I
n
t
e
r
n
at
ion
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
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lec
t
r
ical
an
d
Com
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
gin
e
e
r
in
g
(
I
JE
CE
)
Vol.
1
4
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
20
2
4
,
pp
.
5728
~
5737
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/i
jec
e
.
v
1
4
i
5
.
pp
5
728
-
5737
5728
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
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Da
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c
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pr
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L
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ha
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R
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Th
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CC
B
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SA
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ce
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s
e.
C
or
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s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
Ana
nda
F
it
r
iani
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
Ge
ogr
a
phy
,
F
a
c
ult
y
of
M
a
thema
ti
c
s
a
nd
Na
tur
a
l
S
c
ienc
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s
,
Unive
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s
it
a
s
I
ndone
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M
a
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gonda
R
a
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S
tr
e
e
t,
P
ondok
C
ina,
B
e
ji
,
De
pok,
W
e
s
t
J
a
va
,
16424,
I
ndone
s
ia
E
mail:
a
na
nda
f
tr
a
ni@gm
a
il
.
c
om
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
Huma
ns
a
r
e
de
pe
nde
nt
on
the
s
e
r
vice
s
pr
ovided
by
bios
phe
r
e
a
nd
e
c
os
ys
tem
to
s
us
tain
their
li
ve
s
[
1]
.
I
n
ge
ne
r
a
l
,
e
c
os
ys
tem
pr
ovides
many
im
p
or
tant
s
e
r
vice
s
that
be
ne
f
it
human
we
l
f
a
r
e
.
T
o
e
ns
ur
e
s
us
taina
ble
de
ve
lopm
e
nt,
e
nvir
onmenta
l
mana
ge
ment
ne
e
ds
to
be
given
a
tt
e
nti
on.
T
his
is
be
c
a
us
e
li
f
e
s
uppor
t
s
ys
tem
de
pe
nds
on
good
e
c
os
ys
tem
a
nd
na
tur
a
l
c
a
pit
a
l
s
tock
[
2]
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
it
is
c
r
uc
ial
to
be
a
wa
r
e
that
na
tur
a
l
e
c
os
ys
tem
a
nd
their
modi
f
ica
ti
on
do
not
play
s
igni
f
ica
nt
r
ole
in
s
uppor
ti
ng
human
li
f
e
thr
ough
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
[
3]
.
T
he
f
unc
ti
on
of
e
c
os
ys
tem
is
to
pr
ovide
mate
r
ials
a
nd
s
e
r
vice
s
that
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
dir
e
c
tl
y
or
indi
r
e
c
tl
y
by
humans
,
the
r
e
by
c
ontr
ibu
ti
ng
to
human
we
lf
a
r
e
.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
r
e
lations
hip
be
twe
e
n
na
tur
a
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
or
the
e
nvir
on
ment
a
nd
human
n
e
e
ds
is
inver
s
e
ly
pr
opor
ti
ona
l
.
F
or
e
xa
mpl
e
,
the
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
population
gr
owth
,
a
long
with
de
mand
a
nd
s
pa
ti
a
l
c
ha
nge
s
,
lea
ds
to
r
e
s
our
c
e
e
xploi
tation
a
nd
e
nvir
o
nmenta
l
de
gr
a
da
ti
on,
whic
h
e
ve
ntually
a
f
f
e
c
ts
s
us
taina
bil
it
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
Supply
and
de
mand
of
e
c
os
y
s
tem
s
e
r
v
ic
e
pr
ov
is
io
n
in
r
e
lat
ion
to
dy
namic
s
…
(
A
nanda
F
i
tr
iani
)
5729
T
he
incr
e
a
s
e
in
s
oc
ial
de
mand
c
a
n
be
inf
luenc
e
d
by
gr
owing
population
a
nd
ur
ba
n
e
xpa
ns
ion,
ther
e
by
c
a
us
ing
e
c
os
ys
tem
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
[
4]
.
I
n
oth
e
r
wor
ds
,
the
r
a
te
o
f
population
gr
owth
a
nd
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
is
pr
opor
ti
ona
l
to
the
c
onti
nuous
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
e
nvir
onmenta
l
c
a
pa
c
it
y
[
1]
.
I
t
is
im
por
tant
to
be
a
w
a
r
e
that
c
ha
nge
s
oc
c
ur
r
ing
in
s
pa
ti
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
c
a
n
c
a
us
e
po
s
it
ive
or
ne
ga
ti
ve
c
ha
nge
s
in
e
nvir
onmenta
l
qua
li
ty
[
5]
,
s
uc
h
a
s
va
r
iations
in
s
upply
a
nd
va
lue
o
f
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
[
6
]
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
it
s
int
e
g
r
it
y
[
7]
.
S
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y,
the
c
ha
nge
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
pr
oduc
ti
vit
y
in
a
gr
icultu
r
a
l
a
nd
f
or
e
s
tr
y,
r
e
s
ult
ing
in
a
s
hor
tage
of
f
ood
s
upply.
Als
o,
de
mand
f
or
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
may
no
longer
be
f
ul
f
il
led
whe
n
s
upply
o
f
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
c
ha
nge
s
[
7]
.
T
he
us
e
of
na
tur
a
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
ne
e
ds
to
be
opti
mi
z
e
d
by
pr
ope
r
ly
c
omm
unica
ti
ng
the
c
a
r
r
ying
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
the
e
nvir
onment
a
nd
how
it
c
a
n
be
im
p
r
ove
d
[
5
]
.
T
ypica
ll
y,
na
tur
a
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
ha
ve
the
c
a
pa
c
it
y
to
pr
ovide
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
f
or
s
oc
iety
a
nd
r
e
f
lec
ts
the
leve
l
o
r
qu
a
nti
ty
that
c
a
n
be
e
xplo
r
e
d
[
8
]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
to
pr
o
tec
t
a
nd
mana
ge
the
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
ther
e
is
a
ne
e
d
to
c
a
lcula
te
a
nd
c
ompar
e
a
s
pe
c
ts
of
s
upply
a
nd
de
mand
[
9
]
.
W
he
n
de
ter
mi
ning
the
a
bil
it
y
of
e
c
ologi
c
a
l
s
ys
tem,
the
c
r
uc
ial
f
a
c
tor
s
to
c
ons
ider
a
r
e
the
na
tur
e
a
nd
c
on
dit
ion
of
e
c
os
ys
tem.
A
s
ide
f
r
om
the
na
tur
e
a
nd
e
c
os
ys
te
m
c
ondit
ion,
human
inpu
t
or
a
c
ti
vit
ies
a
ls
o
c
ontr
ibut
e
to
e
s
tablis
hing
the
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
s
oc
ial
-
e
c
ologi
c
a
l
s
ys
te
ms
a
nd
s
e
r
vice
s
[
10]
.
A
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
m
e
t
ho
d
f
oc
u
s
i
ng
o
n
q
u
a
nt
if
y
in
g
e
c
os
y
s
t
e
m
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
a
nd
d
e
f
i
nin
g
t
he
ma
in
dr
i
ve
r
s
of
s
u
pp
ly
a
n
d
d
e
m
a
nd
a
r
e
ur
ge
nt
ly
ne
e
d
e
d
to
s
up
po
r
t
e
c
o
s
y
s
te
m
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
nt
[
7]
,
[
1
1]
,
[
12]
.
An
im
po
r
t
a
n
t
f
a
c
to
r
in
f
lu
e
nc
in
g
th
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
ti
on
of
e
c
o
s
y
s
te
m
s
e
r
v
ic
e
s
i
s
la
nd
u
s
e
or
l
a
n
d
c
ov
e
r
.
T
hi
s
i
s
be
c
a
u
s
e
t
he
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
l
a
n
d
us
e
h
a
v
e
c
om
pli
c
a
t
e
d
i
mp
li
c
a
t
io
n
s
on
e
c
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
pa
tt
e
r
n
s
a
nd
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
[
1
1]
,
[
1
3]
.
C
o
n
s
e
q
ue
ntl
y,
a
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
of
e
c
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
c
a
n
b
e
us
e
d
t
o
e
xa
mi
ne
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
la
nd
c
o
v
e
r
o
r
l
a
n
d
u
s
e
c
h
a
n
ge
on
v
a
r
io
u
s
ty
pe
s
o
f
n
a
tu
r
a
l
c
a
p
it
a
l
[
1
4]
.
T
h
i
s
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
c
ont
a
in
s
b
ot
h
po
s
it
i
v
e
a
n
d
n
e
ga
ti
ve
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
,
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
pr
ov
id
e
s
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
f
or
p
ol
ic
y
de
c
i
s
i
on
s
a
n
d
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
th
a
t
e
nc
our
a
ge
f
a
vor
a
bl
e
ou
t
c
om
e
s
[
15]
–
[
1
7]
.
Hu
ma
n
we
lf
a
r
e
,
in
c
lu
din
g
e
c
on
om
ic
a
n
d
s
oc
ia
l,
i
s
d
e
p
e
n
de
nt
on
th
e
c
o
n
s
u
mp
ti
on
of
e
c
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
e
r
v
ic
e
s
,
w
hi
c
h
c
a
n
l
e
a
d
t
o
im
ba
l
a
n
c
e
be
tw
e
e
n
s
up
pl
y
a
nd
d
e
m
a
nd
[
1
1]
.
S
im
i
la
r
ly,
th
e
pr
ov
i
s
i
on
o
f
e
c
o
s
y
s
te
m
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
i
nt
e
r
a
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
f
e
e
db
a
c
k
f
r
om
e
c
ol
og
ic
a
l
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
o
-
e
c
on
om
ic
f
a
c
t
or
s
.
T
hi
s
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
ig
nif
ie
s
t
ha
t
bo
th
s
u
ppl
y
a
nd
d
e
ma
n
d
ne
e
d
t
o
b
e
c
o
n
s
i
de
r
e
d
i
n
th
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
of
e
c
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
e
r
v
ic
e
s
[
18]
,
[
19
]
.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
r
e
c
e
nt
s
tudi
e
s
ha
ve
e
xa
mi
ne
d
the
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
of
s
upply
a
nd
de
mand
on
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
[
7]
,
[
11]
,
[
15]
,
[
20]
–
[
22]
.
I
n
I
ndone
s
ia,
s
upply
-
de
mand
of
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
wa
s
us
e
d
a
s
one
of
the
methods
to
c
a
lcula
te
e
nvi
r
onmenta
l
c
a
r
r
ying
c
a
pa
c
it
y
ba
s
e
d
on
L
a
w
of
T
he
R
e
publi
c
I
ndone
s
ia
No.
32
Ye
a
r
2009
on
E
nvir
onmenta
l
P
r
otec
ti
on
a
nd
M
a
na
ge
ment
[
23]
.
Ac
c
or
ding
to
va
r
ious
s
our
c
e
s
,
c
a
r
r
ying
c
a
pa
c
it
y
is
the
maximum
population
that
c
a
n
be
s
us
taine
d
by
the
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
a
nd
s
e
r
vice
s
a
va
il
a
bl
e
in
e
c
os
ys
tem
[
24]
.
I
t
a
ls
o
include
s
a
va
il
a
bil
it
y
of
e
nvir
onment
to
pr
ov
ide
f
or
the
ne
e
ds
o
f
humans
a
nd
other
l
ivi
ng
th
ings
[
5]
.
T
he
c
a
r
r
ying
c
a
pa
c
it
y
c
a
n
be
unde
r
s
tood
th
r
ough
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
,
a
s
i
t
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
c
a
pa
c
it
y
o
f
e
c
os
ys
tem
f
unc
ti
ons
a
nd
s
e
r
vice
s
to
s
uppor
t
human
li
f
e
a
nd
ot
he
r
li
ving
thi
ngs
.
T
his
s
tudy
a
im
e
d
to
e
xa
mi
ne
s
upply
a
nd
de
mand
c
ondit
ions
of
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
pr
ovis
ion
ove
r
a
de
c
a
de
a
nd
de
ter
mi
ne
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
land
c
ove
r
c
ha
n
ge
s
on
thes
e
c
ondit
ions
.
S
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y,
the
dyna
mi
c
c
ha
nge
s
in
land
c
ove
r
we
r
e
a
na
lyze
d
us
ing
land
c
ove
r
da
t
a
ba
s
e
f
r
om
M
ini
s
tr
y
of
F
o
r
e
s
t
a
nd
E
nvi
r
onment
be
twe
e
n
2009
a
nd
2019
.
F
oll
owing
thi
s
pr
oc
e
s
s
,
a
qua
nti
tative
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
wa
s
c
onduc
ted
by
mapping
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
a
nd
pr
ior
it
izing
f
ood
pr
ovis
ion
.
T
his
s
t
udy
wa
s
c
a
r
r
ied
out
in
S
uka
bumi
R
e
ge
nc
y,
W
e
s
t
J
a
v
a
P
r
ovince
,
c
ons
is
ti
ng
o
f
47
dis
tr
icts
a
nd
is
one
of
the
lar
ge
s
t
r
e
ge
nc
ies
in
J
a
va
I
s
land,
wi
th
a
lea
ding
a
gr
icultur
a
l
s
e
c
tor
.
2.
S
T
UD
Y
AR
E
A
T
he
s
tu
dy
a
r
ea
i
s
loc
a
te
d
in
S
uka
b
u
m
i
R
e
g
e
nc
y
,
W
e
s
t
J
a
va
P
r
o
v
i
n
ce,
c
o
ns
is
t
in
g
o
f
47
dis
t
r
i
c
ts
w
i
th
4
0
4
v
il
la
ge
s
a
s
s
ho
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
F
u
r
t
he
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
is
a
r
e
a
i
s
g
e
og
r
a
ph
i
c
a
ll
y
l
o
c
a
t
ed
at
06°57'
-
0
7
°
2
5
'
L
S
a
n
d
106°49'
-
1
0
7
°
0
0
'
B
T
wi
t
h
an
a
r
ea
of
4
.
1
6
2
km
²
.
I
n
t
he
n
or
t
h
,
the
t
op
og
r
a
ph
y
r
a
ng
e
s
f
r
o
m
mo
un
ta
in
ou
s
t
e
r
r
a
i
n
t
o
hi
gh
h
il
ls
w
it
h
s
tee
p
s
lo
pe
s
a
nd
r
a
m
ps
.
M
e
a
nwh
i
le
,
in
th
e
s
o
ut
h
,
the
la
nd
s
c
a
pe
c
om
p
r
is
e
s
h
i
ll
s
f
ie
lds
,
a
n
d
l
o
wla
nds
w
it
h
s
lo
pp
y
s
l
op
e
s
a
nd
f
la
t
a
r
e
a
s
.
T
he
oppor
tuni
ti
e
s
f
or
the
a
gr
icultur
a
l
s
e
c
tor
in
S
uka
bumi
R
e
g
e
nc
y
a
r
e
quit
e
gr
e
a
t
f
or
the
e
c
onomy
of
the
c
omm
uni
ty.
T
ypica
ll
y
,
the
a
r
e
a
ha
s
high
a
gr
icultur
a
l
pr
od
uc
ti
vit
y,
making
it
one
o
f
the
f
ood
-
gr
owing
ba
s
e
s
in
W
e
s
t
J
a
va
.
B
e
twe
e
n
2009
to
2019,
population
incr
e
a
s
e
d
f
r
om
2,
274,
028
to
2
,
585,
848
pe
ople
[
25]
.
P
opulation
d
e
ns
it
y
is
higher
in
the
nor
ther
n
a
r
e
a
s
ne
a
r
the
bo
r
de
r
a
nd
a
long
na
ti
ona
l
r
oa
d
li
ne
s
,
while
the
c
e
ntr
a
l
a
nd
s
outher
n
a
r
e
a
s
ha
ve
lowe
r
population
de
ns
it
y
wi
th
mo
r
e
s
c
a
tt
e
r
e
d
s
e
tt
leme
nts
.
C
ons
e
que
ntl
y,
the
a
gr
icultu
r
a
l
s
e
c
tor
wa
s
c
ons
ider
e
d
the
la
r
ge
s
t
pe
r
c
e
ntage
a
r
e
a
,
whic
h
a
mount
e
d
to
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
65%
in
2009
a
nd
de
c
li
ne
d
to
60%
in
2019
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
1
4
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
2
02
4
:
5728
-
5737
5730
F
igur
e
1.
S
tudy
a
r
e
a
of
S
uka
bumi
R
e
ge
nc
y
3.
DA
T
A
AN
D
M
E
T
HO
D
T
h
is
s
tu
dy
us
e
d
t
he
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
v
ice
s
me
t
ho
d
,
a
s
th
e
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p
b
e
t
we
e
n
s
u
pp
ly
a
n
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
c
a
n
be
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d
b
y
e
c
os
ys
te
m
f
un
c
t
io
ns
a
n
d
s
e
r
v
ice
s
,
r
e
f
l
e
c
ti
ng
t
he
e
nv
i
r
o
nm
e
n
ta
l
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
t
o
s
up
po
r
t
l
i
f
e
i
n
a
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
lo
c
a
ti
on
.
I
n
th
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
of
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
,
both
s
upply
a
nd
de
mand
of
f
ood
pr
ovis
i
on
we
r
e
c
ons
ider
e
d.
S
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y,
s
upply
wa
s
de
ter
m
ined
b
y
the
c
a
pa
c
it
y
o
f
c
ult
ivate
d
f
ields
to
p
r
oduc
e
f
ood
s
e
r
vice
s
[
21]
,
r
e
late
d
to
phys
ica
l,
s
oc
ial,
a
nd
e
c
ologi
c
a
l
c
on
dit
ions
in
a
pa
r
ti
c
ular
a
r
e
a
f
o
r
a
c
e
r
tain
pe
r
iod.
M
e
a
nwhile,
de
mand
wa
s
ba
s
e
d
on
c
ons
umpt
ion
or
us
a
ge
in
c
e
r
tain
a
r
e
a
s
f
or
a
c
e
r
tain
pe
r
iod,
withou
t
c
ons
ider
ing
the
a
c
tual
s
our
c
e
s
of
e
c
os
y
s
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
[
7]
,
[
9]
,
[
19
]
.
T
he
a
va
il
a
ble
da
ta
us
e
d
f
or
a
s
s
e
s
s
ing
s
upply
a
nd
de
mand
of
e
c
os
ys
tem
can
be
s
e
e
n
in
T
a
ble
1
.
I
t
s
hould
be
a
c
knowle
dge
d
that
e
a
c
h
pr
ovince
a
nd
r
e
ge
nc
y
ha
d
the
a
uthor
it
y
to
e
s
tablis
h
e
c
or
e
gions
a
nd
c
a
r
r
y
out
e
nvir
onmenta
l
invento
r
ies
,
with
the
mapping
of
e
c
or
e
gional
inf
or
mation
be
ing
one
o
f
the
tas
ks
[
23]
.
T
a
bl
e
1
.
Da
t
a
us
e
d
to
qu
a
n
ti
f
y
s
u
pp
ly
a
n
d
de
ma
nd
of
e
c
os
ys
te
m
s
e
r
vi
c
e
pr
ov
is
io
n
D
a
ta
T
im
e
s
te
p
s
, t
im
e
s
e
r
ie
s
s
ta
nd
S
c
a
le
S
our
c
e
s
A
dmi
ni
s
tr
a
ti
ve
2020
R
e
ge
nc
y
G
e
os
pa
ti
a
l
I
nf
or
ma
ti
on A
ge
nc
y 2020
L
a
ndc
ove
r
(
L
a
nds
a
t
5 a
nd 7)
2009
–
2019
1:
250.000
M
in
is
tr
y of
E
nvi
r
onme
nt
a
l
a
nd F
or
e
s
tr
y, 2009
–
2019
E
c
os
ys
te
m
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
i
nde
x
2018
1:
250.000
M
in
is
tr
y of
E
nvi
r
onme
nt
a
l
a
nd F
or
e
s
tr
y, 2019
P
opul
a
ti
on
2009
–
2019
R
e
ge
nc
y
S
ta
ti
s
ti
c
s
I
ndone
s
ia
, 2009
–
2019
F
ood
P
r
oduc
ti
on
2009
–
2019
R
e
ge
nc
y
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
A
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
of
S
uka
bumi
R
e
ge
nc
y, 2009
–
2019
3.
1.
L
an
d
c
ove
r
c
h
an
ge
an
alys
is
L
a
nd
c
ove
r
da
tas
e
ts
us
e
d
we
r
e
s
our
c
e
d
f
r
o
m
M
in
is
tr
y
of
F
o
r
e
s
tr
y
a
nd
E
nv
ir
onmenta
l
in
I
nve
ntor
y
a
nd
M
onit
or
ing
of
F
o
r
e
s
t
R
e
s
our
c
e
s
(
I
P
S
DH
)
f
ie
ld,
with
a
c
las
s
if
ica
ti
on
gr
a
de
s
c
a
le
of
1:250,
000
thr
ough
int
e
r
pr
e
tation
o
f
L
a
nds
a
t
thema
ti
c
mappe
r
(
T
M
)
o
r
e
nha
nc
e
d
thema
ti
c
mappe
r
(
ETM
)
im
a
ge
s
.
T
ypic
a
ll
y,
the
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
da
ta
wa
s
tes
ted
f
or
5,
000
s
a
mpl
e
point
s
on
the
c
las
s
if
ica
ti
on
of
f
or
e
s
t
a
nd
no
n
-
f
or
e
s
t.
C
ons
e
que
ntl
y,
the
r
e
s
ult
s
howe
d
91.
0%
a
nd
95.
3
0%
in
2009
a
nd
2019
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
A
to
tal
of
16
di
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
las
s
e
s
of
la
nd
c
ove
r
we
r
e
i
de
nt
if
ied
a
s
s
ho
wn
in
F
i
gu
r
e
2,
na
mely
i
)
pr
im
a
r
y
d
r
ylan
d
f
o
r
e
s
t
,
ii
)
s
e
c
onda
r
y
dr
yl
a
nd
f
or
e
s
t
,
ii
i)
s
e
c
o
nda
r
y
mang
r
ove
f
o
r
e
s
t
,
iv)
mi
xe
d
d
r
y
a
g
r
icu
lt
u
r
e
,
v)
d
r
yla
nd
a
gr
icul
tu
r
a
l
,
vi
)
p
lanta
t
ion
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
Supply
and
de
mand
of
e
c
os
y
s
tem
s
e
r
v
ic
e
pr
ov
is
io
n
in
r
e
lat
ion
to
dy
namic
s
…
(
A
nanda
F
i
tr
iani
)
5731
f
or
e
s
t
,
vi
i)
pla
ntat
ion
,
vii
i)
s
e
tt
leme
n
t
a
r
e
a
,
ix
)
mi
ning
a
r
e
a
,
x
)
ba
r
e
s
oi
l
,
xi
)
pa
dd
y
f
iel
d
,
xi
i
)
d
r
y
-
s
hr
ub
,
x
ii
i
)
ope
n
wa
te
r
,
xiv
)
ope
n
s
wa
mp
,
xv
)
f
is
h
pond
,
a
n
d
xvi
)
s
wa
mpy
-
s
hr
ub
.
T
he
a
na
lys
is
o
f
c
ha
n
ge
s
in
la
nd
c
ove
r
f
oc
us
e
d
o
n
c
ha
nge
s
in
a
g
r
ic
ult
ur
a
l
c
las
s
if
ica
t
ion
,
na
mely
pa
d
dy
f
ield
,
d
r
ylan
d,
a
nd
mi
xe
d
dr
ylan
d
a
gr
ic
ult
u
r
e
.
F
igur
e
2.
L
a
nd
c
ove
r
o
f
S
uka
bumi
R
e
ge
nc
y
f
r
om
2
009
–
2019
Ac
c
or
ding
to
F
igur
e
2,
a
gr
icultur
a
l
land
c
ove
r
do
mi
na
ted
the
a
r
e
a
of
S
uka
bumi
R
e
ge
nc
y.
B
e
twe
e
n
2009
a
nd
2019,
land
c
ove
r
types
we
r
e
domi
na
ted
by
dr
yland
a
gr
icultur
e
,
f
ol
lowe
d
by
mi
xe
d
dr
y
a
gr
icultur
e
,
a
nd
planta
ti
ons
.
P
a
ddy
f
ields
we
r
e
s
pr
e
a
d
a
c
r
os
s
the
nor
ther
n
a
r
e
a
,
ne
a
r
M
ount
P
a
ngor
a
ngo,
a
nd
a
r
ound
we
s
ter
n
a
nd
s
outher
n
c
oa
s
t.
S
e
tt
leme
nt
de
ns
it
y
wa
s
quit
e
high
in
the
no
r
th,
a
r
ound
the
bo
r
de
r
s
o
f
S
uka
bumi
C
it
y
a
nd
B
ogor
R
e
ge
nc
y,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
the
we
s
ter
n
a
n
d
s
outher
n
c
oa
s
t.
3.
2.
M
ap
p
in
g
d
e
m
an
d
of
p
r
ovi
s
ion
in
g
e
c
os
ys
t
e
m
s
e
r
v
ic
e
s
De
mand
a
s
pe
c
ts
of
f
ood
-
pr
ovidi
ng
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
in
thi
s
s
tudy
we
r
e
de
s
c
r
ibed
in
ter
ms
o
f
e
c
ologi
c
a
l
f
ootpr
in
t.
T
his
mea
s
ur
e
d
the
a
mount
o
f
na
tu
r
a
l
f
ood
pr
oduc
ti
on
by
indi
viduals
f
or
c
ons
umpt
ion
[
5]
.
T
he
dis
tr
ibut
ion
o
f
f
ood
de
mand
s
e
r
vice
s
us
e
d
population
dis
tr
ibut
ion
da
ta
[
21]
,
c
ons
ider
ing
da
s
ymetr
ic
model
ba
s
e
d
on
gr
id
30
×
30
m
gr
id
c
e
ll
s
.
T
hi
s
va
lue
wa
s
the
c
a
lcula
ted
us
ing
r
e
c
omm
e
nde
d
dieta
r
y
a
ll
owa
nc
e
s
(
R
DA
)
f
or
I
ndone
s
ian
c
it
ize
ns
,
with
a
va
lue
of
2,
100
kc
a
l/
pe
r
s
on/day.
I
n
T
his
s
tudy
f
oc
u
s
e
d
only
on
c
a
r
bohydr
a
te
e
ne
r
gy
ne
e
ds
f
or
f
ood
de
mand,
a
s
the
f
ood
s
upply
wa
s
qua
nti
f
ied
majo
r
ly
f
r
om
s
ta
ple
f
ood,
c
ontaining
high
c
a
r
bohydr
a
te
.
P
opulation
dis
tr
ibut
ion
wa
s
c
a
r
r
ied
out
us
ing
da
s
ymetr
ic
model,
whic
h
a
ll
oc
a
ted
s
tatis
ti
c
a
l
da
ta
to
the
unit
a
r
e
a
[
26]
.
T
his
method
c
ould
im
p
r
ov
e
the
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
tr
a
dit
ional
c
hor
opleth
maps
us
e
d
f
or
population
dis
tr
ibut
ion
mapping
[
27]
.
S
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y,
population
dis
tr
ibut
ion
model
divi
de
d
s
pa
c
e
ba
s
e
d
on
a
c
tual
s
ur
f
a
c
e
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
,
us
ing
land
c
ove
r
da
t
a
.
T
he
im
pleme
ntation
of
da
s
ymetr
ic
method
in
c
a
lcula
ti
ng
population
of
e
a
c
h
land
c
ove
r
c
e
ll
(
pixel)
us
e
d
(
1)
[
26]
:
P
=
(
R
n
A
n
)
×
N
E
(
1)
w
he
r
e
is
p
opulation
of
a
c
e
ll
,
is
r
e
lative
de
ns
it
y
of
the
m
a
pping
unit
popu
lation
with
land
-
c
ove
r
,
is
a
r
e
a
of
mapping
unit
,
is
a
c
tual
population
of
e
numer
a
ti
on
unit
,
a
nd
is
t
he
e
xpe
c
ted
population
of
e
numer
a
ti
on
unit
c
a
lcula
ted
us
ing
r
e
lative
de
ns
it
y.
R
e
lative
de
ns
it
y
us
e
d
in
thi
s
s
tudy
wa
s
ba
s
e
d
on
pr
e
vious
e
xplor
a
ti
ons
[
26]
,
with
we
ight
s
a
djus
ted
to
the
c
ondit
ions
in
the
s
tudy
a
r
e
a
in
T
a
ble
2
.
A
ddit
ionally,
r
e
lative
de
ns
it
y
va
lues
we
r
e
obtaine
d
us
ing
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
1
4
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
2
02
4
:
5728
-
5737
5732
c
a
lcula
ti
on
tool
s
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
land
c
ove
r
c
las
s
.
T
his
pr
oc
e
s
s
pr
oduc
e
d
de
ns
it
y
we
ight
ings
f
or
e
a
c
h
la
nd
c
ove
r
c
las
s
,
a
djus
ted
to
the
pos
s
ibi
li
ty
of
be
ing
inhabited
by
humans
.
T
a
ble
2
.
R
e
lative
d
e
ns
it
y
[
26]
,
[
28]
C
ode
L
a
nd
c
ove
r
R
e
la
ti
ve
D
e
n
s
it
y (
%
)
1
H
ig
h
-
lo
w
de
ns
it
y r
e
s
id
e
nt
ia
l
62
2
A
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
a
r
e
a
28
3
I
ndus
tr
ia
l
a
r
e
a
6
4
F
or
e
s
t
a
r
e
a
3
5
R
oa
d a
nd
r
a
il
ne
twor
k
1
6
U
ni
nha
bi
te
d a
r
e
a
0
3.
3.
M
ap
p
in
g
s
u
p
p
ly
of
p
r
ov
is
i
on
in
g
e
c
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
e
r
vic
e
s
T
o
map
f
ood
s
upply
,
the
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
c
ult
ivate
d
f
i
e
lds
wa
s
us
e
d
to
pr
ovide
f
ood
s
e
r
vice
s
[
21
]
,
[
29
]
.
S
upply
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
to
the
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
in
a
n
a
r
e
a
to
pr
ovide
goods
o
r
s
e
r
vice
s
.
I
n
thi
s
s
tudy,
s
u
pply
wa
s
obtaine
d
by
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
the
a
mount
of
f
ood
pr
odu
c
ti
on
f
r
om
c
ult
ivate
d
f
ields
in
e
a
c
h
r
e
ge
nc
y
.
T
he
a
mount
s
we
r
e
c
onve
r
ted
int
o
kil
oc
a
lor
ies
,
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nti
ng
the
e
ne
r
gy
c
ontent
of
e
a
c
h
f
ood
type.
D
a
t
a
w
a
s
t
he
n
dis
t
r
i
bu
te
d
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
he
ph
ys
i
c
a
l
c
o
nd
it
i
ons
of
t
he
a
r
e
a
,
us
in
g
e
c
os
ys
te
m
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
i
nd
e
x
(
E
S
I
)
t
hr
ou
gh
ge
os
p
a
t
ia
l
a
na
lys
is
.
T
he
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
index
(
E
S
I
)
of
f
ood
p
r
ovi
s
ion
wa
s
a
va
lue
r
e
f
lec
ti
ng
the
qua
li
ty
or
e
xtent
of
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
r
e
s
ult
ing
f
r
om
f
ood
pr
ovis
ion
in
a
n
a
r
e
a
.
I
n
thi
s
s
tudy,
E
S
I
s
c
or
e
wa
s
obtaine
d
thr
ough
c
a
lcula
ti
ons
,
a
s
s
e
s
s
ments
,
a
nd
we
ight
ings
o
f
lan
d
c
ove
r
a
nd
e
c
or
e
gion
.
T
ypica
ll
y,
thes
e
r
e
s
ult
s
ha
d
be
e
n
e
s
tablis
he
d
by
pr
e
vious
s
tudi
e
s
on
J
a
v
a
I
s
land,
us
ing
e
c
ologi
c
a
l
e
xpe
r
t
judgm
e
nt
a
s
s
hown
in
T
a
bl
e
3
[
30]
.
T
he
e
qua
ti
on
(
1
)
wa
s
us
e
d
to
c
a
lcula
te
land
c
ove
r
a
nd
e
c
or
e
gion
va
lues
f
or
e
va
luating
E
S
I
[
30]
:
E
S
I
=
(
×
)
+
(
×
)
(
2)
W
he
r
e
is
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
index,
is
w
e
ight
va
l
ue
of
e
c
or
e
gions
(
40%
)
,
is
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
s
c
or
e
of
e
a
c
h
e
c
or
e
gion
,
is
w
e
ight
va
lue
of
land
c
ove
r
(
60%
)
,
a
nd
is
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
s
c
or
e
of
e
a
c
h
land
c
ove
r
.
T
a
ble
3
.
As
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
s
c
or
ing
of
E
S
I
va
lue
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
e
c
or
e
gion
a
nd
land
c
ove
r
[
30]
E
c
or
e
gi
ons
V
a
lu
e
L
a
nd C
ove
r
V
a
lu
e
V
ol
c
a
ni
c
P
la
in
(
A
)
0.48
P
a
ddy F
ie
ld
(
A
)
0.91
V
ol
c
a
ni
c
H
il
ls
(
B
)
0.29
F
ie
ld
s
/M
oor
s
/Huma
(
B
)
0.71
V
ol
c
a
ni
c
M
ount
a
in
s
(
C
)
0.28
D
r
y L
a
nd F
or
e
s
t
(
C
)
0.32
S
tr
uc
tu
r
a
l
P
la
in
(
D
)
0.20
W
e
t
L
a
nd F
or
e
s
t
(
D
)
0.16
S
tr
uc
tu
r
a
l
H
il
ls
(
E
)
0.13
S
hr
ubs
(
E
)
0.23
S
tr
uc
tu
r
a
l
M
ount
a
in
s
(
F
)
0.16
G
r
a
s
s
la
nd/
S
a
va
nna
(
F
)
0.08
F
lu
vi
a
l
P
la
in
(
G
)
1.00
M
a
r
s
h G
r
a
s
s
(
G
)
0.11
K
a
r
s
t
P
la
in
(
H
)
0.25
O
pe
n F
ie
ld
(
H
)
0.04
K
a
r
s
t
H
il
ls
(I)
0.16
B
ui
lt
-
U
p L
a
nd (
I
)
0.04
D
e
nuda
ti
on P
la
in
(
J
)
0.30
U
nbui
lt
-
U
p L
a
nd (
J
)
0.16
D
e
nuda
ti
on H
il
ls
(
K
)
0.14
B
ody W
a
te
r
(
K
)
0.32
A
e
ol
ia
n (
L
)
0.05
M
a
r
in
e
P
la
in
(
M
)
0.30
G
la
c
ia
l
M
ount
a
in
(
N
)
0.05
L
ow
la
nd P
e
a
tl
a
nd (
O
)
0.19
K
a
r
s
t
W
e
tl
a
nd (
P
)
0.13
K
a
r
s
t
H
il
ly
C
oa
s
t
(
Q
)
0.11
C
or
a
l
O
r
ga
ni
c
(
R
)
0.04
4.
RE
S
UL
T
S
AN
D
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
we
r
e
c
las
s
if
ied
int
o
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
a
nd
c
ompar
a
ti
ve
a
na
lys
is
.
I
n
the
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
a
na
lys
is
,
the
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
of
the
c
las
s
if
ier
wa
s
e
va
luate
d,
a
lo
ng
with
the
e
f
f
ica
c
y
of
the
opti
mi
z
a
ti
on
a
lgo
r
it
h
m
a
nd
the
pr
opos
e
d
method.
On
the
other
ha
nd,
c
ompa
r
a
ti
ve
a
na
lys
is
a
s
s
e
s
s
e
d
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
method
a
ga
ins
t
e
xis
ti
ng
one
s
.
4.
1.
Anal
ys
is
agr
icul
t
u
r
al
lan
d
c
ove
r
c
h
an
ge
s
Agr
icultur
a
l
land
c
ove
r
c
las
s
e
s
a
r
e
c
r
uc
ial
in
pr
o
vidi
ng
f
ood
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
both
dir
e
c
tl
y
a
nd
indi
r
e
c
tl
y
f
or
humans
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
land
c
ove
r
a
r
e
a
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
d
both
a
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
nd
a
n
incr
e
a
s
e
in
the
a
r
e
a
f
r
om
2009
to
2019.
S
igni
f
ica
nt
c
ha
nge
s
oc
c
ur
r
e
d
in
dr
yland
a
nd
r
ice
f
ield
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
3.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
Supply
and
de
mand
of
e
c
os
y
s
tem
s
e
r
v
ic
e
pr
ov
is
io
n
in
r
e
lat
ion
to
dy
namic
s
…
(
A
nanda
F
i
tr
iani
)
5733
F
igur
e
3.
Agr
icultu
r
a
l
land
c
ove
r
c
ha
nge
s
f
r
om
20
09
–
2019
in
S
uka
bumi
R
e
ge
nc
y
S
e
ve
r
a
l
land
c
ove
r
c
las
s
e
s
incr
e
a
s
e
d
a
nd
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d.
I
n
pa
r
ti
c
ular
,
the
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
wa
s
r
e
c
or
de
d
in
the
s
outher
n
pa
r
t,
while
ther
e
wa
s
a
n
incr
e
a
s
e
in
the
s
outhea
s
t
ne
a
r
S
uka
bumi
,
C
ianjur
R
e
ge
nc
y
bor
de
r
.
B
e
twe
e
n
2009
a
nd
2019
,
s
ubs
tantial
c
ha
nge
s
we
r
e
r
e
c
or
de
d
in
the
s
outh,
whe
r
e
d
r
yland
a
gr
icultu
r
e
wa
s
c
onve
r
ted
int
o
planta
ti
ons
.
I
n
the
c
ontext
o
f
thi
s
s
tudy,
dr
y
land
a
gr
icultur
e
a
nd
r
ice
f
ield
a
ls
o
c
ha
nge
d
due
to
land
c
onve
r
s
ion
but
r
e
main
in
a
gr
icultu
r
a
l
land
c
a
teg
or
y.
A
s
ubs
tantial
incr
e
a
s
e
in
a
r
e
a
wa
s
obs
e
r
ve
d
in
the
s
outher
n
a
r
e
a
,
with
a
ddit
ional
e
xpa
ns
ion
oc
c
ur
r
in
g
in
the
s
outhea
s
ter
n
pa
r
t
ne
a
r
the
bo
r
de
r
a
s
we
ll
a
s
c
e
ntr
a
l
a
nd
nor
ther
n
a
r
e
a
s
.
T
he
highes
t
c
ha
nge
r
e
c
or
de
d
wa
s
the
c
onve
r
s
ion
of
dr
yland
a
gr
icultur
e
int
o
pla
ntations
,
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ng
58
,
187.
62
he
c
tar
e
s
.
T
h
is
wa
s
f
oll
owe
d
by
the
c
onve
r
s
ion
o
f
land
to
s
e
tt
leme
nts
,
i
mpac
ti
ng
3,
748.
35
he
c
tar
e
s
.
B
a
s
e
d
on
T
a
ble
4,
ther
e
wa
s
a
16%
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
a
gr
icultur
a
l
land
c
ove
r
be
twe
e
n
2009
a
nd
2019,
a
mount
ing
to
a
pp
r
oxim
a
tely
42,
304
.
19
he
c
tar
e
s
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
non
-
a
gr
icultur
a
l
land
c
ove
r
incr
e
a
s
e
d
by
28%
,
o
r
a
r
ound
42,
304
.
20
he
c
tar
e
s
.
T
a
ble
4
.
Ar
e
a
of
a
gr
icultu
r
a
l
land
c
ove
r
c
ha
nge
s
in
S
uka
bumi
R
e
ge
nc
y
f
r
o
m
2009
to
2019
R
e
ge
nc
y
Y
e
a
r
2009
Y
e
a
r
2019
A
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
A
r
e
a
(
H
a
)
N
on
-
A
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
A
r
e
a
(
H
a
)
A
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
A
r
e
a
(
H
a
)
N
on
-
A
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
A
r
e
a
(
H
a
)
S
uka
bumi
R
e
ge
nc
y
264,537.65
151,719.14
222,233.46
194,023.34
4.
2.
De
m
an
d
of
e
c
os
ys
t
e
m
s
e
r
vice
s
in
f
ood
p
r
ov
is
ion
F
ood
ne
e
ds
we
r
e
de
ter
mi
ne
d
ba
s
e
d
on
popu
lati
on
dis
tr
ibut
ion
,
whic
h
wa
s
mu
lt
ipl
ied
by
e
ne
r
gy
r
e
quir
e
ment
f
o
r
c
a
r
bohydr
a
tes
.
I
n
ge
ne
r
a
l,
e
ne
r
gy
r
e
quir
e
ment
wa
s
s
e
t
a
t
65%
or
300
g
r
a
ms
/day
of
t
he
tot
a
l
e
ne
r
gy
r
e
quir
e
ment
f
o
r
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
I
ndone
s
ian
p
opulation,
a
s
s
ti
pulate
d
in
the
R
e
gulation
of
M
i
nis
ter
of
He
a
lt
h
of
I
ndone
s
ia
Numbe
r
28
of
2019
.
T
his
va
lu
e
a
mount
e
d
to
1,
365
kc
a
l/
pe
r
s
on/day
out
of
a
to
tal
va
lue
of
2,
100
kc
a
l/
pe
r
s
on/day.
T
he
dis
tr
ibut
ion
of
f
ood
e
ne
r
gy
de
mand
in
2009,
2014
,
a
nd
2019
ha
d
the
s
a
m
e
pa
tt
e
r
n
a
s
population
dis
tr
ibut
ion
pa
tt
e
r
n.
Ac
c
or
ding
to
F
igur
e
4,
de
mand
wa
s
higher
ne
a
r
the
bor
de
r
s
of
S
uka
bumi
C
it
y
a
nd
B
ogor
.
T
his
c
or
r
e
lation
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nted
the
pr
inciple
that
a
r
e
a
s
with
highe
r
popu
lation
ha
d
hi
ghe
r
f
ood
de
mand.
P
a
labuha
nr
a
tu
S
ub
-
R
e
ge
nc
y
a
ls
o
ha
d
a
high
leve
l
of
f
ood
e
ne
r
gy
de
mand,
c
ons
is
tent
with
the
population
de
ns
it
y
a
s
the
C
e
ntr
a
l
Gove
r
nment
of
S
uka
bumi
R
e
ge
nc
y.
T
he
m
iddl
e
to
the
s
outh
a
r
e
a
h
a
d
a
low
va
lue
of
f
ood
e
ne
r
gy
de
mand.
T
his
wa
s
inf
luenc
e
d
by
a
les
s
de
ns
e
population,
s
pr
e
a
ding
a
c
r
os
s
mul
ti
ple
a
r
e
a
s
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
phys
ica
l
c
ondit
ions
s
uc
h
a
s
mor
phology
with
moder
a
tely
s
tee
p
s
lopes
f
a
vor
e
d
land
us
e
types
s
uc
h
a
s
a
gr
icultur
e
,
planta
ti
ons
,
f
ields
,
a
nd
f
or
e
s
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
1
4
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
2
02
4
:
5728
-
5737
5734
F
igur
e
4.
F
ood
De
mand
in
2009
-
2019
S
uka
bumi
R
e
ge
nc
y
4.
3.
S
u
p
p
ly
o
f
e
c
os
ys
t
e
m
s
e
r
vice
s
in
f
ood
p
r
ovis
ion
S
upply
of
f
ood
pr
ovis
ion
s
e
r
vice
s
in
2009
ha
d
the
highes
t
s
taple
f
ood
e
ne
r
gy
va
lue
in
C
iema
s
Dis
tr
ict,
with
a
tot
a
l
o
f
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
210
bil
l
ion
kc
a
l,
f
oll
owe
d
by
S
ur
a
de
a
nd
C
ir
a
c
a
p
Dis
tr
ict.
I
n
2019,
the
highes
t
e
ne
r
gy
-
va
lue
mate
r
ials
we
r
e
f
ound
in
J
a
mpang
T
e
nga
h
R
e
ge
nc
y,
with
a
to
tal
o
f
19
9
bil
li
on
kil
oc
a
lor
ies
,
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nti
ng
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
incr
e
a
s
e
of
53.
51%
f
r
om
2014
.
B
e
twe
e
n
2009
a
nd
2019,
f
oo
d
s
upply
wa
s
high
a
c
r
os
s
nor
ther
n
a
r
e
a
,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
ne
a
r
the
f
oot
o
f
M
ount
S
a
lak,
M
ount
Ge
de
,
a
nd
M
ount
P
a
ngr
a
ngo.
T
he
c
oa
s
tal
pa
r
ts
o
f
nor
thwe
s
t
a
nd
s
outh
tende
d
to
ha
ve
va
r
ied
f
ood
s
upply,
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
5.
T
he
c
ha
nging
dis
tr
ibut
ion
of
f
ood
e
ne
r
gy
s
upply
lev
e
ls
e
ve
r
y
ye
a
r
wa
s
inf
luenc
e
d
by
s
e
ve
r
a
l
f
a
c
tor
s
.
T
he
s
e
f
a
c
tor
s
include
d
c
ha
nge
s
in
the
types
of
f
ood
c
ons
ider
e
d
in
thi
s
s
tudy,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
the
c
ondit
ion
of
land
c
ove
r
a
nd
e
c
or
e
gions
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ng
E
S
I
of
f
ood
pr
ovis
ion
.
S
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y,
thi
s
index
wa
s
us
e
d
to
dis
tr
ibut
e
f
oo
d
e
ne
r
gy
a
c
r
os
s
the
va
r
ious
r
e
ge
nc
ies
.
P
hys
ica
l
c
ondit
ions
,
s
uc
h
a
s
e
c
or
e
gions
,
domi
na
ted
volca
nic
hil
ls
a
nd
m
ountains
with
r
e
latively
f
e
r
ti
le
s
oil
types
.
M
e
a
nwhile,
s
out
he
r
n
pa
r
t
of
S
uka
bumi
wa
s
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
ize
d
by
s
tr
uc
tur
a
l
hil
l
e
c
or
e
gions
with
les
s
f
e
r
ti
le
s
oil
types
.
F
igur
e
5.
F
ood
s
upply
in
2009
,
2014
a
nd
2019
S
uk
a
bumi
R
e
ge
nc
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
Supply
and
de
mand
of
e
c
os
y
s
tem
s
e
r
v
ic
e
pr
ov
is
io
n
in
r
e
lat
ion
to
dy
namic
s
…
(
A
nanda
F
i
tr
iani
)
5735
4.
4.
Anal
ys
is
s
t
at
u
s
o
f
e
c
os
ys
t
e
m
s
e
r
vice
s
in
f
oo
d
p
r
ovis
ion
T
he
s
tatus
of
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
v
ice
s
wa
s
de
ter
mi
ne
d
us
ing
a
thr
e
s
hold
va
lue
c
ompar
is
on
with
population
dis
tr
ibut
ion.
T
ypica
ll
y,
the
th
r
e
s
hold
wa
s
obtaine
d
by
divi
ding
the
a
va
il
a
bil
it
y
of
f
oods
tuf
f
s
by
the
indi
vidual
e
ne
r
gy
ne
e
ds
mea
s
ur
e
d
in
kil
oc
a
lor
ies
pe
r
ye
a
r
.
Ac
c
or
ding
to
F
igu
r
e
6,
the
s
tatus
"
ha
s
e
xc
e
e
de
d"
wa
s
domi
na
nt
in
nor
ther
n
a
nd
no
r
thwe
s
t
a
r
e
a
s
,
w
hil
e
s
outher
n
pa
r
t
tende
d
to
"
ha
s
not
e
xc
e
e
de
d"
s
tatus
.
I
t
s
hould
be
a
c
knowle
dge
d
that
the
phys
ica
l
c
ondit
i
on
of
the
a
r
e
a
s
in
f
luenc
e
d
thi
s
dis
tr
ibut
ion
.
F
or
e
xa
mpl
e
,
nor
ther
n
pa
r
t
wa
s
pr
e
domi
na
ntl
y
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
ize
d
by
volca
nic
mount
a
ins
with
hil
ly
topogr
a
phy
.
S
oil
c
ondit
ions
we
r
e
mainly
pods
oli
c
s
,
latos
ol,
a
nd
a
ndos
ol,
whic
h
we
r
e
ge
ne
r
a
ll
y
f
e
r
ti
le.
M
e
a
nwhile,
s
outher
n
pa
r
t
c
ons
is
ted
of
hi
ll
s
a
nd
s
tr
uc
tur
a
l
mount
a
ins
with
hil
ly
a
nd
m
ountainous
topogr
a
phy.
I
n
thi
s
c
ontext
,
s
oil
types
include
d
latos
ol,
pods
oli
c
,
a
nd
l
a
tos
ol.
L
a
nd
c
ove
r
c
ondit
i
ons
in
nor
th
va
r
ied
bu
t
include
d
high
-
de
ns
it
y
r
e
s
idential
c
las
s
.
S
outher
n
a
r
e
a
wa
s
pr
im
a
r
il
y
us
e
d
f
or
a
gr
i
c
ult
ur
a
l
land,
planta
ti
ons
,
a
nd
othe
r
s
.
Anothe
r
i
mpor
tant
inf
or
mation
to
a
c
knowle
dge
wa
s
that
s
oc
ial
c
o
ndit
ions
a
ls
o
va
r
ied
a
c
r
os
s
a
r
e
a
.
T
his
loca
ti
on
ha
d
high
population
de
ns
it
y,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
a
r
ound
the
bor
d
e
r
of
S
uka
bumi
C
it
y,
B
ogor
R
e
ge
nc
y,
a
nd
ne
a
r
na
ti
ona
l
r
oa
ds
.
T
he
c
e
ntr
a
l
gove
r
nment
wa
s
loca
ted
in
no
r
t
he
r
n
pa
r
t,
in
C
ibada
k
a
nd
P
a
labuha
nr
a
tu
.
M
e
a
nwhile,
in
the
s
outher
n
pa
r
t,
population
wa
s
mor
e
s
pr
e
a
d
ou
t
a
nd
not
too
de
ns
e
,
with
a
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on
f
ound
in
S
ur
a
de
R
e
ge
nc
y.
I
n
nor
thwe
s
ter
n
pa
r
t,
s
uc
h
a
s
C
is
olok
R
e
ge
nc
y,
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
d
a
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
the
“
ha
s
e
x
c
e
e
de
d”
s
tatus
.
T
his
c
ha
nge
c
ould
be
a
tt
r
ibut
e
d
to
a
37
%
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
f
ood
pr
oduc
ti
v
it
y
f
r
om
2009
to
2019.
C
ha
n
ge
s
in
the
s
ta
tus
o
f
e
c
os
ys
t
e
m
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
we
r
e
r
e
c
o
r
de
d
f
r
o
m
20
09
to
2
01
9
,
w
it
h
bo
t
h
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
n
d
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
e
xte
n
t
.
T
a
bl
e
5
s
h
ows
t
he
e
x
ten
t
o
f
e
c
os
y
s
te
m
s
e
r
v
ice
s
s
t
a
t
us
of
r
e
g
e
n
c
y
.
Ov
e
r
o
ne
de
c
a
d
e
,
th
e
a
r
e
a
w
i
th
s
ta
tus
o
f
"
ha
s
e
xc
e
e
de
d"
e
x
pe
r
ie
nc
e
d
a
f
lu
c
t
ua
t
in
g
b
ut
e
x
pe
r
ien
c
e
d
a
n
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
f
r
o
m
20
09
t
o
2
01
9
.
T
his
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
in
"
ha
s
e
xc
e
e
de
d"
s
ta
tu
s
a
m
ou
n
ted
to
a
p
p
r
ox
i
ma
te
ly
12
,
64
3
.
2
9
he
c
t
a
r
e
s
o
r
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
o
f
3
.
04
%
.
I
n
the
c
ontext
of
thi
s
s
tudy,
s
tatis
ti
c
a
l
a
na
lys
is
wa
s
us
e
d
to
de
ter
mi
ne
whe
ther
a
gr
icultu
r
a
l
land
c
ove
r
ha
d
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
inf
luenc
e
on
the
c
a
r
r
ying
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
f
ood
p
r
ovider
s
.
T
he
r
e
gr
e
s
s
ion
e
qua
ti
on
wa
s
tes
ted
f
or
nor
mali
ty,
a
nd
the
r
e
s
ult
s
howe
d
pos
it
ive
r
e
gr
e
s
s
ion
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt.
T
his
s
igni
f
ied
that
a
gr
i
c
ult
ur
a
l
land
c
ove
r
ha
d
a
pos
it
ive
inf
luenc
e
on
populati
on
thr
e
s
hold
va
lue
or
the
s
tatus
of
f
ood
pr
ovid
e
r
s
.
T
he
a
na
lys
is
of
r
e
gr
e
s
s
ion
e
qua
ti
on
s
howe
d
that
a
n
incr
e
a
s
e
in
a
gr
icultur
a
l
land
a
r
e
a
would
incr
e
a
s
e
the
c
a
r
r
ying
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
f
or
f
ood
p
r
ovis
ion.
S
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y,
a
r
is
e
in
a
gr
icultu
r
a
l
land
a
r
e
a
would
incr
e
a
s
e
the
pos
s
ibi
li
ty
of
a
"
ha
s
not
e
xc
e
e
de
d"
.
F
igur
e
6
.
C
a
r
r
ying
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
in
f
ood
p
r
ovis
ion
f
r
om
2009
–
2019
in
S
uka
bumi
R
e
ge
nc
y
T
a
ble
5
.
P
e
r
c
e
ntage
a
nd
s
ize
of
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
in
f
ood
pr
ovis
ion
f
r
om
2009
–
2019
in
S
uka
bumi
R
e
ge
nc
y
E
c
os
ys
te
m
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
i
n
f
ood pr
ovi
s
io
n s
ta
tu
s
Y
e
a
r
2009
Y
e
a
r
2019
B
r
oa
d (
H
a
)
P
e
r
c
e
nt
a
ge
(
%
)
B
r
oa
d (
H
a
)
P
e
r
c
e
nt
a
ge
(
%
)
H
a
s
e
xc
e
e
de
d
27,568.080
6.62%
40,211.370
9.66%
H
a
s
no e
xc
e
e
de
d
388,691.730
93.38%
376,048.440
90.34%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
1
4
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
2
02
4
:
5728
-
5737
5736
5.
CONC
L
USI
ON
I
n
c
onc
lus
ion,
the
s
tatus
of
dyna
mi
c
c
ondit
ion
of
f
ood
-
pr
ovidi
ng
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
in
S
uka
bumi
R
e
ge
nc
y
ove
r
one
de
c
a
de
f
r
om
2009
to
2019
pr
od
uc
e
d
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
va
lues
a
nd
pa
tt
e
r
ns
in
e
a
c
h
a
r
e
a
.
Du
r
ing
thi
s
pe
r
iod,
C
icur
ug
,
C
ibada
k,
a
nd
C
ica
ntaya
n
R
e
ge
nc
ies
ha
d
“
ha
s
e
xc
e
e
de
d”
s
tatu
s
,
im
plyi
ng
that
the
e
nvir
onment
ha
d
e
xc
e
e
de
d
the
thr
e
s
hold
leve
l
a
n
d
wa
s
una
ble
to
s
uppor
t
or
f
ulf
il
l
the
ne
e
ds
of
population.
Othe
r
d
is
tr
icts
maintaine
d
a
s
tatus
of
"
ha
s
not
e
xc
e
e
de
d"
,
s
ugge
s
ti
ng
that
the
e
nvir
onment
ha
d
no
t
e
xc
e
e
de
d
the
thr
e
s
hold
a
nd
wa
s
s
ti
ll
a
ble
to
mee
t
the
ne
e
ds
of
population.
T
he
dis
tr
ibut
ion
of
a
r
e
a
s
with
"
ha
s
e
xc
e
e
de
d"
s
tatus
wa
s
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ted
in
the
nor
ther
n
pa
r
t
,
wi
th
de
ns
e
ly
populate
d
a
r
e
a
s
a
nd
high
int
e
ns
it
y
of
und
e
ve
loped
land.
De
s
pit
e
the
a
r
e
a
be
ing
domi
na
ted
by
mo
untains
a
nd
volca
nic
hil
ls
,
with
s
uf
f
icie
ntl
y
f
e
r
ti
le
s
oil
c
ondit
ions
,
the
pr
oduc
ti
v
it
y
o
f
e
nvir
onment
wa
s
s
ti
ll
ins
uf
f
icie
nt
to
mee
t
the
ne
e
ds
of
populat
ion.
C
ha
nge
s
in
a
gr
icultur
a
l
land
c
ove
r
f
r
om
2009
to
2
019
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
inf
luenc
e
d
the
c
ondit
ion
o
r
s
tatus
of
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
in
f
ood
p
r
ovis
ion.
T
he
16
%
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
a
gr
icultur
a
l
land
c
ove
r
led
to
a
r
e
duc
ti
on
of
"
ha
s
no
e
xc
e
e
de
d
"
s
tatus
a
r
e
a
a
nd
a
3%
incr
e
a
s
e
in
"
ha
s
e
xc
e
e
de
d"
s
t
a
tus
.
T
his
r
e
lations
hip
wa
s
c
onf
ir
med
thr
ough
s
tatis
ti
c
a
l
a
na
lys
is
with
a
s
igni
f
ica
nc
e
va
l
ue
of
les
s
than
0.
05,
s
igni
f
ying
that
a
g
r
icultur
a
l
la
nd
c
ove
r
ha
d
a
n
inf
luenc
e
on
population
thr
e
s
hold
or
the
c
ondit
ion/
s
tatus
of
e
c
os
y
s
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
in
f
ood
pr
ovis
ion.
F
inally,
the
r
e
lations
hip
be
twe
e
n
a
g
r
icultur
a
l
land
c
ove
r
a
nd
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
s
tatus
wa
s
de
s
c
r
ibed
by
a
n
e
qua
ti
on.
T
his
e
qua
ti
on
s
howe
d
that
a
n
incr
e
a
s
e
in
a
gr
icultur
a
l
land
c
ove
r
a
r
e
a
would
r
a
is
e
the
t
hr
e
s
hold
va
lue,
ther
e
by
in
f
luenc
ing
the
c
ondit
ion
or
s
tatus
o
f
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
in
f
ood
pr
ovis
ion
.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[
1]
W
.
V
.
R
e
id
,
“
E
c
os
y
s
te
ms
a
nd
huma
n
w
e
ll
-
be
in
g
,”
M
il
le
nni
um
E
c
os
y
s
te
m
A
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
,
W
a
s
hi
ngt
on,
D
C
:
I
s
la
nd
P
r
e
s
s
,
2015.
[
2]
R
.
C
os
ta
nz
a
e
t
al
.
,
“
T
h
e
va
lu
e
of
th
e
w
or
ld
’
s
e
c
os
ys
te
m
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
a
nd
na
tu
r
a
l
c
a
pi
ta
l,
”
N
at
ur
e
,
vol
.
387,
no.
6630,
pp.
253
–
260,
M
a
y 1997, doi:
10.1038/387253a0.
[
3]
R
.
N
a
yl
or
a
nd
P
.
R
.
E
hr
l
ic
h,
“
N
a
tu
r
a
l
pe
s
t
c
ont
r
ol
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
a
n
d
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
,”
N
at
ur
e
’
s
Se
r
v
ic
e
s
:
Soc
ie
ta
l
D
e
pe
nde
n
c
e
on
N
at
ur
al
E
c
os
y
s
te
m
s
, 151
-
174
,
1997
.
[
4]
W
.
C
a
i,
W
.
J
ia
ng,
H
.
D
u,
R
.
C
he
n,
a
nd
Y
.
C
a
i,
“
A
s
s
e
s
s
in
g
e
c
os
ys
te
m
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
s
uppl
y
-
de
ma
nd
(
M
is
)
ma
tc
he
s
f
or
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ia
l
c
it
y
ma
na
ge
me
nt
in
th
e
ya
ngt
z
e
r
iv
e
r
de
lt
a
ur
ba
n
a
ggl
ome
r
a
ti
on,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
ou
r
nal
of
E
nv
ir
onm
e
nt
al
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
and
P
ubl
ic
H
e
al
th
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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tem
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a
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e
ma
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(
M
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)
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io
n
of
popula
ti
on
in
J
e
dda
h
C
it
y
(
K
in
gd
om
of
S
a
udi
A
r
a
bi
a
)
,”
C
ur
r
e
nt
U
r
ban
St
udi
e
s
,
vol
.
04,
no.
03,
pp. 329
–
342, 2016, doi:
10.4236/cus
.2016.43022.
[
28]
E
.
B
ie
le
c
ka
,
“
A
d
a
s
yme
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ic
popula
ti
on
de
ns
it
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p
of
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ol
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nd,
”
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ng
s
of
th
e
22nd
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
a
r
to
gr
aphi
c
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
,
vol
. 9, no. 5, 2015.
[
29]
M
.
S
c
hr
öt
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r
,
D
.
N
.
B
a
r
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n,
R
.
P
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R
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nd
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e
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vi
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on
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c
o
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ndi
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at
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vol
.
36,
pp.
539
–
551,
J
a
n.
2014,
doi
:
10.1016/j
.e
c
ol
in
d.2013.09.018.
[
30]
R
. V
ir
tr
ia
na
e
t
al
.
, “
D
e
ve
lo
pi
ng a
s
pa
ti
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ti
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os
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t
e
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s
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nd
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v
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s
la
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I
nt
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nat
io
nal
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our
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ppl
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E
ar
th
O
bs
e
r
v
at
io
n
and
G
e
oi
nf
or
m
at
io
n
,
vol
. 126, F
e
b. 2024, doi:
10.1016/j
.j
a
g.2023.103606.
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.
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