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s
to
g
en
er
ate
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
alo
n
g
w
i
th
d
is
p
at
ch
in
g
t
h
e
d
e
m
an
d
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
b
en
e
f
its
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
i
n
s
u
p
p
l
y
ch
ai
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
,
v
iz.
i)
en
h
a
n
ce
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
,
ii)
en
h
an
ce
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
ii
i)
m
a
g
n
if
ie
d
s
ch
e
m
e
o
f
s
h
ar
i
n
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
iv
)
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
w
o
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
v
)
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
ag
ilit
y
an
d
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
v
i)
ea
s
ier
c
o
m
p
lia
n
ce
,
a
n
d
v
ii)
b
et
ter
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
[
9
,
1
0
]
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
,
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
is
also
an
ticip
ated
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
op
er
atio
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
y
all
d
ep
en
d
u
p
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
attr
ib
u
te
s
,
s
u
ch
as,
les
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
q
u
alit
y
b
ased
is
s
u
e
s
,
o
p
tim
a
l
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
ti
lizatio
n
,
m
in
i
m
izatio
n
o
f
c
u
m
u
la
tiv
e
co
s
t
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
,
h
ig
h
l
y
co
n
tr
o
lled
w
ast
e
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
etc.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
in
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
f
ield
,
e.
g
.
,
th
e
au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
is
j
u
s
t
a
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
th
er
e
is
a
l
o
n
g
w
a
y
to
g
o
ev
e
n
to
o
f
f
er
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
ap
er
d
is
cu
s
s
es
o
n
e
s
u
c
h
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
w
h
er
e
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
co
n
ce
p
t
is
f
r
a
m
ed
u
p
o
v
er
a
u
to
m
o
ti
v
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
f
o
r
an
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ai
n
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t s
y
s
te
m
.
Su
p
p
l
y
C
h
a
in
4
.
0
is
a
n
u
p
co
m
i
n
g
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
w
h
ich
i
n
te
g
r
at
es
a
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
ch
a
in
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
s
tan
d
ar
d
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
is
m
o
r
e
i
n
cli
n
ed
to
w
ar
d
s
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
au
to
m
atio
n
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
w
ith
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
an
d
p
er
v
asi
v
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
er
e
is
a
s
co
p
e
f
o
r
in
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
h
i
g
h
er
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
d
is
r
u
p
ti
v
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
b
y
i
t
[
1
2
,
1
3
]
.
O
w
i
n
g
to
t
h
is
,
th
e
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ain
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ev
o
l
u
t
io
n
ized
,
an
d
it
also
g
av
e
r
is
e
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
its
w
o
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
cip
le.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
also
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
h
i
g
h
er
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
to
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
ch
ai
n
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
al
b
en
ef
its
[
1
4
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
b
ig
g
est
ch
a
llen
g
e
s
th
at
Su
p
p
l
y
C
h
ai
n
4
.
0
is
tar
g
eti
n
g
is
to
k
ee
p
a
b
alan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
d
y
n
a
m
ic
c
u
s
to
m
er
d
e
m
an
d
s
w
it
h
th
e
o
f
f
er
in
g
o
f
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
s
u
p
p
lies
[
1
5
]
.
A
clo
s
er
lo
o
k
at
t
h
e
p
icto
r
ial
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
S
u
p
p
l
y
C
h
ain
4
.
0
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
-
i
n
co
m
in
g
d
a
y
s
,
t
h
e
m
ac
h
in
e,
a
s
w
ell
a
s
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
ill
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
o
p
er
atio
n
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ee
t
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
n
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
,
t
h
e
au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
r
is
i
n
g
in
d
u
s
tr
ie
s
w
it
h
m
a
s
s
i
v
e
r
a
n
g
es
o
f
d
y
n
a
m
ic
cu
s
t
o
m
er
s
,
alo
n
g
w
it
h
a
h
ea
v
y
c
o
m
p
eti
tiv
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
au
to
m
o
b
ile
p
r
o
d
u
cts
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
s
u
c
h
ca
s
es,
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
th
e
au
to
m
o
b
ile
ar
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
in
au
to
m
o
b
ile
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
u
n
it
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
g
e
n
er
ated
m
ac
h
in
e
i
s
an
ticip
ated
to
o
f
f
er
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
ed
au
to
m
o
b
ile
p
a
r
ts
ar
e
th
en
d
is
p
atch
ed
f
r
o
m
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
u
n
it
s
to
s
to
ck
i
n
g
p
lan
t
s
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
/
m
ac
h
i
n
e
co
m
p
u
tes
th
e
ex
ac
t
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
s
to
ck
in
g
p
la
n
ts
f
r
o
m
a
g
iv
e
n
lis
t
o
f
s
t
o
ck
i
n
g
p
lan
t
s
.
I
t
w
ill
m
ea
n
t
h
at
th
e
m
ac
h
in
es
ar
e
m
a
k
i
n
g
all
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
o
f
f
er
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
to
ck
in
g
p
la
n
t
is
al
s
o
an
tic
ip
ated
to
u
s
e
r
o
b
o
ts
an
d
m
ec
h
an
ica
l
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
s
to
c
k
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
Var
io
u
s
w
ir
ele
s
s
an
d
m
o
b
ile
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies ar
e
a
ls
o
an
ticip
ated
to
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
w
i
th
i
n
th
e
s
to
ck
i
n
g
p
lan
ts
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
o
p
er
atio
n
is
h
i
g
h
l
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
n
at
u
r
e
w
h
ile
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
t
o
ck
in
g
p
la
n
ts
also
u
p
d
ate
w
ith
in
v
e
n
to
r
ies
o
f
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
s
y
s
te
m
/
m
ac
h
in
e
b
ased
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
au
to
m
o
b
ile
u
n
i
ts
a
s
p
er
t
h
e
d
e
m
an
d
s
r
ais
ed
b
y
t
h
e
u
s
er
s
o
v
er
ce
r
tai
n
a
p
p
licatio
n
th
a
t
r
u
n
s
o
n
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
ter
f
ac
e
o
f
Su
p
p
l
y
C
h
ai
n
4
.
0
.
A
n
o
t
h
er
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
tar
g
et
o
f
S
u
p
p
l
y
C
h
ai
n
4
.
0
is
t
o
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
[
1
9
,
2
0
]
.
I
f
th
e
d
ata
a
n
d
s
er
v
ices
a
r
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t,
th
e
n
it
ca
n
o
f
f
e
r
ex
ac
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
th
e
an
a
l
y
t
ics
t
h
at
ca
n
als
o
co
n
s
id
er
v
ar
io
u
s
in
ter
n
al
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
attr
ib
u
te
s
,
e.
g
.
,
w
ea
t
h
er
,
ch
a
n
n
el,
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
,
p
r
ices,
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
s
ales,
etc.
A
ll
th
i
s
d
y
n
a
m
ic
in
p
u
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
to
i
n
s
tr
u
c
t
th
e
a
u
to
m
o
b
ile
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
u
n
it
s
to
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
a
u
to
m
o
b
ile
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
T
h
e
id
ea
is
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
to
o
f
f
er
p
r
o
p
er
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
ch
ai
n
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
r
d
er
b
u
t
also
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
f
it
m
ar
g
i
n
o
f
all
th
e
p
ar
ties
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
ai
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
t
p
r
ese
n
t,
v
ar
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
to
w
ar
d
s
r
e
-
f
r
a
m
in
g
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
ai
n
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
in
th
e
v
ie
w
p
o
in
t
o
f
a
u
to
m
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
ce
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
clo
u
d
ec
o
s
ystem
o
v
er
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ain
o
p
er
atio
n
w
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
b
y
L
e
u
k
el
et
al.
[
2
1
]
.
Su
ch
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
co
u
ld
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
a
n
ce
i
f
an
al
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tical
-
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ased
m
o
d
ellin
g
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
Sriv
ath
s
a
n
an
d
Ka
m
ath
[
2
2
]
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
s
u
ch
a
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
in
g
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eq
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en
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s
o
lu
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p
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en
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ld
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d
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as
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o
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el
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ld
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e
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te
g
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ated
w
it
h
t
h
e
lo
g
ical
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ased
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n
ce
p
t
f
o
r
b
etter
r
e
s
ilie
n
c
y
.
P
av
lo
v
et
al.
[
2
3
]
h
a
v
e
u
s
ed
j
o
in
tl
y
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
m
o
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d
fu
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
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alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
t
h
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esil
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c
y
f
ac
t
o
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o
f
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ai
n
m
o
d
el.
L
iter
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r
e
h
a
s
al
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o
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itn
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ed
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ag
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o
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ti
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ased
ap
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m
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n
t
m
o
d
ell
in
g
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ai
n
s
.
W
an
g
et
al.
[
2
4
]
h
av
e
u
s
ed
a
g
en
etic
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
co
s
t
m
a
n
ag
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m
e
n
t
w
h
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t
h
e
s
u
p
p
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h
ai
n
is
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n
teg
r
ated
w
i
th
m
o
r
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
d
ev
ice
-
to
-
de
v
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co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Mo
s
t
r
ec
en
tl
y
,
a
u
n
iq
u
e
w
o
r
k
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
C
h
o
i
[
2
5
]
h
as
u
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
th
eo
r
y
f
o
r
m
o
d
elli
n
g
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ai
n
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
lex
i
ties
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
b
ig
d
ata
to
o
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
Yu
e
a
n
d
C
h
e
n
[
2
6
]
h
as
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
it
h
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
w
h
ile
w
o
r
k
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ai
n
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
p
r
i
n
c
ip
le
u
s
in
g
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
f
o
r
f
a
cilitati
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g
b
etter
d
ec
is
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o
p
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w
h
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s
u
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ch
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o
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Ho
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m
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tical
ap
p
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ass
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ellin
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.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
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f
Nis
h
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t
al.
[
2
7
]
h
as
u
s
ed
th
e
L
a
g
r
an
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ia
n
m
et
h
o
d
in
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it
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m
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ata.
Ma
t
h
e
m
atica
l
m
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g
h
as
al
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o
b
ee
n
f
o
u
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d
to
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s
e
a
g
e
n
t
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
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ac
h
f
o
r
b
etter
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
o
f
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
in
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ai
n
as
s
ee
n
i
n
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
L
a
u
et
al.
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
i
s
m
o
r
e
i
n
cli
n
ed
to
w
ar
d
s
an
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
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c
h
ed
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l
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
m
u
ch
f
o
cu
s
o
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tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
i
n
co
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p
lete
s
ch
ed
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li
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g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
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s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
d
ata
an
d
p
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s
tr
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it
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s
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io
n
h
a
s
b
ee
n
i
n
itia
t
ed
b
y
Gr
o
th
[
2
9
]
.
Mo
s
t
r
ec
en
tl
y
,
th
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ai
n
o
p
er
atio
n
b
ein
g
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
n
at
u
r
e
h
a
s
attr
ac
ted
atten
tio
n
o
f
r
esear
c
h
er
s
.
Fu
,
a
n
d
Z
h
u
[
3
0
]
h
av
e
u
s
ed
th
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ai
n
-
b
ased
o
p
er
atio
n
to
s
ec
u
r
e
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
la
r
g
e
s
ca
le
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ain
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
m
u
lt
ip
le
ag
en
t
s
f
o
r
r
ec
tify
i
n
g
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
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d
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
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c
h
ai
n
w
a
s
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
b
y
Ku
m
ar
a
n
d
Mi
s
h
r
a
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
h
a
s
ass
is
ted
in
g
en
er
at
in
g
t
h
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est
p
o
s
s
ib
le
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lan
to
ca
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o
u
t
t
h
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ex
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u
tio
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p
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s
o
f
th
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s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ai
n
.
Usag
e
o
f
a
d
a
p
tive
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a
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to
w
ar
d
s
s
u
p
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in
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an
a
g
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m
e
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t
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y
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h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t
b
y
Gau
d
r
ea
u
lt
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
s
s
ea
r
ch
-
b
as
ed
tactics
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ass
i
s
t
i
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b
etter
co
o
r
d
in
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s
y
s
te
m
o
v
er
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
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ted
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p
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u
p
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l
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h
ai
n
.
A
u
n
iq
u
e
s
tu
d
y
ca
r
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ied
o
u
t
lo
n
g
b
ac
k
b
y
C
h
an
an
d
C
h
a
n
[
3
3
]
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
a
m
b
ig
u
it
y
f
ac
to
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
it
h
d
e
m
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
m
iti
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at
ed
if
th
e
ap
p
r
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ac
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to
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id
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in
g
co
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tr
ac
t
to
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co
m
p
leted
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Ulier
u
a
n
d
C
o
b
za
r
u
[
3
4
]
h
av
e
ta
k
en
a
s
p
ec
i
f
i
c
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
to
b
u
ild
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ain
o
p
er
atio
n
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
Ho
lo
n
ic
en
terp
r
is
e
.
A
n
o
t
h
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o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
Xi
n
[
3
5
]
w
h
er
e
a
r
etail
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
an
d
a
w
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-
b
as
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s
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v
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h
as
b
ee
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d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
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etter
p
la
n
n
i
n
g
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
Z
h
en
g
a
n
d
C
ao
[
3
6
]
h
av
e
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
s
p
ec
i
f
i
c
asp
ec
ts
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f
s
u
p
p
l
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ch
ain
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
f
o
o
d
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
.
X
u
et
al.
[
3
7
]
h
av
e
u
s
ed
en
s
emb
le
-
b
a
s
ed
s
tr
a
teg
y
f
o
r
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p
tim
izin
g
th
e
m
ig
r
atio
n
s
tr
at
eg
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
i
n
a
s
u
p
p
l
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ch
a
i
n
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
.
W
en
z
h
o
u
e
t
al.
[
3
8
]
h
a
v
e
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
co
s
t f
ac
to
r
in
v
o
l
v
e
d
in
en
ter
p
r
is
e
ap
p
licatio
n
i
n
s
u
p
p
l
y
ch
a
in
o
p
er
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n
.
I
n
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t o
f
t
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u
m
an
f
ac
to
r
also
h
as
a
n
i
m
p
ac
t
o
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s
u
p
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l
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ch
ai
n
m
an
a
g
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m
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t.
T
h
is
f
ac
t
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co
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s
id
er
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in
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
Da
n
i
et
al.
[
3
9
]
an
d
Ho
n
g
x
ia
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
er
e
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a
v
e
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ee
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k
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it
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RE
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m
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tatio
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o
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e
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s
y
s
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m
is
s
tr
ea
m
l
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ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
a
n
al
y
t
ical
m
o
d
el
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
e
l
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
at
-
f
o
r
an
y
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
d
e
m
an
d
s
r
aised
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
s
er
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
o
u
ld
al
w
a
y
s
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
au
to
m
o
b
ile
u
n
i
ts
w
h
ic
h
i
s
at
p
ar
w
it
h
t
h
e
cu
t
-
o
f
f
i
m
p
o
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
A
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e,
t
h
er
e
is
also
a
n
ee
d
t
h
at
a
b
etter
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tr
ate
g
y
is
al
s
o
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
y
k
n
o
w
i
n
g
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
b
tain
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
r
ep
o
s
itio
n
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
to
c
k
in
g
p
lan
t
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
s
ce
n
ar
io
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
as
a
lin
ea
r
ized
p
r
o
b
lem
,
an
d
h
en
ce
,
a
li
n
ea
r
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
r
in
cip
le
is
ap
p
lied
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
m
o
d
el
i
s
,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
g
o
v
er
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
lin
ea
r
ized
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
r
in
cip
le.
I
llu
s
tr
a
tiv
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
cip
le
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
th
e
co
n
s
ec
u
ti
v
e
s
e
ctio
n
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
d
esi
g
n
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
.
3.
SYST
E
M
DE
SI
G
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
i
s
cu
s
s
e
s
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
d
esi
g
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
to
w
a
r
d
s
ad
d
r
ess
i
n
g
f
ea
s
ib
il
it
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
SC
M
tak
i
n
g
t
h
e
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
a
u
to
m
o
ti
v
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
3
.
1
.
T
he
o
bje
ct
iv
e
f
un
ct
io
n o
f
t
he
s
y
s
t
e
m
T
h
e
co
r
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
u
s
er
d
e
m
an
d
s
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
a
u
to
m
o
t
iv
e
u
n
its
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
al
SC
M
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
o
f
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
Au
to
m
o
b
ile
Ma
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
i
n
g
Un
i
ts
,
u
s
er
d
e
m
an
d
s
,
an
d
Sto
c
k
i
n
g
P
la
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
f
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
c
tin
g
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
-
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
f
o
r
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
t
y
p
es
ar
e
h
ig
h
l
y
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le.
I
t
also
v
ar
ies
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
p
o
licies,
co
m
p
etito
r
s
tr
ateg
y
,
a
n
d
m
a
n
y
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
Sto
ck
i
n
g
P
la
n
ts
/
Au
to
m
o
b
ile
Ma
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
Un
its
ar
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
u
p
o
n
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
User
De
m
a
n
d
s
.
-
I
n
a
v
er
y
d
y
n
a
m
ic
co
n
tex
t
o
f
au
to
m
o
b
ile
a
n
d
au
to
m
o
b
ile
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
’
s
User
De
m
a
n
d
s
,
t
h
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
Au
to
m
o
b
ile
Ma
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
U
n
its
an
d
S
to
ck
i
n
g
P
lan
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
f
lex
ib
le
en
o
u
g
h
a
n
d
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
to
t
h
e
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
is
io
n
o
f
au
to
m
o
b
ile
s
ta
k
e
h
o
ld
er
s
in
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
er
a,
a
r
r
iv
in
g
a
t
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
te
m
p
late
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
t
h
at
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
U
s
er
De
m
a
n
d
s
is
a
c
h
alle
n
g
in
g
p
a
r
t
to
b
e
in
itialized
w
h
ile
w
o
r
k
in
g
o
n
m
o
d
elli
n
g
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
User
De
m
a
n
d
s
p
o
ten
tiall
y
a
f
f
ec
t
s
th
e
o
th
er
t
w
o
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
f
ac
t
o
r
s
,
i.e
.
,
A
u
to
m
o
b
ile
Ma
n
u
f
a
ctu
r
in
g
U
n
its
a
n
d
Sto
ck
i
n
g
P
lan
t
s
.
3
.
2
.
I
m
ple
m
e
nta
t
io
n s
t
ra
t
eg
y
A
clo
s
er
lo
o
k
in
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
e
ac
t
o
r
s
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
h
ig
h
l
y
lin
k
ed
w
i
th
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
T
h
is
is
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
ap
p
l
y
in
g
lin
ea
r
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
as
a
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
au
to
m
at
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ai
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
An
o
th
er
s
tr
ateg
y
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
is
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
l
o
ca
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
u
n
i
ts
,
s
to
ck
i
n
g
p
la
n
ts
,
a
n
d
d
iv
er
s
if
ied
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
etails
w
h
er
e
u
s
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
ar
e
m
et.
Fo
r
th
i
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
s
tr
ateg
ic
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
is
ca
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
lev
e
l
o
f
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
a
u
to
m
o
ti
v
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
i
n
all
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
u
n
it
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
also
co
n
s
id
er
s
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
s
tr
a
in
ts
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
p
er
atio
n
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
u
n
i
ts
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
s
to
ck
i
n
g
p
lan
ts
.
I
t
also
co
n
s
id
er
s
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
as
w
ell
as
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
ed
u
n
it
s
th
a
t
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
b
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ted
f
r
o
m
s
to
ck
i
n
g
p
la
n
ts
to
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
er
d
e
m
an
d
s
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
ec
t
io
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
elli
n
g
t
h
at
elab
o
r
ates
ab
o
u
t
th
e
co
m
p
lete
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
to
w
ar
d
s
co
m
p
l
y
i
n
g
with
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
au
to
m
atio
n
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
.
3
.
3
.
Sy
s
t
em
m
o
dellin
g
T
h
e
co
r
e
m
o
d
elli
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
r
ee
es
s
en
tial
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
i.e
.
,
Au
to
m
o
b
ile
Ma
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
U
n
it
s
(
C
1
)
,
User
De
m
an
d
s
(
C
2
)
,
a
n
d
St
o
ck
in
g
P
lan
ts
(
C
3
)
.
As
all
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
v
ar
iab
les,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
i
n
v
o
lv
es
a
f
i
n
e
-
t
u
n
i
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
(
α
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
e
x
h
ib
its
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
p
ac
e,
w
h
ich
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
all
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
f
ac
to
r
s
o
v
er
a
th
r
ee
-
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
co
o
r
d
in
ate
s
y
s
te
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il
2
0
2
0
:
1
5
3
3
-
154
3
1538
C
1
C
1
=
0
.
0
5
C
2
=
0
.
0
5
C
3
=
0
.
1
C
2
C
3
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
P
o
s
itio
n
o
f
ad
o
p
ted
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
i
n
3
D
p
r
o
b
lem
s
p
a
ce
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
m
o
d
elli
n
g
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
au
to
m
o
b
ile/u
n
it
s
N
t
h
at
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
a
u
to
m
o
ti
v
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
u
n
its
C
1
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
an
em
p
ir
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tat
io
n
o
f
u
s
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
co
u
l
d
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
m
at
h
e
m
atica
ll
y
as,
u
s
er_
d
ema
n
d
θ
(C
3
,
n
)
(
1
)
I
n
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
(
1
)
,
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
θ,
C
3
,
a
n
d
n
r
ep
r
esen
t
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
f
a
u
n
it
au
to
m
o
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ile,
s
to
ck
i
n
g
p
la
n
t
co
n
s
tr
ain
t,
a
n
d
a
s
in
g
le
u
n
it
o
f
a
u
to
m
o
b
ile
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
n
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
ter
m
d
e
m
a
n
d
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
au
to
m
o
b
ile
u
n
i
ts
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
d
is
p
atch
ed
to
th
e
en
d
clien
ts
o
v
er
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
ti
m
e.
I
t
w
ill
also
m
ea
n
t
h
at
i
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
t
e
m
ca
n
g
e
n
er
ate
s
u
c
h
a
u
to
m
o
tiv
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
it
ca
n
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
ll
y
d
is
p
atc
h
t
h
e
tar
g
eted
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
n
i
ts
t
h
an
t
h
e
u
s
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
i
s
s
aid
to
b
e
ca
ter
ed
to
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
w
h
ile
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
izi
n
g
s
u
c
h
u
s
er
d
e
m
an
d
s
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
f
ac
to
r
th
at
ea
ch
au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
u
n
it
(
C
1
)
ca
n
g
e
n
er
ate
alo
n
g
w
it
h
a
f
i
n
ite
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
t
o
ck
in
g
p
lan
t
(
C
2.
)
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
o
f
f
e
r
m
o
r
e
p
r
ac
ticalit
y
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
ellin
g
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
al
s
o
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
t
h
e
b
etter
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
,
w
h
i
ch
is
m
at
h
e
m
a
ticall
y
e
x
p
r
ess
e
d
as,
t
ran
<
th
r
esh
(
2
)
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
co
n
d
itio
n
t
h
at
i
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
b
e
s
atis
f
ied
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
a
u
to
m
o
b
ile
u
n
its
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
(
2
)
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
tated
as
a
co
n
d
itio
n
to
e
v
alu
ate
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
tit
y
o
f
a
u
to
m
o
b
ile
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
n
t
h
at
is
s
h
ip
p
ed
f
r
o
m
s
to
ck
i
n
g
p
lan
t
C
2
to
u
s
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
C
3
ov
er
a
li
m
ited
r
an
g
e
o
f
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
t
i
m
e.
T
h
e
cu
t
-
o
f
f
ti
m
e
f
ac
to
r
th
er
e
is
co
m
p
u
ted
a
s
th
e
s
ca
lar
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
f
1
(
n
)
an
d
f
2
(C
2
)
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
th
e
r
ate
o
f
au
to
m
o
b
ile
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
an
d
th
e
to
tal
s
ize
o
f
C
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
n
th
is
li
n
e
o
f
e
v
alu
atio
n
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
s,
Gen
era
tio
n
(
n
, C
1
)<
f
1
(C
1
,
n
)
(
3
)
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
(
3
)
w
il
l
m
ea
n
t
h
at
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
ed
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
u
n
its
n
at
C
1
is
v
er
y
m
u
c
h
les
s
th
a
n
th
e
cu
t
-
o
f
f
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
f
1
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
C
1
an
d
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
ca
s
e
t
h
e
u
s
er
d
e
m
an
d
s
o
b
tain
it
s
a
u
to
m
o
ti
v
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
C
2,
t
h
en
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
ll
in
itiate
i
ts
ev
a
lu
at
io
n
f
o
r
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
izatio
n
o
f
C
3
to
C
2
.
3
.
3
.
1
.
P
ro
ble
m
f
o
r
m
ula
t
io
n
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
f
o
r
m
u
la
te
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
id
er
s
es
s
en
t
ial
att
r
ib
u
tes
w
h
ile
tar
g
eti
n
g
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
f
ac
to
r
in
SC
M.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
th
e
a
ttrib
u
tes s
e
lecte
d
ar
e
p
an
d
q
th
at
ca
n
b
e
m
at
h
e
m
atica
ll
y
f
o
r
m
u
lated
as f
o
llo
w
s
,
E
s
s
en
tia
l a
ttr
ib
u
tes
=[
p
q
]
|
p
p
(
n
, C
1
, C
2
)
&
q
q
(C
3
, C
2
)
I
n
th
e
ab
o
v
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
,
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ess
e
n
tial
attr
ib
u
te
p
is
ass
o
ciat
ed
w
ith
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
tit
y
o
f
th
e
a
u
to
m
o
b
ile
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
n
th
at
ar
e
s
h
ip
p
ed
f
r
o
m
C
1
t
o
C
2
w
h
ile
q
r
ep
r
esen
ts
tr
u
t
h
v
alu
e
o
f
1
a
n
d
f
al
s
e
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
T
h
e
tr
u
th
v
al
u
e
o
f
1
is
ass
ig
n
ed
to
q
w
h
en
t
h
e
u
s
er
d
em
a
n
d
s
C
3
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
to
ck
in
g
p
lan
t
C
2
.
Hen
ce
,
f
o
r
b
etter
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
,
it is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
ess
en
t
ial
attr
ib
u
te
s
c
u
m
u
lat
iv
el
y
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Mu
lti
-
o
b
jective
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
fo
r
p
r
ee
mp
tive
a
n
d
p
r
ed
ictive
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
a
in
…
(
K
ir
a
n
K
u
ma
r
C
h
a
n
d
r
ia
h
)
1539
h
ar
g
m
in
[
∑(p
1
)
+
∑(q
1
)]
(
4
)
I
n
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
,
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
p
1
an
d
q
1
ar
e
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
he
bu
d
g
et
f
a
ct
o
r
o
f
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
.
Fo
r
p
o
ten
tial
ad
h
er
en
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
to
th
e
p
r
ac
ticali
t
y
o
f
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
,
th
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
to
o
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
-
C
o
n
s
tr
ain
t
-
1
:
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
f
o
r
m
u
la
tio
n
is
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
ith
a
n
o
v
er
all
li
m
it
th
a
t
th
e
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
u
n
it c
a
n
g
en
er
a
te
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
i
s
co
n
s
tr
a
in
t i
s
e
v
alu
a
ted
b
y
c
h
ec
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
v
a
lu
e
o
f
th
e
es
s
en
tial a
ttrib
u
te
o
f
p
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t to
all
th
e
t
h
r
ee
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
i
s
les
s
th
a
n
f
1
.
-
C
o
n
s
tr
ain
t
-
2
:
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
is
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
f
u
l
f
i
lli
n
g
th
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
er
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
cu
m
u
lat
iv
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
d
e
m
a
n
d
θ
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ess
e
n
tial a
ttrib
u
te
q
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
co
n
s
id
er
s
all
th
e
t
h
r
ee
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
a
n
d
u
n
it p
r
o
d
u
ct
n
.
-
C
o
n
s
tr
ain
t
-
3
:
T
h
is
is
t
h
e
th
ir
d
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
an
d
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
p
ac
e
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
C
2
to
s
to
ck
its
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
T
h
is
co
n
s
tr
ain
t is e
v
al
u
ated
b
y
as
s
es
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
to
ck
i
n
g
p
lan
t
C
2
h
a
s
en
o
u
g
h
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
r
etain
th
e
g
e
n
er
ate
p
r
o
d
u
cts f
r
o
m
C
1
.
-
C
o
n
s
tr
ain
t
-
4
:
T
h
is
f
o
u
r
th
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
m
u
ltip
le
as
s
e
s
s
m
en
ts
v
iz.
i)
it
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
o
n
e
u
s
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
C
3
w
i
th
at
least
o
n
e
s
to
c
k
in
g
p
la
n
t
C
2
,
ii)
it
al
s
o
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
all
th
e
e
s
s
e
n
tial
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
p
s
h
o
u
ld
o
f
f
er
p
o
s
iti
v
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cts
f
o
r
b
etter
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
all
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
u
n
it
s
.
3
.
3
.
2
.
Alg
o
rit
h
m
i
m
p
le
m
ent
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
alg
o
r
it
h
m
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
ased
o
n
t
w
o
b
u
d
g
et
f
ac
to
r
n
b
u
d
an
d
s
bud
,
w
h
ic
h
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
th
e
b
u
d
g
et
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
au
to
m
o
b
ile
p
r
o
d
u
ct
an
d
s
h
ip
p
in
g
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
co
n
ce
p
t,
t
h
e
s
p
a
t
ia
l
d
is
ta
n
ce
is
a
n
o
th
er
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
attr
ib
u
te
t
h
at
g
o
v
er
n
s
t
h
e
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
th
e
au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
p
r
in
c
ip
le
co
m
p
lia
n
t
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
in
cip
le
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
ce
p
t
en
s
u
r
es
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
if
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
u
s
er
d
e
m
an
d
C
3
is
m
et
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
a
u
to
m
o
tiv
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
e
f
f
ec
tiv
el
y
co
n
tr
o
lled
,
th
en
,
t
h
e
b
u
d
g
et
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
s
h
ip
p
in
g
f
r
o
m
a
u
to
m
o
b
ile
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
u
n
it
C
1
a
n
d
th
e
s
to
ck
in
g
p
lan
t
C
2
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
A
c
o
n
ce
p
t
is
f
o
r
m
u
la
ted
w
h
er
e
th
e
s
p
atial
d
i
s
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
L
1
an
d
L
2
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
t
w
o
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
f
ac
ilit
ie
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
m
p
u
te
t
h
e
ac
t
u
al
b
u
d
g
et
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
in
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
u
n
it
s
.
T
h
e
e
m
p
ir
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
d
g
e
t
is
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
b
u
d
g
et
A*
B
(
5
)
I
n
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
(
5
)
,
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
A
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
s
p
atial
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
L
1
a
n
d
L
2
,
w
h
ile
v
ar
iab
le
B
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
h
ip
p
in
g
co
s
t
o
f
an
au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
B
is
n
o
w
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
s
bud
w
h
ile
an
o
t
h
er
v
ar
iab
le
is
cr
af
t
ed
as
n
bud
,
w
h
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
b
u
d
g
et
i
n
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
T
h
e
in
v
o
lv
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
ese
t
w
o
b
u
d
g
et
f
ac
to
r
s
n
bud
a
n
d
s
bud
o
f
f
er
s
m
o
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
v
al
u
e
o
f
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
:
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
In
p
u
t: N,
n
b
u
d
,
f
1
,
f
2
,
f
3
,
s
b
u
d
,
θ
O
utput
: O
Sta
rt
1
.
F
o
r
i=1
: C1
2
.
F
o
r
j
=1
: C2
3
.
s
p
at(
C
1
C
2
)
|
d
is
t (
p
o
s
(
i)
-
p
o
s
(
j
)
)
|
4
.
E
nd
5
.
E
nd
6
.
F
o
r
i
=1
: C3
7.
F
o
r
j
=
1
: C2
8
.
s
p
at(
C
3
,
C
2
)
|
d
i
s
t(
p
o
s
(
i+C
1
+C2
)
-
p
o
s
(
j
+C1
+C2
)
)
|
9
.
E
nd
1
0
.
E
nd
1
1
.
Fo
r
a=
1
: h
w
h
er
e
h
=to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
1
2
.
m
ax
P
r
o
d
∑p
<f
1
1
3
.
Su
cUsDe
m
co
m
p
(
∑p
)
==
θ
*
q
1
4
.
m
ax
SP
ca
p
∑(1
/
f
3
)
*
θ
*
q
<f
2
1
5
.
SalesC
o
n
n
ec
t
∑q
==
o
n
es
(
C
3
)
1
6
.
E
nd
1
7
.
F
o
r
a=
1
:h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
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2
0
8
8
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t J
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&
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p
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18.
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p
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(
s
p
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C
3
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C
2
)
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20.
O
3
∑[(
θ.
s
b
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(
∑((
s
p
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]
2
1
.
Ost
r
u
c=
O1
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3
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4
2
2
.
O
ψ(
Ost
r
u
c)
2
3
.
E
nd
E
nd
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
tak
e
s
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
N
(
n
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m
b
er
o
f
a
u
to
m
o
b
ile
/
u
n
it
s
)
,
n
bud
(
b
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d
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et
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ed
f
o
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r
in
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f
1
(
li
m
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o
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m
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u
f
ac
t
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r
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g
o
f
p
r
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d
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ct)
,
f
2
(
li
m
it
o
f
s
p
ac
e
in
s
to
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i
n
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p
la
n
t
)
,
f
3
(
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
au
to
m
o
b
ile
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n
it),
s
bud
(
s
h
ip
p
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g
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u
d
g
et
in
c
u
r
r
ed
)
,
θ
(
d
em
an
d
o
f
au
to
m
o
b
ile
u
n
it
b
y
u
s
er
s
)
w
h
ich
a
f
ter
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
y
ie
ld
s
O
(
o
p
ti
m
al
o
u
tco
m
e)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t
in
m
a
n
y
s
tep
s
as
f
o
llo
w
s
-
-
P
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
I
n
p
u
t
Var
iab
les:
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
p
r
o
p
er
co
m
p
lian
ce
w
i
th
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
,
th
e
r
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
v
ar
io
u
s
c
h
ar
ec
ter
is
tics
,
e.
g
.
,
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
i
n
s
i
g
h
ts
,
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
etti
n
g
s
,
d
ec
is
io
n
,
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
,
an
d
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
v
ar
io
u
s
in
p
u
t
v
ar
iab
les
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
r
an
d
o
m
n
es
s
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
ar
iab
le
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
i
s
ass
o
c
iated
w
it
h
b
u
d
g
e
t in
v
o
lv
ed
,
ca
p
ac
ities
o
f
all
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
,
an
d
d
e
m
an
d
s
.
-
Sh
ap
i
n
g
C
o
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
:
T
h
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
t
e
m
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
lin
k
in
g
w
i
th
t
h
e
s
p
atial
d
is
tan
ce
ass
o
ciatin
g
w
i
th
t
h
e
b
u
d
g
e
t
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
s
all
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
v
al
u
e
o
f
C
1
an
d
C
2
(
L
i
n
e
-
1
an
d
L
i
n
e
-
2
)
in
o
r
d
er
to
co
m
p
u
te
t
h
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
s
p
atial
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
C
1
an
d
C
2
(
L
i
n
e
-
3
)
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
i
lar
o
p
er
atio
n
is
also
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
t
in
g
t
h
e
ab
s
o
l
u
te
s
p
atial
d
is
ta
n
c
e
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
C
3
an
d
C
2
(
L
in
e
-
8)
-
P
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
C
o
n
s
tr
ain
t:
At
p
r
esen
t,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
co
n
s
id
er
4
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
v
iz.
i)
th
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
is
a
s
s
o
ci
ated
w
it
h
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
w
h
er
e
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
p
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
f
1
,
i.e
.
,
cu
t
-
o
f
f
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
n
it
s
(
L
in
e
-
1
2
)
,
ii)
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
is
ass
o
ciate
d
w
i
th
a
s
s
e
s
s
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
d
e
m
an
d
s
ar
e
ca
ter
ed
u
p
f
o
r
all
t
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
u
s
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
,
an
d
t
h
i
s
i
s
c
h
ec
k
ed
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
co
m
p
ac
t
v
alu
e
o
f
s
u
m
m
atio
n
o
f
p
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
ca
lar
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
d
e
m
a
n
d
θ
an
d
q
v
ar
i
ab
le
(
L
in
e
-
1
3
)
,
iii)
th
e
t
h
ir
d
v
ar
iab
le
is
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
i
th
th
e
co
m
p
lete
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
th
e
s
t
o
ck
in
g
p
la
n
t
C
2
(
L
i
n
e
-
1
4
)
,
an
d
iv
)
th
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
is
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
i
th
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
ea
c
h
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
C
3
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
it
h
at
least
m
ee
ti
n
g
u
p
o
n
e
d
e
m
an
d
s.
-
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
I
n
te
g
r
ated
Ob
j
ec
tiv
e
Fu
n
ctio
n
:
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
it
h
t
h
e
b
u
d
g
et
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
in
s
u
p
p
l
y
ch
a
in
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t.
Fo
r
all
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
(
L
i
n
e
-
1
7
)
,
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
r
ee
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
O1
,
O2
,
an
d
O3
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
i
th
a
c
u
m
u
l
ativ
e
b
u
d
g
e
t
o
f
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
,
(
L
in
e
-
1
8
)
,
th
e
b
u
d
g
et
o
f
s
h
ip
p
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts
f
r
o
m
C
1
to
C
2
(
L
in
e
-
1
9
)
,
b
u
d
g
et
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
i
n
s
h
ip
p
in
g
C
2
to
C
3
(
L
in
e
-
2
0
)
.
Fin
all
y
,
all
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
ad
d
ed
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
f
o
r
m
u
lat
e
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
f
i
lled
w
it
h
v
al
u
es
o
f
th
e
f
i
n
al
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ct
i
o
n
s
co
r
e
(
L
i
n
e
-
2
1
)
.
Fin
a
ll
y
,
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
ψ
i
s
ap
p
lied
,
w
h
ich
m
ai
n
l
y
u
s
e
s
lin
ea
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
all
th
e
o
b
j
ec
ti
v
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
t
h
a
t
b
ea
r
a
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
w
it
h
ea
c
h
o
th
er
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
i
s
O,
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
w
th
e
b
es
t
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
o
f
all
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tu
d
y
,
i.e
.
,
C
1
,
C
2
,
an
d
C
3
(
L
in
e
-
2
2
)
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
ANAL
YSI
S
T
h
e
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tu
d
y
is
s
cr
ip
ted
in
M
A
T
L
A
B
w
h
er
e
th
e
an
a
l
y
s
is
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
α
(
f
i
n
e
-
t
u
n
i
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
)
to
b
e
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
0
-
3
0
,
C
1
(
au
to
m
o
b
ile
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
u
n
its
)
is
0
.
0
6
,
C
2
(
s
to
ck
in
g
p
lan
t)
=0
.
0
6
,
an
d
C
3
(
u
s
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
)
is
u
n
it
y
.
F
u
r
th
er
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
at
t
h
er
e
ar
e
20
-
3
0
au
to
m
o
b
ile
u
n
it
s
/co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
to
b
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
f
in
al
l
y
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
th
e
e
n
tire
b
u
d
g
et
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
v
i
s
u
al
s
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
a
n
d
F
ig
u
r
e
5
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
f
er
s
an
an
al
y
t
ical
test
-
b
ed
w
i
th
p
o
s
itio
n
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ac
to
r
s
(
au
to
m
o
b
ile
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
u
n
i
ts
,
s
to
ck
i
n
g
p
l
an
ts
,
a
n
d
u
s
er
d
e
m
an
d
s
)
o
v
e
r
s
i
m
u
lated
ar
ea
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
s
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
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f
p
o
s
itio
n
i
n
g
o
f
v
ar
ied
ac
to
r
s
w
h
ile
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
b
est r
o
u
te
s
lead
in
g
t
o
d
if
f
er
en
t a
cto
r
s
f
o
r
f
u
lf
i
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n
g
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
n
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
,
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
also
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ex
h
ib
it
in
g
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
u
t
ilizat
io
n
o
f
ea
ch
ac
to
r
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
h
ic
h
g
i
v
es
m
o
r
e
d
ec
is
iv
e
a
n
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
I
t
is
k
n
o
w
n
th
a
t
th
e
o
p
ti
m
i
za
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
v
e
ap
p
lied
lin
ea
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
n
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
b
u
d
g
et
f
ac
to
r
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tu
d
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
o
th
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
wh
er
e
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
i
n
g
h
a
s
also
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
d
e
v
elo
p
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ain
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
[
4
1
,
4
2
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
n
o
t
s
i
m
i
lar
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
;
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
s
i
m
u
latio
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s
t
u
d
y
b
y
alter
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n
g
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
p
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p
o
s
ed
lin
ea
r
b
ased
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m
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tain
m
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s
p
ec
if
ic
o
u
tco
m
es i
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
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test
b
ed
.
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tim
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RE
F
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NC
E
S
[1
]
S
a
ti
sh
B.
M
a
th
u
r
,
"
W
o
rk
in
g
C
a
p
it
a
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
A
n
d
Co
n
tro
l:
P
rin
c
ip
les
A
n
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
,
"
Ne
w
Ag
e
In
ter
n
a
ti
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a
l
Ca
sh
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
p
p
.
5
4
4
,
2
0
0
7
[2
]
Bsa
ik
rish
n
a
,
"
T
h
e
F
iv
e
M
a
jo
r
F
lo
w
s in
S
u
p
p
ly
Ch
a
in
,
"
Bra
n
d
a
lyz
e
r
,
Re
tri
v
e
d
o
n
0
7
-
06
-
2
0
1
9
[3
]
Jü
tt
n
e
r,
Uta
,
He
len
P
e
c
k
,
a
n
d
M
a
rti
n
Ch
rist
o
p
h
e
r.
"
S
u
p
p
ly
c
h
a
in
r
isk
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t:
o
u
tl
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
a
g
e
n
d
a
f
o
r
f
u
tu
re
re
se
a
rc
h
.
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
L
o
g
isti
c
s
:
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
Vo
l.
6
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o
.
4
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p
p
.
1
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1
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.
[4
]
T
a
n
g
,
Ch
risto
p
h
e
r
S
.
"
P
e
rsp
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c
ti
v
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s
in
su
p
p
ly
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in
risk
m
a
n
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m
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t.
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In
ter
n
a
ti
o
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l
jo
u
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p
ro
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ti
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2
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p
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4
5
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8
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0
6
.
[5
]
M
a
n
u
j,
Ila,
a
n
d
J
o
h
n
T
.
M
e
n
tze
r
.
"
G
lo
b
a
l
su
p
p
ly
c
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a
in
risk
m
a
n
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g
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m
e
n
t.
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
b
u
sin
e
ss
l
o
g
isti
c
s
,
v
o
l
2
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
1
3
3
-
1
5
5
,
2
0
0
8
.
[6
]
M
o
n
c
z
k
a
,
Ro
b
e
rt
M
.
,
Ro
b
e
rt
B.
Ha
n
d
f
ield
,
L
a
rr
y
C.
G
iu
n
ip
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ro
,
a
n
d
Ja
m
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s
L
.
P
a
tt
e
rso
n
.
“
P
u
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,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
Iv
a
n
o
v
,
Dm
it
r
y
,
A
lex
a
n
d
re
Do
lg
u
i,
B
o
ris
S
o
k
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o
v
,
F
ra
n
k
W
e
rn
e
r,
a
n
d
M
a
rin
a
Iv
a
n
o
v
a
.
"
A
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
a
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
sh
o
rt
-
term
su
p
p
ly
c
h
a
in
sc
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d
u
li
n
g
in
t
h
e
sm
a
rt
f
a
c
to
ry
in
d
u
stry
4
.
0
.
"
In
ter
n
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ti
o
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l
J
o
u
rn
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o
f
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o
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2
,
p
p
.
3
8
6
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4
0
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
Bre
tt
e
l,
M
a
lt
e
,
Nik
las
F
rie
d
e
rich
se
n
,
M
ic
h
a
e
l
Ke
ll
e
r,
a
n
d
M
a
ri
u
s
Ro
se
n
b
e
rg
.
"
Ho
w
v
irt
u
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
,
d
e
c
e
n
traliza
ti
o
n
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
c
h
a
n
g
e
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
lan
d
sc
a
p
e
:
A
n
In
d
u
stry
4
.
0
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
.
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
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l
jo
u
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me
c
h
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n
ica
l
,
in
d
u
stri
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l
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
37
-
44
,
2
0
1
4
.
[9
]
Be
c
h
tel,
Ch
risti
a
n
,
a
n
d
Ja
y
a
n
th
Ja
y
a
ra
m
.
"
S
u
p
p
ly
c
h
a
in
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t:
a
stra
teg
ic
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
.
"
T
h
e
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
l
o
g
isti
c
s ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
15
-
34
,
1
9
9
7
.
[1
0
]
W
it
k
o
w
sk
i,
Krz
y
s
z
to
f
.
"
In
tern
e
t
o
f
th
in
g
s,
b
ig
d
a
ta,
in
d
u
stry
4
.
0
–
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
so
lu
ti
o
n
s
i
n
lo
g
isti
c
s
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n
d
su
p
p
ly
c
h
a
in
s
m
a
n
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g
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m
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t.
"
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g
v
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1
8
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,
p
p
.
7
6
3
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9
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2
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1
7
.
[1
1
]
A
.
J
a
y
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r
a
m
,
"
L
e
a
n
six
sig
m
a
a
p
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c
h
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ter
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Co
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s (
IC3
I),
No
i
d
a
,
p
p
.
8
9
-
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,
2
0
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6
.
[1
2
]
Cro
x
to
n
,
Ke
e
ly
L
.
,
S
e
b
a
stian
J.
G
a
r
c
ia
-
Da
stu
g
u
e
,
Do
u
g
las
M
.
La
m
b
e
rt,
a
n
d
Da
le
S
.
Ro
g
e
rs.
"
Th
e
su
p
p
ly
c
h
a
in
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
s."
T
h
e
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
L
o
g
isti
c
s M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
13
-
36
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
3
]
Ba
ra
ta,
Jo
ã
o
,
P
a
u
l
o
Ru
p
i
n
o
Da
Cu
n
h
a
,
a
n
d
Ja
n
u
sz
S
tal.
"
M
o
b
il
e
su
p
p
ly
c
h
a
in
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
i
n
d
u
st
ry
4
.
0
e
ra
:
a
n
a
n
n
o
tate
d
b
ib
li
o
g
ra
p
h
y
a
n
d
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
f
u
tu
re
re
se
a
r
c
h
.
"
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o
u
rn
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l
o
f
En
ter
p
rise
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
3
-
1
9
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
4
]
T
ra
p
p
e
y
,
Am
y
JC,
Ch
a
rles
V
.
T
ra
p
p
e
y
,
Us
h
a
ra
n
i
Ha
re
e
sh
G
o
v
in
d
a
ra
jan
,
A
l
len
C.
C
h
u
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Jo
h
n
J.
S
u
n
.
"
A
re
v
ie
w
o
f
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
sta
n
d
a
rd
s
a
n
d
p
a
ten
t
lan
d
sc
a
p
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
I
n
t
e
rn
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s:
A
k
e
y
e
n
a
b
ler
f
o
r
In
d
u
stry
4
.
0
.
"
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
En
g
in
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rin
g
I
n
fo
rm
a
t
ics
,
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o
l.
33
,
p
p
.
2
0
8
-
2
2
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
5
]
S
c
h
e
e
r
,
Ro
b
e
rt
H.
"
S
y
ste
m
a
n
d
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
p
re
d
ictiv
e
m
a
in
ten
a
n
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n
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se
rv
i
c
e
p
a
rts
f
u
lf
il
l
m
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n
t
in
a
su
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p
ly
c
h
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in
.
"
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.
P
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ten
t
7
,
3
1
3
,
5
3
4
,
issu
e
d
De
c
e
m
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r
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5
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
6
]
Zh
u
,
Qi
n
g
h
u
a
,
J
o
se
p
h
S
a
rk
is,
a
n
d
Ke
e
-
h
u
n
g
L
a
i.
"
G
r
e
e
n
su
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
in
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t:
p
re
ss
u
re
s,
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
Ch
i
n
e
se
a
u
to
m
o
b
il
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i
n
d
u
stry
.
"
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o
u
rn
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l
o
f
c
le
a
n
e
r
p
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u
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ti
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l
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5
,
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,
p
p
.
1
0
4
1
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1
0
5
2
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
7
]
L
e
e
,
Ha
u
L
.
,
a
n
d
Co
re
y
Bil
li
n
g
to
n
.
"
M
a
n
a
g
in
g
su
p
p
ly
c
h
a
in
i
n
v
e
n
to
ry
:
p
it
f
a
ll
s
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies
.
"
S
lo
a
n
ma
n
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me
n
t
re
v
iew
,
v
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l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
65
-
73
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1
9
9
2
.
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6
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7
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A:
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