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)
Vo
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2021
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3
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I
SS
N:
2088
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8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
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1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2021
:
3
4
4
3
-
3450
3444
d
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2.
B
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So
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c
u
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
to
tack
le
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
is
s
u
es.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r
,
th
er
e
ar
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
th
a
t sti
ll r
e
m
ai
n
to
b
e
o
v
er
co
m
e.
2
.
1
.
Cha
lleng
es in
s
o
f
t
w
a
re
eng
ineering
Firstl
y
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
t
h
at
th
e
in
ter
n
et
h
a
s
b
ec
o
m
e
an
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
w
h
ic
h
co
o
p
er
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
o
cc
u
r
s
.
A
s
s
u
c
h
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
ch
a
n
g
es
in
w
h
ic
h
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
ev
o
lv
e
s
f
r
o
m
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
to
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t.
O
n
e
e
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
s
u
ch
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
s
cr
o
w
d
-
s
o
u
r
cin
g
;
an
ar
ea
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
b
s
er
v
e
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
b
etter
ev
alu
ated
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
t
o
o
d
[
1
]
.
An
o
th
er
c
h
alle
n
g
e
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
a
t
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
e
v
o
lv
e
s
b
ased
o
n
cu
s
to
m
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
cr
ea
tes
a
ch
alle
n
g
e
w
it
h
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
b
u
t
also
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
t
h
at
s
h
o
u
ld
o
p
er
ate
r
eliab
ly
o
v
er
t
h
e
in
ter
n
et
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
n
ee
d
ed
in
s
u
c
h
a
n
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Mo
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
tl
y
,
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
a
t
ar
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
in
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
ter
m
an
d
th
e
n
r
ep
lace
d
w
it
h
o
th
er
s
,
co
u
p
led
w
i
th
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
ich
ar
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
th
e
lo
n
g
ter
m
m
ea
n
s
th
at
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
el
s
an
d
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
s
h
o
u
ld
ad
ap
t to
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
e
m
er
g
in
g
co
n
te
x
ts
[
1
]
.
2
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h in so
f
t
w
a
re
eng
ineering
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
an
o
t
h
er
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
th
e
f
ield
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
h
a
s
o
v
er
ti
m
e
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
d
e
v
elo
p
er
s
an
d
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
s
ar
e
cr
itical
to
th
e
s
u
cc
es
s
a
n
d
o
u
tco
m
e
s
o
f
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
.
Nev
er
t
h
eles
s
,
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
asp
ec
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
ca
r
ce
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
w
it
h
ch
al
len
g
e
s
r
elate
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
o
f
t
war
e
o
f
h
ig
h
q
u
ali
t
y
as
w
e
ll
as
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
in
ter
e
s
t
in
ag
ile
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
as
h
o
w
ev
er
b
eg
u
n
to
p
lace
m
o
r
e
e
m
p
h
a
s
is
o
n
t
h
e
h
u
m
an
a
s
p
ec
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
i
n
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
[
2
]
.
R
es
u
lt
s
f
r
o
m
m
an
y
e
m
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
s
t
u
d
i
es
in
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
ill
u
s
tr
ate
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
w
h
ic
h
h
a
v
e
an
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
cr
u
cial
o
u
tco
m
es
s
u
c
h
as
q
u
alit
y
a
n
d
co
s
t,
b
u
t
it
h
as
als
o
b
ee
n
ascer
tain
ed
th
at
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
er
s
o
f
te
n
h
o
ld
p
r
io
r
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
n
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
s
e
is
s
u
es
[
3
]
.
I
n
a
s
tu
d
y
a
m
o
n
g
I
B
M
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
it
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
e
y
h
eld
p
r
io
r
b
elief
s
o
n
ce
r
tain
is
s
u
e
s
an
d
th
e
ir
o
p
in
io
n
s
w
er
e
b
as
ed
o
n
ex
p
er
ien
ce
i
n
s
tead
o
f
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
io
r
e
m
p
ir
ical
r
ese
ar
ch
.
W
h
ile
s
u
c
h
p
r
io
r
o
p
in
io
n
s
ar
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t,
esp
ec
iall
y
b
ec
au
s
e
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
ar
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
w
h
o
ar
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
tr
ain
ed
w
it
h
b
elie
f
s
t
h
at
ar
e
cr
itical
to
t
h
eir
w
o
r
k
,
d
is
s
e
m
in
at
io
n
o
f
e
m
p
ir
i
ca
l e
v
i
d
en
ce
to
th
e
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
is
n
e
v
er
th
ele
s
s
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t.
I
n
ter
esti
n
g
l
y
,
it
h
as
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
ev
id
en
c
e
-
b
ased
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ad
o
p
ted
,
an
d
th
at
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
ie
w
s
o
f
liter
at
u
r
e
in
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t e
v
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
[
4
]
.
Sin
ce
t
h
ese
p
r
o
p
o
s
als
w
er
e
m
ad
e
i
n
2
0
0
4
an
d
2
0
0
5
,
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
e
v
ie
w
s
h
a
v
e
g
ain
ed
r
ele
v
an
ce
i
n
e
m
p
ir
ic
al
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
.
A
s
th
e
y
b
ec
a
m
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
p
u
lar
am
o
n
g
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
en
g
i
n
ee
r
s
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
i
e
w
p
r
o
ce
s
s
also
s
tar
te
d
r
ec
eiv
in
g
at
ten
t
io
n
.
A
g
ai
n
s
t
th
i
s
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
’
s
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
ie
w
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
w
it
h
eit
h
er
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
s
y
s
te
m
a
tic
r
ev
ie
w
s
f
ac
e
cr
iticis
m
b
ec
a
u
s
e
t
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
te
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
ie
s
f
o
r
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
a
n
d
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
ie
w
p
r
o
ce
s
s
its
e
lf
i
s
ti
m
e
co
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
.
3.
I
O
T
AND
SO
F
T
WAR
E
E
N
G
I
N
E
E
RIN
G
W
ir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
a
p
ar
t
o
f
ev
er
y
d
a
y
l
if
e,
allo
w
i
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
i
n
d
icato
r
s
in
th
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
at
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
n
at
u
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
d
elica
te
ec
o
lo
g
ies,
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
in
t
h
e
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
ese
d
ev
ices
h
av
e
p
r
o
lif
er
ated
to
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
in
ter
n
e
t
o
f
t
h
i
n
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
th
r
o
u
g
h
w
h
ic
h
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
a
n
d
ac
tu
ato
r
s
b
len
d
in
to
t
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
p
latf
o
r
m
s
t
h
at
r
esu
lt in
a
co
m
m
o
n
o
p
er
atin
g
p
ict
u
r
e
(
C
OP
)
.
T
h
e
I
o
T
h
as
b
ee
n
tak
e
n
o
u
t
o
f
its
i
n
f
a
n
c
y
w
it
h
t
h
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
cti
o
n
o
f
e
n
ab
lin
g
d
ev
ice
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
s
u
c
h
as
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
ac
tu
ato
r
a
n
d
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es,
n
ea
r
f
ield
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
ev
ice
s
,
an
d
R
FID
ta
g
s
a
n
d
r
ea
d
er
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
www,
to
w
eb
2
,
w
eb
3
,
an
d
n
o
w
I
o
T
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
s
o
p
h
is
t
icate
d
,
i
n
tu
iti
v
e
q
u
er
ies
m
u
s
t
co
n
tin
u
e
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
m
ee
t
d
ata
-
on
-
d
e
m
an
d
.
Mo
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
l
y
is
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
th
e
I
o
T
cr
e
ates
h
u
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
ts
o
f
d
ata,
an
o
b
s
er
v
ati
o
n
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
s
o
p
h
is
t
i
ca
ted
ar
tif
icial
i
n
tell
ig
e
n
ce
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
o
th
at
th
e
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
an
d
u
s
ed
in
te
lli
g
en
t
l
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Th
e
fu
tu
r
e
o
f so
ftw
a
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en
g
in
ee
r
in
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V
is
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n
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f 2
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2
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a
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(
F
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3445
3
.
1
.
So
f
t
wa
re
def
ined s
y
s
t
e
m
s
(
S
DSy
s
)
As
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
J
ar
ar
w
eh
r
ig
h
t
l
y
o
b
s
er
v
es;
th
er
e
ar
e
h
u
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
s
o
f
d
ata
g
e
n
er
ated
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
I
o
T
,
d
ata
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
es
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
id
ea
s
in
t
h
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
an
d
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
I
o
T
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
o
th
at
it
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ca
n
b
e
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
an
d
ac
ce
ler
ated
.
T
o
m
ee
t
th
is
ch
al
len
g
e
i
s
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
SDS
y
s
)
,
a
n
e
w
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
s
i
m
p
li
f
ies
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
b
y
r
e
m
o
v
in
g
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
s
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ls
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
ev
ic
es
i
n
t
h
e
I
o
T
,
an
d
ch
a
n
n
eli
n
g
s
u
ch
o
p
er
atio
n
s
i
n
to
a
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
la
y
er
an
d
m
id
d
le
w
ar
e
la
y
er
[
6
]
.
Sig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
,
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
ar
g
u
e
th
at
s
e
v
er
al
SDS
y
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
escr
ib
e
a
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
d
ef
in
e
d
in
ter
n
e
t
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
SDI
o
T
)
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
is
es
a
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
SDN)
th
a
t
s
ep
ar
ates
o
p
er
atio
n
s
co
n
d
u
cted
at
th
e
d
ata
p
lan
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
o
s
e
at
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
lan
e,
th
e
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
s
to
r
ag
e
(
ST
Sto
r
e
)
w
h
ic
h
s
ep
ar
ates
th
e
d
ata
s
to
r
ag
e
la
y
er
an
d
d
ata
co
n
tr
o
l
lay
er
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
s
ec
u
r
it
y
(
S
DSec)
w
h
ic
h
s
ep
ar
ates
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
p
lan
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
co
n
tr
o
l
p
la
n
e.
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
a
y
,
t
h
e
I
o
T
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t o
p
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
s
i
m
p
ler
[
6
]
.
An
o
th
er
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
u
g
g
est
s
t
h
e
v
ie
w
th
at
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
I
o
T
is
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
b
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
r
elate
d
is
s
u
e
s
t
h
at
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
o
v
er
co
m
e.
T
h
e
is
s
u
e
i
n
cl
u
d
es
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
t
h
e
r
e
is
a
n
ab
s
e
n
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
l
e
v
el
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
n
o
s
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
co
n
ce
r
n
s
w
h
i
ch
m
ak
e
s
it
c
h
alle
n
g
in
g
to
ad
d
r
ess
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eit
y
an
d
th
e
lar
g
e
s
ca
le.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
a
m
an
n
er
w
h
ic
h
ad
d
r
ess
es
v
ar
io
u
s
li
f
e
-
c
y
cle
p
h
ase
s
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
an
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
lo
g
ic
s
o
t
h
at
tas
k
s
ca
n
b
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
v
er
an
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
tas
k
s
f
o
r
d
is
ti
n
ct
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
[
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
ill
u
s
tr
ate
s
t
h
e
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
s
i
n
an
I
o
T
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
s
f
o
r
I
o
T
s
y
s
te
m
3
.
2
.
Apprecia
t
ing
I
o
T
re
q
uire
m
e
nts
Desp
ite
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
a
t
I
o
T
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
q
u
a
lit
y
,
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
a
n
d
co
n
n
ec
t
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
a
u
to
m
o
ti
v
e,
m
ed
ical,
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
w
it
h
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
I
T
)
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
a
m
a
n
n
er
th
a
t
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
ital i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
es,
m
a
n
y
co
m
p
a
n
ie
s
d
o
n
o
t a
p
p
r
ec
iate
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
I
T
,
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
n
ee
d
s
,
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
t
h
a
t
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
tak
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
I
o
T
[
8
]
.
C
o
r
p
o
r
ate
ex
ec
u
tiv
es,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
s
,
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
v
al
u
e
ch
ai
n
b
u
t
ar
e
least
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
w
i
th
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
;
I
T
d
e
p
ar
tm
e
n
ts
s
ee
m
r
e
m
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
r
ea
l
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
p
eo
p
le;
w
h
ile
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
d
ep
ar
t
m
en
ts
v
ie
w
I
T
w
it
h
s
u
s
p
icio
n
,
p
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
elec
tr
o
n
ics an
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
2
ill
u
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
co
m
p
lex
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
I
o
T
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
i
n
g
[
9
]
.
Fo
r
I
o
T
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
an
en
ter
p
r
is
e,
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
ad
e
o
f
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
le
v
els;
t
h
at
is
,
th
e
m
ac
h
i
n
es
an
d
d
ev
ices
at
t
h
e
lo
w
e
s
t
le
v
el,
a
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
ap
p
licatio
n
,
an
d
th
e
ea
s
e
w
i
th
w
h
ich
all
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
s
tr
an
s
ac
ted
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
.
An
i
n
ter
esti
n
g
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
o
T
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
[
1
0
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
,
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
alitie
s
o
f
I
o
T
s
er
v
ices
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
m
er
el
y
r
elate
d
to
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
ta
l
p
r
in
cip
le
th
at
d
at
a
is
g
en
er
a
ted
f
r
o
m
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
ac
tu
atin
g
,
b
u
t
s
m
ar
ter
d
ev
ic
es
ca
n
b
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ct
s
o
m
e
lo
n
g
ter
m
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
in
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
in
t
h
e
s
o
cio
-
p
h
y
s
ical
s
p
ac
e
t
h
e
y
r
e
s
id
e.
T
h
ese
s
er
v
ices
ca
n
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
p
er
s
o
n
al
ass
is
ta
n
ts
o
r
ev
e
n
j
u
s
t
b
asic c
lean
i
n
g
r
o
b
o
ts
[
1
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2021
:
3
4
4
3
-
3450
3446
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
t
h
i
n
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
[
9
]
4.
I
NDUS
T
RY
4
.
0
AND
SO
F
T
WARE
E
N
G
I
N
E
E
RIN
G
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
is
a
ter
m
th
at
h
as
it
s
o
r
ig
i
n
f
r
o
m
Ger
m
an
y
as
“
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ie
4
.
0
”
[
1
1
]
.
Fro
m
a
g
lo
b
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
id
ea
s
ar
e
Gen
er
al
E
lectr
ic’
s
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ia
l I
n
tern
et
.
Su
ch
a
n
in
d
u
s
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ial
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ter
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t,
s
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m
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ip
tio
n
to
I
n
d
u
s
tr
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4
.
0
,
i
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
w
it
h
a
b
u
d
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f
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illi
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A
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Ma
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u
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teg
r
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t Ma
n
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in
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n
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.
4
.
1
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4
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0
I
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4
.
0
ca
n
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et
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it
h
i
n
an
i
n
t
er
n
et
o
f
t
h
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
,
p
e
o
p
le,
d
ata,
an
d
s
er
v
ices.
S
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
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y
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i
s
ch
ar
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ter
ized
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y
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n
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m
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o
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s
.
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n
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les
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et
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o
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k
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o
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izo
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g
i
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t
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l
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d
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h
e
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s
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en
d
p
r
o
d
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ct,
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d
e
x
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o
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tial
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h
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o
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g
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h
allo
w
f
o
r
m
as
s
m
ar
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ap
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ize
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n
[
1
2
]
.
4
.
2
.
I
nte
g
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t
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net
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rk
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T
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Ger
m
a
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e
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all
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ab
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th
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g
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it
s
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te
lli
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u
to
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tio
n
[
1
3
]
.
Mo
s
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m
p
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ta
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,
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n
d
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4
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p
e
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w
it
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ec
ad
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[
1
4
]
.
I
n
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s
e
n
ce
,
th
is
co
n
ti
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u
i
n
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tr
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Q
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[
1
5
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.
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4
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(
P
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h
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lo
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lev
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f
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tab
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[
1
6
]
.
A
t
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[
1
7
]
.
T
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I
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4
.
0
p
r
ac
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er
s
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th
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tu
r
e
[
1
8
]
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
th
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is
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y
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te
m
c
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m
p
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in
I
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o
T
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T
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alle
n
g
e
i
s
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
r
elate
d
to
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e,
n
et
w
o
r
k
ed
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
s
ec
u
r
it
y
,
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ati
o
n
,
an
d
co
m
p
lian
ce
.
T
h
a
m
es
an
d
Sc
h
ae
f
er
ar
g
u
e
th
a
t
s
o
f
t
war
e
d
ef
in
ed
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
SDNs
)
ar
e
b
est p
lace
d
to
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
s
u
c
h
ch
al
len
g
es.
5.
SO
F
T
WAR
E
E
NG
I
N
E
E
R
I
NG
I
N
E
VO
L
VIN
G
SO
C
I
E
T
Y
5
.
1
.
I
nte
ra
ct
io
n
-
o
rient
ed
s
o
f
t
wa
r
e
eng
ineering
(
I
O
SE
)
T
h
e
aim
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ac
h
in
e
s
is
to
en
ab
le
s
o
cial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
ad
m
i
n
i
s
tr
ativ
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
co
m
p
u
ter
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
a
s
o
cial
-
tec
h
n
ical
m
ac
h
i
n
e
as
co
n
ce
iv
ed
b
y
C
h
o
p
r
a
an
d
Sin
g
h
w
o
u
ld
b
e
a
s
o
cial
tech
n
ical
s
y
s
t
e
m
(
ST
S),
g
o
in
g
b
e
y
o
n
d
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
tec
h
n
ical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
i
n
s
o
cial
m
ac
h
i
n
es
to
g
iv
e
m
ea
n
in
g
to
s
o
cial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
i
n
m
i
n
d
w
h
at
t
h
e
y
ter
m
in
ter
ac
ti
o
n
-
o
r
ien
ted
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
(
I
OSE)
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
ab
le
to
co
n
n
ec
t
w
i
th
ST
S’s s
o
cial
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
I
OSE
w
o
u
ld
b
e
s
o
cial
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
I
n
th
e
I
OSE,
s
o
cial
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
s
tat
u
s
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
tr
ac
k
ed
b
y
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
p
r
i
n
cip
al
s
.
Fo
r
e
x
a
m
p
le,
a
b
u
s
i
n
ess
co
n
tr
ac
t
ca
n
r
ep
r
ese
n
t
a
s
o
cial
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
at
w
o
u
ld
t
h
en
b
e
g
i
v
en
co
m
p
u
tati
o
n
al
s
tat
u
s
.
A
s
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
b
s
er
v
e,
I
OSE
ch
allen
g
es
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
r
i
n
cip
les
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
lead
s
to
n
e
w
ar
ea
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
.
5
.
2
.
B
ig
d
a
t
a
B
ig
d
ata,
alo
n
g
w
it
h
m
an
y
d
is
r
u
p
tiv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
,
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
m
o
b
ile
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
an
d
s
o
cial
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
h
as
cr
ea
ted
m
a
n
y
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
itie
s
f
o
r
b
u
s
in
ess
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
m
ad
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
lif
e
c
y
cles
s
h
o
r
ter
,
an
d
m
ad
e
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
tr
an
s
ac
t
io
n
s
f
as
ter
[
2
0
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
b
ig
d
ata
sy
s
te
m
s
f
ac
e
th
e
ch
al
len
g
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
m
ix
ed
r
eq
u
est
s
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
eit
h
er
q
u
ic
k
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
r
o
th
er
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
co
m
p
le
x
an
al
y
tic
s
b
ef
o
r
e
r
ep
ly
.
Me
etin
g
th
e
s
e
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
n
ee
d
s
i
n
a
co
s
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
m
a
n
n
er
is
a
b
ig
ch
alle
n
g
e
i
n
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
h
i
g
h
av
ailab
ilit
y
i
n
an
ec
o
-
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
th
o
u
s
an
d
s
o
f
n
o
d
es
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
n
ap
p
licatio
n
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
f
ail
u
r
es
w
ill
o
cc
u
r
.
As
s
u
ch
,
th
e
d
at
a
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
esil
ien
t.
5
.
3
.
Co
m
pu
t
a
t
io
na
l
m
o
de
lin
g
C
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
o
d
elin
g
i
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
s
cie
n
t
is
ts
a
n
d
en
g
i
n
ee
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
e
v
e
n
ts
ca
n
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e.
Me
teo
r
o
lo
g
is
ts
ar
e
ab
le
to
m
a
k
e
f
o
r
ec
asts
u
s
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
also
d
eter
m
i
n
e
h
o
w
c
h
a
n
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
il
l
h
av
e
a
n
y
i
m
p
ac
t.
U
s
i
n
g
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
m
o
d
els
th
u
s
h
a
s
t
en
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
in
s
tead
o
f
th
e
ti
m
e
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
w
o
r
k
o
f
e
x
tr
ap
o
latin
g
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ata.
C
o
m
p
u
tati
o
n
al
m
o
d
eli
n
g
also
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2021
:
3
4
4
3
-
3450
3448
m
ak
e
s
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
n
a
tu
r
al
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
t
h
at
o
cc
u
r
at
a
s
lo
w
p
ac
e
to
b
e
an
a
l
y
ze
d
b
y
s
cien
t
i
s
t
s
s
u
ch
a
s
cli
m
ato
lo
g
is
t
s
o
r
g
eo
lo
g
is
t
s
[
2
1
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
l
y
,
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
o
d
eli
n
g
al
lo
w
s
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
t
h
at
ar
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
l
y
d
an
g
er
o
u
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
n
u
clea
r
r
ea
ctio
n
s
,
to
b
e
s
tu
d
ied
s
af
el
y
[
2
1
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
in
t
h
eir
s
t
u
d
y
a
m
o
n
g
s
o
f
t
war
e
en
g
i
n
ee
r
s
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
,
Hea
to
n
an
d
C
ar
v
e
r
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
s
n
ee
d
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
m
o
r
e
to
s
cien
t
if
ic
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
o
t
h
at
it
ca
n
b
e
co
m
e
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate.
I
n
t
h
eir
v
ie
w
,
s
cien
ti
f
ic
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
er
s
ar
e
o
n
l
y
n
o
w
s
tar
tin
g
to
ac
ce
p
t th
e
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
to
m
a
k
e
th
eir
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
.
5
.
4
.
E
t
hica
l
co
ncer
ns
a
nd
s
u
s
t
a
ina
bil
it
y
C
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
in
a
n
ec
o
-
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
i
s
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
h
y
p
er
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
[
2
2
]
.
As
s
u
c
h
,
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
s
ar
e
d
esi
g
n
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
m
o
r
e
o
p
en
,
an
d
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
ab
s
o
r
b
h
u
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
s
o
f
in
tr
icate
l
y
li
n
k
ed
d
ata
af
f
ec
ti
n
g
p
eo
p
le.
S
u
ch
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
al
s
o
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
f
i
g
h
tin
g
cr
i
m
e,
e
n
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
,
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
liv
in
g
,
an
d
also
e
m
p
o
w
er
i
n
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
s
o
ciet
y
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
m
ar
g
i
n
alize
d
.
T
h
is
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
en
g
i
n
ee
r
s
en
co
u
n
ter
a
n
d
m
u
s
t
ad
d
r
ess
eth
ica
l
is
s
u
es
w
h
i
ch
ar
e
in
ev
i
tab
le
in
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
w
h
ic
h
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
s
o
s
o
ciall
y
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
.
T
h
ese
eth
ical
i
s
s
u
es
h
a
v
e
u
s
u
al
l
y
b
ee
n
tr
ea
ted
as
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
n
o
n
-
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
a
n
d
also
as is
s
u
e
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ag
ain
s
t t
h
e
b
ette
r
g
o
o
d
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
an
o
t
h
er
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
s
u
s
ta
in
ab
le
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
a
m
o
n
g
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
th
er
e
is
v
er
y
litt
le
i
n
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
cu
r
r
ic
u
l
u
m
ab
o
u
t
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
ilit
y
,
th
e
m
a
in
f
o
c
u
s
b
ein
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
t
h
at
is
tau
g
h
t
i
n
a
f
ac
t
-
b
ased
m
an
n
er
[
2
3
]
.
A
r
esear
ch
er
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
ar
g
u
es
t
h
at
th
e
s
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
s
in
ce
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
c
h
an
g
es
co
n
s
tan
tl
y
a
n
d
as
s
u
ch
et
h
ics
in
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
elatio
n
al
a
n
d
co
n
tex
t
u
al
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
an
o
th
er
s
p
ec
u
latio
n
w
h
ic
h
v
ie
w
s
t
h
at
litt
le
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
p
lace
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
th
e
s
u
s
ta
in
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
ciet
y
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
,
t
h
is
co
n
ce
r
n
h
as
o
n
l
y
r
ec
eiv
ed
atten
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
ea
r
l
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
e
s
o
f
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
u
s
er
in
ter
f
a
ce
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
s
o
f
t
war
e
d
e
s
ig
n
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
Natio
n
al
R
esear
c
h
C
o
u
n
c
il
o
f
US
A
h
o
ld
s
t
h
e
v
ie
w
th
at
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
a
v
e
a
cr
iti
ca
l
r
o
le
to
p
la
y
i
n
s
o
ciet
y
,
a
n
d
“
ap
p
s
”
d
ep
lo
y
ed
v
ia
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
is
esp
ec
ial
l
y
r
elev
a
n
t
i
n
t
h
i
s
d
eb
ate
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
a
n
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
w
el
f
ar
e
o
f
s
o
ciet
y
.
Mo
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
l
y
,
r
esear
c
h
a
n
d
an
al
y
s
i
s
ab
o
u
t
s
o
cio
-
tec
h
n
ica
l
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
th
eir
r
o
le
in
v
al
u
e
s
,
lik
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
w
h
i
le
th
e
y
ar
e
at
th
e
d
esi
g
n
s
tag
e,
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
.
6.
F
UT
UR
E
O
F
SO
F
T
WAR
E
E
N
G
I
N
E
E
RIN
G
I
n
an
ar
ticle
w
r
itte
n
in
2
0
0
1
f
o
r
th
e
Am
er
ica
n
s
o
ciet
y
f
o
r
q
u
alit
y
b
y
J
o
h
n
C
u
s
ic
k
,
a
s
o
f
t
war
e
ex
p
er
t,
h
e
p
r
ed
icted
th
at
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
w
o
u
ld
r
e
m
a
in
u
s
ef
u
l
i
n
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
i
f
th
o
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
f
ield
w
er
e
ab
le
to
en
g
a
g
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
d
e
s
ig
n
o
f
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
w
er
e
ab
le
t
o
tack
le
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
,
e
n
ab
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
an
d
m
a
n
ag
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
e
v
o
lu
t
io
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
w
a
s
t
o
b
e
ab
le
to
ass
is
t
en
g
i
n
ee
r
s
a
n
d
tea
m
s
o
b
tain
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es e
f
f
icie
n
tl
y
,
an
d
also
ar
r
iv
e
at
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
w
h
ic
h
w
er
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
[
2
5
]
.
6
.
1
.
Sca
lin
g
ou
t
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
n
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
er
,
P
o
p
p
en
d
ieck
,
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
in
th
e
n
e
x
t
d
e
ca
d
e
w
ill
co
n
tin
u
e
to
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
ca
li
n
g
o
u
t,
a
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
w
h
er
e
s
ca
lin
g
u
p
is
n
o
lo
n
g
er
p
o
s
s
i
b
le.
Go
o
g
le’
s
s
h
ee
r
g
r
o
w
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
2
0
0
0
’
s
m
ea
n
t
t
h
at
it
co
u
ld
n
o
t
co
n
ti
n
u
e
s
ca
l
in
g
u
p
,
b
u
t
r
eso
r
ted
to
m
u
ltip
le
s
er
v
er
s
to
m
ee
t
in
cr
ea
s
ed
tr
af
f
ic.
I
n
la
y
m
a
n
’
s
ter
m
s
,
it
is
m
o
r
e
p
r
ac
tical
to
g
et
t
w
o
p
eo
p
le
to
lif
t
a
h
ea
v
ier
lo
ad
th
an
tr
y
i
n
g
to
g
et
a
lar
g
e
p
er
s
o
n
to
li
f
t t
h
e
s
a
m
e
lo
ad
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
r
esea
r
ch
er
n
o
ted
th
at
p
latf
o
r
m
s
w
o
u
l
d
co
n
ti
n
u
e
to
b
e
a
d
is
r
u
p
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
.
C
o
m
p
a
n
ies
s
u
c
h
as
Yo
u
T
u
b
e,
A
ir
B
n
B
,
an
d
Sp
o
tify
,
cr
ea
te
an
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
in
w
h
ic
h
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
ab
le
to
co
n
n
ec
t to
g
eth
er
an
d
h
av
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
[
2
6
]
.
6
.
2
.
E
ng
a
g
ing
w
it
h c
rit
ica
l iss
ues
Ma
th
e
m
aticia
n
A
la
n
P
er
lis
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
r
e
cip
ien
t
o
f
t
h
e
T
u
r
in
Aw
ar
d
,
d
escr
ib
ed
th
e
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
co
m
p
u
ter
s
an
d
h
u
m
an
s
as
o
n
e
o
f
a
y
o
u
t
h
in
en
d
less
p
u
b
er
t
y
b
u
t
co
n
s
tan
tl
y
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
o
u
t
o
f
h
i
s
clo
th
es
[
2
7
]
.
Ou
r
li
v
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
h
ea
v
il
y
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
a
n
d
in
t
er
f
er
ed
b
y
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e,
an
d
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
i
s
ci
p
lin
e
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
is
q
u
ite
n
e
w
,
s
o
ciet
y
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
ee
n
to
b
e
m
atu
r
i
n
g
.
I
n
o
n
e
s
en
s
e,
th
e
ti
m
e
h
as
co
m
e
to
en
g
a
g
e
i
n
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ab
o
u
t c
r
itical
is
s
u
es o
f
s
ec
u
r
i
t
y
,
p
r
iv
a
c
y
,
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
a
f
f
o
r
d
ab
ilit
y
.
A
ll
t
h
ese
ar
e
cr
u
cial
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
y
ar
e
w
i
th
s
o
ciet
y
ev
er
y
d
a
y
.
Fo
r
e
x
a
m
p
le,
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
f
la
w
s
ar
e
ca
u
s
i
n
g
ta
x
p
a
y
er
m
o
n
e
y
t
o
b
e
w
a
s
ted
,
e
m
er
g
en
c
y
ca
ll
ce
n
ter
s
to
b
e
u
n
r
ea
ch
ab
le,
m
a
lf
u
n
ct
io
n
s
in
p
lan
e
s
an
d
ca
r
s
,
th
ef
t
o
f
cr
ed
it
ca
r
d
d
ata,
an
d
th
e
clo
s
u
r
e
o
f
air
s
p
ac
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
m
ar
t
o
b
j
ec
ts
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
n
ef
ar
io
u
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
to
d
i
s
r
u
p
t
n
o
r
m
al
d
a
y
to
d
a
y
ac
t
iv
i
t
y
o
f
p
eo
p
le
[
2
7
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
as
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
ar
g
u
e
,
th
er
e
is
a
lo
t o
f
r
ea
s
o
n
to
b
e
o
p
ti
m
is
tic
ab
o
u
t th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
.
I
n
r
elatio
n
to
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
a
n
al
y
ti
cs,
it
is
s
p
ec
u
la
ted
th
at
t
h
e
p
as
t
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
an
d
m
o
d
elin
g
,
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
aler
ti
n
g
a
n
d
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
in
g
,
w
h
ile
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
w
il
l
e
x
tr
ap
o
late
an
d
p
r
ed
ict
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
ess
e
n
ce
,
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ased
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s
o
f
t
w
ar
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w
r
it
ten
to
m
ak
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th
e
m
w
o
r
k
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h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
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-
i
n
ten
s
i
v
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
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in
g
e
n
er
al,
ar
e
an
in
te
g
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
h
u
m
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d
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il
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co
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tin
u
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to
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f
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tial
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ates a
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m
et
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o
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ch
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s
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h
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f
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tech
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I
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d
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0
an
d
I
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T
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till
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s
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o
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t
w
ar
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f
o
r
its
s
u
cc
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s
f
u
l
o
p
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atio
n
.
W
ith
n
e
w
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t
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m
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lled
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lated
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y
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co
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n
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tai
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ac
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m
in
atio
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ar
e
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ee
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ed
to
ad
ap
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w
ar
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s
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u
cc
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s
f
u
l i
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p
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tat
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n
.
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NO
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h
is
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w
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u
p
p
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ted
b
y
th
e
So
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n
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y
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Un
i
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y
R
e
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ea
r
ch
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u
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d
.
RE
F
E
R
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NC
E
S
[1
]
F
u
g
g
e
tt
a
,
A
.
,
a
n
d
Di
Nitt
o
,
E.
,
“
S
o
f
twa
re
p
ro
c
e
ss
,
”
Pa
p
e
r
p
r
e
se
n
ted
a
t
FO
S
E
2
0
1
4
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
[
On
li
n
e
]
,
Av
a
i
la
b
le:
h
tt
p
:/
/www
.
a
l
f
o
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ss
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t/
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s/
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-
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u
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g
e
tt
a
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p
d
f
[2
]
L
e
n
b
e
rg
,
P
.
,
F
e
ld
t,
R.
a
n
d
W
a
ll
g
re
n
,
L
.
,
“
T
o
wa
rd
s
a
b
e
h
a
v
io
ra
l
so
f
twa
re
e
n
g
in
e
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rin
g
,
”
Pro
c
e
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d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
7
th
in
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
wo
rk
sh
o
p
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o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
a
n
d
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u
m
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n
a
sp
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ts o
f
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ft
w
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g
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n
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e
rin
g
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
4
8
-
5
5
.
[3
]
De
v
a
n
b
u
,
P
.
,
Zi
m
m
e
r
m
a
n
n
,
T
.
a
n
d
Bir
d
,
C.
,
“
Be
l
ief
a
n
d
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
in
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
so
f
t
w
a
r
e
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
”
2
0
1
6
IEE
E/
ACM
3
8
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
o
f
twa
re
E
n
g
i
n
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rin
g
(
ICS
E),
USA
,
A
u
stin
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
0
8
-
1
1
9
.
[4
]
Kitch
e
n
h
a
m
,
B.
,
a
n
d
Bre
re
to
n
,
P
.
,
“
A
s
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
r
e
v
ie
w
o
f
s
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
re
v
ie
w
p
ro
c
e
ss
r
e
se
a
rc
h
in
so
f
tw
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re
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
”
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
o
ft
wa
re
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
5
5
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
4
9
-
2
0
7
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[5
]
G
u
b
b
i,
J.,
B
u
y
y
a
,
R.
,
M
a
ru
sic
,
S
.
,
a
n
d
P
a
lan
isw
a
m
i,
M
.
,
“
In
tern
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
(Io
T
):
A
v
isio
n
,
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
ra
l
e
lem
e
n
ts,
a
n
d
f
u
tu
re
d
irec
ti
o
n
s,”
Fu
t
u
re
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
c
o
mp
u
ter
sy
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
6
4
5
-
1
6
6
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[6
]
Ja
ra
r
w
e
h
,
Y.,
A
l
-
Ay
y
o
u
b
,
M
.
,
Da
ra
b
se
h
,
A
.
,
Be
n
k
h
e
li
f
a
,
E.
,
Vo
u
k
,
M
.
a
n
d
Rin
d
o
s,
A
.
,
“
S
DIo
T
:
A
so
f
t
w
a
r
e
d
e
f
in
e
d
b
a
s
e
d
In
tern
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
rk
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Amb
ie
n
t
I
n
te
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Hu
ma
n
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
5
3
-
4
6
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,
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0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
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1
0
0
7
/s
1
2
6
5
2
-
0
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5
-
0
2
9
0
-
y
[7
]
P
a
tel,
P
.
,
a
n
d
Ca
ss
o
u
,
D
.
,
“
En
a
b
li
n
g
h
ig
h
-
lev
e
l
a
p
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li
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a
ti
o
n
d
e
v
e
lo
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m
e
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
In
ter
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
S
o
ft
wa
re
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
3
,
p
p
.
6
2
-
8
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[8
]
We
y
rich
,
M
.
a
n
d
Eb
e
rt,
C.
,
“
Re
fe
re
n
c
e
a
r
c
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
f
o
r
th
e
In
tern
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s,”
IEE
E
S
o
ft
wa
re
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp.
1
1
2
-
1
1
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[9
]
Bi,
Z
.
,
Xu
,
L
.
D.
a
n
d
W
a
n
g
,
C.
,
“
In
ter
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
f
o
r
e
n
terp
rise
sy
ste
m
s
o
f
m
o
d
e
rn
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
In
fo
rm
a
t
ics
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
3
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-
1
5
4
6
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
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1
0
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1
1
0
9
/T
II.
2
0
1
4
.
2
3
0
0
3
3
8
.
[1
0
]
Zam
b
o
n
e
ll
i,
F
.
,
“
T
o
w
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rd
s
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g
e
n
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ra
l
so
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t
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o
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o
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o
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y
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o
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th
e
In
tern
e
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o
f
T
h
in
g
s,”
a
rXiv
p
re
p
rin
t
a
rXiv:1
6
0
1
.
0
5
5
6
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
1
]
M
a
rio
,
H.,
T
o
b
ias
,
P
.
a
n
d
Bo
r
is,
O.,
“
De
sig
n
p
rin
c
ip
les
f
o
r
In
d
u
str
ie
4
.
0
sc
e
n
a
rio
s:
A
li
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re
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iew
,
”
2
0
1
6
4
9
th
Ha
wa
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ter
n
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ti
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l
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o
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fer
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c
e
o
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sy
ste
m sc
ien
c
e
s (
HICS
S
),
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
3
9
2
8
-
3
9
3
7
.
[1
2
]
De
lo
it
te,
“
In
d
u
stry
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.
0
:
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
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lu
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s
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ig
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ti
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n
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n
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e
,
A
u
d
it
T
a
x
Co
n
su
l
ti
n
g
Co
r
p
o
r
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te: Z
u
ric
h
,
S
w
iss,
p
p
.
1
-
1
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
3
]
Bre
tt
e
l,
M
.
,
F
rie
d
e
rich
se
n
,
N.
,
K
e
ll
e
r,
M
.
a
n
d
R
o
se
n
b
e
rg
,
M
.
,
“
H
o
w
v
irt
u
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
,
d
e
c
e
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traliza
ti
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n
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
b
u
il
d
in
g
c
h
a
n
g
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th
e
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
lan
d
sc
a
p
e
:
A
n
In
d
u
stry
4
.
0
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
n
ic
a
l,
Aer
o
sp
a
c
e
,
In
d
u
stri
a
l,
M
e
c
h
a
tro
n
ic a
n
d
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
rin
g
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
7
-
4
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
V
y
a
tk
in
,
V
.
,
“
S
o
f
tw
a
re
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
in
d
u
strial
a
u
t
o
m
a
ti
o
n
:
S
t
a
te
-
of
-
th
e
-
a
rt
re
v
i
e
w
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stria
l
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
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s,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
4
-
1
2
4
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
II.
2
0
1
3
.
2
2
5
8
1
6
5
.
[1
5
]
F
o
id
l,
H.
a
n
d
F
e
ld
e
re
r,
M
.
,
“
Re
se
a
rc
h
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s o
f
In
d
u
stry
4
.
0
f
o
r
q
u
a
li
ty
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
e
n
ter
p
rise
re
so
u
rc
e
p
la
n
n
i
n
g
s
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
-
1
3
7
.
[1
6
]
L
e
e
,
J.,
Ka
o
,
H.
a
n
d
Ya
n
g
,
S
.
,
“
S
e
rv
ice
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
sm
a
rt
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
s
f
o
r
In
d
u
st
ry
4
.
0
a
n
d
b
ig
d
a
ta
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
CIR
P,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
p
p
.
3
-
8
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
p
r
o
c
ir.
2
0
1
4
.
0
2
.
0
0
1
.
[1
7
]
Ru
b
m
a
n
n
,
M
.
,
L
o
re
n
z
,
M
.
,
G
e
rb
e
rt,
P
.
,
W
a
l
d
n
e
r,
M
.
,
Ju
stu
s,
J.
,
En
g
e
l,
P
.
e
t
a
l
.,
“
In
d
u
stry
4
.
0
:
T
h
e
f
u
tu
re
o
f
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
g
ro
w
th
in
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
in
d
u
stries
,
”
B
o
sto
n
Co
n
s
u
lt
in
g
Gr
o
u
p
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
4
-
8
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
8
]
T
h
a
m
e
s,
L
.
a
n
d
S
c
h
a
e
f
e
r,
D.,
“
S
o
f
twa
re
-
d
e
f
in
e
d
c
lo
u
d
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
f
o
r
In
d
u
s
try
4
.
0
.
,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
CIRP
,
v
o
l.
5
2
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I
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:
2
0
8
8
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8708
I
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t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2021
:
3
4
4
3
-
3450
3450
[1
9
]
Ch
o
p
ra
,
A
.
K.
a
n
d
S
i
n
g
h
,
M
.
P
.
,
“
F
ro
m
so
c
ial
m
a
c
h
in
e
s
to
so
c
ial
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls:
S
o
f
tw
a
re
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fo
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
so
c
io
-
tec
h
n
ica
l
sy
ste
m
s,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
2
5
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
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fer
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n
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rld
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,
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p
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8
7
2
4
2
7
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2
8
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1
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0
]
G
o
rto
n
,
I.
,
Be
n
e
r,
A
.
B.
a
n
d
M
o
c
k
u
s,
A
.
,
“
S
o
f
t
wa
re
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
o
r
Big
Da
ta
s
y
ste
m
s,”
IEE
E
S
o
ft
wa
re
,
v
o
l.
3
3
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n
o
.
2
,
p
.
3
3
-
3
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
1
]
He
a
t
o
n
,
D.
a
n
d
Ca
rv
e
r,
J.
C.
,
“
Claim
s
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
u
se
o
f
so
f
t
wa
r
e
e
n
g
in
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e
rin
g
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
in
sc
ien
c
e
:
A
s
y
ste
m
a
t
ic
li
tera
tu
re
re
v
ie
w
,
”
In
fo
r
ma
ti
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n
d
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o
ft
w
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6
7
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p
.
2
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7
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9
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.
[2
2
]
Ra
sh
id
,
A
.
,
M
o
o
re
,
K.,
M
a
y
-
Ch
a
h
a
l,
C.
a
n
d
Ch
it
c
h
y
a
n
,
R.
,
“
M
a
n
a
g
in
g
e
m
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rg
e
n
t
e
th
ica
l
c
o
n
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rn
s
f
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s
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tw
a
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g
in
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rin
g
in
so
c
iet
y
,
”
2
0
1
5
IE
EE
/A
CM
3
7
t
h
IEE
E
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
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o
ft
w
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re
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.
2
,
p
p
.
5
2
3
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5
2
6
,
2
0
1
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.
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3
]
T
o
rre
,
D.,
P
ro
c
a
c
c
ian
ti
,
G
.
,
F
u
c
c
i,
D.,
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u
to
v
a
c
,
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.
a
n
d
S
c
a
n
n
iello
,
G
.
,
“
On
th
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p
re
se
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c
e
o
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g
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a
n
d
su
sta
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a
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f
t
w
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rin
g
in
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
c
u
rric
u
la,”
IEE
E/
A
CM
1
st
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
S
o
ft
w
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g
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n
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u
rr
icu
l
a
fo
r
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il
len
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ls (
S
ECM
),
2
0
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p
p
.
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4
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Ba
rn
,
B.
,
Ba
rn
,
R.
a
n
d
Ra
i
m
o
n
d
i
,
F
.
,
“
On
th
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ro
le
o
f
v
a
lu
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siti
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o
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e
rn
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so
f
t
w
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re
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g
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p
ra
c
ti
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e
,
”
2
0
1
5
IE
EE
/A
CM
3
7
t
h
IEE
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In
ter
n
a
ti
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C
o
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fer
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c
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o
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ft
w
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,
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2
,
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p
.
4
9
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5
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Cu
sic
k
,
J.,
“
S
o
f
tw
a
re
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
:
F
u
t
u
re
o
r
o
x
y
m
o
ro
n
?
Am
e
rica
n
S
o
c
iety
f
o
r
Qu
a
li
ty
,
”
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o
ft
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re
Qu
a
li
ty
Pro
fes
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v
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.
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o
.
3
,
p
p
.
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0
0
1
.
[2
6
]
P
o
p
p
e
n
d
iec
k
,
M
.
,
“
Th
e
f
u
tu
re
o
f
so
f
t
w
a
re
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n
g
in
e
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rin
g
,
”
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Ag
e
n
c
y
o
f
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
,
[
On
li
n
e
]
Av
a
i
la
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
w
ww
.
tec
h
.
g
o
v
.
sg
/en
/T
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h
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ti
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/
2
0
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e
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F
u
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-
of
-
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f
tw
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g
[2
7
]
S
h
u
l
l,
F
.
,
Ca
rleto
n
,
A
.
,
Ca
rriere
,
J.,
P
rik
lad
n
ick
i,
R.
a
n
d
Zh
a
n
g
,
D
.
,
“
T
h
e
f
u
tu
re
o
f
so
f
t
wa
re
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n
g
i
n
e
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rin
g
,
”
IEE
E
S
o
ft
w
a
re
,
v
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l.
3
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,
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
2
-
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5
,
2
0
1
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.
[2
8
]
S
c
h
u
lt
e
,
W
.
,
“
F
u
t
u
re
tren
d
s
in
s
o
f
tw
a
r
e
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
”
F
a
c
u
lt
y
S
u
m
m
it
2
0
1
1
,
Ca
rtag
e
n
a
,
Co
lo
m
b
ia,
2
0
1
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.