I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
4
~1
1
2
2
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
1
1
i
2
.
p
p
1
1
1
4
-
1
1
2
2
1114
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
DC
-
D
C conv
ert
er
w
ith
5
0
k
H
z
-
500
kH
z
ra
ng
e of sw
itching
frequen
cy
f
o
r pas
siv
e co
m
po
nen
t
v
o
lu
m
e
reduc
tion
M
o
hd
A
m
irul Na
i
m
K
a
s
ira
n
,
A
s
m
a
ra
s
hid
P
o
nn
ira
n
,
Nur
ul
N
a
bil
a
h
M
ad
S
ia
m
,
M
o
hd
H
a
f
izie
Ya
t
im
,
No
r
Az
m
ira
Che
I
bra
hi
m
,
A
s
m
a
w
i
M
d Yuno
s
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
H
u
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
,
M
a
la
y
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Feb
4
,
2
0
2
0
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
u
l
2
0
,
2
0
2
0
A
cc
ep
ted
Sep
3
0
,
2
0
2
0
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
th
e
re
latio
n
sh
ip
o
f
sw
it
c
h
in
g
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
to
w
a
r
d
s
p
a
ss
iv
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter.
P
r
in
c
ip
a
ll
y
,
th
e
in
d
u
c
to
r
c
u
rre
n
t
ri
p
p
le
a
n
d
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
v
o
lt
a
g
e
rip
p
le
m
u
st
b
e
c
o
n
sid
e
re
d
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
d
e
sig
n
th
e
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
a
n
d
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
B
y
in
c
re
a
sin
g
th
e
sw
it
c
h
in
g
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
s
m
a
ll
e
r
siz
e
a
n
d
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
p
a
ss
iv
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
sig
n
e
d
.
A
s
th
e
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s,
th
e
sw
it
c
h
in
g
lo
ss
in
c
re
a
se
s
d
u
rin
g
sw
it
c
h
in
g
tran
siti
o
n
a
t
tu
rn
-
ON
a
n
d
tu
r
n
-
OFF
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
u
se
d
so
ft
-
sw
it
c
h
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
re
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
sw
it
c
h
in
g
lo
ss
a
t
t
u
rn
-
ON
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
so
f
t
-
sw
it
c
h
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
re
a
li
z
e
d
b
y
a
d
d
in
g
re
so
n
a
n
t
c
ircu
it
in
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter.
T
h
e
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
r
e
so
n
a
n
t
c
ircu
it
w
il
l
b
e
a
n
a
ly
se
d
,
th
u
s,
t
h
e
e
ff
ici
e
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
rter
c
a
n
b
e
im
p
ro
v
e
d
.
T
h
e
ra
n
g
e
o
f
sw
it
c
h
in
g
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
sid
e
re
d
in
th
e
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
t
a
l
a
re
5
0
k
Hz
to
5
0
0
k
Hz
.
A
1
0
0
W
p
ro
t
o
ty
p
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
a
n
d
tes
ted
in
o
rd
e
r
t
o
v
e
rify
th
e
p
rin
c
ip
le.
T
h
e
sw
it
c
h
in
g
lo
ss
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tall
y
c
o
n
f
irm
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
im
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
so
f
t
-
sw
it
c
h
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
it
h
e
f
f
ici
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
v
e
rter
im
p
ro
v
e
d
f
ro
m
9
6
.
3
6
%
t
o
9
7
.
1
2
%
w
h
e
n
5
0
0
k
Hz
o
f
sw
it
c
h
in
g
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
is
c
o
n
sid
e
re
d
.
T
h
e
p
a
ss
iv
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
v
o
lu
m
e
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
is
a
c
h
iev
e
d
w
h
e
n
h
ig
h
sw
it
c
h
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
is
u
se
d
w
h
e
re
th
e
to
tal
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
p
a
ss
iv
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
w
h
e
n
5
0
k
Hz
a
n
d
500
k
Hz
a
re
0
.
0
8
3
dm
3
a
n
d
0
.
0
1
0
dm
3
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
Har
d
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
R
eso
n
a
n
t p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
So
f
t
-
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
Z
er
o
v
o
ltag
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
As
m
ar
a
s
h
id
P
o
n
n
ir
a
n
Facu
lt
y
o
f
E
lectr
ical
a
n
d
E
lect
r
o
n
ic
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
Un
i
v
er
s
iti T
u
n
H
u
s
s
ei
n
On
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia
8
6
4
0
0
P
a
r
it R
aj
a,
J
o
h
o
r
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
E
m
ail:
as
m
ar
as
h
id
.
p
o
n
n
ir
an
@
g
m
a
il.c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Gr
ee
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
h
a
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
d
e
m
a
n
d
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
tack
le
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
is
s
u
e
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
ee
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
u
ch
as
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
les
(
E
V
s
)
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
h
ea
v
y
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
w
ater
p
o
llu
tio
n
a
n
d
g
lo
b
al
w
ar
m
i
n
g
[
1
]
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
E
V
h
av
e
b
ee
n
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
,
co
n
v
en
t
i
o
n
al
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
e
n
g
i
n
e
v
e
h
icle
s
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
o
n
g
aso
li
n
e,
d
iesel
a
n
d
f
u
el
s
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
.
T
h
is
s
o
u
r
ce
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
ca
r
b
o
n
d
io
x
id
e
th
at
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
e
f
f
ec
t
g
lo
b
al
w
ar
m
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
t
h
u
m
an
b
o
d
y
[
2
]
.
No
r
m
al
l
y
,
E
V
u
s
ed
b
atter
ie
s
as
a
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
to
r
u
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
E
V
m
u
s
t
b
e
li
g
h
t
w
ei
g
h
t
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
ca
r
a
n
d
th
e
s
af
et
y
o
f
p
ass
e
n
g
er
[
3
]
.
Hea
v
y
w
ei
g
h
t
o
f
E
V
ca
n
li
m
it
t
h
eir
s
p
ee
d
,
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
ed
m
o
r
e
p
o
w
er
to
m
o
v
e
t
h
e
v
e
h
icle.
T
h
is
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
lar
g
e
o
f
E
V
b
att
er
ies
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
[
4
]
,
th
e
m
a
in
p
ar
t
in
E
V
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
E
V
s
ize
ar
e
lar
g
e
c
ap
ac
ito
r
in
d
c
lin
k
,
b
atter
ies,
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
an
d
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
DC
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
ter
w
ith
5
0
kHz
-
5
0
0
kHz ra
n
g
e
o
f sw
itch
in
g
fr
eq
u
en
cy
fo
r
…
(
Mo
h
d
A
mir
u
l
N
a
im
K
a
s
i
r
a
n
)
1115
P
o
w
er
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
ai
n
p
ar
ts
i
n
t
h
e
E
V
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
p
o
w
er
d
eli
v
er
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
AC
g
r
id
to
th
e
lo
ad
[
5
]
.
Gen
e
r
all
y
,
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
s
i
s
t
o
f
b
u
l
k
y
p
as
s
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
th
e
b
asic
cir
cu
it
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
is
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
ize
an
d
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
.
B
ased
o
n
[
6
]
,
h
ig
h
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
w
e
ig
h
t,
s
ize
an
d
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Nev
er
th
eles
s
,
w
h
en
h
i
g
h
s
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
i
s
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
it
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
h
i
g
h
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
l
o
s
s
,
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
(
E
M
I
)
,
a
n
d
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
t
r
e
s
s
[
6
-
8
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
f
o
cu
s
to
eli
m
i
n
at
e
th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
lo
s
s
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
Z
VS
q
u
as
i
-
r
eso
n
an
t
cir
cu
it
in
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
er
e
th
e
e
f
f
icien
c
y
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
an
d
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
as
s
i
v
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
v
o
l
u
m
e.
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
h
ar
d
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
an
d
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
(
Z
V
S
q
u
a
s
i
-
r
eso
n
an
t)
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
d
e
s
ig
n
o
f
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
h
ar
d
-
s
w
itc
h
in
g
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
s
ar
e
also
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
.
T
h
e
d
er
iv
atio
n
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
in
o
p
en
lo
o
p
s
y
s
te
m
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
Z
V
S
q
u
asi
-
r
eso
n
a
n
t
in
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
T
h
e
v
o
lu
m
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
h
ig
h
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
Si
m
u
l
atio
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
h
ar
d
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
an
d
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
in
g
i
m
p
le
m
en
tat
io
n
s
ar
e
an
al
y
ze
d
an
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
.
2.
P
RINCI
P
L
E
O
F
H
ARD
-
S
W
I
T
CH
I
NG
A
ND
SO
F
T
-
S
WI
T
CH
I
N
G
T
E
CH
N
I
Q
UE
S
B
asicall
y
,
h
ar
d
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
DC
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
d
io
d
e,
b
o
o
s
t
in
d
u
cto
r
,
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
s
w
itc
h
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
it
co
n
s
is
ts
ad
d
itio
n
al
o
f
r
eso
n
a
n
t
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
r
eso
n
an
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
w
h
e
n
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
P
r
in
cip
ally
,
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
V
out
o
f
DC
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
in
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
co
n
tr
o
lled
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
b
y
v
ar
y
i
n
g
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
D
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
i
n
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
1
)
.
D
V
V
in
o
u
t
1
(
1
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
t
y
p
ical
s
w
itc
h
in
g
tr
aj
ec
to
r
ies
o
f
h
ar
d
-
s
w
itc
h
in
g
,
s
n
u
b
b
er
,
an
d
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
.
Du
r
in
g
h
ar
d
-
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
co
n
d
iti
o
n
,
th
er
e
is
h
i
g
h
v
o
lta
g
e
s
p
ik
e
at
tu
r
n
-
ON
an
d
h
ig
h
cu
r
r
en
t
s
p
ik
e
at
tu
r
n
-
O
FF
w
h
ic
h
ca
u
s
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
lo
s
s
an
d
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
s
tr
ess
[
7
]
.
T
h
en
b
y
ad
d
i
n
g
R
C
s
n
u
b
b
er
it
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
o
v
er
v
o
lta
g
es
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
u
r
n
-
O
N
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
t
t
u
r
n
-
O
F
F
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
h
a
r
d
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
w
h
i
c
h
c
a
n
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
l
o
s
s
[
9
]
.
As
s
tated
i
n
[
7
]
,
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
in
g
ca
n
to
tall
y
el
i
m
in
ate
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
lo
s
s
w
h
er
e
g
iv
e
s
a
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
e
f
f
icien
c
y
to
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
.
2
.
1
.
H
a
rd
-
s
w
it
ching
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
No
r
m
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
o
p
er
ated
in
h
ar
d
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
.
Har
d
-
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
is
ca
lled
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
r
e
ar
e
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
b
e
t
w
ee
n
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
s
w
i
tch
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
I
d
s
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
lo
s
s
w
h
e
n
th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
is
tu
r
n
-
O
N
an
d
tu
r
n
-
OF
F
[
1
0
-
1
3
]
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
P
r
in
cip
all
y
,
th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
lo
s
s
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
s
w
i
tch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
.
W
h
en
h
ig
h
s
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
th
e
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
ar
ea
b
et
w
ee
n
v
o
l
tag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
b
ec
o
m
e
lar
g
e.
T
h
e
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
ar
ea
is
ca
lled
a
s
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
lo
s
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
o
p
ti
m
u
m
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
av
o
id
h
ig
h
s
w
itc
h
in
g
lo
s
s
.
S
of
t
s
w
i
t
c
hi
ng
S
nubbe
r
e
d
H
a
r
d s
w
i
t
c
hi
ng
S
a
f
e
ope
r
a
t
i
ng a
r
e
a
I
V
O
f
f
On
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Dif
f
er
en
tiat
io
n
o
f
h
a
r
d
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
in
g
(
a)
S
w
itch
i
n
g
tr
aj
ec
to
r
ies [
1
0
]
,
(
b
)
h
ar
d
-
s
w
itch
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
d
u
r
in
g
tu
r
n
-
ON,
(
c)
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
u
r
n
-
ON
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
1
1
1
4
-
1122
1116
2
.
2
.
So
f
t
-
s
w
it
ching
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
T
h
e
m
ai
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
it
ch
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
to
av
o
id
t
h
e
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
b
et
w
ee
n
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
s
w
itc
h
in
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
[
1
4
-
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
h
i
g
h
s
w
i
tch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
w
i
th
o
u
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
o
f
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
th
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
w
h
ich
ar
e
ze
r
o
v
o
ltag
e
s
w
i
tch
in
g
(
Z
VS)
an
d
ze
r
o
cu
r
r
en
t
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
(
Z
C
S
)
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
ese
t
w
o
co
n
d
itio
n
s
p
r
ev
e
n
t
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
r
is
e
s
i
m
u
l
tan
eo
u
s
l
y
wh
ich
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
lo
s
s
d
u
r
in
g
tu
r
n
-
ON
w
i
ll
b
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
Z
V
S
co
n
d
itio
n
is
r
ea
lized
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
Z
VS q
u
asi
-
r
eso
n
a
n
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
c)
.
3.
P
ARAM
E
T
E
RS
D
E
SI
G
N
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
S
O
F
DC
-
DC
CO
NV
E
R
T
E
R
W
I
T
H
H
ARD
-
S
WI
T
CH
I
N
G
AN
D
SO
F
T
S
WI
T
CH
I
N
G
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
NT
AT
I
O
N
S
3
.
1
.
H
a
rd
-
s
w
it
ching
i
m
p
le
m
ent
a
t
io
n in DC
-
DC
bo
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
esig
n
D
C
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
a
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
o
p
er
ate
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
p
r
o
p
er
ly
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
DC
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
t
er
.
Prin
cip
all
y
,
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
o
f
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
is
co
n
ce
r
n
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
esig
n
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
a
n
y
co
n
d
it
io
n
a
s
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
i
s
v
ar
ied
.
A
s
s
tated
in
[
20
-
2
2
]
,
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
f
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
is
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
at
0
.
5
o
f
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle.
No
r
m
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
b
est
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
i
n
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
is
ab
o
u
t
2
0
%
to
5
0
%
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
u
m
in
d
u
cto
r
o
f
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
as
(
2
)
.
Fo
r
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
d
esig
n
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
s
tated
in
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
o
f
DC
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
t
er
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as (
3
)
.
L
b
o
o
s
t
L
b
o
o
s
t
b
o
o
s
t
I
DT
V
L
(
2
)
C
o
u
t
C
o
u
t
o
u
t
V
DT
I
C
(
3
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
m
ai
n
cir
c
u
it
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
a
n
d
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
es
o
f
D
C
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
,
it
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
DC
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
t
w
o
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
es.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
o
p
er
atio
n
is
cr
u
cial
in
o
r
d
er
to
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
in
d
u
cto
r
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
-
u
p
en
er
g
y
w
ill
b
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
in
p
u
t to
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
id
es.
V
in
L
boo
s
t
C
out
D
S
R
out
i
out
(
a)
V
in
L
b
o
o
s
t
C
out
D
S
R
out
i
in
V
in
L
boo
s
t
C
out
D
S
R
out
i
out
i
in
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
DC
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
(
a)
m
ain
cir
c
u
it (
b
)
o
p
er
ati
o
n
m
o
d
es
3
.
2
.
So
f
t
-
s
w
it
ching
i
m
ple
m
ent
a
t
io
n
in DC
-
DC
bo
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
Z
VS
q
u
a
s
i
-
r
eso
n
a
n
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
to
tall
y
e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
e
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
l
o
s
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
u
r
n
-
O
N
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
b
e
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
b
y
a
d
d
i
n
g
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
r
in
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
a
n
d
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
L
r
i
n
s
e
r
i
e
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
d
e
v
i
c
e
S
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
N
o
r
m
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
L
r
a
n
d
C
r
a
r
e
m
u
c
h
l
o
w
e
r
t
h
a
n
f
i
l
t
e
r
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
.
I
n
Z
V
S
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
l
l
b
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
h
a
l
f
-
w
a
v
e
m
o
d
e
[
7
,
1
9
]
o
r
ca
n
ca
lled
it
as
h
al
f
-
w
a
v
e
Z
VS
q
u
asi
-
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
i
f
th
e
s
w
itc
h
u
s
e
d
is
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
o
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
a
n
ti
-
p
ar
allel
d
io
d
e.
I
n
[
7
]
,
th
e
d
etail
p
r
in
cip
le
d
esig
n
o
f
L
r
a
n
d
C
r
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
DC
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
ter
w
ith
5
0
kHz
-
5
0
0
kHz ra
n
g
e
o
f sw
itch
in
g
fr
eq
u
en
cy
fo
r
…
(
Mo
h
d
A
mir
u
l
N
a
im
K
a
s
i
r
a
n
)
1117
V
in
L
b
o
o
s
t
C
o
u
t
V
o
u
t
S
D
C
r
L
r
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
w
it
h
r
eso
n
a
n
t c
ir
cu
i
t [
7
]
4.
S
T
A
G
NA
NT
CO
ND
I
T
I
O
N
I
SS
U
E
O
F
Z
VS
Q
UA
SI
-
R
E
SO
NANT F
O
R
DC
-
DC
CO
NVER
T
E
R
T
h
e
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
is
d
if
f
icu
l
t
to
r
ea
lize
d
u
e
to
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
th
e
m
ai
n
cir
c
u
it
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
is
i
n
c
r
ea
s
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
in
g
co
n
d
it
io
n
.
R
e
f
er
r
in
g
to
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
2
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
o
f
p
ass
i
v
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
i
n
Z
VS
q
u
as
i
-
r
eso
n
an
t
cir
cu
i
t.
T
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
cir
c
u
it
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
ea
lize
th
e
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ca
u
s
ed
a
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
at
r
eso
n
an
t
cir
c
u
it
a
n
d
af
f
ec
t
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
t
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t r
ip
p
le.
I
n
o
p
en
lo
o
p
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
te
m
,
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
∆
I
Lboost
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
s
ta
g
n
an
t
co
n
d
itio
n
a
s
ill
u
s
tr
ates
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
Du
r
in
g
s
tag
n
an
t
co
n
d
itio
n
,
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
is
n
o
t
i
n
ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
o
r
d
is
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
in
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
d
u
cto
r
is
n
o
t
f
u
ll
y
ch
ar
g
e
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
w
h
er
e
i
t
af
f
ec
ted
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
lar
g
el
y
r
ed
u
ce
as
th
e
s
ta
g
n
a
n
t
ti
m
e
at
th
e
in
d
u
c
to
r
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
is
lo
n
g
er
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
at
t
h
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
cir
cu
it
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
o
r
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
in
b
o
o
s
t
an
d
b
u
ck
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
ti
m
e
,
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ti
m
e
,
an
d
s
tag
n
a
n
t ti
m
e
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
d
er
iv
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
I
L
(
A
)
t
c
t
d
T
s
(
s
)
(
a)
T
I
L
(
A
)
t
c
t
d
t
s
t
sc
t
sd
T
s
(
s
)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t r
ip
p
le
,
(
a)
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
it
io
n
,
(
b
)
s
tag
n
a
n
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
I
n
t
h
e
d
er
iv
atio
n
,
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
ca
lc
u
late
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
o
f
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
w
it
h
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
es
o
f
t
h
e
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
at
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
D
c
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
D
d
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
:
T
t
D
c
c
(
4
)
T
t
D
d
d
(
5
)
w
h
er
e
T
is
t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
p
er
io
d
f
o
r
f
u
ll c
y
cle
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
d
u
r
in
g
s
ta
g
n
a
n
t
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
D
sc
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
t
a
g
n
a
n
t
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
D
sd
c
a
n
b
e
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
,
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
:
c
sc
D
D
D
(
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
1
1
1
4
-
1122
1118
d
sd
D
D
D
(
7
)
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
s
u
m
m
atio
n
o
f
D
sc
an
d
D
sd
ca
n
o
b
tain
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
f
s
ta
g
n
an
t
co
n
d
itio
n
D
s
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as f
o
llo
w
:
sd
sc
s
D
D
D
(
8
)
Hen
ce
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
Z
VS
q
u
asi
-
r
eso
n
a
n
t
D
C
-
DC
b
u
ck
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
c
an
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
:
in
sc
b
u
c
k
o
u
t
V
D
D
V
)
(
)
(
(
9
)
)
(
1
)
(
sc
in
b
o
o
s
t
o
u
t
D
D
V
V
(
1
0
)
5.
VO
L
UM
E
RE
DUC
T
I
O
N
O
F
P
ASSI
V
E
CO
M
P
O
NE
NT
S
P
r
in
cip
all
y
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
w
itch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
m
a
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
h
ig
h
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
lo
s
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
it
ch
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e,
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
p
as
s
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
lized
.
5
.
1
.
I
nd
uct
o
r
a
nd
ca
pa
cit
o
r
v
o
lum
e
s
T
h
e
v
o
lu
m
e
esti
m
atio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
o
f
th
e
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
b
ased
o
n
ar
ea
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ct
t
h
e
o
r
y
[
2
3
]
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
A
r
e
a
o
f
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
n
[
2
4
-
27
]
,
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
s
t
o
t
h
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
75
.
0
2
75
.
0
J
B
K
LI
K
A
K
V
o
l
m
u
v
o
l
p
v
o
l
L
(
1
1
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
o
f
in
d
u
c
to
r
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
ag
ain
s
t
s
w
itc
h
in
g
ti
m
e.
T
h
is
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
s
h
o
w
s
b
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
w
it
ch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
b
ec
o
m
e
s
m
alle
r
,
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
ca
n
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
s
m
a
ller
an
d
m
a
y
also
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
i
n
d
u
cto
r
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
is
esti
m
ated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
av
ailab
le
ce
r
a
m
ic
ca
p
ac
ito
r
in
th
e
m
ar
k
et.
B
esid
es
t
h
at,
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
w
it
h
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
ce
r
a
m
ic
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
Fo
r
th
e
elec
tr
o
l
y
tic
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
th
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
r
m
s
v
al
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
o
f
elec
t
r
o
ly
tic
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
th
e
ce
r
am
ic
ca
p
ac
ito
r
V
o
l
Cc
an
d
elec
tr
o
ly
tic
ca
p
ac
ito
r
V
o
l
Ce
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as f
o
l
lo
w
s
:
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
i
n
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t r
ip
p
le
an
d
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
ti
m
e
2
2
1
C
V
Cc
V
C
V
o
l
Cc
(
1
2
)
r
m
s
c
V
Ce
I
V
o
l
Ce
,
1
(
1
3
)
T
C
2
T
C
=
T
im
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
o
f
in
d
u
c
to
r
I
L
=
I
n
d
u
c
to
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
le
f
sw
=
S
wi
tch
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
T
sw
=
S
wi
tch
i
n
g
p
e
r
io
d
I
a
v
e
=
Av
e
r
a
g
e
in
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
T
sw
f
sw
1
=
5
0
k
Hz
f
sw
2
=
2
5
0
k
Hz
f
sw
3
=
5
0
0
k
Hz
I
a
v
e
I
L
1
I
L
2
I
L
3
T
C
1
T
C
3
I
L
1
0
0
%
20
%
10
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
DC
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
ter
w
ith
5
0
kHz
-
5
0
0
kHz ra
n
g
e
o
f sw
itch
in
g
fr
eq
u
en
cy
fo
r
…
(
Mo
h
d
A
mir
u
l
N
a
im
K
a
s
i
r
a
n
)
1119
6.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
NS
A
1
0
0
W
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
an
d
test
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
i
n
D
C
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
er
e
h
i
g
h
s
w
it
ch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
o
f
p
as
s
i
v
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
es
u
lts
ar
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
o
r
DC
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
icat
io
n
s
o
f
DC
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
ele
m
e
n
ts
/
co
m
p
o
n
ets
ca
n
b
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
D
C
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
h
ar
d
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
an
d
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
V
ou
t
1
0
0
V
O
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
,
P
out
1
0
0
W
D
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
,
D
0
.
5
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
f
sw
5
0
k
H
z
B
o
o
st
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
,
L
bo
os
t
1
mH
O
u
t
p
u
t
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
,
C
ou
t
2
2
0
µ
F
T
ab
le
2
.
P
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
r
eso
n
a
n
t c
ir
cu
i
t b
ased
o
n
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
f
sw
R
e
so
n
a
n
t
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
,
L
r
R
e
so
n
a
n
t
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
,
C
r
5
0
k
H
z
1
0
9
µ
H
3
0
n
F
2
5
0
k
H
z
3
5
µ
H
4
.
7
n
F
5
0
0
k
H
z
2
7
µ
F
1
n
F
6
.
1
.
DC
-
DC
bo
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
w
it
h ha
rd
-
s
w
it
ching
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
nta
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
a
n
d
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
esu
lt
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
o
b
tai
n
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
d
u
r
in
g
t
u
r
n
-
O
N
a
n
d
t
u
r
n
-
O
F
F
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
i
s
l
o
s
s
y
.
T
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
5
0
k
H
z
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
w
o
r
k
s
t
o
v
e
r
i
f
y
t
h
e
h
a
r
d
-
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
b
et
w
ee
n
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
s
w
i
tc
h
in
g
d
ev
ice
i
s
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
d
u
r
in
g
tu
r
n
-
ON
an
d
t
u
r
n
-
OFF
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
lo
s
s
is
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ta
ll
y
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
d
u
r
in
g
h
ar
d
-
s
w
i
tch
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
.
0
,
V
ds
I
d
s
0
,
P
s
w
D
r
a
i
n
-
S
our
c
e
C
ur
r
e
nt
(
A
)
D
r
a
i
n
-
S
our
c
e
V
ol
t
a
ge
(
V
)
I
ds
=
2
A
V
ds
=
100
V
V
ds
(
50
V
/
di
v
)
,
I
ds
(
2
A
/
di
v
)
(
a)
0
,
V
ds
I
ds
0
,
P
s
w
D
r
a
i
n
-
S
our
c
e
C
ur
r
e
nt
(
A
)
D
r
a
i
n
-
S
o
u
r
c
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
S
w
i
t
c
hi
ng L
os
s
(
W
)
,
P
sw
V
ds
=
100
V
I
ds
=
2
A
V
ds
(
50
V
/
di
v
)
,
I
ds
(
2
A
/
di
v
)
40
(
ns
/
d
i
v
)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
E
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
esu
lts
o
f
h
ar
d
-
s
w
itc
h
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
i
n
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
ev
ice
S;
(
a)
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
u
r
n
-
ON
co
n
d
itio
n
,
(
b
)
d
u
r
in
g
tu
r
n
-
OFF co
n
d
it
io
n
6
.
2
.
DC
-
DC
bo
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
w
it
h so
f
t
-
s
w
it
ching
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
i
mp
le
m
ent
a
t
io
n
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
r
eso
n
a
n
t
cir
cu
it
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
f
o
r
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
50
k
Hz.
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
(
a)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
ev
ice
S d
u
r
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
w
h
er
e
th
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
v
o
lta
g
e
V
ds
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
a
tel
y
1
8
6
V,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
I
ds
is
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
l
y
1
.
6
6
A
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
t
h
e
s
witch
i
n
g
v
o
lta
g
e
is
h
i
g
h
a
s
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
h
ar
d
-
s
w
itc
h
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
esh
ap
in
g
o
f
s
w
itc
h
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
to
r
ea
lize
th
e
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
.
P
r
in
cip
all
y
,
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
s
w
it
ch
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
h
ar
d
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
i
m
p
le
m
en
tat
io
n
is
s
i
m
ilar
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
o
f
t
h
e
p
ea
k
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
Z
V
S
q
u
a
s
i
-
r
eso
n
an
t
i
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
l
a
p
p
i
n
g
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
o
c
c
u
r
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
l
y
v
e
r
i
f
i
e
d
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
.
B
u
t
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lts
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
r
atin
g
li
m
ita
tio
n
.
So
f
t
tu
r
n
-
O
FF
is
au
to
m
atica
ll
y
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
s
h
a
p
i
n
g
o
f
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
l
o
s
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
u
r
n
-
O
F
F
i
s
a
l
s
o
e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
e
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
1
1
1
4
-
1122
1120
6
.
3
.
L
o
s
s
e
s
a
nd
ef
f
iciency
co
m
pa
riso
n
T
h
is
an
al
y
s
is
o
n
l
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
lo
s
s
es
in
o
r
d
er
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
l
o
s
s
es
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
D
C
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
h
ar
d
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
an
d
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
i
tch
in
g
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
atio
n
s
.
B
y
r
ef
er
r
i
n
g
t
o
T
a
b
l
e
3
,
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
s
s
P
l
o
s
s
o
f
D
C
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
n
h
a
r
d
-
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
i
s
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
a
s
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
v
a
r
i
e
d
f
r
o
m
5
0
k
H
z
t
o
5
0
0
k
H
z
b
u
t
i
t
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
s
w
h
e
n
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
B
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
5
0
0
k
Hz
o
f
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
t
h
e
ef
f
ici
en
c
y
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
h
ar
d
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
i
s
9
6
.
3
6
%
w
h
ile
w
i
th
s
o
f
t
-
sw
itc
h
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
;
t
h
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
is
9
7
.
1
2
%
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
s
i
m
ilar
w
h
en
50
k
Hz
o
f
s
w
i
tc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
u
s
,
h
i
g
h
er
s
w
it
ch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
n
o
t
af
f
ec
ted
w
ith
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
is
ap
p
lied
.
V
ds
=
186
V
D
r
a
i
n
-
S
our
c
e
V
ol
t
a
ge
(
V
)
I
ds
=
1
.
66
A
D
r
a
i
n
-
S
ou
r
c
e
C
ur
r
e
nt
(
A
)
S
of
t
t
ur
n
-
O
N
(
Z
V
S
C
ondi
t
i
on
)
S
of
t
t
ur
n
-
O
F
F
(a
)
O
ut
pu
t
V
ol
t
a
ge
(
V
)
40
(
µs
/
di
v
)
0
,
V
out
0
,
V
ds
I
ds
V
o
u
t
(
50
V
/
di
v
)
,
V
d
s
(
25
V
/
di
v
)
,
I
ds
(
2
A
/
di
v
)
V
out
=
50
V
I
ds
=
1
A
V
ds
=
100
V
S
of
t
t
ur
n
-
O
N
S
of
t
t
ur
n
-
O
F
F
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
S
w
i
tch
i
n
g
d
ev
ice
S
d
u
r
in
g
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
co
n
d
it
io
n
;
(
a)
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lts
,
(
b
)
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lts
D
r
a
i
n
-
S
ou
r
c
e
C
ur
r
e
nt
(
A
)
I
ds
=
1
.
66
A
D
r
a
i
n
-
S
our
c
e
V
ol
t
a
ge
(
V
)
V
ds
=
186
V
(
a)
D
r
a
i
n
-
S
ou
r
c
e
V
ol
t
a
ge
(
V
)
V
ds
=
186
V
D
r
a
i
n
-
S
our
c
e
C
ur
r
e
nt
(
A
)
I
ds
=
1
.
66
A
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
h
ar
d
-
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
i
n
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
ev
ice
s
;
(
a)
d
u
r
in
g
t
u
r
n
-
ON
co
n
d
it
io
n
,
(
b
)
d
u
r
in
g
tu
r
n
-
OFF co
n
d
it
io
n
T
ab
le
3
.
L
o
s
s
es a
n
al
y
s
is
i
n
h
ar
d
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
an
d
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
f
s
w
(
k
H
z
)
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
L
o
ss,
P
sw
(
W
)
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
L
o
ss
T
o
t
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
L
o
ss
e
s,
P
l
os
s
(
W
)
P
c
ond(
m
)
(
W
)
P
c
ond(
d)
(
W
)
H
a
r
d
-
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
50
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
7
6
2
.
8
0
2
.
9
5
2
5
0
0
.
3
8
3
3
.
2
6
5
0
0
0
.
7
6
7
3
.
6
4
S
o
f
t
-
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
-
Z
V
S
q
u
a
s
i
-
r
e
so
n
a
n
t
50
T
o
t
a
l
l
y
e
l
i
mi
n
a
t
e
d
0
0
.
0
7
6
2
.
8
0
2
.
8
8
2
5
0
5
0
0
6
.
4
.
P
a
s
s
iv
e
co
m
po
nent
v
o
lu
m
e
r
educt
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
as
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
DC
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
p
o
w
er
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
a
s
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
w
h
e
n
h
a
r
d
-
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
i
m
p
l
em
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
.
T
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
V
o
l
LC
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
en
5
0
k
Hz
o
f
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ar
e
0
.
0
8
1
dm
3
an
d
9
7
.
0
5
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Me
a
n
w
h
ile,
th
e
t
o
tal
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
an
d
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
co
n
v
e
r
ter
w
h
e
n
5
0
0
k
Hz
o
f
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ar
e
0
.
0
1
0
dm
3
an
d
9
6
.
3
6
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
DC
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
ter
w
ith
5
0
kHz
-
5
0
0
kHz ra
n
g
e
o
f sw
itch
in
g
fr
eq
u
en
cy
fo
r
…
(
Mo
h
d
A
mir
u
l
N
a
im
K
a
s
i
r
a
n
)
1121
I
n
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
i
tch
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
,
th
e
to
tal
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
p
ass
i
v
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
e
n
5
0
k
Hz
o
f
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
is
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
a
r
e
0
.
0
8
3
d
m
3
an
d
9
7
.
1
2
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
W
h
en
5
0
0
k
Hz
o
f
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
th
e
to
tal
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
p
ass
i
v
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
0
.
0
10
dm
3
an
d
9
7
.
1
2
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
t
h
e
p
as
s
iv
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
v
o
l
u
m
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
ac
h
iev
ed
w
it
h
o
u
t a
f
f
ec
t
i
n
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Vo
lu
m
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
DC
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
as th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
is
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
5
0
k
Hz
to
5
0
0
k
Hz
,
(
a)
h
ar
d
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e,
(
b
)
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
6
.
5
.
E
f
f
ec
t
iv
eness
o
f
Z
VS q
ua
s
i
-
r
eso
na
nt
co
nv
er
t
er
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
w
s
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
s
e
v
er
al
co
m
m
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
i
n
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
is
m
a
d
e
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
en
t
,
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
r
e
a
l
i
z
e
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
d
io
d
e
(
R
C
D)
s
n
u
b
b
e
r
h
a
s
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
o
n
l
y
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
o
n
e
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
u
tili
s
atio
n
o
f
d
io
d
e
m
a
y
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
a
n
d
m
a
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
h
ea
ts
i
n
k
d
esi
g
n
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
ac
ti
v
e
s
n
u
b
b
er
an
d
p
as
s
i
v
e
lo
s
s
les
s
s
n
u
b
b
er
h
as
a
co
m
p
lex
cir
cu
it
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
ar
e
s
ev
en
a
n
d
s
i
x
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
,
th
e
Z
VS
q
u
as
i
-
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
s
h
o
w
s
a
b
etter
attr
ib
u
tes
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
i
r
cu
i
t
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
at
i
o
n
o
f
in
d
u
c
to
r
a
n
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
i
n
Z
VS
q
u
a
s
i
-
r
e
s
o
n
an
t
ci
r
cu
i
t
av
o
i
d
b
u
lk
y
p
a
s
s
iv
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
is
s
u
es
a
s
th
e
r
e
s
o
n
an
t
t
an
k
.
T
ab
le
4
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
S
o
f
t
-
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
R
C
D
s
n
u
b
b
e
r
[
2
5
]
Z
V
S
q
u
a
s
i
-
r
e
so
n
a
n
t
A
c
t
i
v
e
sn
u
b
b
e
r
[
2
6
]
P
a
ssi
v
e
l
o
ssl
e
ss
sn
u
b
b
e
r
[
2
7
]
N
o
.
o
f
p
a
ss
i
v
e
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
O
n
e
Tw
o
Tw
o
T
h
r
e
e
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
No
No
Y
e
s
No
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
L
e
ss
L
e
ss
L
e
ss
M
e
d
i
u
m
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
S
i
mp
l
e
C
o
mp
l
e
x
C
o
mp
l
e
x
N
o
.
o
f
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
T
h
r
e
e
Tw
o
S
e
v
e
n
S
i
x
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
h
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
s
w
itch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
to
w
ar
d
s
p
ass
i
v
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
s
,
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
lo
s
s
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
an
d
it
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tall
y
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
w
h
er
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
9
6
.
3
6
%
t
o
9
7
.
1
2
%
a
t
5
0
0
k
H
z
o
f
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
.
B
e
s
i
d
e
s
,
t
h
e
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
v
o
l
u
m
e
i
s
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
f
r
o
m
0
.
0
8
3
dm
3
t
o
0
.
0
1
0
dm
3
b
y
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
f
r
o
m
5
0
k
H
z
t
o
5
0
0
k
H
z
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
i
s
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
w
ith
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
e
f
f
ic
i
e
n
cy
b
y
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
in
g
h
ig
h
e
r
s
w
it
ch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
to
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
li
k
e
to
s
h
o
w
g
r
atit
u
d
e
to
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
Hi
g
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia
a
n
d
Un
i
v
er
s
iti
T
u
n
Hu
s
s
ei
n
On
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
UT
HM
)
f
o
r
th
e
f
i
n
an
cia
l s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
r
o
u
g
h
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
g
r
an
t o
f
GP
P
S Vo
t.
H3
9
8
an
d
R
esear
ch
Fu
n
d
E
1
5
5
0
1
f
r
o
m
R
esear
ch
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
C
en
tr
e,
UT
HM
.
ɳ
=
97
.
05
%
ɳ
=
96
.
97
%
ɳ
=
96
.
74
%
ɳ
=
96
.
66
%
ɳ
=
96
.
51
%
ɳ
=
96
.
36
%
ɳ
=
97
.
12
%
ɳ
=
97
.
12
%
ɳ
=
97
.
12
%
ɳ
=
97
.
12
%
ɳ
=
97
.
12
%
ɳ
=
97
.
12
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
1
1
1
4
-
1122
1122
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
K.
No
v
a
n
,
“
V
a
l
u
in
g
th
e
W
in
d
:
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
P
o
li
c
ies
a
n
d
A
ir
P
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
A
v
o
i
d
e
d
,
”
Ame
ric
a
n
Eco
n
o
mi
c
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Eco
n
o
mic
P
o
li
c
y
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
9
1
-
3
2
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
]
R.
F
re
ire,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
w
it
h
EV
c
h
a
rg
in
g
stra
teg
ies
to
o
p
ti
m
iz
e
g
rid
lo
a
d
b
a
lan
c
in
g
,
”
in
1
3
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
IEE
E
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
telli
g
e
n
t
T
ra
n
s
p
o
rt
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
F
u
n
c
h
a
l
,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
9
2
-
3
9
6
.
[3
]
A
.
N.
Ka
sira
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
4
-
lev
e
l
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
-
c
la
m
p
e
d
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
h
a
rd
-
sw
it
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
so
f
t
-
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
8
8
-
299
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
]
S
.
K
w
a
k
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
h
a
s
e
-
R
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
t
-
B
a
s
e
d
R
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
D
i
r
e
c
t
A
C
/
A
C
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
D
r
i
v
e
f
o
r
S
e
r
i
e
s
H
y
b
r
i
d
O
f
f
-
H
i
g
h
w
a
y
H
e
a
v
y
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
,
”
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
V
e
h
i
c
u
l
a
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
5
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
6
7
4
-
2
6
8
8
,
2
0
1
0
.
[5
]
J.
Claira
n
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
tari
ff
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
m
a
rt
c
h
a
rg
in
g
to
in
c
re
a
se
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s
u
se
,
”
in
2
0
1
7
IE
EE
PE
S
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
S
m
a
rt
Gr
id
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
-
L
a
ti
n
Ame
ric
a
(
IS
GT
L
a
ti
n
A
me
ric
a
)
,
Qu
it
o
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
6.
[6
]
G
.
Hu
a
a
n
d
F
.
C
.
L
e
e
,
“
S
o
f
t
-
sw
it
c
h
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
in
P
W
M
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
stri
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
4
2
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
9
5
-
6
0
3
,
1
9
9
5
.
[7
]
M
.
K.
Ka
z
im
ierc
z
u
k
a
n
d
D.
Cz
a
rk
o
w
s
k
i,
“
Re
so
n
a
n
t
P
o
w
e
r
Co
n
v
e
rters
,
”
W
il
e
y
,
2
0
1
2
.
[8
]
J.
Du
d
rik
a
n
d
J.
Oe
tt
e
r,
“
Hig
h
-
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
S
o
f
t
-
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rters
f
o
r
V
o
l
tag
e
a
n
d
Cu
r
re
n
t
DC
P
o
w
e
r
S
o
u
rc
e
s,”
Acta
Po
lyte
c
h
n
ica
H
u
n
g
a
ric
a
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
9
-
4
6
,
2
0
0
7
.
[9
]
I.
Ba
tars
e
h
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ic Ci
rc
u
it
s,”
J
o
h
n
W
il
e
y
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
0
]
M
.
T
.
Ou
teiro
a
n
d
A
.
Ca
rv
a
lh
o
,
“
M
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
De
si
g
n
in
g
P
o
w
e
r
Co
n
v
e
rters
f
o
r
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
Ba
se
d
S
y
ste
m
s:
A
Re
so
n
a
n
t
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
in
Ne
w
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
ts i
n
Ren
e
w
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
p
p
.
3
3
1
-
3
6
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
1
]
A
.
P
o
n
n
iran
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
in
im
u
m
f
l
y
in
g
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
f
o
r
N
-
lev
e
l
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
DC/DC
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter,”
in
2
0
1
5
9
t
h
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
P
o
w
e
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
ECCE
Asia
(
ICPE
-
ECCE
Asi
a
)
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
8
9
-
1
2
9
6
.
[1
2
]
J.
P
ra
sa
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
re
e
-
P
h
a
se
T
h
re
e
-
L
e
v
e
l
S
o
f
t
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
Dc
-
Dc
Co
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
In
d
u
strial
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
r
i
v
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
(
I
J
P
E
D
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
8
5
-
794,
2017.
[1
3
]
M
.
S
a
lem
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
h
a
se
-
sh
if
ted
se
ries
re
so
n
a
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
z
e
ro
v
o
lt
a
g
e
sw
it
c
h
in
g
tu
rn
-
o
n
a
n
d
v
a
riab
le
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
8
4
-
1
1
9
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
4
]
Js
.
P
ra
sa
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
ZV
S
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
Re
so
n
a
n
t
in
d
u
c
to
r
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
1
-
28
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
5
]
M
.
S
a
lem
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
ZV
S
F
u
l
l
B
rid
g
e
S
e
ries
Re
so
n
a
n
t
Bo
o
st
C
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
S
e
ries
-
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
T
ra
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
P
EDS
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
1
2
-
8
2
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
6
]
A
.
A
.
B
a
k
a
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
i
m
u
latio
n
a
n
d
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
M
u
lt
ip
h
a
se
Bo
o
st
Co
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
S
o
f
t
-
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
f
o
r
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
I
J
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l
8
,
n
o
4
,
p
p
.
1
8
9
4
-
1
9
0
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
7
]
M
.
D.
A
b
d
u
l
-
Ha
k
e
e
m
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
O
v
e
rv
ie
w
o
f
S
o
f
t
-
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rters
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
0
0
6
-
2
0
1
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
R.
S
h
a
rm
a
,
“
S
o
f
t
S
w
it
c
h
e
d
M
u
lt
i
-
Ou
tp
u
t
P
W
M
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rt
e
r,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
EP
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
2
8
-
3
3
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
9
]
M
.
K.
Ka
z
im
ier
c
z
u
k
,
“
D
e
sig
n
-
o
rien
ted
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
b
o
o
st
z
e
ro
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
-
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
re
so
n
a
n
t
DC/DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
6
-
1
3
6
,
1
9
8
8
.
[2
0
]
A
.
P
o
n
n
iran
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Vo
l
u
m
e
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
i
n
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter,”
in
4
th
I
ET
Cle
a
n
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
CEA
T
2
0
1
6
)
,
Ku
a
la L
u
m
p
u
r
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
5.
[2
1
]
A
.
N.
Ka
sira
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
S
tu
d
y
o
f
4
-
lev
e
l
DC
-
DC
Bo
o
st
In
v
e
rter
w
it
h
P
a
ss
iv
e
Co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
Re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
Co
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
in
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s: Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s
,
v
o
l.
9
9
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
2
]
A
.
B.
P
o
n
n
iran
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
N.
B.
Ka
sira
n
,
“
P
a
ra
m
e
ters
d
e
sig
n
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
in
3
-
lev
e
l
f
l
y
in
g
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter,”
in
2
0
1
7
IEE
E
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
C
o
mp
u
ter
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
&
In
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
(
IS
CAIE
)
,
L
a
n
g
k
a
w
i
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
9
5
-
1
9
9
.
[2
3
]
C.
W
il
li
a
m
T
.
M
c
Ly
m
a
n
,
“
T
r
a
n
sfo
rm
e
r
a
n
d
in
d
u
c
to
r
d
e
sig
n
h
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
/Co
l
o
n
e
l
W
m
,
”
T
.
M
c
L
y
ma
n
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
4
]
J.
W
.
Ko
lar,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ex
p
lo
ri
n
g
th
e
P
a
re
t
o
f
ro
n
t
o
f
m
u
lt
i
-
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
sin
g
le
-
p
h
a
se
P
F
C
r
e
c
ti
f
ier
d
e
sig
n
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
-
9
9
.
2
%
Eff
icie
n
c
y
v
s.
7
k
W
/d
m
3
p
o
w
e
r
d
e
n
sity
,
”
in
2
0
0
9
IEE
E
6
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
M
o
ti
o
n
Co
n
tro
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
I
P
EM
C
’0
9
,
W
u
h
a
n
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
1
.
[2
5
]
S
.
J.
F
in
n
e
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
RCD
s
n
u
b
b
e
r
re
v
isit
e
d
,
”
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stry
Ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
5
-
1
6
0
,
1
9
96
.
[2
6
]
I.
M
a
tsu
u
ra
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
p
a
ss
iv
e
so
f
t
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
P
W
M
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
”
in
PE
S
C
9
8
Rec
o
rd
.
2
9
t
h
An
n
u
a
l
IEE
E
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
S
p
e
c
ia
li
sts
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
(
Ca
t.
No
.
9
8
CH
3
6
1
9
6
)
,
F
u
k
u
o
k
a
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
9
4
-
1
0
0
,
1
9
9
8
.
[2
7
]
B.
W
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
u
rth
e
r
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
lo
ss
f
o
r
th
e
lo
ss
les
s
sn
u
b
b
e
r
b
a
se
d
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
”
in
2
0
1
4
IE
E
E
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
C
o
n
g
re
ss
a
n
d
Exp
o
siti
o
n
(
ECCE
)
,
P
it
ts
b
u
rg
h
,
P
A
,
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
9
2
8
-
9
3
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.