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I
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id
es
v
e
r
y
lo
w
-
q
u
alit
y
i
m
a
g
e
s
w
it
h
p
o
o
r
co
n
tr
ast
an
d
b
r
ig
h
t
n
es
s
,
ca
u
s
i
n
g
v
is
ib
ilit
y
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
an
d
a
m
b
i
g
u
it
y
w
h
il
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ast
o
f
th
e
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
e
i
s
d
eg
r
ad
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
en
e
tr
ati
n
g
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
r
a
d
iatio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
,
th
ick
n
es
s
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
,
a
n
d
Den
s
it
y
d
if
f
er
en
ce
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
o
is
es
an
d
ar
tif
ac
ts
d
u
e
to
p
atien
t
m
o
v
e
m
en
t,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
b
r
ea
th
i
n
g
a
n
d
h
ea
r
tb
ea
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
ad
io
g
r
ap
h
y
,
b
ec
au
s
e
i
m
a
g
in
g
ar
tif
ac
ts
to
t
h
e
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
e.
T
h
e
d
en
tis
t
o
r
m
ax
i
llo
f
ac
ial
s
u
r
g
eo
n
s
m
u
s
t
k
n
o
w
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
d
etails
s
u
ch
as
l
a
m
i
n
a
d
u
r
a,
d
en
tin
-
th
ick
n
es
s
,
p
u
lp
tis
s
u
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
f
illi
n
g
,
b
etter
an
al
y
s
is
,
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t,
an
d
s
u
r
g
ical
i
m
p
la
n
ti
n
g
p
la
n
s
[
6
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
ar
e
ess
e
n
tial
f
o
r
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
es to
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
is
u
all
y
an
a
l
y
za
b
le
in
p
u
t to
d
en
tal
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
[7
].
In
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
es
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
,
th
e
p
r
i
m
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
is
to
g
i
v
e
m
o
r
e
v
i
s
ib
ilit
y
to
th
e
co
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
n
eg
lect
o
r
n
u
ll
if
y
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
f
ea
t
u
r
es
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
v
i
s
u
al
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
B
o
th
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
b
y
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
v
i
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
(
HVS)
a
n
d
co
m
p
u
ter
v
i
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
(
C
VS)
s
h
all
m
ee
t
t
h
e
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
g
o
al
o
f
d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
b
y
h
u
m
a
n
s
a
n
d
co
m
p
u
ter
s
.
T
h
e
v
i
s
u
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
th
e
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
es
v
ar
ies
d
u
e
to
p
ix
el
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
i
n
g
r
a
y
s
ca
le
a
cr
o
s
s
th
e
s
p
atial
d
o
m
ai
n
.
T
h
e
g
a
m
m
a
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
(
GC
M)
is
ap
p
licab
le
in
s
u
ch
ca
s
es
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
GC
M
o
f
i
m
a
g
e
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
f
o
r
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
es
i
s
ev
alu
a
ted
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
[
1
1
]
.
A
n
o
t
h
er
p
o
p
u
lar
m
et
h
o
d
is
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
-
b
ased
h
i
s
to
g
r
a
m
eq
u
aliza
tio
n
a
n
d
co
n
tr
a
s
t
li
m
i
ted
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
i
s
to
g
r
a
m
eq
u
al
i
za
tio
n
(
C
L
A
HE
)
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
ese
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
ar
e
w
id
el
y
ac
ce
p
ted
i
n
m
ed
ical
i
m
ag
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
v
i
s
u
al
s
tati
s
tics
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
o
th
er
e
n
h
an
c
e
m
en
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
i
m
a
g
es.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
ea
c
h
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
ith
s
o
m
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
a
n
d
li
m
itatio
n
s
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
A
n
o
t
h
er
f
ac
to
r
is
s
elec
ti
n
g
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
is
v
er
y
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt,
as
th
e
ch
o
i
ce
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
o
f
i
n
ter
est
a
n
d
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tu
d
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
au
to
m
ate
s
th
e
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
en
tal
i
m
ag
e
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
b
ein
g
as
:
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tu
d
y
ev
al
u
at
es
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
p
atial
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
o
m
ai
n
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
s
elec
ti
n
g
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
es b
ased
o
n
en
h
a
n
ce
d
i
m
a
g
e
v
is
u
al
q
u
al
it
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
ese
n
ts
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
lin
g
o
f
a
u
n
i
v
er
s
al
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
th
a
t
in
te
g
r
ates
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
alit
y
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
w
i
th
v
ar
iab
le
u
s
er
ch
o
ice
o
p
tio
n
s
s
o
t
h
at
d
en
t
is
t
s
ca
n
s
e
lect
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
i
s
f
le
x
ib
le
an
d
s
ca
la
b
le
th
at
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
th
er
i
m
a
g
in
g
m
o
d
alities
o
r
d
o
m
ain
s
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
m
a
g
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
a
n
d
q
u
alit
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
clin
ical
an
al
y
s
i
s
to
w
ar
d
s
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
o
u
t p
r
e
-
o
p
er
ativ
e
as
s
ess
m
en
t
s
to
ad
v
an
tag
e
t
h
e
p
ati
en
t scr
ee
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
h
a
s
also
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ated
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
lit
y
i
n
t
h
e
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t to
an
al
y
ze
b
etter
i
m
ag
e
s
b
ased
o
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
a
s
u
itab
le
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
f
o
r
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
e
n
tal
i
m
a
g
e
w
ill
d
ep
en
d
o
n
th
e
vi
s
u
al
i
m
a
g
e
f
ea
t
u
r
e.
T
h
e
s
ele
ctio
n
o
f
e
n
h
an
ce
d
i
m
a
g
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e,
i.e
.
,
h
u
m
an
e
y
e
ev
id
en
ce
(
v
is
u
al
q
u
alit
y
)
an
d
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
i
m
ag
e
s
tati
s
tics
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
p
e
ak
s
i
g
n
a
l to
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
P
SNR
)
,
s
h
ar
p
n
ess
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
ar
e
o
r
g
a
n
ized
in
th
e
f
o
l
lo
w
i
n
g
m
a
n
n
er
:
Sectio
n
1
.
1
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
1
.
2
.
Secti
o
n
2
d
is
cu
s
s
es
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
its
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
d
esig
n
.
Secti
o
n
3
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
an
d
o
u
tco
m
e
a
n
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
v
er
a
ll
w
o
r
k
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
t
h
is
c
h
ap
ter
is
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
Ov
er
th
e
last
d
ec
ad
es,
e
n
o
r
m
o
u
s
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t
to
w
ar
d
s
m
ed
ical
i
m
a
g
i
n
g
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
a
n
d
i
m
a
g
e
q
u
alit
y
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
s
a
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
i
n
g
to
b
en
ef
i
t
i
m
p
la
n
t
t
h
er
ap
y
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
r
elate
d
w
o
r
k
i
n
t
h
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
d
en
tal
x
-
r
a
y
i
m
a
g
e
a
n
d
C
B
C
T
im
a
g
e
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
d
o
n
e
b
y
C
h
o
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
t
h
e
m
u
lti
-
le
v
el
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
er
iap
ical
d
en
ta
l
i
m
a
g
e.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
f
ir
s
t
u
s
ed
h
i
s
to
g
r
a
m
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
ev
e
n
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
n
o
r
m
a
lizatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
i
m
ag
e,
a
f
f
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ted
b
y
lo
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d
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s
u
s
ed
d
u
r
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g
p
atien
t
i
m
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g
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On
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d
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th
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ite
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tiv
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to
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r
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m
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n
tr
a
s
li
m
i
ted
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
eq
u
aliza
tio
n
(
C
L
AHE
)
is
ad
o
p
ted
to
im
p
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o
v
i
s
e
lo
ca
l
co
n
tr
ast
o
f
th
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i
m
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g
e,
ca
r
r
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o
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t
w
i
th
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
le
v
el
o
f
co
n
tr
as
t
ad
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s
t
m
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.
F
u
r
t
h
er
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th
e
s
h
ar
p
n
ess
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t
h
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i
m
ag
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m
ai
n
tai
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u
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a
n
u
n
s
h
ar
p
m
as
k
i
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
.
Ka
m
ez
a
w
a
et
a
l
.
[
1
7
]
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
C
B
C
T
i
m
ag
e
ca
p
t
u
r
ed
w
it
h
a
lo
w
d
o
s
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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…
(
S
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J.
)
5021
an
d
i
m
a
g
e
-
g
u
id
ed
p
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t
p
o
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itio
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tr
o
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itab
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en
o
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ed
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m
ag
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
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tco
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e
d
em
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tr
ate
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ed
g
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p
r
eser
v
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g
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tech
n
iq
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e
ac
h
ie
v
es
h
ig
h
er
n
o
i
s
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
Yin
et
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
p
r
esen
te
d
a
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
-
b
a
s
ed
n
o
is
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
C
B
C
T
im
ag
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t.
T
h
r
es
h
o
ld
in
g
is
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
w
av
ele
t
co
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f
ic
ien
t
m
ag
n
it
u
d
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d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
d
if
f
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t
p
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as
ir
r
eg
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lar
an
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r
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lar
co
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f
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s
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B
ased
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C
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to
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tco
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h
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cr
ea
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o
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P
SNR
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iev
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b
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t
h
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
.
Am
ir
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
p
o
s
itio
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n
g
er
r
o
r
in
a
p
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o
r
am
ic
d
e
n
tal
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m
ag
e.
T
h
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d
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g
h
li
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ted
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d
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e
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p
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g
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r
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th
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ag
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ev
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co
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C
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t
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x
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An
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ca
r
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Ka
n
d
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et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
th
is
,
th
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au
t
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v
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Gr
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ased
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n
th
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t
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d
y
o
f
Nai
k
et
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l
.
[
2
1
]
,
w
h
er
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t
h
e
a
u
th
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s
h
av
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f
o
c
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en
ta
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T
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tu
d
y
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m
ed
to
ev
a
lu
ate
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f
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ce
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h
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t
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ex
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ed
d
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ta
l i
m
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g
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Qass
i
m
et
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
ev
al
u
ated
d
if
f
er
en
t
e
n
h
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ce
m
e
n
t
tec
h
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.
T
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s
id
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lo
g
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m
GC
M
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
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t
h
i
s
to
g
r
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m
-
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
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o
f
ea
c
h
tec
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iq
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e
w
as
co
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d
u
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f
o
r
a
p
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ticu
lar
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m
a
g
e.
T
h
e
o
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tco
m
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
th
at
C
L
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is
th
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m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
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tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
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p
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v
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b
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ig
h
t
n
ess
in
t
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m
a
g
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d
er
a
n
al
y
s
is
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
is
j
u
s
t
if
ied
b
ased
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t
h
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v
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u
a
l
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tco
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e
an
d
le
s
s
o
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th
e
q
u
an
tifie
d
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e.
T
h
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
s
in
g
le
-
s
ca
le
r
etin
ex
b
ased
i
m
ag
e
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
is
also
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
Dai
an
d
Z
h
a
n
g
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
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m
p
r
o
v
is
ed
th
e
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tio
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r
etin
ex
m
ec
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a
n
is
m
,
an
d
b
ased
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n
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h
i
s
to
g
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m
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
,
th
e
d
en
tal
i
m
ag
e
w
a
s
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
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ed
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ce
n
o
is
e
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f
f
ec
t
s
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th
e
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h
a
n
ce
d
i
m
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a
d
en
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f
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n
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f
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w
ei
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ted
co
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f
icie
n
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
is
i
n
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
.
Geo
r
g
iev
a
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
a
d
o
p
ted
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
C
L
A
HE
a
n
d
m
at
h
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m
atica
l
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
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p
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to
d
etec
t
ca
r
ies
in
t
h
e
d
en
ta
l
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m
a
g
e.
On
th
e
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th
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h
an
d
,
t
h
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v
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tech
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iq
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to
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m
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it
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.
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n
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m
en
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C
B
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ag
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n
e
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n
t
h
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s
tu
d
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K
h
attar
et
a
l
.
[
2
5
]
to
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
f
ea
t
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r
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to
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is
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d
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tic
t
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.
A
n
e
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m
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t
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ased
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m
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-
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ex
is
ap
p
lied
to
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d
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m
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g
e.
T
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f
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m
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ce
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f
t
h
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p
r
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tech
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iq
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is
a
s
s
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s
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ag
ain
s
t
C
L
AHE
an
d
h
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s
to
g
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eq
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aliza
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(
HE
)
.
T
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ad
d
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ess
i
m
a
g
e
q
u
alit
y
i
m
p
er
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ec
tio
n
s
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ased
o
n
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
.
2
.1
.
I
m
ple
m
e
nta
t
io
ns
o
f
prepro
ce
s
s
ing
t
ec
hn
i
qu
e
s
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
s
tr
ate
g
y
ad
o
p
ted
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
s
tep
s
an
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
G
a
mm
a
c
o
rr
ec
t
io
n
Sin
ce
t
h
e
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
es
co
n
t
ain
th
e
te
x
t
u
r
e
o
f
m
a
x
illo
f
ac
ial
o
b
j
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
j
a
w
s
a
n
d
teeth
,
th
e
m
ed
ical
i
m
ag
i
n
g
m
o
d
alitie
s
u
s
e
a
m
ap
p
in
g
f
u
n
c
tio
n
k
n
o
w
n
as
p
o
w
er
-
la
w
-
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
p
la
y
i
n
g
i
m
a
g
es.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
a
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ca
lled
g
a
m
m
a
f
al
s
if
icatio
n
o
f
te
n
o
cc
u
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
i
m
a
g
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
tec
h
n
ical
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
i
th
i
m
ag
i
n
g
m
o
d
alities
.
T
h
is
h
a
s
a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
tr
is
ti
m
u
lu
s
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ea
c
h
p
ix
el
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e,
ca
u
s
i
n
g
an
o
u
tp
u
t
i
m
ag
e
w
it
h
lo
w
c
o
n
tr
ast
a
n
d
u
n
ev
e
n
il
lu
m
i
n
a
n
ce
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
d
e
n
tal
i
m
a
g
in
g
(
d
I
m
)
i
n
clu
d
e
s
th
e
g
r
a
m
m
a
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
I
n
t
h
e
GC
M,
t
h
e
p
ix
e
l
v
alu
e
is
co
n
t
r
o
lled
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
p
i
x
el
d
at
a
an
d
t
h
e
G
C
M
(
γ
)
v
alu
e
to
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
h
id
d
en
d
etails
in
t
h
e
b
r
ig
h
ter
an
d
d
ar
k
ar
ea
to
th
e
HV
S.
Fu
n
d
a
m
en
t
all
y
,
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
m
ap
p
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
i
x
el
(
p
)
is
m
ap
p
ed
as
f
(
p
)
→
f
′
(
p
)
s
u
c
h
th
at
t
h
e
G
C
M
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
1
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
E
va
lu
a
tin
g
s
p
a
tia
l a
n
d
fr
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
o
ma
in
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t te
ch
n
iq
u
es o
n
d
en
ta
l ima
g
es to
…
(
S
h
a
s
h
ika
la
J.
)
5023
(
dIE
)
=
255
×
(
dI
(
)
/
255
)
1
/
(
1
)
W
h
er
e,
f
(
)
GC
M
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
GC
M
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
,
d
I
E
GC
M
co
r
r
ec
ted
d
en
tal
i
m
ag
e
an
d
dI
(
)
in
p
u
t
i
m
a
g
e
p
ix
el
p
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
s
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
itize
th
e
r
a
w
d
en
tal
i
m
ag
e
w
it
h
lo
w
er
v
is
u
al
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
,
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t i
s
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
al
u
es o
f
γ
s
et
←
0
.
1
:
1
.
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
:
De
n
tal
i
m
a
g
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
u
s
i
n
g
Input: Input dental image (dIm)
Output: Enhanced dental Image (dIE)
Start
1.
Import dIm
DB
2.
Check dIm: (dIm)rgb
f1(dIm)gray
3.
Initialize,
γ
a.
γ
←
{
0
.
1
:
1
}
4.
dIE
f
γ
(
dIm
)
//
from (
1)
5.
Check: with different values of
γ
a.
If desired result is found
b.
stop and Return
6.
Output: dIE
Enhanced dental image
End
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
tak
e
s
i
n
p
u
t
as
a
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
e
d
I
m
,
a
n
d
a
f
t
er
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
G
C
M,
it
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
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n
tr
a
s
t
-
ad
j
u
s
ted
i
m
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g
e
d
I
E
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
m
p
o
r
ts
t
h
e
d
I
m
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
atab
ase
an
d
c
h
ec
k
s
t
h
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
ize
to
co
n
v
er
t
it
in
to
a
g
r
a
y
s
ca
le
i
m
a
g
e
(
L
i
n
e
1
,
2
)
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
r
ed
,
g
r
ee
n
,
d
an
b
lu
e
(
R
GB
)
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
e
to
g
r
a
y
s
ca
le
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
ef
f
ici
en
c
y
w
h
ile
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
p
r
ep
r
o
c
ess
i
n
g
o
v
er
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
i
m
ag
e.
I
n
th
e
n
e
x
t
s
tep
,
a
v
ar
iab
le
γ
as
a
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
is
in
itialized
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
id
er
s
its
v
al
u
es
i
n
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
.
1
:1
to
ev
alu
ate
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
i
n
p
u
t
i
m
ag
e
w
i
th
v
ar
y
i
n
g
v
al
u
e
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
s
u
itab
le
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
i
m
ag
e
(
L
i
n
e
3
)
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
e
n
h
an
ce
d
i
m
a
g
e
w
it
h
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
γ
is
c
o
m
p
u
ted
u
s
i
n
g
(
1
)
(
L
i
n
e
4
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tep
(
L
in
e
4
)
w
ill b
e
r
ep
ea
ted
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
γ
v
alu
es to
e
v
alu
a
te
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
i
m
a
g
e
q
u
ali
t
y
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
H
is
t
o
g
ra
m
t
ec
hn
i
qu
es
His
to
g
r
a
m
-
b
a
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
in
m
ed
ical
i
m
a
g
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
d
en
tal
i
m
ag
e
r
ep
r
ese
n
ts
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ili
t
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
o
f
g
r
a
y
v
alu
e
s
an
d
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
co
n
tr
as
t
is
lo
w
,
d
ar
k
,
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
an
d
t
h
e
v
is
u
al
q
u
al
it
y
o
f
th
e
i
m
a
g
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
(
2
)
is
b
ein
g
a
s
:
{
Histogr
a
m
W
e
ighte
d
to
R
ight
Hitogr
a
m
we
i
ghte
d
to
l
e
ft
Dis
tr
ib
ute
d
B
r
ight
Da
r
k
G
ood
q
ua
l
ity
(
2
)
T
h
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
o
f
an
in
p
u
t
i
m
ag
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
an
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
v
is
u
al
s
tatis
tic
s
in
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e.
T
h
e
h
is
to
g
r
am
o
f
an
y
i
m
ag
e
i
s
a
p
lo
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
h
i
s
t
(
i)
an
d
in
te
n
s
it
y
lev
e
ls
(
n
i
∈
).
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
ev
a
lu
at
io
n
o
f
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
-
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
i
m
a
g
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
in
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
s
u
b
-
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
ℎ
(
)
=
ℎ
=
0
,
1
,
2
…
(
3
)
2
.2
.
H
is
t
o
g
ra
m
eq
ua
liza
t
io
n
His
to
g
r
a
m
eq
u
aliza
tio
n
(
HE
)
g
en
er
ate
s
i
m
a
g
es
w
i
th
p
o
s
s
ib
l
y
th
e
s
a
m
e
i
n
te
n
s
it
y
lev
e
l
in
th
e
en
tire
i
m
a
g
e.
T
h
e
eq
u
aliza
tio
n
i
n
te
n
s
it
y
le
v
el
g
e
n
er
ates
a
n
i
m
ag
e
w
it
h
an
u
p
-
s
ca
led
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
an
g
e,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
n
tr
ast.
I
n
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
a
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
ap
p
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
T
f
()
ex
p
an
d
s
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
i
n
te
n
s
i
t
y
v
alu
e
s
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
r
an
g
e
0
:1
,
lead
in
g
to
a
co
n
tr
ast
-
en
h
a
n
ce
d
im
a
g
e.
T
h
e
HE
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
f
u
n
c
tio
n
T
f
()
r
ef
er
s
to
cu
m
u
la
tiv
e
-
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
d
escr
ib
ed
is
b
ein
g
as
:
(
)
=
∑
ℎ
(
)
:
=
0
(
)
=
⌊
−
1
∑
=
0
⌋
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
5
0
1
9
-
5
0
3
3
5024
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
clu
d
es
e
s
ti
m
ati
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ix
el
s
i
n
te
n
s
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ea
ch
p
ix
el
in
ten
s
it
y
i
n
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
i
m
a
g
e.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
al
s
o
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
c
u
m
u
lati
v
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ct
io
n
(
C
DF
)
an
d
th
e
n
m
u
ltip
lie
s
it
b
y
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
d
ef
in
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
im
a
g
e.
I
n
th
e
n
e
x
t
s
tep
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
e
s
th
e
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
f
u
n
ct
io
n
to
m
ap
t
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
p
ix
el
v
al
u
e
s
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
lo
w
e
s
t
in
te
g
er
v
alu
e
s
,
w
h
ic
h
t
u
r
n
s
o
u
t in
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
p
ix
el
i
n
ten
s
it
y
v
al
u
e
i
n
an
i
m
a
g
e
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
er
co
n
tr
ast.
2
.3
.
CL
AH
E
C
L
AHE
is
an
o
t
h
er
tech
n
iq
u
e
b
ased
o
n
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
as
an
ad
v
an
ce
d
v
er
s
i
o
n
o
f
HE
.
C
L
AHE
o
v
er
co
m
es
th
e
o
v
er
-
b
r
ig
h
t
n
es
s
p
r
o
b
le
m
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
HE
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
g
o
o
d
r
esu
lt
s
o
n
d
e
n
tal
i
m
a
g
es
.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
C
L
A
H
E
-
b
ased
d
en
tal
i
m
ag
e
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t a
r
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
is
b
ein
g
as
:
1.
Div
id
e
th
e
i
n
p
u
t d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
e
in
to
ev
e
n
s
ize
s
M
x
N
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
b
lo
ck
s
.
2.
C
o
m
p
u
te
th
e
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
f
o
r
ea
ch
b
lo
ck
.
3.
C
o
m
p
u
te
co
n
tr
ast
-
li
m
ited
h
is
t
o
g
r
a
m
f
o
r
ea
ch
b
lo
ck
.
4.
C
o
m
p
u
te
m
ea
n
p
ix
el
s
.
o
=
(
)
/
,
w
h
er
e,
d
I
x
,
d
I
y
is
t
h
e
d
en
tal
i
m
ag
e
p
i
x
el
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
,
g
i
s
th
e
g
r
a
y
le
v
els
.
5.
L
i
m
it
f
o
r
co
n
tr
ast
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
C
E
is
g
i
v
e
n
,
an
d
C
L
is
th
e
ac
tu
al
cl
ip
li
m
it,
s
u
ch
th
a
t
=
(
1
+
100
(
−
1
)
)
,
w
h
er
e
M,
N
ar
e
t
h
e
p
i
x
els
an
d
g
r
a
y
le
v
el
i
n
ea
c
h
b
lo
ck
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
attr
ib
u
te
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
clip
li
m
it
f
ac
to
r
,
an
d
C
E
is
th
e
co
n
tr
a
s
t
ex
p
an
s
io
n
li
m
i
t
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
u
n
ct
io
n
.
T
h
e
attr
ib
u
te
r
an
g
es b
et
w
ee
n
0
:1
0
0
,
th
e
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
s
lo
p
e
in
ea
ch
m
ap
p
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
ill
b
e
(
1
-
C
E
)
.
6.
C
lip
th
e
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
a
n
d
th
e
n
u
s
e
th
e
clip
p
ed
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
s
to
ca
l
cu
late
t
h
e
C
D
F
.
7.
I
m
p
r
o
v
e
I
v
(
in
ten
s
it
y
v
al
u
es)
u
s
in
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
R
a
y
lei
g
h
g
i
v
en
b
y
:
r
(
i
)
=
lb
+
√
2
2
(
1
1
−
)
8.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
I
v
o
f
t
h
at
p
ix
el
s
,
f
i
n
d
its
m
ap
p
i
n
g
b
ased
o
n
t
h
ei
r
DF v
alu
e.
9.
E
li
m
i
n
ate
u
n
w
i
lli
n
g
ar
ti
f
ac
t
s
at
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
v
ia
b
ili
n
ea
r
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
.
2
.4
.
I
m
a
g
e
s
ca
lin
g
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
also
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ates
t
h
e
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
th
e
i
m
ag
e
s
ca
li
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
m
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
t
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
t
h
at
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
i
m
a
g
e
ca
n
b
e
r
esized
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
m
e
m
o
r
y
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
m
e
th
o
d
s
av
ai
lab
le
f
o
r
i
m
a
g
e
s
ca
lin
g
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
,
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
b
ased
o
n
n
ea
r
e
s
t
-
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
i
s
s
i
m
p
le
an
d
h
a
s
a
f
aster
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
Den
tal
i
m
a
g
e
(
d
I
)
s
ca
lin
g
u
s
in
g
n
ea
r
est
-
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
ca
n
b
e
g
i
v
e
n
is
b
e
in
g
a
s
:
′
=
(
,
,
)
=
(
(
,
)
)
=
(
(
,
)
)
W
h
er
e,
′
in
d
icate
d
s
ca
led
d
en
t
al
i
m
a
g
e,
r
ef
e
r
s
to
t
h
e
s
ca
li
n
g
f
u
n
ct
io
n
,
o
r
ig
in
al
in
p
u
t
d
en
ta
l
i
m
a
g
e,
is
th
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
(
r
o
w
-
w
is
e)
s
ca
lin
g
r
atio
,
an
d
is
v
er
tical
(
c
o
lu
m
n
-
w
i
s
e)
s
ca
lin
g
r
atio
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
(
)
an
d
()
is
th
e
s
ca
li
n
g
f
u
n
c
tio
n
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t to
r
o
w
a
n
d
co
lu
m
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
S
h
o
w
s
a
g
e
n
er
ic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
i
m
a
g
e
s
ca
li
n
g
T
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t s
tep
s
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
e
g
i
v
en
w
i
th
a
s
i
m
p
le
e
x
a
m
p
le
i
s
b
ein
g
as
:
1.
I
m
p
2.
o
r
t in
p
u
t i
m
ag
e
to
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
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E
va
lu
a
tin
g
s
p
a
tia
l a
n
d
fr
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
o
ma
in
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t te
ch
n
iq
u
es o
n
d
en
ta
l ima
g
es to
…
(
S
h
a
s
h
ika
la
J.
)
5025
3.
C
o
m
p
u
te
th
e
s
ize
o
f
i
n
p
u
t i
m
a
g
e:
[
,
]
←
4.
Def
i
n
e
n
e
w
s
ize
f
o
r
i
n
ter
p
o
latio
n
to
g
et
o
u
tp
u
t i
m
a
g
e:
[
,
]
←
′
5.
C
o
m
p
u
te
th
e
r
atio
o
f
n
e
w
s
ize
w
it
h
i
n
p
u
t i
m
a
g
e
s
ize:
6.
←
/
7.
←
/
8.
C
o
m
p
u
te
in
ter
p
o
lated
p
o
s
itio
n
:
9.
R
o
w
-
w
i
s
e:
←
(
(
×
)
/
)
10.
C
o
lu
m
n
-
w
is
e:
←
(
(
×
)
/
)
11.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
m
atr
ix
o
f
ze
r
o
s
:
[
]
12.
I
n
ter
p
o
late:
[
,
]
→
[
]
13.
I
n
ter
p
o
lated
m
atr
i
x
←
′
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
i
m
ag
e
s
ca
l
in
g
i
s
th
at
it
ca
n
m
ai
n
tai
n
t
h
e
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
s
ize
o
f
all
in
p
u
t
d
en
tal
i
m
ag
e
s
in
t
h
e
d
ataset
to
as
s
ess
th
e
li
n
ea
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
au
to
m
ated
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
o
p
er
ativ
e
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
s
in
th
e
d
e
n
tal
i
m
p
lan
t.
2
.5
.
E
v
a
lua
t
i
o
n o
f
lin
ea
r
a
n
d no
n
-
lin
ea
r
enha
nce
m
ent
t
ec
hn
iq
ues
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
li
n
ea
r
an
d
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
to
ad
d
r
ess
h
ig
h
le
v
el
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
n
o
is
e
in
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
at
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
lev
el
s
.
2
.
5
.
1
.
L
inea
r
e
nh
a
nce
m
ent
L
i
n
ea
r
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
is
u
s
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
es
d
eg
r
ad
ed
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
I
n
t
h
is
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
t
h
e
li
n
ea
r
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
n
o
is
e
an
d
e
n
h
a
n
ce
s
t
h
e
co
n
tr
ast
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
es.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
d
en
tal
i
m
ag
e
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
a
li
n
ea
r
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t is
g
iv
e
n
is
b
ei
n
g
as
:
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
:
L
i
n
ea
r
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t f
o
r
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
e
Input: dI
Output: dI
E
Start
1.
[Rs, Cs]
f1
(
dIx, dIy
)
2.
Compute: q1 and q2, such that
3.
q1
Rs/2 and q2
cr/2
4.
Initialize, hF, lF, c1,
c2
5.
Construct denoising vector: F such that
[
F
⃗
]
←
(
hF
,
lF
)
x
(
1
−
e
−
c1
(
√
(
(
x
−
q1
/
2
)
2
+
(
x
−
q2
/
2
)
2
c2
⁄
)
)
)
6.
For
∀
(
x, y
)
∈
dI
7.
Apply log:
(
)
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
←
∑
[
lo
g
(
)
+
1
]
8.
Apply: FFT
9.
Z(dI)
f2(
(
)
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
)
10.
FdI
⨀
11.
Apply inverse FFT: ILfdI
f3(
FdI
)
12.
Apply inverse Log: dI
e
|
|
End
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
s
o
n
th
e
d
e
n
tal
i
m
ag
e
d
I
in
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
o
m
ai
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ta
k
es
i
n
p
u
t
as
v
ar
iab
le
d
I
an
d
co
m
p
u
te
s
t
h
e
s
ize
as
r
o
w
'R
s
''
a
n
d
t
h
e
co
lu
m
n
''Cs
''
u
s
i
n
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
1
(
)
w
it
h
a
n
in
p
u
t
ar
g
u
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
en
tal
i
m
ag
e
d
I
(
L
i
n
e
1)
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
e
n
co
m
p
u
te
s
q
1
an
d
q
2
as
th
e
ce
n
tr
o
id
a
l
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
n
o
is
i
n
g
v
ec
to
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
(
L
i
n
e
2
,
3
)
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
itia
lizes
f
o
u
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
h
F
(
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
-
e
f
f
icie
n
t)
,
lF
(
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
-
e
f
f
icie
n
t)
,
{c
1
,
c2
}
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ad
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
co
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
s
(
L
in
e
4
)
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
ix
el
x
,
y
o
f
d
I
d
en
o
is
in
g
v
ec
to
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
tak
e
s
p
lace
[
]
,
(
lin
e
5
,
6
)
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
li
n
ea
r
o
p
er
atio
n
in
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
o
m
ai
n
,
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
d
I
is
co
m
p
u
ted
u
s
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
2
()
,
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
f
as
t
Fo
u
r
ier
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
FF
T
tak
e
s
p
lac
e
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
d
I
(
li
n
e
6
-
9
)
.
T
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
p
er
atio
n
is
t
h
e
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
o
t
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
v
ec
to
r
F
an
d
Z
(
d
I
)
in
p
u
t
d
I
in
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
o
m
ai
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
to
ac
h
iev
e
d
en
o
is
ed
i
m
a
g
e
F
d
I
in
its
o
r
ig
in
al
d
o
m
ain
,
i
n
v
er
s
e
f
a
s
t
f
o
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r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
FFT
)
u
s
i
n
g
f
u
n
cti
o
n
f
3
an
d
in
v
er
s
e
lo
g
ar
it
h
m
i
c
o
p
er
atio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
s
eq
u
en
tiall
y
(
L
in
e
1
1
,
1
2
)
,
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
in
al
o
u
tp
u
t
a
s
d
I
E
,
i.e
.
,
lin
ea
r
e
n
h
an
ce
d
i
m
a
g
e.
T
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
a
l
in
e
ar
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
p
er
atio
n
is
t
h
at
it
y
ield
s
b
etter
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
v
er
i
n
p
u
t
i
m
a
g
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
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an
d
o
m
n
o
is
e,
a
n
d
also
,
i
t
o
v
er
co
m
es t
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
o
v
er
b
r
ig
h
tn
e
s
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
5
0
1
9
-
5
0
3
3
5026
2
.
5
.
2
.
I
nd
irec
t
enha
nce
m
e
nt
A
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
to
ad
d
r
e
s
s
p
o
o
r
im
a
g
e
q
u
a
lit
y
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
-
le
v
el
n
o
is
e
a
n
d
lack
o
f
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
i
n
t
h
e
ed
g
es
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
d
I
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
u
s
es
a
n
o
n
l
i
n
ea
r
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
o
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
d
I
as
a
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic
s
i
n
g
le
-
ch
a
n
n
el
in
t
en
s
it
y
i
m
ag
e.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
s
tep
s
o
f
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t a
r
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
is
b
ein
g
as
:
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
: N
o
n
li
n
ea
r
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t f
o
r
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
e
Input: dI
Output: dI
E
Start
1.
[Rs, Cs]
f1
(
dIx, y
)
2.
Initialize Iter
3.
Compute: maxrgb
f
2(dI)
4.
Perform initial spacing: Is
5.
=
∑
2
(
(
3
(
,
)
)
)
−
1
−
1
,
=
1
6.
Construct
reference pixel: RP
7.
Rp
=
m
a
x
r
gb
(
∑
q
R
sC
s
N
Rs
,
Cs
)
a.
and q=1
8.
condition |Is| >= 1
a.
for Iter
L2R Is
f
4(0, S)
U2D Is
f
4(S, 0)
9.
Compute transitional product: Tp
a.
Tp
(
∑
∑
(
,
)
−
Cs
1
−
Rs
1
)
+
(
∑
∑
dI
(
Rs
,
Cs
)
Cs
+
1
Rs
+
1
)
−
(
∑
∑
(
Rs
,
Cs
)
−
Cs
1
−
Rs
1
)
10.
Update: I
=
(
−
)
/
2
11.
dI
E
n
R
p
=
(
Tp
+
Rp
)
2
⁄
End
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
co
m
p
u
te
s
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
i
m
a
g
e
u
s
i
n
g
f
u
n
ct
io
n
f
1
(
)
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
o
w
s
ize
''Rs
'
an
d
co
lu
m
n
s
ize
'
C
s
'
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
(
L
in
e
-
1
)
.
I
n
th
e
n
e
x
t
s
tep
,
a
v
ar
iab
le
I
ter
(
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
)
is
in
i
tialized
to
co
m
p
u
te
a
n
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
i
m
ag
e
u
n
til
a
b
etter
o
u
tp
u
t
i
m
a
g
e
i
s
ac
h
ie
v
ed
(
L
in
e
2
)
.
An
e
x
p
li
cit
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
2
()
is
ap
p
lied
o
v
er
d
I
to
s
to
r
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
co
lo
r
v
al
u
e
'm
a
x
r
g
b
'
o
f
d
I
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
r
e
f
er
en
ce
i
m
ag
e
h
av
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
ize
o
f
a
n
in
p
u
t i
m
a
g
e
d
I
(
L
in
e
-
3
)
.
I
n
th
e
n
e
x
t step
,
th
e
in
i
tial sp
ac
i
n
g
b
et
w
ee
n
e
ac
h
p
ix
el
o
f
d
I
g
et
s
co
m
p
u
ted
b
ased
o
n
w
h
ic
h
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
(
L
in
e
5
,
6
)
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
ix
el
(
R
p
)
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
L
in
e
-
7
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
a
tr
ix
i
s
cr
ea
ted
w
it
h
m
a
x
r
g
b
an
d
m
ai
n
tai
n
s
it
s
s
ize
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
R
s
a
n
d
C
s
o
f
d
I
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
a
co
n
d
itio
n
is
c
h
ec
k
ed
f
o
r
th
e
in
itia
lized
I
ter
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
a
s
p
ac
in
g
co
u
n
t is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t to
eli
m
i
n
ate
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t p
ix
el
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
l
v
es
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
s
p
ac
in
g
co
u
n
t
-
(
le
f
t
-
to
-
r
i
g
h
t
L
2
R
)
an
d
v
er
tical
s
p
ac
i
n
g
co
u
n
t
(
U2
D
u
p
-
to
-
d
o
w
n
)
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
c
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
m
ap
p
in
g
o
f
th
e
li
n
ea
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
ix
el
o
v
er
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
p
ix
el
(
L
in
e
-
8
)
an
d
eli
m
i
n
ate
s
th
e
n
o
n
-
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
p
ix
el
v
al
u
es
a
s
w
ell
a
s
m
a
in
tai
n
s
th
e
e
v
en
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
il
lu
m
i
n
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
p
ac
in
g
co
u
n
t
b
et
w
e
en
ea
ch
p
ix
e
l
o
f
th
e
d
I
.
I
n
th
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
o
f
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
u
te
s
a
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct
(
T
P)
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
n
e
w
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
ix
el
m
atr
ix
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
b
tain
ed
af
ter
th
e
s
p
ac
in
g
co
u
n
t
in
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tep
(
L
in
e
-
1
0
)
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
in
i
tial
s
p
ac
i
n
g
g
ets
u
p
d
ated
(
L
in
e
-
1
1
)
,
an
d
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ata
in
ter
c
h
an
g
e,
(
E
d
I
)
g
ets
co
m
p
u
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
n
e
w
r
e
f
er
en
ce
p
i
x
e
l
(
n
R
p
)
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
tak
e
p
r
o
f
it
(
TP
)
an
d
r
o
lep
lay
i
n
g
(
RP
)
(
L
in
e
1
2
)
.
2
.6
.
E
v
a
lua
t
i
o
n o
f
lo
w
lig
ht
i
m
a
g
e
enha
nce
m
ent
T
h
e
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
es
ca
p
t
u
r
ed
i
n
a
lo
w
-
li
g
h
te
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
ar
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
lo
w
v
is
ib
i
lit
y
,
p
o
o
r
co
n
tr
ast,
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
o
i
s
e,
w
h
ic
h
d
eg
r
ad
es
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
b
y
HVS
an
d
af
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
ad
v
er
tis
i
n
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
(
A
D
S
)
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
lo
w
l
i
g
h
t d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
e
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t b
ase
d
o
n
an
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
h
az
e
r
e
m
o
v
al
alg
o
r
it
h
m
a
n
d
ed
g
e
-
p
r
eser
v
i
n
g
f
u
n
ct
io
n
f
o
r
n
o
is
e
r
e
m
o
v
al
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
b
etter
q
u
alit
y
o
f
t
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
e.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
tak
e
s
in
p
u
t
d
en
tal
i
m
ag
e
d
I
g
ets
a
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
I
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
le
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
i
m
ag
e
i
s
co
m
p
u
ted
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
o
p
er
atio
n
w
h
er
e
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
i
m
a
g
e
d
I
i
s
s
u
b
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
co
lo
r
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
i
m
a
g
e
(
L
in
e
-
1
)
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
o
f
th
e
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
,
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
1
(
)
is
ap
p
lied
to
p
er
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o
r
m
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
p
er
atio
n
s
u
s
i
n
g
a
h
az
e
r
e
m
o
v
al
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
(
L
i
n
e
-
2
)
.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
t
w
o
s
tep
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
p
r
i
m
ar
y
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
co
m
p
u
te
a
m
o
r
e
en
h
an
ce
d
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
in
p
u
t
i
m
a
g
e
d
I
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
a
s
i
m
ilar
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
co
m
p
le
m
en
t
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
u
s
i
n
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
1
(
)
o
v
er
H1
p
r
im
ar
y
e
n
h
an
ce
d
i
m
ag
e
(
L
in
e
-
2
to
5
)
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
ed
d
en
tal
i
m
ag
e
H2
is
t
h
e
n
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
an
o
th
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
f
2
(
)
,
w
h
ic
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
a
s
m
o
o
t
h
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
it
p
r
eser
v
e
s
d
etailed
ed
g
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
i
n
th
e
f
i
n
al
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
E
va
lu
a
tin
g
s
p
a
tia
l a
n
d
fr
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
o
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in
en
h
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n
ce
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t te
ch
n
iq
u
es o
n
d
en
ta
l ima
g
es to
…
(
S
h
a
s
h
ika
la
J.
)
5027
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
e
I
d
E
(
L
in
e
-
6
)
.
T
h
is
o
p
er
atio
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
lo
w
lig
h
ti
n
g
co
n
d
iti
o
n
o
n
th
e
i
m
ag
e.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
etter
v
is
ib
ilit
y
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
d
I
i
m
ag
e,
h
ig
h
li
g
h
tin
g
o
b
j
ec
ts
w
i
th
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
f
o
r
eg
r
o
u
n
d
v
i
e
w
.
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
:
L
o
w
-
li
g
h
t D
e
n
ta
l I
m
ag
e
E
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
Input: dI
Output: dIE
Start
1.
Complement: CdI
255
-
dI
2.
H1
f1(CdI)
3.
Complement:H1
255
-
H1
4.
H2
f1(H1)
5.
Complement:H2
255
-
H2
6.
dIE
f2(H2)
End
2
.7
.
E
v
a
lua
t
i
o
n o
f
o
pti
m
iza
t
io
n in e
nh
a
nce
m
e
nt
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
also
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
a
n
atu
r
e
-
i
n
s
p
ir
ed
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
o
p
ti
m
ized
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
n
i
n
p
u
t
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
s
a
n
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
o
n
s
w
ar
m
-
b
a
s
ed
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
s
tep
s
in
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
in
t
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
is
b
ein
g
as
:
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
i
n
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
Input: dI (Dental Image)
Output: dIE (Enhanced dental image)
Start
1.
Init, Iter, Iw, x, v, P
2.
Init, particles
3.
For each Iter
a.
Compute: Iw
−
(
−
)
×
(
)
4.
For P
5.
dIE
f
2(dI)
6.
Fit
f3 (dIE, [r, c])
7.
Fitbest
f4(Fit)
8.
If fv < P(x)
9.
pbest = P
10.
end
11.
gbest = Fit
12.
End
13.
End
14.
Update: v
15.
Update: x
16.
Continue: required criteria met
17.
Stop
End
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ta
k
es
in
p
u
t
v
a
lu
e
as
d
I
an
d
g
en
er
ates
en
h
a
n
ce
d
d
en
tal
i
m
a
g
e
(
E
d
I
)
af
ter
ex
ec
u
tio
n
w
it
h
a
n
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
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n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
,
th
e
i
n
it
ial
izes
t
h
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
p
ac
e
v
ar
iab
les
as
m
a
x
-
iter
atio
n
(
I
ter
)
,
in
er
tial
w
ei
g
h
t
(
I
w
)
,
p
ar
ticle
p
o
s
itio
n
(
x
)
,
p
ar
ticl
e
v
elo
cit
y
(
v
)
,
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
(
P
)
(
L
in
e
1
)
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
itial
izes
p
ar
ticle
s
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
I
ter
to
co
m
p
u
te
a
n
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
i
m
ag
e
(
L
in
e
2
)
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
I
ter
,
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
I
w
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
o
p
tim
a
l
s
et
f
o
r
p
ar
am
eter
s
i
n
itialized
.
I
t
also
m
ea
n
s
th
at
t
h
e
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
ar
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
ea
ch
p
a
r
ticle
o
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
(
L
i
n
e
3
)
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
p
ar
ticle
s
ize,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
co
m
p
u
te
s
en
h
an
ce
d
d
I
u
s
i
n
g
f
u
n
ct
io
n
f
2
(
)
w
it
h
an
i
n
p
u
t
ar
g
u
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
I
,
an
d
in
itial
p
ar
ticle
p
o
s
itio
n
(
L
i
n
e
-
5
)
.
Her
e
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
x
2
(
)
r
ef
er
s
to
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
p
er
atio
n
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
i
m
ag
e.
I
n
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
tep
o
f
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
d
is
cr
ete
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
3
(
)
w
it
h
a
n
i
n
p
u
t
ar
g
u
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
h
an
ce
d
i
m
a
g
e
an
d
s
ize
o
f
a
n
i
m
a
g
e
(
m
,
n
)
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
f
it
n
es
s
v
a
lu
e
F
it
(
L
i
n
e
-
6
)
.
T
h
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
e
i
n
Fit
m
a
x
g
et
s
co
m
p
u
ted
(
L
in
e
7
)
.
T
h
e
g
b
est
is
co
m
p
u
ted
as
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
P
b
est
(
L
i
n
e
9
-
1
1
)
,
an
d
u
p
d
atin
g
o
f
p
ar
ticle
n
e
w
p
o
s
it
io
n
x
an
d
v
elo
cit
y
v
i
s
co
n
ti
n
u
ed
till
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
m
atc
h
ed
(
L
i
n
e1
4
to
1
7
)
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
n
a
n
u
m
er
ical
co
m
p
u
tin
g
to
o
l
Ma
tL
ab
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
ese
n
t
s
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
d
i
s
cu
s
s
es
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
e
x
h
ib
ited
b
y
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
e
n
tal
x
-
r
a
y
i
m
ag
e
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t in
p
u
t i
m
ag
e
i
s
a
d
en
t
al
x
-
r
a
y
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
n
e
i
s
a
d
en
tal
C
B
C
T
i
m
ag
e.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
ea
ch
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
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er
2
0
2
1
:
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0
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9
-
5
0
3
3
5028
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
a
n
al
y
ze
d
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
q
u
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h
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is
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a
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tab
u
lated
in
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le
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d
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a
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le
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ab
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1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.