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So
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e
o
f
th
e
t
o
p
test
in
g
to
o
ls
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
au
to
m
ated
test
in
g
o
f
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
s
a
n
d
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Sectio
n
6
.
2.
WE
B
AP
P
L
I
CAT
I
O
N
T
E
S
T
I
N
G
CH
A
L
L
E
N
G
E
S
W
ith
a
u
n
iq
u
e
s
e
t
o
f
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
f
o
r
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
tes
tin
g
th
e
m
ar
e
also
m
u
lti
f
o
ld
[
7
]
.
T
o
u
n
ea
r
t
h
a
f
ail
u
r
e,
it
i
s
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
t
est
t
h
e
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
in
a
c
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
in
p
u
t
w
it
h
s
tate.
W
ith
its
clo
s
e
lin
k
ag
e
to
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
in
wh
ich
i
t
is
r
u
n
n
in
g
,
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
test
i
n
g
p
o
s
es
cr
itical
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
[
1
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
th
e
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
h
as
a
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
n
o
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
li
k
e
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
s
tab
ilit
y
,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
u
s
ab
ilit
y
,
s
ec
u
r
it
y
etc.
[
1
]
,
[
7
-
9
]
.
Sp
ec
if
icall
y
,
th
e
h
eter
o
g
en
eit
y
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
th
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
u
s
ed
,
ex
ec
u
tio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
o
p
er
atin
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
test
i
n
g
o
f
w
e
b
ap
p
licatio
n
s
a
cr
itical
is
s
u
e
to
h
an
d
le
[
7
]
.
A
n
ef
f
icien
t
test
s
u
ite
s
h
o
u
ld
co
m
p
r
is
e
o
f
a
th
o
s
e
s
et
o
f
test
ca
s
es
w
h
ic
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
co
v
er
ag
e
te
s
tin
g
o
f
all
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
[
4
5
]
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
aj
o
r
test
i
n
g
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
w
it
h
w
eb
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
0
1
7
:
2
1
3
2
–
2
1
4
1
2134
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
W
eb
A
p
p
licatio
n
Sp
ec
if
ic
Fa
u
lt
s
3
.
WE
B
B
ASE
D
AP
P
L
I
CA
T
I
O
N
ARCH
I
T
E
C
T
UR
E
S
P
ay
d
ar
an
d
Ka
h
a
n
i
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
w
h
ic
h
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
f
o
r
m
al
f
o
r
m
at
f
o
r
test
s
p
ec
if
ic
atio
n
w
h
ich
is
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
b
y
t
h
e
ex
ec
u
to
r
m
o
d
u
le
b
eh
a
v
in
g
lik
e
a
w
eb
b
r
o
w
s
er
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
HT
T
P
b
ased
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
A
n
a
u
to
m
a
ted
test
ex
ec
u
tio
n
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
w
h
ic
h
is
ex
ten
d
ib
le
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al,
s
ec
u
r
it
y
,
lo
ad
,
s
tr
es
s
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
test
i
n
g
[
1
0
]
.
Ku
n
g
p
r
ese
n
ted
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
o
n
B
DI
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
i.e
.
th
e
B
elief
s
,
t
h
e
Desire
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
I
n
ten
t
io
n
s
A
r
c
h
itect
u
r
e.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
,
b
elief
s
,
d
esire
s
an
d
in
t
en
tio
n
s
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
th
e
ag
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
.
A
ll
k
in
d
s
o
f
te
s
ti
n
g
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
al,
co
v
er
a
g
e,
s
tate
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
etc.
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
t
h
is
ar
ch
i
tectu
r
e
[
1
1
]
.
L
i
et.
al,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
o
d
el
d
r
iv
en
te
s
ti
n
g
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
tes
t
in
g
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ca
lled
M
DW
A
T
P,
w
h
ic
h
ta
k
es
as i
n
p
u
t t
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
a
n
d
g
en
er
ates te
s
t c
a
s
es
au
to
m
atica
l
l
y
.
T
h
is
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
is
also
u
s
ef
u
l to
p
er
f
o
r
m
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
te
s
ti
n
g
o
f
th
e
w
eb
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
[
1
2
]
.
Yan
g
et.
al.
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
w
h
ic
h
m
ak
e
s
u
s
e
o
f
s
i
x
s
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
s
n
a
m
el
y
So
u
r
ce
Do
cu
m
e
n
t
An
al
y
s
i
s
Su
b
s
y
s
te
m
(
SD
AS)
,
T
est
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
S
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
(
T
MS)
,
T
est
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
Su
b
s
y
s
te
m
(
T
DS)
,
T
est
E
x
ec
u
tio
n
Su
b
s
y
s
te
m
(
T
E
S),
T
est
Fail
u
r
e
An
al
y
s
is
S
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
(
T
F
A
S),
T
est
Me
a
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
S
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
(
T
ME
S)
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
th
e
c
o
m
p
lete
te
s
ti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
itie
s
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
co
d
e,
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
y
ac
c
ess
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
s
,
tes
t
ex
ec
u
tio
n
,
test
v
alid
atio
n
,
test
f
a
il
u
r
e
an
al
y
s
is
,
a
n
d
me
as
u
r
e
m
e
n
t o
f
test
co
v
er
a
g
e
[
1
3
]
.
4
.
M
O
DE
L
B
ASE
D
T
E
S
T
I
N
G
O
F
WE
B
AP
P
L
I
CA
T
I
O
N
S
A
m
o
d
el
b
ased
m
u
tatio
n
te
s
ti
n
g
w
h
er
e
m
u
ta
tio
n
s
ar
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
to
an
a
p
r
io
r
i
test
ed
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
i
n
g
eit
h
er
a
s
tate
c
h
ar
t
d
ia
g
r
a
m
o
r
an
e
v
en
t
s
eq
u
en
ce
g
r
ap
h
.
An
y
s
e
ep
ag
e
in
t
h
e
f
au
lts
u
n
ea
r
t
h
ed
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
r
eg
u
lar
m
o
d
el
b
ased
test
in
g
ar
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
MB
MT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
4
]
.
Min
i
n
g
w
o
r
k
f
lo
w
m
o
d
els
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Sc
h
u
r
,
R
o
t
h
,
a
n
d
Z
eller
w
h
er
e
a
s
et
o
f
DOM
tr
ee
s
ar
e
cr
ea
ted
in
ab
u
n
d
an
ce
k
ee
p
in
g
in
v
ie
w
t
h
e
i
n
co
m
p
lete
s
et
o
f
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
tr
ac
e
s
.
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
DOM
tr
ee
s
ar
e
cr
ea
ted
b
y
k
ee
p
in
g
i
n
v
ie
w
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
1
5
]
.
A
User
R
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
Mo
d
el
Gr
ap
h
(
U
R
MG
)
i
s
co
n
s
tr
u
c
t
ed
b
ased
o
n
C
u
s
to
m
er
B
eh
av
io
r
Mo
d
el
Gr
ap
h
(
C
B
MG
)
w
h
ic
h
i
s
i
n
t
u
r
n
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
f
r
o
m
a
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
’
s
ac
ce
s
s
lo
g
s
a
n
d
au
to
m
ated
test
s
ar
e
r
u
n
o
n
t
h
e
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
An
o
b
j
ec
t
o
r
ien
ted
test
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
test
i
n
g
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
h
er
ei
n
an
Ob
j
ec
t
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
Diag
r
a
m
(
O
R
D)
is
d
ev
is
ed
e
m
b
ed
d
in
g
all
th
e
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
R
ev
iew
o
n
W
eb
A
p
p
lica
tio
n
Tes
tin
g
a
n
d
its
C
u
r
r
en
t R
esea
r
ch
Dir
ec
tio
n
s
(
D.
R
a
jya
La
ksh
mi
)
2135
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
Nav
ig
at
io
n
,
R
eq
u
est,
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
a
n
d
R
ed
ir
ec
t
u
s
in
g
w
h
ich
t
h
e
test
er
s
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
an
d
d
ep
en
d
en
cie
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
.
T
h
e
P
ag
e
Na
v
i
g
atio
n
Diag
r
a
m
(
P
ND)
an
d
th
e
Ob
j
ec
t
State
Diag
r
a
m
(
O
SD)
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
n
av
i
g
atio
n
test
i
n
g
an
d
s
tr
u
c
t
u
r
al
test
i
n
g
o
f
w
eb
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
7
]
.
A
n
a
v
i
g
atio
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
it
io
n
o
f
p
ag
e
s
i
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cte
d
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
h
y
p
er
li
n
k
s
p
r
e
s
en
t
in
t
h
e
w
eb
p
ag
es.
D
y
n
a
m
ic
r
eq
u
est
s
o
f
u
s
er
s
ar
e
m
o
d
eled
s
ep
ar
ately
[
1
8
]
.
R
ea
lis
t
ic
Usa
g
e
Mo
d
el
(
R
U
M)
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
h
ic
h
is
u
s
ed
b
y
a
S
i
m
p
le
W
o
r
k
L
o
ad
Mo
d
el
(
SL
M)
.
S
L
M
r
elies
o
n
s
i
m
u
l
atin
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
er
s
b
y
o
b
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er
v
in
g
th
e
s
er
v
er
lo
g
s
an
d
s
tu
d
y
i
n
g
th
e
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ests
[
1
9
]
.
5
.
WE
B
AP
P
L
I
CAT
I
O
N
T
E
S
T
I
N
G
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
Dif
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
te
s
ti
n
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
li
k
e
co
v
er
ag
e
te
s
ti
n
g
,
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
test
i
n
g
,
s
tati
s
ti
ca
l
test
in
g
,
co
m
b
i
n
ato
r
ial
in
ter
ac
t
io
n
test
in
g
,
p
en
etr
at
io
n
test
i
n
g
,
Sear
ch
b
ased
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
te
s
ti
n
g
,
U
n
iq
u
e
I
n
p
u
t/
O
u
tp
u
t
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
i
n
g
G
en
etic
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
s
[
2
0
]
,
W
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
Sli
ci
n
g
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
Hier
ar
ch
ical
test
i
n
g
[
2
3
]
,
B
y
p
as
s
test
i
n
g
,
C
r
o
s
s
B
r
o
w
s
er
co
m
p
atib
ili
t
y
te
s
ti
n
g
[
2
4
]
,
L
ev
er
ag
i
n
g
User
s
e
s
s
io
n
Data
T
esti
n
g
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
in
t
h
e
co
n
te
x
t o
f
w
eb
a
p
p
licatio
n
test
i
n
g
[
3
7
]
.
a.
Stru
ct
u
r
al
T
esti
n
g
-
Data
f
lo
w
an
a
l
y
s
is
o
n
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
s
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
an
d
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
test
in
g
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
is
b
u
ilt d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
.
b.
Statis
t
ical
T
esti
n
g
–
I
n
p
u
t
Se
q
u
en
ce
is
g
en
er
ated
to
test
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
w
i
th
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
f
ile
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
.
c.
Mu
tatio
n
T
esti
n
g
–
T
h
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
f
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
f
a
u
lt
y
co
d
e
(
ca
lled
m
u
ta
n
t
s
)
in
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
d
e
d
elib
er
ately
at
p
r
ed
eter
m
i
n
ed
p
o
in
ts
an
d
tes
tin
g
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
to
u
n
co
v
er
a
n
y
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
er
r
o
r
s
.
I
t
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
cr
iter
io
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
test
in
g
o
f
w
e
b
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
4
6
]
.
d.
C
o
m
b
i
n
ato
r
ial
I
n
ter
ac
tio
n
T
esti
n
g
-
Usi
n
g
a
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
b
y
f
ir
s
t
d
esig
n
i
n
g
a
u
n
iq
u
e
in
p
u
t sp
ac
e
m
atr
ix
f
o
r
th
e
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
e.
P
en
etr
atio
n
T
esti
n
g
-
Au
to
m
ated
test
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
r
u
n
s
i
m
u
lat
in
g
t
h
e
ac
tiv
e
attac
k
s
to
ex
p
o
s
e
th
e
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
ies o
f
th
e
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
f.
Sear
ch
B
ased
So
f
t
w
ar
e
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
T
esti
n
g
-
E
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
w
it
h
i
n
a
s
t
ate
s
p
ac
e
a
n
d
ca
lcu
lati
n
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a
f
i
tn
e
s
s
f
u
n
ctio
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to
th
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
iter
ati
v
el
y
u
n
t
il
w
e
ar
r
i
v
e
at
a
m
o
s
t
o
p
ti
m
a
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
b
r
an
ch
co
v
er
a
g
e
o
f
w
eb
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
.
g.
Usi
n
g
UI
O
a
n
d
Gen
et
ic
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
s
-
P
at
h
s
elec
tio
n
is
d
o
n
e
b
ased
o
n
a
u
n
iq
u
e
i
n
p
u
t/o
u
tp
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t
(
UI
O)
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
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to
m
a
tic
test
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s
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g
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n
et
ic
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ith
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s
w
h
ich
r
es
u
lt
s
in
t
h
e
b
est
tes
t
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
.
h.
GUI
I
n
ter
ac
tio
n
T
esti
n
g
-
GUI
w
id
g
e
ts
e
v
en
t
s
s
eq
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ce
s
ar
e
p
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f
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r
m
ed
a
n
d
th
e
w
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ap
p
licatio
n
test
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f
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r
co
r
r
ec
tn
ess
b
y
o
b
s
er
v
i
n
g
th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
GUI
w
id
g
ets.
i.
W
eb
A
p
p
licati
o
n
Sli
ci
n
g
-
R
e
d
u
ce
d
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
w
h
ic
h
b
eh
av
es
co
m
p
le
tel
y
as
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
a
l
o
n
e
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t to
s
o
m
e
cr
iter
io
n
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
t
h
e
test
i
n
g
.
j.
C
r
o
s
s
B
r
o
w
s
er
C
o
m
p
atib
il
it
y
test
in
g
-
S
u
b
j
ec
tin
g
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
b
r
o
w
s
er
s
f
o
r
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
e
x
p
ec
ted
r
esu
lts
.
k.
Hier
ar
ch
ical
Stra
te
g
y
-
Hig
h
lev
el
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
r
o
f
ile
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
en
u
m
er
ati
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
u
s
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
s
an
d
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
f
u
n
ctio
n
g
r
o
u
p
to
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
te
s
t
s
u
c
h
an
o
p
er
atio
n
o
r
r
elate
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
i
s
d
o
n
e.
l.
B
y
p
as
s
T
esti
n
g
-
B
y
p
a
s
s
clie
n
t
s
id
e
ch
ec
k
in
g
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
in
v
alid
in
p
u
ts
to
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
to
ch
ec
k
co
r
r
ec
tn
ess
an
d
s
ec
u
r
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
.
m.
L
e
v
er
ag
i
n
g
User
Ses
s
io
n
Da
ta
-
T
est
ca
s
es
ar
e
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
co
llected
u
s
e
r
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
U
R
L
’
s
a
n
d
n
a
m
e
-
v
al
u
e
p
air
s
.
n.
B
r
o
w
s
er
F
u
zz
i
n
g
B
y
Sc
h
ed
u
l
ed
Mu
tatio
n
-
B
r
o
w
s
er
s
ar
e
v
alid
ated
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
tatic
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
w
a
y
s
,
th
e
f
o
r
m
er
b
ased
o
n
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
f
o
r
m
at
w
h
ile
t
h
e
latter
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
ex
ec
u
ti
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
g
i
v
i
n
g
o
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e
i
n
p
u
t a
t a
ti
m
e.
o.
I
n
v
ar
ia
n
t
B
a
s
ed
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
-
T
esti
n
g
t
h
e
w
eb
ap
p
licatio
n
b
y
cr
a
w
li
n
g
t
h
e
w
eb
p
a
g
es
,
an
d
f
o
r
m
all
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d
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n
in
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s
tate
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h
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all
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ter
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eq
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ce
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th
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p
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ter
f
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tates.
p.
Mo
d
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ased
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q
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ap
p
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to
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s
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tr
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r
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h
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d
n
av
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g
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n
th
r
o
u
g
h
li
n
k
s
i
s
test
ed
to
ascer
tain
co
r
r
ec
t b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
w
e
b
ap
p
licatio
n
.
A
co
m
p
lete
co
d
e
co
v
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ag
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f
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r
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y
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p
licatio
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r
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p
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ab
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s
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.
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r
tech
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iq
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D
a
t
a
f
l
o
w
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
5
]
2
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
a
l
T
e
st
i
n
g
I
n
t
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o
f
a
w
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b
a
p
p
l
i
c
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t
i
o
n
[
2
2
]
3
M
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
st
i
n
g
F
a
u
l
t
b
a
se
d
t
e
st
i
n
g
[
1
4
-
3
1
]
4
C
o
mb
i
n
a
t
o
r
i
a
l
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
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o
mb
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a
t
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f
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f
f
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r
e
n
t
t
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c
h
n
i
q
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e
s.
[
3
2
]
5
P
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
st
i
n
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A
c
t
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v
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a
t
t
a
c
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m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
[
3
3
]
6
S
e
a
r
c
h
B
a
se
d
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
En
g
i
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s
[
3
4
]
7
U
si
n
g
U
I
O
a
n
d
G
e
n
e
t
i
c
A
l
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n
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G
A
b
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d
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m
[
2
0
]
8
G
U
I
I
n
t
e
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a
c
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o
n
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st
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n
g
o
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G
U
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w
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d
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s
[
3
5
]
9
W
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b
A
p
p
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n
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l
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c
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sl
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b
a
p
p
l
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c
a
t
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o
n
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
10
C
r
o
ss B
r
o
w
se
r
C
o
mp
a
t
i
b
i
l
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t
y
Te
st
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n
g
o
n
d
i
f
f
e
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n
t
b
r
o
w
se
r
s
[
2
4
]
11
H
i
e
r
a
r
c
h
i
c
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l
S
t
r
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t
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y
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p
me
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p
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a
t
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l
p
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f
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l
e
[
2
3
]
12
B
y
p
a
ss T
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st
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n
g
S
e
c
u
r
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t
y
t
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st
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n
g
b
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t
si
d
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v
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l
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d
a
t
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o
n
s
[
3
6
]
13
L
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v
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g
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n
g
U
se
r
S
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ssi
o
n
D
a
t
a
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R
L
t
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st
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n
g
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
14
B
r
o
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F
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n
g
B
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t
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c
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
mi
c
w
a
y
s
[
3
9
]
15
I
n
v
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a
n
t
B
a
se
d
T
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c
h
n
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q
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f
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t
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o
n
s
[
3
2
]
16
M
o
d
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l
B
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se
d
T
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st
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n
g
T
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c
h
n
i
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b
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l
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k
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t
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n
[
4
0
]
A
d
etailed
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tu
d
y
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tio
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ed
tec
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iq
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d
th
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ir
f
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t
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ch
d
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ctio
n
s
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e
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n
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o
lid
ated
in
T
ab
le
2
.
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h
e
r
esear
ch
d
ir
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tio
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h
e
tab
le
ar
e
d
ir
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tio
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s
in
wh
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t
h
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p
r
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ter
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f
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to
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le
2
.
A
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v
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ta
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d
Dis
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Var
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g
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h
n
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c
y
.
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
5
]
2
S
t
a
t
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l
T
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s fr
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m t
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f
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.
[
2
2
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3
M
u
t
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t
a
t
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o
n
o
p
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r
a
t
o
r
s.
[
26
-
3
1
]
4
C
o
mb
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a
t
o
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l
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p
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t
.
[
3
2
]
5
P
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t
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T
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st
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A
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me
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f
v
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s
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l
s
[
3
3
]
6
S
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a
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B
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se
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En
g
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l
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n
se
s.
[
3
4
]
7
U
si
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U
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O
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G
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A
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r
.
[
2
0
]
8
G
U
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a
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T
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V
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ma
k
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a
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o
m
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e
d
.
[
3
5
]
9
W
e
b
A
p
p
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t
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n
S
l
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c
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A
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u
s
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me
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m
p
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l
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t
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n
o
f
t
e
st
c
a
se
s.
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
10
C
r
o
ss
B
r
o
w
se
r
C
o
mp
a
t
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
T
e
st
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n
g
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
a
l
a
r
g
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c
a
t
a
l
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o
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k
n
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w
n
D
O
M
l
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l
d
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f
f
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e
n
c
e
s
b
e
t
w
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v
a
r
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o
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s
b
r
o
w
s
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r
s
a
n
d
a
u
t
o
ma
t
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o
n
f
o
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d
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c
t
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g
d
i
f
f
e
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e
n
c
e
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
b
r
o
w
s
e
r
s n
o
t
l
i
st
e
d
a
t
D
O
M
l
e
v
e
l
.
[
2
4
]
11
H
i
e
r
a
r
c
h
i
c
a
l
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
V
a
l
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d
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t
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o
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a
p
p
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y
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p
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y
i
n
g
i
t
i
n
t
h
e
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n
d
u
st
r
y
.
[
2
3
]
12
B
y
p
a
ss T
e
st
i
n
g
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
so
me
a
u
t
o
mat
e
d
f
r
a
me
w
o
r
k
t
o
d
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v
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l
o
p
a
u
t
o
ma
t
e
d
b
y
p
a
ss
t
e
st
s.
[
3
6
]
13
L
e
v
e
r
a
g
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n
g
U
ser
S
e
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o
n
D
a
t
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C
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a
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ms c
a
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C
o
st
Ef
f
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c
t
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v
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a
g
a
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st
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mat
e
d
a
n
d
c
o
mp
a
r
e
d
.
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
14
B
r
o
w
s
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r
F
u
z
z
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n
g
B
y
S
c
h
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d
u
l
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d
M
u
t
a
t
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o
n
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
a
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g
me
c
h
a
n
i
sm
f
o
r
r
e
c
o
r
d
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n
g
c
r
a
sh
i
n
p
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t
a
s
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t
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s
d
i
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f
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c
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l
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t
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c
o
r
d
p
e
r
si
st
e
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
f
o
r
b
r
o
w
ser fu
z
z
i
n
g
.
N
e
w
S
e
e
d
s a
n
d
me
t
h
o
d
s
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o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
mo
r
e
c
r
a
sh
e
s.
[
3
9
]
15
I
n
v
a
r
i
a
n
t
B
a
se
d
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
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W
o
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k
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d
s
t
o
p
r
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g
r
e
ss
o
n
h
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w
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a
p
t
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se
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se
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o
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d
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d
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p
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d
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g
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t
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l
a
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g
e
r
a
p
p
l
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c
a
t
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o
n
s
.
[
2
]
16
M
o
d
e
l
B
a
se
d
T
e
st
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n
g
T
e
c
h
n
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q
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d
f
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t
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d
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p
me
n
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f
mu
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h
a
n
c
e
a
d
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p
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b
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l
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t
y
.
[
4
0
]
6.
T
O
O
L
S F
O
R
W
E
B
AP
P
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[
4
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30
F
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7.
RE
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RE
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[1
]
S
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Ku
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―
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stin
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:
T
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Ch
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I
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CS
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In
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.
[2
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[3
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Qia
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WA
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[4
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Yu
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Da
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[5
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M
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7
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.
[6
]
M
.
Hic
k
s.
―
Pa
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wa
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S
h
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a
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i
Ka
u
sh
a
l,
Ja
g
p
u
n
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e
t
Ka
u
r
Ba
jwa
.
―
A
n
a
l
y
ti
c
a
l
R
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v
i
e
w
o
f
U
se
r
P
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rc
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iv
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d
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Tec
h
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s‖
.
In
ter
n
a
t
io
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a
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o
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rn
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Ad
v
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d
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e
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rc
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in
Co
mp
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ter
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c
ien
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V
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2
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1
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2
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2
7
7
1
2
8
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[8
]
G
iu
se
p
p
e
A
n
to
n
io
Di
L
u
c
c
a
,
A
n
n
a
Rit
a
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a
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li
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o
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ra
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o
F
a
ra
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o
De
Ca
rli
n
i
,
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sti
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g
W
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b
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p
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P
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d
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e
I
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tern
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ti
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l
Co
n
f
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n
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re
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e
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0
2
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0
-
7
6
9
5
-
1
8
1
9
-
2
/
0
2
2
0
0
2
IEE
E.
[9
]
G
iu
se
p
p
e
A
.
Di
L
u
c
c
a
,
“
T
e
stin
g
W
e
b
-
Ba
se
d
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p
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ica
ti
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o
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2
9
th
A
n
n
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a
l
In
ter
n
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ti
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n
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l
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o
m
p
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ter
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tw
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r
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n
d
A
p
p
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c
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ti
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c
e
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S
A
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5
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0
7
3
0
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1
5
7
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0
5
2
0
0
5
IE
EE
.
[1
0
]
S
a
m
a
d
P
a
y
d
a
r,
M
o
h
se
n
Ka
h
a
n
i,
―
A
n
Ag
e
n
t
-
Ba
se
d
F
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
fo
r
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u
to
m
a
ted
T
e
stin
g
o
f
W
e
b
-
B
a
se
d
S
y
ste
m
s‖
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
ft
w
a
re
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
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Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
2
0
1
1
,
4
,
8
6
-
94
[1
1
]
Da
v
id
Ku
n
g
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g
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n
t
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B
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se
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Fra
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d
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2
8
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a
l
In
tern
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ti
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ter S
o
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re
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p
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S
A
C’0
4
)
0
7
3
0
-
3
1
5
7
/
0
4
2
0
0
4
IEE
E.
[1
2
]
Nu
o
L
i,
Qin
-
qi
n
M
a
,
Ji
W
u
,
M
a
o
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z
h
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n
g
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,
C
h
a
o
L
i
u
,
“
A
Fr
a
me
wo
rk
o
f
M
o
d
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l
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Dr
ive
n
W
e
b
Ap
p
li
c
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ti
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n
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e
stin
g
”
,
P
r
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e
d
in
g
s
o
f
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e
3
0
th
A
n
n
u
a
l
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
m
p
u
ter
S
o
f
tw
a
re
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n
d
A
p
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c
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ti
o
n
s
C
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n
f
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re
n
c
e
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S
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0
6
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0
-
7
6
9
5
-
2
6
5
5
-
1
/0
6
2
0
0
6
.
[1
3
]
Ji
-
T
z
a
y
Ya
n
g
,
Jiu
n
-
L
o
n
g
Hu
a
n
g
,
F
e
n
g
-
Jia
n
W
a
n
g
,
W
il
li
a
m
.
C.
Ch
u
,
―
A
n
Ob
jec
t
-
Orie
n
ted
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
S
u
p
p
o
rti
n
g
W
e
b
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
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n
T
e
stin
g
‖
,
0
-
7
6
9
5
-
0
3
6
8
-
3
/
9
9
.
1
9
9
9
IEE
E
.
[1
4
]
F
e
v
z
i
Be
ll
ia,
Ch
risto
f
J.
Bu
d
n
ik
b
,
Ax
e
l
Ho
ll
m
a
n
n
c
,
T
u
g
k
a
n
T
u
g
l
u
lard
,
W
.
Eri
c
W
o
n
g
e
,
―
M
o
d
e
l
Ba
se
d
M
u
tatio
n
T
e
stin
g
-
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
a
n
d
Ca
se
S
tu
d
ies
‖
,
S
c
i.
C
o
mp
u
t.
Pr
o
g
ra
m
.
(
2
0
1
6
),
[15]
M
a
tt
h
ias
S
c
h
u
r,
A
n
d
re
a
s
Ro
th
,
a
n
d
A
n
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re
a
s
Zeller
,
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M
in
in
g
W
o
rk
f
lo
w
M
o
d
e
ls
f
ro
m
W
e
b
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s‖
,
1
1
8
4
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
o
ft
wa
re
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
4
1
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
5
.
[1
6
]
X
iao
l
in
X
u
,
Ha
i
Jin
,
S
o
n
g
W
u
,
L
i
x
ian
g
T
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Yih
o
n
g
W
a
n
g
,
―
URMG
:
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
CBM
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-
Ba
se
d
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
A
u
to
m
a
ti
c
a
ll
y
Tes
ti
n
g
W
e
b
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
t
h
e
Clo
u
d
‖
,
T
sin
g
h
u
a
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
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o
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y
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S
N
0
0
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1
4
-
0
7
/
1
0
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p
6
5
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5
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o
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me
1
9
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m
b
e
r 1
,
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e
b
ru
a
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2
0
1
4
.
[1
7
]
Da
v
id
C.
Ku
n
g
C
h
ien
-
Hu
n
g
L
iu
P
e
i
Hs
ia
,
―
A
n
Ob
jec
t
-
Orie
n
ted
W
e
b
T
e
st
M
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
T
e
stin
g
W
e
b
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s‖
,
0
-
7
6
9
5
-
0
7
9
3
/0
0
2
0
0
0
IE
EE
.
[18]
F
il
ip
p
o
Ricc
a
a
n
d
P
a
o
lo
T
o
n
e
ll
a
,
―
A
n
a
l
y
sis a
n
d
T
e
stin
g
o
f
Web
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s‖
,
0
-
7
6
9
5
-
1
0
5
0
-
7
/0
2
0
0
1
IEE
E
.
[19]
X
in
g
e
n
W
a
n
g
,
Bo
Zh
o
u
,
W
e
i
L
i,
―
M
o
d
e
l
Ba
se
d
L
o
a
d
T
e
stin
g
o
f
W
e
b
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s‖
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
Pa
ra
ll
e
l
a
n
d
Distri
b
u
ted
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
wi
th
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
9
7
8
-
0
-
7
6
9
5
-
4
1
9
0
-
7
/1
0
2
0
1
0
IE
EE
.
[2
0
]
P
o
o
n
a
m
S
o
n
i,
Dr.
S
a
n
ja
y
Ty
a
g
i
,
―
T
e
stin
g
W
e
b
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
Us
in
g
UIO
w
it
h
GA
‖
,
T
h
e
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
ft
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
S
o
ft
w
a
re
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
V
o
l
u
m
e
3
,
Iss
u
e
5
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
3
IS
S
N:
2
2
7
7
1
2
8
X.
[2
1
]
L
e
i
X
u
,
Ba
o
w
e
n
Xu
,
Z
h
e
n
q
ian
g
Ch
e
n
,
Jix
ian
g
Jia
n
g
,
Hu
o
w
a
n
g
Ch
e
n
,
“
Reg
re
ss
io
n
T
e
stin
g
fo
r
W
e
b
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
Ba
se
d
o
n
S
li
c
in
g
”
,
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
7
th
A
n
n
u
a
l
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
o
f
t
w
a
re
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
(COMP
S
A
C’0
3
)
0
7
3
0
-
3
1
5
7
/0
3
2
0
0
3
IEE
E
.
[22]
F
il
ip
p
o
Ricc
a
,
“
A
n
a
lys
is,
T
e
stin
g
a
n
d
Re
-
stru
c
tu
ri
n
g
o
f
W
e
b
Ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s”
,
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
0
th
IE
EE
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
M
a
in
ten
a
n
c
e
(ICS
M
’
0
4
)
1
0
6
3
-
6
7
7
3
/
0
4
2
0
0
4
IEE
E.
[2
3
]
Je
ff
T
ian
,
L
i
M
a
,
Zh
a
o
L
i
a
n
d
A
.
G
¨u
n
e
s
¸
Ko
ru
,
“
A
Hie
ra
rc
h
ica
l
S
tra
teg
y
fo
r
T
e
stin
g
W
e
b
-
Ba
se
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
En
su
rin
g
T
h
e
ir
Relia
b
il
it
y
”
,
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
7
th
A
n
n
u
a
l
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
(COMP
S
A
C’0
3
)
0
7
3
0
-
3
1
5
7
/0
3
2
0
0
3
IE
EE
.
[24]
A
li
M
e
sb
a
h
,
M
u
k
u
l
R.
P
ra
sa
d
,
―
A
u
to
m
a
ted
Cro
ss
-
Bro
w
s
e
r
Co
m
p
a
ti
b
il
it
y
Tes
ti
n
g
‖
,
ICS
E
’1
1
,
M
a
y
2
1
–
2
8
,
2
0
1
1
,
W
a
ik
i
k
i,
Ho
n
o
l
u
l
u
,
HI,
USA
.
[25]
M
a
rc
e
lo
M
e
d
e
iro
s
El
e
r,
M
a
rc
io
Ed
u
a
rd
o
De
la
m
a
ro
,
Jo
se
Ca
rlo
s
M
a
ld
o
n
a
d
o
,
P
a
u
l
o
Ce
sa
r
M
a
s
iero
,
“
Bu
i
lt
-
i
n
S
tru
c
tu
r
a
l
T
e
stin
g
o
f
we
b
se
rv
ic
e
s”
,
2
0
1
0
Bra
z
il
ian
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
9
7
8
-
0
-
7
6
9
5
-
4
2
7
3
-
7
/
1
0
2
0
1
0
IE
EE
.
[2
6
]
Ro
d
o
lf
o
A
d
a
m
sh
u
k
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il
v
a
,
S
im
o
n
e
d
o
Ro
c
i
o
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e
n
g
e
r
d
e
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o
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z
a
,
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a
u
l
o
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e
rg
io
L
o
p
e
s
d
e
S
o
u
z
a
,
―
A
S
y
s
tem
a
ti
c
Re
v
ie
w
o
n
S
e
a
rc
h
Ba
se
d
M
u
tati
o
n
T
e
stin
g
‖
,
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
o
f
twa
re
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(2
0
1
6
)
[2
7
]
S
h
a
b
n
a
m
M
irsh
o
k
ra
ie,
A
li
M
e
s
b
a
h
,
a
n
d
Ka
rth
ik
P
a
tt
a
b
iram
a
n
,
―
G
u
id
e
d
M
u
tatio
n
T
e
stin
g
f
o
r
J
a
v
a
S
c
rip
t
W
e
b
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s‖
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
S
o
f
twa
re
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
4
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
5
.
[28]
Ju
a
n
P
.
G
a
leo
tt
i,
Ca
rlo
A
.
F
u
r
ia,
Ev
a
M
a
y
,
G
o
rd
o
n
F
ra
se
r,
A
n
d
re
a
s
Zeller
,
―
In
f
e
rrin
g
L
o
o
p
In
v
a
rian
ts
b
y
M
u
tatio
n
,
D
y
n
a
m
ic
A
n
a
l
y
sis,
a
n
d
S
tatic
C
h
e
c
k
in
g
‖
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
o
ft
wa
re
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
1
5
.
[2
9
]
F
a
b
ian
o
Cu
t
ig
i
F
e
rra
ri,
Aw
a
is
Ra
sh
id
,
Jo
sé
Ca
rlo
s
M
a
ld
o
n
a
d
o
,
―
T
o
w
a
rd
s
th
e
P
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
M
u
tati
o
n
T
e
stin
g
o
f
As
p
e
c
tj
P
r
o
g
ra
m
s
‖
,
S
c
ien
c
e
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
Pro
g
ra
mm
i
n
g
7
8
(
2
0
1
3
)
1
6
3
9
–
1
6
6
2
.
[3
0
]
J.J.
Do
m
ín
g
u
e
z
-
Ji
m
é
n
e
z
,
A
.
Es
tero
-
Bo
taro
,
A
.
G
a
rc
ía
-
Do
m
ín
g
u
e
z
,
I.
M
e
d
in
a
-
Bu
l
o
,
―
Ev
o
lu
t
io
n
a
ry
M
u
tatio
n
T
e
stin
g
‖
,
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
o
ft
w
a
re
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
5
3
(
2
0
1
1
)
1
1
0
8
–
1
1
2
3
.
[3
1
]
S
e
rg
io
S
e
g
u
ra
,
Ro
b
e
rt
M
.
Hie
r
o
n
s,
Da
v
id
Be
n
a
v
id
e
s,
A
n
to
n
io
Ru
iz
-
Co
rtés
,
―
M
u
tati
o
n
T
e
stin
g
o
n
a
n
Ob
jec
t
-
Orie
n
ted
F
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
:
A
n
Ex
p
e
rien
c
e
Re
p
o
rt
‖,
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
o
ft
wa
re
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
5
3
(
2
0
1
1
)
1
1
2
4
–
1
1
3
6
.
[32]
Ce
m
a
l
Yil
m
a
z
,
S
a
n
d
ro
F
o
u
c
h
é
,
M
y
ra
B.
Co
h
e
n
,
A
d
a
m
P
o
rter,
Gu
lse
n
De
m
iro
z
,
Ug
u
r
Ko
c
,
―
M
o
v
in
g
F
o
rw
a
rd
w
it
h
Co
m
b
in
a
to
rial
In
tera
c
ti
o
n
T
e
stin
g
‖
,
0
0
1
8
-
9
1
6
2
/
1
4
©
2
0
1
4
IEE
E
.
[3
3
]
Nu
n
o
A
n
tu
n
e
s an
d
M
a
rc
o
V
ieira
,
―
P
e
n
e
tr
a
ti
o
n
T
e
stin
g
f
o
r
W
e
b
S
e
rv
ice
s‖
,
0018
-
9
1
6
2
/
1
4
©
2
0
1
4
IEE
E
.
[3
4
]
Yu
a
n
-
F
a
n
g
L
i,
P
a
ra
m
ji
t
K.Da
s,
Da
v
id
L
.
Do
w
e
,
―
Tw
o
d
e
c
a
d
e
s
o
f
W
e
b
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
tes
ti
ng
—
A
s
u
rv
e
y
o
f
r
e
c
e
n
t
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
s‖
,
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
El
se
v
ier
4
3
(
2
0
1
4
)
2
0
–
5
4
.
0
3
0
6
-
4
3
7
9
&
2
0
1
4
.
[3
5
]
X
u
n
Yu
a
n
,
M
y
ra
B.
Co
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
A
ti
f
M
.
M
e
m
o
n
,
―
G
UI
In
tera
c
ti
o
n
T
e
stin
g
:
In
c
o
rp
o
ra
ti
n
g
Ev
e
n
t
C
o
n
tex
t‖,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
o
ft
w
a
re
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
V
o
l.
3
7
,
No
.
4
,
J
u
ly/A
u
g
u
st
2
0
1
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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C
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2
0
8
8
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A
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ev
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n
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p
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lica
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n
Tes
tin
g
a
n
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its
C
u
r
r
en
t R
esea
r
ch
Dir
ec
tio
n
s
(
D.
R
a
jya
La
ksh
mi
)
2141
[3
6
]
Je
ff
O
ff
u
tt
,
Ye
W
u
,
X
iao
c
h
e
n
Du
a
n
d
Ho
n
g
Hu
a
n
g
,
―
W
e
b
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
By
p
a
ss
T
e
stin
g
‖
,
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
8
t
h
An
n
u
a
l
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
o
ft
wa
re
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
COM
PS
AC’0
4
)
0
7
3
0
-
3
1
5
7
/0
4
2
0
0
4
IEE
E
.
[3
7
]
S
e
b
a
stian
El
b
a
u
m
,
M
e
m
b
e
r,
G
re
g
g
Ro
th
e
rm
e
l,
S
rik
a
n
th
Ka
rre
,
M
a
rc
F
ish
e
r
II.
―
L
e
v
e
ra
g
in
g
Us
e
r
-
S
e
ss
io
n
Da
ta
t
o
S
u
p
p
o
rt
W
e
b
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
T
e
stin
g
‖
,
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
o
ft
w
a
re
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
V
o
l.
3
1
,
No
.
3
,
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
0
5
.
[38]
S
re
e
d
e
v
i
S
a
m
p
a
th
,
Re
n
é
e
C.
Bry
c
e
,
―
I
m
p
ro
v
in
g
th
e
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
tes
t
su
it
e
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
f
o
r
u
se
r
-
se
ss
io
n
-
b
a
se
d
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
w
e
b
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s‖
.
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
o
ft
wa
re
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
5
4
(
2
0
1
2
)
7
2
4
–
7
3
8
.
[3
9
]
Yin
g
-
Da
r
L
in
,
F
e
n
g
-
Z
e
L
i
a
o
,
S
h
ih
-
Ku
n
Hu
a
n
g
,
Yu
a
n
-
C
h
e
n
g
L
a
i.
―
Bro
w
se
r
F
u
z
z
in
g
b
y
S
c
h
e
d
u
led
M
u
tati
o
n
a
n
d
G
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Do
c
u
m
e
n
t
Ob
jec
t
M
o
d
e
ls‖
.
T
h
e
49
th
A
n
n
u
a
l
I
EE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
a
rn
a
h
a
n
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
e
c
u
rity
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
[4
0
]
Ha
n
i
A
c
h
k
a
r,
―
M
o
d
e
l
Ba
se
d
T
e
sti
n
g
o
f
W
e
b
A
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s”,
A
u
g
u
st
2
0
1
0
,
S
T
A
NZ.
[4
1
]
Nish
a
G
o
g
n
a
.
―
S
tu
d
y
o
f
Bro
w
se
r
Ba
se
d
A
u
to
m
a
ted
T
e
st
T
o
o
ls
WAT
IR
a
n
d
S
e
len
i
u
m
‖
.
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
V
o
l.
4
,
N
o
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
st
2
0
1
4
.
[4
2
]
M
o
n
ik
a
S
h
a
rm
a
,
Rig
z
in
A
n
g
m
o
,
―
W
e
b
b
a
se
d
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
T
e
stin
g
a
n
d
T
o
o
ls‖
.
(IJCSIT
)
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
V
o
l.
5
(
1
),
2
0
1
4
,
9
0
8
-
9
1
2
.
IS
S
N
:
0
9
7
5
-
9
6
4
6
.
[4
3
]
J.
Križ
a
n
i,
A
.
G
rg
u
ri,
M
.
M
o
šm
o
n
d
o
r,
P
.
L
a
z
a
re
v
s
k
i
.
―
L
o
a
d
tes
ti
n
g
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
to
o
ls
i
n
u
se
w
i
th
A
J
A
X
b
a
se
d
w
e
b
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s‖
,
M
IPR
O 2
0
1
0
,
M
a
y
2
4
-
2
8
,
2
0
1
0
,
Op
a
ti
j
a
,
Cr
o
a
ti
a
.
[44]
L
a
S
h
a
n
d
a
Du
k
e
s,
X
iao
h
o
n
g
Yu
a
n
,
F
ra
n
c
is
A
k
o
w
u
a
h
.
―
A
Ca
se
S
tu
d
y
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n
W
e
b
A
p
p
li
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a
ti
o
n
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c
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Tes
ti
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w
it
h
T
o
o
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a
n
d
M
a
n
u
a
l
T
e
stin
g
‖
.
9
7
8
-
1
-
4
7
9
9
-
0
0
5
3
-
4
/
1
3
2
0
1
3
IEE
E
.
[4
5
]
Yu
W
a
n
g
,
H
a
o
W
u
,
Zh
e
n
y
u
S
h
e
n
g
,
―
A
P
rio
rit
ize
d
T
e
st
G
e
n
e
ra
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io
n
M
e
t
h
o
d
F
o
r
P
a
ir
-
w
ise
T
e
stin
g
‖
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
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rin
g
,
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
,
Vo
l
1
1
N
o
1
,
2
0
1
3
p
a
g
e
s 1
3
6
-
1
4
3
[4
6
]
Ha
n
h
L
e
T
h
i
M
y
,
Ng
u
y
e
n
T
h
a
n
h
,
Kh
u
a
t
T
h
a
n
h
,
―
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u
rv
e
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M
u
ta
ti
o
n
-
b
a
se
d
T
e
st
Da
ta
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
‖
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
V
o
l
5
,
No
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
7
]
G
a
r
y
D
e
n
n
e
r
,
Je
re
m
y
F
l
y
n
n
,
M
a
ria
M
it
in
a
,
―
Us
in
g
IBM
Ra
ti
o
n
a
l
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
Tes
ter
V
8
.
2
to
l
o
a
d
tes
t
IBM
L
o
tu
s
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