r
i
ng
i
ng [
1
9
].
In
m
os
t
of
the
m
od
ern
ci
rc
uits,
a
sing
le
coil
is
us
ed
f
or
both
excit
at
ion
of
the
nu
cl
ei
and
detect
ion
of
sign
al
s.
T
his
po
ses
so
m
e
string
e
nt
requirem
ent
of
the
pro
be
s
an
d
ad
diti
onal
ci
rcu
it
ry
t
o
i
so
la
te
the
excit
at
ion
and
detect
io
n
ci
rcu
it
s.
I
n
s
ome
of
the
desig
ns
[
20
,
21
]
the
t
ran
sm
it
te
r
and
receive
r
c
oils
are
di
ff
e
ren
t,
wh
ic
h
si
m
plifie
s
the
el
ect
ro
nics
a
nd
al
s
o
m
akes
it
easi
er
to
op
ti
m
iz
e
the
ind
e
pende
nt
requirem
ents
of
bot
h
transm
itter
an
d
receiver
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
m
echan
ic
al
ly
,
the
c
ro
ss
coil
a
rr
a
ng
em
ent
is
m
or
e
com
plica
t
ed
th
a
n
the
sin
gle
c
oil
syst
em
becau
se
a
la
r
ge
r
volum
e
is
req
ui
r
ed
i
n
the
cr
osse
d
c
oil
ar
ra
ngem
ent.
More
ove
r
i
so
la
ti
ng
the
t
ran
s
f
or
m
er
co
up
li
ng
betwee
n
the
e
xcita
ti
on
c
oil
an
d
t
h
e
recei
ving
coil
cou
l
d
be
qu
ite
a chall
en
ge.
Seve
ral
desi
gns
ha
ve
been
pro
po
se
d
for
NQ
R
c
oil.
F
or
la
b
desig
ne
d
s
pectr
om
et
e
rs,
a
sim
ple
so
le
noid
is
of
t
en
em
plo
ye
d,
wh
e
re
the
sam
ple
unde
r
st
udy
is
placed
insi
de
the
c
oil
that
enab
le
s
t
he
ef
fecti
ve
util
iz
at
ion
of
t
he
m
agn
et
ic
fi
el
ds
.
For
fiel
d
app
li
cat
io
ns
re
qu
i
rin
g
the
detect
ion
of
c
hem
ic
al
com
po
unds,
a
flat
patte
rn
c
oil
is
of
te
n
us
e
d.
Ther
e
are
al
so
so
m
e
coil
desig
ns
that
p
r
ov
i
de
m
or
e
robu
st
inter
fer
e
nce
rej
ect
io
n
[
2
2
]
.
In
or
der
to
m
a
ke
the
receive
r
con
fi
gurati
on
si
m
pler,
it
is
ob
ser
ve
d
that
the
par
al
le
l
ta
nk
ci
rcu
it
is m
or
e d
esi
ra
bl
e for
a
n NQ
R
pro
be.
The
pro
be
ci
rc
uit
has
a
coil
a
nd
tw
o
va
riabl
e
capaci
tors.
W
it
h
the
ad
j
ustm
ent
of
capaci
tors
the
pro
be
ci
rcu
it
is
co
nf
i
gure
d
so
t
hat
the
tu
ning
is
ac
hieve
d
ove
r
th
e
desire
d
f
re
quency
ra
ng
e
with
an
i
nput
im
ped
anc
e
of
t
he
pr
ob
e
ci
rcu
it
at
50.T
he
f
orwa
rd
po
wer
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
powe
r
am
plifi
er
is
tra
nsfer
red
t
o
the
pro
be,
by
m
at
ching
the
i
m
ped
an
ce
of
pro
be
to
50
oh
m
.
Also
the
sign
al
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
prob
e
will
be
eff
ic
ie
ntly
trans
ferred
to
de
te
ct
ion
ci
rcu
it
as
the
pr
obe
im
ped
ance
is
m
at
ched
to
50
ohm
wh
ic
h
is
the
inp
ut
im
ped
ance
of
pre
-
am
plifie
r.
The
t
wo
pr
ob
e
ci
rcu
it
s
,
serie
s
tu
ned
ci
rc
uit
an
d
pa
rall
el
tun
e
d
ci
rcu
it
a
re
discusse
d
he
re
.
Th
e
pa
rall
el
tun
ed
LC
ci
rc
uit
i
m
ped
ance
m
at
ched
to
50
ohm
s
with
a
ser
ie
s
capaci
tor
is
sh
own
in
F
ig
ure
3.
The
ca
pacit
ors
are
var
ie
d
in
order
to
t
un
e
the
ci
rc
uit
to
th
e
res
on
a
nce
frequ
e
ncy
a
nd
m
at
ch
the
ci
rc
uit
to
50
oh
m
s
for
m
axim
u
m
po
wer
t
r
ansf
e
r
from
the
transm
it
te
r.
Fo
r
the
ci
rcu
it
show
n
i
n
Fi
g
ure
3.
T
he
im
ped
a
nce
betwee
n A a
nd C eq
uals
:
Z
AC
=
Z
BC
+
1
j
ω
C
M
=
(
R
+
j
ω
L
)
/
j
ω
C
T
R
+
j
ω
L
+
1
/
j
ω
C
T
+
1
j
ω
C
M
(1)
=
R
(
1
−
ω
2
L
C
T
)
2
+
(
ω
C
T
R
)
2
+
j
ω
L
(
1
−
ω
2
L
C
T
)
−
C
T
R
2
(
1
−
ω
2
L
C
T
)
2
+
(
ω
C
T
R
)
2
+
1
j
ω
C
M
(2)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Desig
n of
pr
ob
e for N
QR/NM
R d
et
ect
io
n
(
Pr
eet
i
Hemnani
)
3471
Fig
ure
3.
Pro
be
w
it
h pa
rall
el
tun
e
d
ci
rc
uit
R
is
the
resist
ance
of
coil
at
r
eso
nan
ce
f
requ
ency.
Si
nce
th
e
te
rm
s
2
an
d
(
)
2
are
very
sm
a
ll
an
d neg
li
gib
le
, a
s s
how
n
in
(2)
can
b
e
si
m
plifie
d
to
:
=
(
1
−
2
)
2
+
(
1
−
2
)
+
1
(3)
In
or
der
to
sat
isfy
the
m
at
chi
ng
co
ndit
ion
th
e
real
par
t
of
(
3)
m
us
t
be
set
to
char
act
erist
i
c
i
m
ped
anc
e
of
the c
onnecti
ng co
a
xial ca
ble which is
50Ω
b
y a
dju
sti
ng
a
t fixe
d
f
re
qu
e
nc
y:
(
1
−
2
)
2
=
50
(4)
Th
us
,
=
1
−
√
/
50
2
(5)
In
order
to
obta
in
res
on
a
nce
at
sa
m
e
f
req
ue
ncy
i
m
aginar
y
par
t
of
(
3)
m
us
t
be
zer
o.
T
hu
s
e
q
uati
ng
i
m
aginar
y pa
rt
of (3)
to ze
ro,
we get
:
=
√
/
50
2
(6)
The
prob
e
ci
r
cuit
with
se
ries
tun
e
d
LC
ci
rcu
it
im
ped
an
ce
m
at
ched
to
50
ohm
s
wit
h
a
pa
rall
el
capaci
tor
is
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
g
ure
4.
Fig
ure
4. Pro
be
w
it
h serie
s t
uned
circ
uit
Fo
r
the
circuit
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
g
ure
4
t
he
im
ped
a
nce
betwee
n A
and C e
qual
s
:
=
(
+
+
1
)
∗
1
(
+
+
1
)
+
1
(7)
=
2
2
2
2
2
+
(
2
−
−
)
2
−
2
2
2
+
(
2
−
1
)
(
2
−
−
)
2
2
2
2
+
(
2
−
−
)
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020 :
3468
-
3475
3472
R
is
the
resist
a
nce
of
c
oil
at
r
eso
nan
ce
f
requ
ency.
Since
t
he
te
rm
s
(
2
−
−
)
2
ver
y
sm
al
l
and n
e
gligi
b
le
,
as s
how
n
in
(
7
)
ca
n be sim
pli
fied
t
o:
=
2
2
2
−
(
2
−
1
)
(
2
−
−
)
2
2
2
2
(8)
In
or
der
to
sat
isfy
the
m
at
chi
ng
c
onditi
on
th
e
real
par
t
of
(
8)
m
us
t
be
set
to
char
act
erist
i
c
i
m
ped
anc
e
of the c
onnecti
ng co
a
xial
ca
ble
w
hich
is
50Ω
b
y a
dju
sti
ng
a
t fixe
d
f
re
qu
e
nc
y:
2
2
2
=
50
(9)
Th
us
,
=
1
√
50
(10)
I
n
order
to
obta
in
res
on
a
nce
at
sa
m
e
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
i
m
aginar
y
par
t
of
(
8)
m
us
t
be
zer
o.
T
hu
s
e
q
uati
ng
i
m
aginar
y pa
rt
of
(
8)
to ze
ro,
we get
:
=
1
2
(11)
4.
DESIG
N OF
COI
L
The
RF
coil
c
om
bin
es
with
m
at
ching
ci
rc
uit
to
f
or
m
a
res
onant
ci
rc
uit,
an
d
w
orks
unde
r
t
he
r
eso
na
nt
sta
te
)
[
23
]
.
I
de
al
coil
sho
uld
possess
unifo
rm
RF
fiel
d,
go
od
fill
fa
c
tor
a
nd
high
qual
it
y
facto
r
(
Q
)
.
The
am
plit
ud
e
of
RF
volt
ag
e
w
hich
a
ppe
a
rs
at
the
te
rm
i
nal
of
t
he
ta
nk
ci
rc
uit
at
re
so
na
nce
f
requ
ency
is
pro
portion
al
to
qu
al
it
y
factor
of
the
c
oil
thu
s
it
is
adv
isa
ble
to
us
e
coils
w
it
h
hig
h
Q
fact
or
[2
4
]
.
The
qual
it
y
factor i
s
know
n
as
Q
val
ue
a
nd it
r
e
pr
ese
nts
the
rati
o of
i
nductive
r
eact
a
nc
e an
d
e
qu
i
val
ent loss
r
esi
sta
nce.
=
2
(12)
Wh
e
re
is
the
fr
e
quency,
is
the
in
du
ct
a
nce
of
the
coil,
and
R
is
the
total
loss
re
sist
ance.
The
value
is
hi
gh
e
r,
the
l
os
s
of
t
he
ci
rc
uit
is
s
m
al
le
r,
the
sign
al
am
plific
at
ion
is
str
onger,
the
f
re
qu
e
ncy
sel
ect
ivit
y
is
bette
r,
and
fr
e
quency
sta
bili
ty
of
res
onant
ci
rcu
it
s
is
higher
.
Howe
ver
the
bandw
i
dth
be
com
es
ver
y
narrow
at
high
resu
l
ti
ng
in
exces
s
ive
loss
of
use
fu
l
si
gn
al
s
pectral
c
om
po
nen
ts
a
nd
e
ne
rg
y.
Th
us
t
he
key
de
sign
of
c
oil
is
the
sel
ect
ion
of
an
d
t
he
range
of
the
var
ia
ble
ca
pacit
or
s
.
Seve
ral
c
oils
wer
e
wou
nd
an
d
te
st
ed.
The
one
t
ha
t
was
finall
y
us
e
d
f
or
this
w
ork
was
with
l
eng
t
h
to
diam
e
te
r
rati
o
of
tw
o
[
2
5
]
,
is m
ade o
ut
of
17 AG
W
c
oppe
r wire a
nd h
a
s
32 tur
ns
of 20
m
m
d
iam
et
er o
f
le
ngth
40 mm
.
Sm
it
h
Softwa
r
e
is use
d
t
o
fin
d
t
he
ra
ng
e
o
f
inducta
nce
o
f
c
oil
with
a
vaila
ble
ca
pacit
ors
and
of
(5
pF
-
125
pF)
.
The
capaci
t
or
s
us
e
d
a
re
high
vo
lt
age
(
5kV)
vac
uum
var
ia
ble
ca
pa
ci
tors.
Acc
ord
ing
t
o
inducta
nce
,
th
e
coil
diam
et
e
r
an
d
the
le
ng
th
of
tu
rn
s
,
th
e
tur
ns
of
t
he
coil
windin
g
wer
e
cal
c
ulate
d
by
inducti
on
cal
c
ulati
on
s
of
t
wa
re.
T
he
coil
w
as
desi
gne
d
an
d
m
ade
m
echa
nical
sta
ble
by
po
tt
in
g
it
s
tur
ns
in
resin base
d
a
dhesi
ve
(Aral
dite ®)
. T
he
i
nduc
ta
nce of
t
he
c
oil i
s 8
H.
5.
DESIG
N OF
PROBE
Fo
r
obser
ving
14
N
NQ
R
sig
na
l
fr
om
NaN
O
2
(N
QR
Fr
e
que
ncy
=4.64
M
Hz
)
and
L
=
8
H.
The
value
of
cap
aci
tors
f
or
pa
rall
el
tun
e
d
ci
rcu
it
pro
be
as
per
(5)
an
d
(6)
are
C
T
=126
.4pF
,
C
M
=
20
.
8pF
,A
ls
o
sim
ulate
d
us
in
g
Sm
it
h
so
ftwar
e
a
s
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ure
5
the
value
s
of
C
T
and
C
M
are
126.5
pF
a
nd
20.7
pF
res
pec
ti
vely
.
The
val
ue
of
capaci
tors
for
ser
ie
s
tu
ne
d
ci
rcu
it
pro
be
as
per
(
10
)
a
nd
(
11
)
are
C
T
=1
4
7
pF,
C
M
=
4.8
5
nF
.
Also
sim
ulated
us
in
g
Sm
it
h
softwa
re
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
6
t
he
values
of
C
T
a
nd
C
M
are
151.8
pF
an
d
4.8
nF.
T
he
pa
rall
el
tun
e
d
LC
ci
rcu
it
pro
be
l
ooks
fine
for
t
he
w
ork
a
s
val
ues
of
ca
pac
it
ances
a
re
m
at
ch
ing
t
o
values
of
a
vaila
ble
capaci
to
rs
.
The
val
ues
of
capaci
tors
in
s
eries
pro
be
are
no
t
as
pe
r
the
rati
ng
s
of
a
vaila
ble
capaci
ta
nces
a
nd
al
s
o
the
siz
e
of
va
riable
c
apacit
o
r
of
ra
nge
in
nF
is
to
o
la
rg
e
.
For
a
current
pulse
d
NQ
R
sp
ect
r
om
et
er
par
al
le
l
tun
e
d
ci
rcu
it
prob
e
wit
h
c
oil
of
8
H
was
de
ve
lo
pe
d
a
nd
ph
oto
is
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure
7.
The
pro
be
ci
rc
uit
is
sh
ie
lded
inside
an
al
um
inu
m
bo
x
an
d
is
well
gr
ound
ed
to
re
du
ce
t
he
noise
.
The
coil
is
m
ade
m
echan
i
cal
ly
sta
ble
by
bindin
g
it
s
tur
ns
usi
ng
a
resi
n
bas
ed
a
dhesi
ve
(
Ar
al
dite
®
).
T
he
f
orwa
rd
power
is
m
axi
m
ise
d
and
re
flect
ed
powe
r
is
m
ini
m
ise
d
by
tu
nin
g
an
d
m
at
chi
ng
of
the
pro
be.
T
he
for
wa
rd
a
nd
ref
le
ct
ed
pow
er
is
obse
rv
e
d
by
di
recti
on
a
l
coupler
buil
t
in
the
t
ran
s
m
itter.
Fig
ure
8
s
hows
t
he
plo
t
of
i
m
ped
ance
of
pro
be vers
us
frequ
e
ncy.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Desig
n of
pr
ob
e for N
QR/NM
R d
et
ect
io
n
(
Pr
eet
i
Hemnani
)
3473
Fig
ure
5. Sm
ith
c
har
t a
nd sc
hem
at
ic
o
f
pr
obe w
it
h pa
rall
el
tun
e
d
ci
rc
uit o
btained
fro
m
sm
it
h
so
ftwa
re
Fig
ure
6. Sm
ith
c
har
t a
nd sc
hem
at
ic
o
f
pr
obe w
it
h pa
rall
el
tun
e
d
ci
rc
uit o
btained
fro
m
sm
it
h
so
ftwa
re
Fig
ure
7. P
ho
t
ogra
ph of
par
al
le
l t
un
ed
circ
uit
pro
be
Fig
ure
8. im
pe
dan
ce
of
prob
e v
s
f
reque
ncy.
hor
iz
on
ta
l a
xis
is fr
e
quency i
n M
Hz,
ve
rtic
al
ax
is i
n
le
ft is Z
_pr
ob
e
in
oh
m
s,v
erti
cal
a
x
is i
n rig
ht is
phase i
n degrees
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020 :
3468
-
3475
3474
6.
RESU
LT
S
6.1.
14
N
N
QR si
gnal
FPGA
base
d
NQ
R
sp
ect
rom
et
er
us
in
g
pa
rall
el
tun
e
d
pro
be
ci
r
c
uit
w
as
desi
gn
e
d
a
nd
de
vel
op
e
d.
It
was
us
e
d
to
ob
s
er
ve
14
N
N
QR
sign
al
f
rom
NaN
O
2
.
Fig
ure
9
s
hows
th
e
14
N
NQ
R
sig
nal
.
The
obse
r
vatio
n
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
is
4.642
MHz
wh
e
re
as
the
sign
a
l
is
of
f
res
on
a
nt
by
about
25
00
Hz
res
ul
ti
ng
in
os
ci
ll
at
ory
NQR
sign
al
.
RF
e
xci
ta
ti
on
pulse
le
ng
t
h
of
20
μs
and
po
wer
of
120
W
was
use
d
for
e
xcita
ti
on.
T
he
pulse
l
eng
t
h
is
sel
ect
ed
su
c
h
t
hat it
is a
/
2
puls
e, to get m
axim
u
m
a
m
p
li
tud
e
of
NQ
R si
gn
al
.
Fig
ure
9.
14
N NQ
R
sig
nal fr
om
N
aNO
2
7.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
A
n
F
P
G
A
b
a
s
e
d
p
u
l
s
e
d
N
Q
R
s
p
e
c
t
r
om
e
t
e
r
i
s
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
.
T
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
a
s
k
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
for
s
p
e
c
t
r
om
e
t
e
r
s
u
c
h
a
s
P
u
l
s
e
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
r
,
D
D
S
,
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
,
a
l
o
w
pa
s
s
F
I
R
fi
l
t
e
r
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
a
c
q
u
i
s
i
t
i
o
n
i
s
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
i
n
F
P
G
A
.
Also,
the
analo
g
pe
riph
e
ral
com
ponen
ts
s
uch
as
pre
-
am
plifie
r,
cro
ss
diodes
,
qu
a
rter
wav
e
t
ran
s
f
orm
er
and
pa
rall
el
tun
ed
p
robe
wer
e
desig
ne
d
an
d
dev
el
op
ed
.
S
e
ries
a
nd
par
al
le
l
ta
nk
ci
rcu
it
s
wer
e
sim
ulate
d
.
The
sim
ulatio
n
show
s
tha
t
ran
ge
of
va
riable
capaci
tors
re
quire
d
for
pa
rall
el
tun
ed
ci
rc
uit
are
of lo
wer
ra
ng
e
(so easi
ly
av
ai
la
ble)
as
co
m
pa
red to t
hat r
e
qu
ired fo
r
se
ries t
un
e
d
ci
rcu
it
s.
REFERE
NCE
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t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
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8708
Desig
n of
pr
ob
e for N
QR/NM
R d
et
ect
io
n
(
Pr
eet
i
Hemnani
)
3475
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