Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
5
,
Octo
ber
201
9
, pp.
3375
~3
383
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v9
i
5
.
pp3375
-
33
83
33
75
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
P
erform
ance of
grid
-
conn
ec
t
ed
s
olar
ph
oto
vo
lt
aic p
ower
p
lan
ts
in the M
idd
le East a
nd
N
orth Af
rica
Ja
l
al Assa
deg
1
, Kam
aruz
z
ama
n
Sopi
an
2
, Ahm
ad
Fud
h
oli
3
1
,2,3
Solar
En
erg
y
Resea
r
ch
Inst
it
u
te
,
Univer
si
ti
Ke
bangsa
an
M
a
lays
ia
,
Ma
lay
si
a
1
Rene
wabl
e Energ
y
Eng. D
ept
-
C
oll
ag
e
of
Ene
rg
y
and
Min
ing
Eng
ine
er
ing,
Li
b
y
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
5
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
A
pr
8
,
201
9
Accepte
d
Apr
9
, 2
01
9
A
conc
ep
tua
l
de
sign
stud
y
of
a
grid
conn
ec
t
ed
s
ola
r
el
e
ct
ri
c
po
wer
s
y
st
em
using
PV
arr
a
y
f
or
a
5
.
3MW
as
nom
ina
l
power
r
equi
red
is
pre
se
nte
d.
A
B
ird
m
odel
has
bee
n
used
to
esti
m
a
te
hourl
y
,
dail
y
,
m
onthly
and
y
ea
rl
y
sola
r
rad
iation
amounts.
-
f
-
cha
rt
is
a
design
m
et
hod
was
chose
n
to
sim
ula
te
th
e
fra
ction
of
the
so
la
r
en
erg
y
req
u
ir
ed
for
the
loa
d
g
ive
n
th
e
PV
arr
a
y
ar
ea
s a
nd
cl
imatic
condi
t
i
ons.
Four
cities
in
the
Middl
e
E
ast
and
North
Afric
a
rep
rese
nt
ing
di
ff
ere
nt
locat
ions
a
t
southern
m
edi
t
err
anean
r
egi
on
are
se
lecte
d
Tri
poli,
Alex
an
dria
,
Tuni
si
a
a
nd
Gaz
a
ci
t
y
.
Tri
poli
Cit
y
h
a
s
the
best
per
form
anc
e
for
73%
of
nom
inal
Pow
er
foll
owe
d
b
y
Al
exa
ndr
ia
about
66
%
and
the
n
Gaz
a
ar
ound
63%,
Tuni
sia
Cit
y
h
as
lowest
solar
fra
ction
about
59%
ac
cor
d
ing
to
th
e M
onthly
and
an
nual
sol
ar
fr
ac
t
io
n
Data.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
G
ri
d
-
c
onnecte
d
P
hoto
vo
lt
ai
c
Power pla
nt
So
la
r
fract
ion
Util
iz
abili
t
y
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Kam
aru
zzam
a
n
S
opia
n
,
So
la
r
En
e
r
gy
Re
search
Insti
tute,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Ke
ba
ngsaan
Mal
ay
sia
,
43600 B
an
gi S
el
angor, Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
k.
sopia
n@u
km
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
syst
e
m
s
are
the
m
os
t
pr
om
isi
ng
re
new
a
ble
energy
source
i
n
nort
h
Africa
and
Mi
ddle
-
East
du
e
to
it
s
abund
a
nt
so
la
r
irrad
ia
ti
on
[1
-
3]
.
PV
syst
e
m
s
cl
assifi
ed
in
three
m
ai
n
ty
pes
;
sta
nd
-
a
lon
e,
hybri
d
an
d
gri
d
co
nn
ect
e
d
PV
syst
e
m
as
sh
own
in
Fig
ure
1.
S
ta
nd
–
al
one
pv
syst
em
s
req
ui
red
batte
ry
energy
stora
ge
f
or
DC
m
od
e
or
with
inv
e
rter
f
or
AC
m
od
e
but
oth
ers
with
ou
t
ba
tt
ery
ban
k
a
nd
li
nk
e
d
di
rectl
y
to
a
load
[
4,
5]
.
hy
br
i
d
PV
syst
em
is
co
m
po
se
d
of
PV
s
olar
pa
nels
with
ot
her
s
ource
of
e
nergy
li
ke
wi
nd
far
m
,
fu
el
cel
l
or
wa
te
r
tur
bin
es
[
4,
6
-
8]
.
G
rid
c
on
nected
pv
syst
e
m
is
the
best
op
ti
on
th
at
us
i
ng
PV
pa
nels
directl
y
with
gr
id
to
s
upply
a
ny
re
du
c
ti
on
in
el
ect
ric
al
energy
f
ro
m
so
la
r
pa
nel
ar
ray
with
or
wit
hout
batte
ry
stora
ge
[4,
9,
10]
.
In
gr
i
d
-
c
onne
ct
ed
ap
plica
ti
on
,
al
s
o
cal
le
d
On
–
gr
i
d
ap
plica
ti
on
s
uch
a
s
a
syst
e
m
the
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
arr
ay
fee
d
el
ect
rical
ener
gy
di
rectl
y
into
el
e
ct
rical
gr
id
(in
cl
ud
e
d
central
–
gri
d
a
nd
isol
at
ed
gr
i
ds
)
[11
-
13]
.
Ba
tt
eries
are
no
t
nece
ssary
wh
e
n
the
syst
e
m
is
gr
id
-
c
onnected
or
on
-
gr
i
d
.
Th
e
sel
ect
ed
app
li
cat
ion
i
s
instal
la
ti
on
of
PV
ge
ner
at
ors
(P
V
a
rr
ay
)
by
util
it
ie
s
a
t
Power
s
ub
sta
ti
on
a
fter
that
to
central
gri
d.
This
app
li
cat
io
n
can
b
e o
n
t
he
thres
ho
l
d
of cos
t co
m
pet
it
iveness
f
or
P
V
de
pe
nd
i
ng
in
l
ocati
on.
The
be
ne
fits of gr
i
d
can
be
on
the
t
hr
es
hold
of
co
st
com
petitiveness
f
or
P
V
de
pendin
g
in
loc
at
ion
.
Als
o
gri
d
-
c
onnecte
d
P
V
powe
r
gen
e
rati
on
is
ge
ner
al
ly
evalua
te
d
base
d
on
it
s
po
te
ntial
to
r
edu
ce
c
os
ts
f
or
energy
pro
duc
ti
on
an
d
gen
e
r
at
or
s
(P
V
)
a
re
l
ocat
ed
at
or
near
the
sit
e
of
el
ect
rical
co
ns
um
ption.
In
a
dd
it
ion
,
the
util
it
y
can
av
oid
or
dela
y
upgrades
t
o
tr
ansm
issi
on
an
d
distri
bu
ti
on
netw
ork
wh
e
re
the
a
ver
a
ge
daily
ou
t
pu
t
of
t
he
P
V
s
yst
e
m
corres
ponds
with the uti
li
ty
’s
peak dem
and
pe
rio
d
[
14]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
20
19
:
3
3
7
5
-
3
3
8
3
3376
F
igure
1
.
Cl
assifi
cat
ion
of
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c syst
e
m
2.
CONCEPT
U
AL D
E
SIG
N
The
pro
po
se
d
powe
r
pla
nt
as
show
n
i
n
Figure
2
is
co
m
po
sed
of
s
olar
P
V
ar
ray
a
nd
el
ect
rical
inv
e
rters
wh
ic
h
are
c
onnct
e
d
to
co
nv
e
ntio
na
l
fo
ssil
f
uel
powe
r
plant
(C
FPP),
el
ect
rical
su
bs
ta
ti
on
(E
SS)
a
nd
el
ect
rical
pw
e
r
gr
i
d
(EPG)
.
S
olar
P
V
a
rr
ay
is
consi
ste
d
of
num
ber
of
s
ol
ar
pa
nls
c
onnc
te
d
in
paral
le
l
and
series.
The
sel
ect
ed
so
la
r
panel
in
this
stud
y
has
m
axi
m
u
m
eff
ic
ie
ncy
ab
out
19%,
a
nd
it
s
area
is
1.580×
0.812
m
2
with
m
axim
u
m
po
we
r
e
qual
to
245Wat
t
wh
e
re
is
a
vaila
ble
onli
ne
in
internati
onal
Ma
rk
et
s
ar
ound
10
0$.
The
syst
e
m
ha
s
m
ulti
di
m
ensi
on
al
areas
in
di
ff
ere
nt
four
opti
ons
acc
ordi
ng
to
num
ber
of
the
us
e
d
so
l
ar
pan
el
.
Ov
e
rall
area
of
PV
ar
ray
eq
ual
to
80
×
10
3
m
2
fo
r
62500
so
la
r
panel
s
,
60
×
10
3
m
2
of
46875
so
la
r
pa
nel
s
,
40
×
10
3
m
2
of
3125
0
so
la
r pa
ne
l
s
an
d 20
×
10
3
m
2
fo
r 156
25
so
la
r pa
nel
s
.
Figure
2
.
Sc
he
m
at
ic
o
f
pro
pse
d
s
olar
el
ect
ri
cal
p
owe
r plan
t
3.
MA
T
HM
ATI
CA
L
M
ODEL
The
Bi
r
d
Cl
ear
Sk
y
M
od
el
,
auth
or
e
d
by
Ri
chard
Bi
rd,
is
a
broa
db
a
nd
al
gorithm
wh
ic
h
pr
oduce
s
est
i
m
at
es
of
cl
ear
sk
y
direc
t
beam
,
hem
is
ph
e
rical
dif
f
use
,
an
d
t
otal
hem
isph
erical
s
olar
rad
ia
ti
on
on
a
horizo
ntal
s
urf
ace
.the
eq
uations
c
om
po
sed
of
sim
ple
al
geb
r
ai
c
e
xpres
sion
s
with
10
use
r
pro
vid
e
d
i
nputs
.
Mod
el
res
ults
sh
oul
d
be
e
xp
e
ct
ed
to
ag
ree
within
±
10%
with
rig
oro
us
i
rr
a
diati
ve
trans
fer
c
od
es
.
The
m
od
el
com
pu
te
s
hourl
y
aver
age
so
l
ar
rad
ia
ti
on
for
ever
y
hour
of
the
ye
ar,
bas
ed
on
the
10
use
r
input
par
a
m
et
e
rs;
howe
ver
va
riable
at
m
os
ph
eri
c
param
et
ers
su
ch
as
Aeros
ol
O
ptica
l
Dep
t
h,
Oz
one,
Wate
r
va
por
are
fix
ed
f
or
the en
ti
re
yea
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce
of
g
rid
-
co
nnect
e
d
s
ola
r
ph
oto
v
oltaic
powe
r
pl
an
ts
in
t
he
Mi
ddle
E
as
t a
nd
.
...
(
Jalal A
ssade
g)
3377
The
total
am
ou
nt
of
oz
on
e
I
o
in
the
at
m
os
ph
e
re
as
a
ve
rtic
al
colum
n
is
give
n
in
un
it
s
of
a
t
m
os
ph
e
re
giv
e
n by
[
15]
:
*
s
i
n
s
i
n
s
i
n
2
1
Yb
I
Z
G
F
n
D
C
Ya
J
Io
(1)
Fo
r
a
ho
m
og
e
neous
at
m
os
phere
was
cal
cul
at
ed
by
Kaste
n
wh
ic
h
pro
vide
s
an
accu
racy
of
99.
6%
for
zenit
h
ang
le
s
up t
o 89°
[
16]
:
1
6364
.
1
)
079
.
6
(
50572
.
0
s
i
n
s
s
m
(
2)
A
m
od
ifie
d rel
at
ion
s
hip
for
ai
r
m
ass h
as als
o bee
n
s
uggeste
d by
[
17]
:
))
3
7
5
1
5
.
94
(
(
0
0
1
7
6
7
5
9
.
0
s
i
n
1
21563
.
1
s
s
s
m
(3)
The
a
bove
e
quat
ion
s
ar
e
ap
pl
ic
able
to
a
sta
ndar
d
pr
ess
ure
P0
of
1013.
25
m
bar
at
sea
le
vel,
for
ot
her
pr
ess
ures t
he
a
ir m
ass
m
ay
b
e co
rr
ect
ed
as
[18,
19]
:
25
.
1013
'
P
m
m
(4)
w
he
re
P
is
at
m
os
ph
eric
pre
ssu
re
(in
bar)
at
heigh
t
H
(m
et
res
abo
ve
sea
le
vel).
I
f
P
is
no
t
known
a
n
appr
ox
im
at
e form
ula d
ue
t
o
m
ay
b
e
us
e
d
[
20]
:
0001184
.
0
h
E
x
p
P
P
o
(
5)
Accor
ding
to
Be
er’
s
la
w,
t
he
at
te
nu
at
ion
of
li
gh
t
throu
gh
a
m
edium
is
p
rop
or
ti
onal
to
the
distance
tra
ver
s
e
d
in the m
edium
an
d t
he
l
ocal fl
ux of
rad
ia
ti
on
[18, 1
9]
:
)
(
km
E
x
p
I
I
so
b
(
6)
I
so
is com
pu
te
d by
[19]
:
s
so
n
I
s
i
n
)
0
1
7
2
0
2
4
.
0
c
o
s
(
033
.
0
1
1
3
6
7
(
7)
Def
i
ning the
tr
ansm
issi
on
co
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
pr
e
vious e
quat
ion w
r
it
te
n
as:
so
b
I
I
(8)
Ozone a
nd
w
at
er
vapor tra
nsm
ittances are
c
on
si
der
e
d:
w
g
r
so
b
I
I
0
(
9)
The
tra
ns
m
it
tan
ce c
oeffici
ent
due to
aer
osol
scat
te
ring
w
ritt
en
as
[
16
]
:
d
m
d
m
m
m
m
)
e
x
p
(
3
3
.
0
3
3
.
0
(
10)
An alt
ern
at
e
w
ay
o
f
estim
at
ing
τ
α
is t
he rel
at
io
ns
hi
p
is
giv
e
n by:
m
m
k
k
k
5
.
0
5
.
0
35
.
0
2758
.
0
(
11)
)
1
(
e
x
p
[
)
3
(
'
)
2
(
)
1
(
C
O
F
C
O
F
C
O
F
m
k
k
k
(
12)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
20
19
:
3
3
7
5
-
3
3
8
3
3378
Also
acco
rd
i
ng to
Laci
s a
nd
H
anse
n
ca
n
cal
c
ulate
d
τ
o
an
d
x
o
:
]
)
0
.
0
0
0
3
x
0
.
0
4
4
x
(1
x
0
.
0
0
2
7
1
5
)
1
3
9
.
4
8
x
(1
x
[
0
.
1
6
1
1
1
τ
1
2
0
0
0
0
.
3
0
3
5
0
o
0
(
13)
0
0
m
I
x
(
14)
Fo
r
tra
ns
m
itta
nce
of
wate
r
va
pour
τ
w
,
transm
ittance
of
oz
on
e
abs
orptance
τ
o
and
total
am
ou
nt
of
pe
rce
ptible
water
x
w
is cal
cul
at
ed
by
relat
io
ns
:
)
6
(
)
6
(
)
6
(
)
5
(
)
4
(
4
'
3
'
2
'
'
m
CO
F
m
CO
F
m
CO
F
m
CO
F
CO
F
w
(
15)
m
I
x
W
W
(16)
]
)
13
(
e
x
p
[
)
14
(
'
C
O
F
g
m
C
O
F
(
17)
The
cl
ea
r
-
s
ky
diffuse
irr
a
dian
ce m
od
el
is b
as
ed on
[
21, 2
2]
:
1
)
1
(
84
.
0
1
)
1
(
5
.
0
02
.
1
02
.
1
0
m
m
m
m
I
I
s
r
w
g
so
d
(
18)
Fo
r
calc
ulati
on
of
τ
αα
an
d
τ
α
s
[
22, 2
3]
:
)
1
)(
1
(
1
.
0
1
02
.
1
m
m
I
b
(19)
7
.
0
'
0
4
5
.
0
10
m
s
(
20)
The glo
bal ir
ra
diance
on
hori
zon
ta
l s
urface
I
G
is gi
ve
n by
[
20
]
:
1
1
)
(
'
r
r
I
I
I
s
d
b
G
(
21)
r
s
is t
he gr
ound
albedo
(
a
stan
da
r
d value
of
0.2 is
often
quot
ed) ,
'
r
is t
he
al
be
do of t
he
cl
ou
dless s
ky.
3.1.
Month
l
y
s
ola
r
ra
di
at
i
on
R
is
the
m
on
thly
rati
o
of
ra
diati
on
on
a
ti
lt
ed
su
r
face
to
ra
di
at
ion
on
a
hori
zon
ta
l
surface
.
It
is
know
n
as the m
on
thly
m
ean to
ta
l ra
dia
ti
on
ti
lt
ed
fact
or an
d
is
giv
e
n by
[
19]
:
H
f
t
H
s
t
d
τ
*
Ib
__
Hb
(22)
H
f
t
H
s
t
d
τ
*
Id
__
Hd
(23)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
d
b
G
H
H
H
(
24)
Fo
r
calc
ulate
m
on
thly
av
era
ge beam
r
adiat
ion
ti
lt
f
act
or a
nd g
i
ven b
y
[19
]
:
s
i
n
s
i
n
180
s
i
n
c
o
s
c
o
s
s
i
n
s
i
n
180
s
i
n
c
o
s
c
o
s
'
'
'
'
s
s
s
s
b
R
(25)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
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C
om
p
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g
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S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce
of
g
rid
-
co
nnect
e
d
s
ola
r
ph
oto
v
oltaic
powe
r
pl
an
ts
in
t
he
Mi
ddle
E
as
t a
nd
.
...
(
Jalal A
ssade
g)
3379
Fo
r
cal
culat
e H
T b
y using
[20]
:
`
2
c
o
s
1
2
c
o
s
1
1
g
H
H
R
HG
H
H
H
d
b
d
T
(26)
3.2.
Model
ing
of the el
ectric
al
p
ower pla
nt
The
ar
ray
is
c
har
act
erize
d
by
it
s
overall
a
ver
a
ge
ef
fici
ency,
η
p
w
hich
is
a
functi
on
of
ave
ra
ge
m
od
ule and cel
l t
e
m
pr
et
uter
T
c
[24]
:
1
Tr
Tc
p
r
p
(27)
w
her
e
r
is
the
PV
m
od
el
eff
ic
ie
ncy
at
ref
eren
ce
te
m
per
at
ur
e
T
r
(=
25
o
C),
and
P
is
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
coef
fici
ent
of
m
od
ule
eff
ic
ie
ncy.
T
c
is
relat
ed
to
the
m
ean
m
on
thly
am
bient
te
m
per
at
ur
e
T
a
thro
ug
h
Evan
s’
fo
rm
ula
[20]
:
8
00
20
8
32
2
19
___
n
t
a
c
T
K
T
T
(28)
w
her
eas
T
n
is
the
no
m
inal
op
erati
ng
cel
l
te
m
per
at
ur
e
and
̅
̅
̅
the
m
on
thly
cl
earance
ind
ex,
T
n
and
p
dep
end
on
the type o
f
PV
m
od
ule.
2
00
00
11
7
.
0
1
Cf
(29)
w
her
eas
cor
recti
on
factor
fo
r
the
ti
lt
ed
ang
le
of
the
so
la
r
pan
el
arr
ay
is
the
m
on
thly
ener
gy
delivered
by
the
so
la
r
pan
el
is
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
:
_
_
_
__
p
T
p
p
A
H
E
(30)
Ov
erall
area
s
y
s
t
e
m
A
of
so
la
r
el
ect
ric p
ow
er s
yst
em
:
p
p
s
y
s
t
e
m
N
A
A
(31)
The
m
on
thly
av
erag
e d
ai
ly
elec
tric
al
en
erg
y of
so
la
r
el
ect
ric p
ow
er s
yst
em
is then
g
iven
by
[19, 25]
:
)
1
)(
1
(
__
__
a
p
A
A
E
Q
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
n
v
p
p
(32)
The
m
on
thly
an
d
ann
ual
so
la
r
fr
act
ion
SF
is def
ined
as ele
ct
rical
ener
gy o
f
so
la
r
el
ect
ric p
ow
er s
yst
em
div
ide
by n
om
inal po
wer
r
equ
ired
to
the load
:
3
.
5
__
MW
Q
SF
(33)
4.
RESU
LT
S A
ND
OBSERV
ATION
S
Figure
3
to
Fig
ur
e
5
il
lustrate
the
cl
i
m
at
olo
gical
data
f
or
t
he
sel
ect
ed
ci
ti
es
in
Mi
dd
le
E
ast
an
d
no
rt
h
Africa
w
hich
a
re
locat
ed
on
Me
diterra
nean
basin
.
Fig
ure
3
s
hows
t
he
m
on
t
hly
aver
a
ge
daily
inso
la
ti
on
on
a
horizo
ntal
s
urface,
H
;
Fig
ure
4
in
dicat
es
t
he
a
ver
a
ge
da
yt
i
m
e
a
m
bient
te
m
per
at
ur
e
Ta
;
an
d
Fig
ure
5
represe
nts
the
m
on
thly
cl
earne
ss
in
dex,
Kt.
Sele
ct
ed
P
V
pa
nel
ha
s
m
axim
u
m
eff
ic
ie
nc
ab
ou
t
19
%
,
a
nd
it
s
area
is
1.
58
0×
0.812
m
2,
m
a
xi
m
u
m
po
wer
of
so
la
r
pa
nel
245W
,
Tc=
45oC
,
el
ect
rical
inv
erter h
as
eff
ic
ie
ncy
about
99%
and
slo
pe
eq
ua
l
to
la
ti
tud
e
pl
us
5
de
gr
e
es.
T
he
la
ti
tu
de
&
lo
ngit
ude
of
the
ci
ti
es
are
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
20
19
:
3
3
7
5
-
3
3
8
3
3380
32
52
′
N
&
13
11′
E
,
31
20′
N
&
29
91
′
,
33
88′
N
&
9
53
′
E
and
31
50′
N
&
34
46′
E
f
or
T
rip
oli,
Alexa
ndria
,
Tu
nisia
and
G
aza
resp
ect
ivel
y.
The
so
la
r
a
rr
ay
s
area
Asy
stem
equ
al
to
80
×
103
m
2
fo
r
62500
s
olar
pa
nels,
60
×
103
m
2
of
46875
so
la
r
pa
nels,
40
×
103
m
2
fo
r
3125
0
so
la
r
pan
el
s
an
d
20×1
03
m
2
fo
r
15
625
so
la
r
pa
nels.
The
te
m
per
at
u
re
c
oeffici
ent
of
m
od
ule
is
0.0
043
1/
oC.
T
he
nom
inal
el
e
ct
rical
powe
r
of
syst
em
5.
3
M
W
i
n
dayt
i
m
e
to
Gr
i
d,
us
in
g
eq
uations
(
1)
th
rou
gh
(
33)
,
the
m
on
thly
an
d
a
nnua
l
fr
act
io
n
of
s
olar
e
nergy
delivere
d
by
so
la
r
a
rr
ay
to
load
has
be
en
cal
culat
ed
.
Fo
r
cal
culat
e
I
b
an
d
Id
by
Bi
rd
m
od
el
f
ro
m
equ
at
io
n
(1)
t
hro
ugh
(21) the
Iterati
on is to
b
e
cont
inu
e
d from
su
nri
se unti
l su
ns
e
t hou
rs of a
da
y.
Figure
3
.
Mo
nth
ly
av
e
rag
e
d
ai
ly
inso
la
ti
on on a
horizo
ntal
Figure
4
.
Mo
nth
ly
av
e
rag
e
d
ai
ly
a
m
bient te
m
per
at
ur
e
Figure
5
.
Mo
nth
ly
clea
r
s
ky in
dex
Kt
̅
̅
̅
4.1.
Month
l
y
s
ola
r
f
r
act
io
n
Figures
6
th
rough
9
re
pr
e
sen
t
the
m
on
thly
f
racti
on
of
t
he
so
la
r
e
nergy
de
li
ver
ed
by
so
l
ar
PV
ar
ray
each
m
on
th
f
or
eac
h
ci
ty
.
T
he
highest
m
on
t
hly
so
la
r
f
racti
on
wa
s
ob
ta
in
ed
at
T
rip
oli
a
s
sho
w
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
6.
More
t
han
79
%
of
the
e
ne
rgy
is
prov
i
ded
by
the
so
la
r
ene
rg
y for
the
m
on
th o
f
Ma
rc
h
a
nd
A
pr
il
w
it
h
a
syst
e
m
area
(
A
system=
80
×
10
3
m
2
)
for
6250
0
so
la
r
pa
ne
ls
an
d
m
ini
m
um
so
la
r
f
racti
on
with
the
sa
m
e
area
in
Jun
e
ab
out
69%.
Ale
xandri
a
Ci
t
y
ob
ta
ine
d
it
s
hig
he
st
m
on
t
hly
so
la
r
f
r
act
ion
in
Jan
ua
ry
about
73%,
on
the
oth
e
r
w
ords
the s
olar fricat
ion i
s alway
s a
bove
60%
thro
ugho
ut the yea
r a
s sho
wn in
F
igure
7.
Figure
6
.
Mo
nth
ly
so
la
r
fract
ion
fo
r
T
ri
po
li
with
no
m
inal powe
r
p
la
nt
5.3M
W
Figure
7
.
Mo
nth
ly
so
la
r
fract
ion
fo
r
A
le
xand
ria with
no
m
inal powe
r
p
la
nt
5.3M
W
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce
of
g
rid
-
co
nnect
e
d
s
ola
r
ph
oto
v
oltaic
powe
r
pl
an
ts
in
t
he
Mi
ddle
E
as
t a
nd
.
...
(
Jalal A
ssade
g)
3381
Figure
8
.
Mo
nth
ly
so
la
r
fract
ion
fo
r
G
aza
w
i
th
no
m
inal powe
r
p
la
nt
5.3M
W
Figure
9
.
Mo
nth
ly
so
la
r
fract
ion
fo
r
T
un
isi
a
with
no
m
inal powe
r
p
la
nt
5.3M
W
Gaza
Ci
ty
ob
ta
ined
it
s
high
e
st
m
on
thly
so
la
r
fr
act
io
n
in
Ma
rch
an
d
Se
ptem
ber
.
In
ad
diti
on
,
durin
g
su
m
m
er s
eason, a
dr
ast
ic
drop in sola
r fracti
on is
obvious i
n June bec
ause
a
ff
ect
ed
b
y sl
ope an
gle of P
V arra
y
is
fixe
d;
in
ot
he
r
word,
inci
de
nce
a
ngle
is
l
arg
e
in
J
une
a
nd
Ma
y
as
wel
l
.
The
so
la
r
frac
ti
on
reache
s
above
67%
f
or
se
pte
m
ber
and
octo
ber
.
The
so
la
r
fr
act
io
n
in
T
un
isi
a
Ci
ty
ha
s
a
m
on
thly
so
la
r
f
racti
on
r
ang
i
ng
betwee
n
5
1
% t
o
6
2
%.
The Hi
gh
e
st solar
fr
ac
ti
on
obtai
ne
d
i
n
Ma
rc
h
an
d
S
eptem
ber
f
or P
V
ar
ray area e
qual
to
80
×
10
3
m
2
.
4.2.
Y
earl
y
s
ola
r
fr
act
i
on
A
nn
ual
so
la
r
f
racti
on
of
so
la
r
ene
rg
y
delive
red
by
P
V
ar
ra
y
or
syst
em
as
a
functi
on
of
syst
e
m
area
(over
al
l
area
of
PV
ar
ray
)
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gu
re
10.
T
he
a
nnual
so
la
r
fr
a
ct
ion
i
ncr
ease
s
w
it
h
the
syst
em
area
(
A
system
)
that
m
eans
the
la
r
ge
r
syst
e
m
area,
will
giv
e
high
er
ene
r
gy
delivere
d.
M
or
e
ov
er,
inc
reases
a
m
bient
tem
per
at
ur
e
le
ad
to
dec
rea
se
the
ef
fici
en
cy
and
pro
duc
ed
e
nergy
the
facto
r
m
entioned
-
a
bove
e
ffec
te
d
directl
y on
t
he e
ff
ic
ie
ncy an
d t
he
ene
rg
y, T
ri
po
li
h
a
s h
ig
hes
t annuall
y s
olar
fr
a
ct
ion
wher
eas the m
axi
m
um
i
ts
so
la
r
f
racti
on
about
75%
with
la
rg
er
area
of
the
syst
em
fo
ll
owe
d
by
A
le
xandr
ia
Ci
ty
and
the
n
Gaz
a
Ci
t
y.
Tu
nisia
Ci
ty
has
the
lo
wes
t
ye
arly
so
la
r
fr
act
io
n.
w
he
reas
the
m
axim
u
m
it
s
so
la
r
fr
act
io
n
ab
ou
t
60
%
.
Alexa
ndria C
it
y and t
he
n Gaz
a Ci
ty
hav
e
sol
ar fracti
on
le
s
s tha
n 75
%
and
m
or
e than 6
0%
.
Figure
10
.
A
nnual s
olar fracti
on of
powe
r plant f
or sele
ct
ed
cit
ie
s
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
the
or
et
ic
al
stud
y
and
e
va
luati
on
of
gri
d
connecte
d
wit
h
so
la
r
el
ect
ric
syst
e
m
us
ing
PV
ar
rays
was
pr
ese
nte
d.
Four
ci
ti
es
in
Mi
dd
le
Ea
st
a
nd
nort
h
Afric
a
are
sel
ect
e
d
nam
ely;
Tripo
l
i,
Alexa
ndria,
Gaza
and
Tu
nisia
w
ere
re
pr
ese
ntin
g
di
ff
e
ren
t
loc
at
ion
s
within
s
ou
t
hern
Me
dit
err
a
nean
basi
n.
The
Bi
r
d
m
od
el
was
us
e
d
to
est
i
m
a
te
so
la
r
rad
ia
ti
on
c
om
po
n
e
nt
s.
Trip
oli
Ci
ty
has
the
best
perform
ance
on
both
m
on
thl
y
and
ye
arly
so
la
r
f
r
act
ion
,
fo
ll
ow
e
d
by
Alexa
ndr
ia
Ci
ty
and
th
en
Gaza
Ci
ty
.
Tu
nisia
Ci
ty
has
the
lo
west
ye
arly
so
la
r
f
racti
on. An
ec
onom
ic
a
naly
sis
m
us
t b
e carr
ie
d o
ut to
d
et
erm
ine the eco
nom
ic
f
ea
sibil
it
y of
su
c
h
s
yst
e
m
in s
ou
t
hern Me
diterra
nea
n
re
gi
on
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthor
s
would
li
ke
to
than
k
t
he
sta
ff
of
S
olar
E
nergy
Re
searc
h
I
ns
ti
tute
(
S
ERI)
for
t
heir
un
li
m
i
te
d
sup
port a
nd
Un
i
versi
ti
K
eba
ng
saa
n
Ma
la
ysi
a (
U
KM)
i
n gen
e
ra
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
20
19
:
3
3
7
5
-
3
3
8
3
3382
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
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.
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Bola
ji
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e
t
al
.
,
“
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ano
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aly
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ca
a
nd
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Ea
st
due
to
a
sudde
n
strat
ospheri
c
wa
rm
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nt
,
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urnal
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mos
pheric
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ini
m
iz
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xce
ss
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,
“
Grid
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ic
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rt
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ie
w
,
”
Re
n
ewabl
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tai
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gr
i
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c
te
d
ph
otovol
taic
s
y
ste
m
und
er
tropica
l
cl
imat
e condi
t
io
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”
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ene
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A
nza
lc
h
i
an
d
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“
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ew
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spec
ifi
c
at
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for
grid
-
conne
c
te
d
phot
ovolt
aic
s
y
st
ems
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”
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rgy
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ve
rs
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on
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et
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l
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anc
e
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gation
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rid
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ed
ph
otovol
taic
s
y
s
tem
m
odel
l
ing
base
d
on
MA
TL
AB
sim
ula
ti
on,
”
In
ter
nati
onal Journal
of
Elec
tric
al
an
d
Computer
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ering
,
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4854
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N.
Rao
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Grid
conne
c
ted
distri
but
ed
gen
era
t
ion
s
y
st
em
with
high
vo
lt
ag
e
gai
n
c
asc
ade
d
DC
-
DC
conve
rt
er
fed
as
y
m
m
et
ri
c
m
ult
il
evel
inve
r
t
er
topol
og
y
,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journ
al
of
El
e
ct
ri
cal
and
Computer
Engi
nee
ring
,
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e
t
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m
al
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iv
e
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flow
fo
r
globa
l
tra
nsm
i
ss
i
on
and
distri
buti
on
net
work,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of El
e
ct
ri
c
al
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&
Ene
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eukl
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“
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adi
a
t
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”
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he
int
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ra
l
Ra
y
leigh
opti
c
al
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hic
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ar
sk
y
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ar
irr
adi
an
ce
m
odel
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[24]
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,
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O
utput of
the
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Module,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Elec
t
rical
Powe
r
&
E
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,
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ula
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ta
i
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Fiel
d
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3
KW
,
”
Inte
rnational
Journal
o
f
El
e
ct
rica
l
Pow
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&
Ene
rgy
Sys
tem
s,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
7
(
6
)
,
2017
.
N
om
encl
ature
P
o
Stand
a
r
d
at
m
os
pheric
pr
es
sur
e.
γ
s
So
la
r
alt
it
ud
e a
ng
le
β
Angstr
om
’s
tur
bid
it
y coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
.
τ
α
s
Transm
i
tt
ance co
ef
fici
ent.
k
αλ
Angstr
om
’s
tur
bid
it
y.
τ
r
Transm
i
tt
ance o
f
Ray
le
igh
sc
at
te
ring
.
r
s
Groun
d
al
bedo
.
τ
o
Transm
i
tt
ance o
f
o
z
one a
bs
or
ptance.
r
α
′
Ra
yl
ei
gh
scatt
erin
g
tra
ns
m
itta
nce
τ
w
Transm
i
tt
ance o
f
w
at
er
v
a
por
.
I
w
Am
ou
nt
of p
e
r
cepti
ble wa
te
r
τ
g
Transm
i
tt
ance o
f
unif
or
m
ly
.
I
o
Am
ou
nt
of O
z
on
e
τ
αα
Transm
i
tt
ance o
f
aer
osol abs
orpta
nce
x
o
Total
am
ou
nt
of
ozone i
n
a sla
nted
path
m
Air
m
ass
x
w
Total
am
ou
nt of
p
e
rcep
ti
ble
water
m
′
Pr
ess
ur
e
-
co
rrec
te
d
of Mass
τ
α
Transm
i
tt
ance o
f
aer
osol abs
orpta
nce
C,
D,
Z
,
I
,
F,Ya
,
Yb
Con
sta
nt
s
for wat
er
v
a
por
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce
of
g
rid
-
co
nnect
e
d
s
ola
r
ph
oto
v
oltaic
powe
r
pl
an
ts
in
t
he
Mi
ddle
E
as
t a
nd
.
...
(
Jalal A
ssade
g)
3383
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Jalal
As
sad
eg
,
r
ec
e
ive
d
his
Bachel
or
degr
ee
(B
.
Sc.
)
with
En
er
g
y
Eng
ine
er
ing
from
Coll
ege
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Technol
og
y
-
Hoon
(Li
b
y
a)
in
20
06.
He
obt
ai
ne
d
Master
degr
e
e
(M.Sc.
)
from
Univer
siti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Malay
sia
in
2009.
He
joi
ned
as
a
le
ct
ur
er
at
the
Depa
rtme
nt
of
Rene
wable
Ene
rg
y
Eng
ine
e
ring,
Col
le
ge
of
Ene
rg
y
and
M
ini
ng
Engi
n
ee
r
i
ng,
Sebha
Univ
ersity
in
2011
–
pre
sent.
He
is
cur
ren
tly
pursuin
g
PhD
in
ren
ewa
ble
en
erg
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
at
Solar
E
ner
g
y
R
ese
ar
ch
Inst
it
ute (SERI), Unive
rsit
i
Keb
a
ngsaa
n
Mal
a
y
s
ia (UKM
).
Kamar
uz
z
ama
n
So
pian
gra
duat
ed
with
th
e
BS
Mec
hani
cal
E
ngine
er
ing
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
W
isconsin
-
Madison
in
1985,
th
e
MS
in
Ene
rg
y
Resourc
es
Univ
ersity
of
Pit
tsburgh
in
1989
and
PhD
in
Mec
hani
ca
l
Eng
ine
e
ring
from
the
Dorgan
Solar
La
bora
to
r
y
,
Univ
ersity
of
Miami
at
Cora
l
Gable
s
in
1997.
He
has
be
en
inv
olve
d
in
th
e
fi
eld
of
ren
ewa
bl
e
e
ner
g
y
for
m
ore
t
han
25
-
y
e
ars.
He
has
sec
ure
rese
a
rch
funding
fro
m
the
Malay
si
a
n
Minstr
y
of
Sc
ie
nc
e
and
M
al
a
y
sian
Ministr
y
of
Educ
a
ti
on
and
i
ndustr
y
for
m
ore
tha
n
US
D
6
m
il
li
on
.
He
h
as
co
nduct
ed
ren
ewa
ble
en
er
y
cour
se
s
the
As
ia
n
Schoo
l
of Energ
y
(200
7
-
2014)
funde
d
b
y
ISESC
O,
COM
SA
T,
TIKA and UNESC
O.
Ah
mad
Fu
dh
ol
i,
Ph.
D,
M
.
Sc
gra
duated
his
Bac
he
lor
degr
e
e
(
S.Si)
in
ph
y
sics
(2002).
He
wa
s
born
in
1980
in
Pekanba
ru,
Indo
nesia
.
He
serve
d
as
was
the
Hea
d
of
the
Phy
sics
Depa
rtment
at
Rab
Univer
sit
y
Pekanba
ru,
R
ia
u
,
Indone
sia
,
for
four
y
e
ars
(2004
–
2008).
A.
Fudholi
started
his
m
aste
r
cour
se
i
n
Ene
rg
y
Techn
olog
y
(2005
–
20
07)
at
Uni
ver
sit
i
Keba
ngsaa
n
Malay
s
ia
(UK
M).
After
obt
ai
ning
his
Master
’s,
h
e
bec
ame
a
rese
ar
ch
assistant
at
UK
M
unti
l.
Aft
er
his
Ph.D
(2012)
in
ren
ewa
bl
e
en
erg
y
,
he
be
ca
m
e
postdoct
ora
l
in
the
Solar
Ene
rg
y
Resea
rch
Instit
u
te
(SERI)
UKM
unti
l
2013
.
He
jo
ine
d
the SERI
as
a lecture
r
in
201
4.
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