I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il
201
8
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
2
~
1
1
2
1
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v8
i
2
.
p
p
1
1
1
2
-
1121
1112
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e
.
co
m/
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JE
C
E
The
End
User R
e
quire
m
en
t
for
Pr
o
ject
Ma
na
g
e
m
en
t
So
ft
w
a
re
Accuracy
F
a
chrurr
a
zi
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Civ
il
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
S
y
iah
Ku
a
la Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
A
c
e
h
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Sep
7
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
Dec
3
0
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
ep
ted
J
an
1
0
,
2
0
1
8
T
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
e
x
p
lain
s
th
e
re
latio
n
sh
ip
b
e
tw
e
e
n
th
e
e
n
d
u
se
r
re
q
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
o
f
P
M
S
(
P
ro
jec
t
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
).
T
h
e
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
a
ims
a
re
to
a
n
a
ly
z
e
th
e
P
M
S
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
a
n
d
m
e
a
su
rin
g
th
e
p
ro
b
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
P
M
S
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
in
a
c
h
iev
in
g
±1
%
o
f
th
e
e
n
d
u
se
r
re
q
u
irem
e
n
t.
T
h
e
b
ias
sta
ti
stica
l
m
e
th
o
d
w
il
l
b
e
u
se
d
to
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
P
M
S
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
th
a
t
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
e
sis
t
e
stin
g
.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
in
d
ica
tes
th
e
P
M
S
is
sti
ll
a
c
c
u
ra
te
to
b
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
in
A
c
e
h
-
In
d
o
n
e
sia
a
re
a
p
ro
jec
ts
t
h
a
t
u
sin
g
th
e
S
NI
(Na
ti
o
n
a
l
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
S
tan
d
a
rd
a
s
c
u
rre
n
t
m
e
th
o
d
)
w
it
h
th
e
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
in
d
e
x
o
f
±7
.
5
%
.
T
h
e
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
p
ro
b
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
re
a
c
h
in
g
th
e
e
n
d
u
se
r
re
q
u
irem
e
n
t
is
stil
l
lo
w
o
f
±2
1
.
7
7
%
.
In
c
a
se
o
f
th
e
P
M
S
,
th
e
lo
w
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
e
n
d
u
se
r
re
q
u
irem
e
n
t
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
c
a
u
se
d
b
y
th
e
lo
w
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
M
S
b
u
t
a
lso
c
a
u
se
d
b
y
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
v
a
riab
il
it
y
e
rro
r,
w
h
ich
is
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
v
a
riatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
jec
t
a
c
ti
v
it
y
.
In
th
is
stu
d
y
,
we
c
o
n
firm
th
a
t
it
is
n
e
c
e
ss
a
r
y
to
re
c
o
n
c
il
e
b
o
t
h
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s b
e
tw
e
e
n
th
e
P
M
S
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
a
n
d
th
e
e
n
d
u
se
r
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
A
c
c
u
ra
c
y
in
d
e
x
A
c
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
p
ro
b
a
b
il
it
y
Bias
%
En
d
u
se
r
re
q
u
irem
e
n
t
H
y
p
o
th
e
sis t
e
stin
g
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
i
n
d
o
n
e
sia
sta
n
d
a
r
d
P
r
o
jec
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
so
f
t
w
a
re
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Fach
r
u
r
r
az
i,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
C
i
v
il E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
S
y
ia
h
K
u
ala
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
,
A
ce
h
,
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia.
E
m
ail:
f
ac
h
r
u
r
r
az
i@
u
n
s
y
iah
.
a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
A
p
p
l
y
in
g
th
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
as
a
P
MS
(
P
r
o
j
ec
t
Ma
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
So
f
t
w
ar
e
)
in
a
n
e
w
p
r
o
j
ec
t
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
in
te
n
d
ed
to
m
a
n
ag
e
th
e
h
i
g
h
q
u
alit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
al
l
p
r
o
j
ec
t
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
.
I
t
i
s
n
o
t
li
k
e
tu
r
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
al
m
o
f
t
h
e
h
an
d
;
A
t
lea
s
t,
t
h
er
e
is
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
th
e
co
s
t
p
lat
f
o
r
m
w
it
h
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
i
n
co
s
t
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
P
MS
to
w
ar
d
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
eth
o
d
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
SNI
(
I
n
d
o
n
esia
Nat
io
n
al
Sta
n
d
ar
d
),
o
n
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
in
A
ce
h
-
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
se
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
r
ai
s
e
a
p
r
esu
m
p
tio
n
ab
o
u
t
us
i
ng
th
e
i
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
P
MS
th
at
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
to
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
in
A
ce
h
-
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia.
B
o
th
th
e
P
MS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
th
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
b
lem
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
g
e
n
er
alize
d
,
ea
ch
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
ca
s
e
b
y
ca
s
e
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
u
s
ed
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
g
r
o
u
p
d
o
m
a
in
,
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
i
n
A
ceh
-
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
w
h
o
u
s
e
SNI
f
o
r
p
r
o
j
ec
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
I
t is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
o
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS
o
n
o
th
er
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
w
i
ll
g
iv
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
es
u
lts
f
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
th
at
w
ill
b
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
t
h
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
an
o
th
er
p
latf
o
r
m
an
d
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
d
o
m
ai
n
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
ies
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
th
at
r
elate
s
to
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
s
o
f
P
MS
i
n
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
to
its
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
[
1
-
4
]
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
atel
y
,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
h
as
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
n
h
o
w
th
e
i
m
p
a
ct
co
u
ld
r
ea
ch
t
h
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
w
ill
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
f
ill
t
h
e
g
ap
b
et
w
ee
n
P
MS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
en
t.
T
h
e
P
MS
test
i
n
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
ea
r
lier
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
P
MS
is
r
ea
ll
y
ap
p
lied
in
a
p
r
o
j
ec
t.
T
h
e
test
in
g
m
u
s
t
m
ee
t
th
e
P
MS
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
lit
y
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics,
w
h
ic
h
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
is
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
en
d
u
s
er
,
w
h
o
h
as
t
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
it
y
to
s
p
e
ci
f
y
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS
,
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
d
u
ct
t
h
e
te
s
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
g
g
es
tio
n
to
th
e
P
MS
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t.
I
t
w
ill
g
i
v
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
an
d
s
ati
s
f
ac
tio
n
to
t
h
e
e
n
d
u
s
e
r
its
el
f
a
n
d
t
h
e
P
MS
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
an
ex
ce
p
tio
n
to
t
h
e
PM
S
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Th
e
E
n
d
User
R
eq
u
ir
eme
n
t fo
r
P
r
o
ject
Ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t S
o
ftw
a
r
e
A
cc
u
r
a
cy
(
F
a
ch
r
u
r
r
a
z
i
)
1113
also
h
a
v
e
to
m
ee
t
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
i
n
A
c
eh
.
Fo
llo
w
i
n
g
t
h
is
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
,
t
h
e
c
u
s
to
m
er
is
allo
w
ed
to
ex
p
r
ess
h
i
s
r
ea
l
n
ee
d
s
,
w
h
ich
m
a
y
d
if
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
P
MS
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
n
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
is
s
u
es.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
th
e
P
MS
i
s
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
to
o
l
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
co
s
t
as
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
th
e
p
ap
er
o
f
[
6
]
an
d
it
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
is
al
s
o
g
etti
n
g
h
i
g
h
er
.
T
h
e
P
MS
w
it
h
a
lo
w
ac
cu
r
ac
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tailo
r
ed
to
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
a
lo
n
g
w
i
th
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
P
MS
it
s
el
f
.
T
h
is
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
p
r
o
j
ec
t
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
th
at
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
an
d
er
r
o
r
,
w
a
s
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
s
in
A
ce
h
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
d
icate
s
in
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
.
W
h
et
h
er
th
i
s
i
n
d
icatio
n
co
u
ld
b
e
d
ir
ec
tl
y
d
ed
u
ce
d
by
t
h
e
en
d
u
s
er
as
it
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
l
y
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
,
o
f
co
u
r
s
e
,
it
s
till
r
eq
u
ir
es
f
u
r
th
er
v
er
i
f
icat
io
n
.
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
test
i
n
g
w
il
l
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
g
et
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
g
f
o
r
P
MS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
w
e
also
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
P
MS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
is
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
th
e
ai
m
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
esear
c
h
ar
e
to
an
al
y
ze
t
h
e
P
MS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
P
MS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
ac
h
ie
v
i
n
g
±
1
%
o
f
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
.
T
o
an
aly
ze
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
tr
u
e
v
al
u
e
as
a
p
r
o
x
y
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
b
ia
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
P
MS
(
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
an
d
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
/ta
r
g
e
t
)
.
T
h
e
b
iases
%,
as
a
g
en
er
al
p
ar
am
eter
,
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
e
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
t
h
e
ze
r
o
v
alu
e
o
f
b
ias
%
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
as
an
i
n
d
icato
r
/
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
s
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
an
ap
p
licatio
n
[
7
]
.
So
m
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
er
s
h
av
e
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
th
e
r
e
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
[
6
]
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
ar
e
r
elat
ed
to
th
e
s
ati
s
f
ac
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
f
o
r
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
P
MS
an
d
r
ea
ch
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
g
o
al
.
I
n
d
ev
e
l
o
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
ce
r
tain
P
MS,
li
k
e
P
r
im
a
v
er
a,
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
P
r
o
j
ec
t,
etc.
,
is
u
s
u
all
y
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
w
it
h
o
u
t
co
n
d
u
c
t
t
h
e
test
f
ir
s
t.
T
h
is
w
ill
ca
u
s
e
a
b
ig
g
er
p
r
o
b
lem
w
h
e
n
th
e
P
MS
h
as b
ee
n
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
i
n
m
a
n
ag
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t r
u
n
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
s
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
P
MS
f
au
l
t
o
r
er
r
o
r
s
,
lik
es
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
ce
m
et
h
o
d
[
8
]
,
s
tatis
tical
tech
n
iq
u
es
b
ased
o
n
th
e
er
r
o
r
[
9
]
,
ar
e
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
th
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
to
d
ay
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
,
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
th
at
is
u
s
ed
to
as
s
ess
t
h
e
P
MS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
is
s
tat
is
tical
tech
n
iq
u
es
w
it
h
a
h
y
p
o
th
esi
s
an
d
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
is
s
tate
m
e
n
t
is
t
h
at
th
e
P
MS
is
s
till
ac
cu
r
ate
f
o
r
its
u
s
e
i
n
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
u
s
in
g
th
e
SNI
p
latf
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
t
o
r
ej
ec
t
o
r
n
o
r
ea
s
o
n
to
r
ej
ec
t
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
i
s
f
o
r
m
u
l
ated
u
s
i
n
g
P
-
v
al
u
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
α
(
f
o
r
t
w
o
tail)
i
n
a
n
o
r
m
al
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ca
s
e
.
T
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
i
n
th
i
s
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
is
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
b
ias
%
as
it
s
ce
n
tr
al
ten
d
en
c
y
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
f
ail
to
r
ejec
t
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
(
o
r
th
e
P
MS
s
till
ac
cu
r
at
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
in
A
ce
h
)
,
w
e
will a
n
al
y
ze
t
h
e
P
MS
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
u
s
i
n
g
er
r
o
r
to
ler
an
ce
an
d
t
h
e
n
ex
t
w
e
w
i
ll
a
n
al
y
ze
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
t
h
e
en
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
d
en
s
it
y
cu
r
v
e.
T
o
co
n
d
u
ct
th
is
r
esear
c
h
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
co
llecte
d
3
7
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
th
at
u
s
in
g
P
MS
i
n
A
ce
h
-
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
i
s
p
ap
er
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
a
n
al
y
z
in
g
t
h
e
P
MS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
it
s
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t,
w
h
ic
h
is
th
e
s
tar
ti
n
g
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
also
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
a
g
ap
an
al
y
s
is
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
P
MS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
th
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
en
t,
b
y
ex
p
lai
n
i
n
g
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
ll
y
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
th
e
P
MS
to
m
ee
t
w
it
h
th
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
e
n
d
u
s
e
r
.
T
h
is
is
a
n
o
v
elt
y
in
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
s
t
u
d
y
,
in
w
h
i
ch
s
o
m
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
h
a
v
e
o
n
l
y
e
x
a
m
i
n
ed
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
,
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
P
MS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
r
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
w
it
h
o
u
t
r
ec
o
n
ci
l
in
g
t
h
ese
t
w
o
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
h
as
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
a
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
in
ten
t
.
Op
er
atio
n
all
y
i
n
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ab
le
to
r
ej
ec
t
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
p
r
es
u
m
p
tio
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
P
MS
i
s
n
o
t
a
cc
u
r
ate
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
y
p
o
t
h
es
is
test
i
n
g
.
C
o
n
d
u
cti
n
g
test
h
o
w
ac
cu
r
ac
y
lev
el
o
f
P
MS
ca
n
f
u
lf
i
ll
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
t
h
at
i
t
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
e
x
ce
ed
±
1
%
er
r
o
r
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
±2
1
.
7
7
%
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
w
e
also
ha
ve
b
ee
n
ab
le
to
f
o
r
m
u
late
p
r
ed
icto
r
an
a
ly
s
is
to
g
e
n
er
a
t
e
th
e
P
MS
co
s
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
SNI
co
s
t
(
cu
r
r
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
)
b
y
p
r
esen
t
in
g
th
e
P
M
S
ac
cu
r
ac
y
i
n
d
ex
o
f
±
7
.
5
%.
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
t
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
w
e
also
ha
ve
ass
es
s
ed
t
h
e
clo
s
e
n
es
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
P
MS
(
o
b
s
er
v
ed
)
an
d
S
NI
(
ex
p
ec
ted
)
b
y
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
al
y
s
is
w
it
h
R
2
of
0
.
9
9
5
.
T
h
is
is
d
o
n
e
to
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
d
ata
u
s
ed
b
y
b
o
th
t
h
e
P
MS
an
d
th
e
S
NI
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
Acc
ura
cy
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
is
is
n
at
u
r
al
i
f
th
e
n
o
tio
n
is
in
a
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
n
te
x
t.
I
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
tex
t o
f
th
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
0
]
,
ac
cu
r
ac
y
h
as b
ee
n
d
e
fin
ed
f
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
al
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
a
s
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
ab
s
o
lu
t
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
atic
er
r
o
r
p
lu
s
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
[
1
0
]
.
I
SO
d
ef
in
es
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
i
s
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
atic
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
s
tat
is
tical
b
ias
[
1
1
]
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
s
y
s
te
m
is
r
elate
d
to
s
y
s
te
m
ati
c
er
r
o
r
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
er
r
o
r
th
at
ha
ve
a
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
ar
e
co
n
f
u
s
i
n
g
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
;
it
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
s
i
n
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
r
ea
l
er
r
o
r
is
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
atic
er
r
o
r
an
d
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
er
r
o
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
8
:
1
1
1
2
–
1121
1114
2
.
2
.
Ra
nd
o
m
a
nd
Sy
s
t
e
m
a
t
ic
E
rr
o
r
R
an
d
o
m
er
r
o
r
s
ar
is
e
f
r
o
m
te
m
p
o
r
ar
y
f
ac
to
r
s
a
n
d
t
h
eir
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le.
I
t
h
a
s
an
er
r
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
th
at
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
a
te
s
t
r
es
u
lt.
E
x
a
m
p
les
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
er
r
o
r
s
ar
e
s
u
ch
a
s
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
o
lta
g
e
f
l
u
ct
u
atio
n
s
,
t
e
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
h
u
m
id
it
y
a
n
d
o
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
C
r
iter
ia
f
o
r
r
an
d
o
m
er
r
o
r
ar
e
o
f
ten
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
to
ler
an
ce
ter
m
to
ac
co
m
p
a
n
y
t
h
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
ea
n
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
as
t
h
e
b
est
est
i
m
a
te
/
ce
n
tr
al
ten
d
en
c
y
,
th
e
er
r
o
r
b
o
u
n
d
co
u
l
d
b
e
r
e
d
u
ce
d
b
y
av
er
a
g
i
n
g
o
v
e
r
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
etc.
S
y
s
te
m
a
tic
er
r
o
r
s
ar
e
th
e
b
ias
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
a
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
u
s
u
all
y
e
x
p
r
es
s
ed
b
y
a
m
at
h
e
m
a
tical
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
[
1
2
]
.
An
y
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ele
m
en
t
s
w
i
ll
ca
u
s
e
a
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
atic
e
f
f
ec
ts
.
C
r
iter
ia
f
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
at
ic
er
r
o
r
a
r
e
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
ze
r
o
b
ias
co
n
ce
p
t
as
th
e
tr
u
e
v
alu
e
,
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
d
e
f
ec
ts
i
n
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
ter
m
to
ac
co
m
p
an
y
t
h
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
an
d
h
av
i
n
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
er
r
o
r
in
r
ep
ea
ted
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
/o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
et
c.
2.
3
.
Acc
ura
cy
I
m
ple
m
e
nta
t
io
n
in O
t
her
Resea
rc
h
I
n
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
P
MS
,
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
h
as
u
s
ed
th
e
m
ea
n
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
elativ
e
er
r
o
r
(
MM
R
E
)
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
s
o
f
t
war
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
1
3
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
MM
R
E
h
a
s
th
e
w
ea
k
n
es
s
w
h
i
le
co
m
p
ar
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
d
atasets
[1
4
]
,
[1
5
]
.
Oth
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
ar
e
S
tep
w
is
e
R
e
g
r
ess
io
n
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
R
u
le
I
n
d
u
ctio
n
[
1
8
]
,
[
19
]
,
C
ase
-
B
ased
R
ea
s
o
n
in
g
[
2
0
-
2
3
]
,
Ar
tif
icial
Ne
u
r
al
Nets [
2
4
-
2
6
]
.
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
u
s
es t
h
e
to
ler
an
ce
an
al
y
s
is
i
s
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
i
n
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
/
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
.
T
h
i
s
m
et
h
o
d
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
a
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
d
e
f
ec
t
as
ac
ce
p
tab
le
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
m
ac
h
i
n
e
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
ata
c
o
u
ld
b
e
h
ar
d
to
in
ter
p
r
et
p
r
o
p
er
ly
i
f
w
e
d
o
n
o
t k
n
o
w
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
t m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
[
2
8
].
3.
M
E
T
H
O
DS
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h F
ra
m
ew
o
r
k
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
h
a
s
b
ee
n
b
u
ilt
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
ex
p
lai
n
s
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esi
s
test
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
p
o
p
u
latio
n
m
ea
n
s
(
b
ias%
a
n
d
tr
u
e
v
alu
e)
.
I
f
t
h
e
b
ias%
i
s
n
o
t
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
u
e
v
alu
e
(
ze
r
o
b
ias%
)
th
en
t
h
e
P
MS
(
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
)
i
s
s
til
l
ac
cu
r
ate.
I
f
t
h
e
b
ias
%
is
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tr
u
e
v
al
u
e
(
ze
r
o
b
ias%
)
th
e
n
t
h
e
P
MS
(
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
)
is
n
o
t
ac
c
u
r
ate.
Th
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
e
t
h
e
b
ias
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
co
n
ce
p
t
th
at
it
is
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
atic
er
r
o
r
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
er
r
o
r
,
it i
s
in
lin
e
w
i
th
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
[
29
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fra
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
r
ev
iew
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS
to
tal
co
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Th
e
E
n
d
User
R
eq
u
ir
eme
n
t fo
r
P
r
o
ject
Ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t S
o
ftw
a
r
e
A
cc
u
r
a
cy
(
F
a
ch
r
u
r
r
a
z
i
)
1115
T
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
is
tes
t,
w
e
f
ir
s
t
n
ee
d
to
k
n
o
w
w
h
eth
er
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
in
g
b
ias
%
h
a
s
a
n
o
r
m
al
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
r
n
o
t
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
n
o
r
m
alit
y
test
is
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
u
s
e
o
n
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
tes
tin
g
(
n
a
m
el
y
:
p
ar
a
m
etr
ic
s
ta
tis
tic
o
r
n
o
n
p
ar
am
etr
ic
s
tatis
t
ic)
.
T
h
e
b
ias%
d
ata
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
1
an
d
f
o
r
m
u
la
2
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt o
f
th
e
b
i
as%
as s
h
o
w
n
in
co
l
u
m
n
5
in
T
ab
le
1
(
attac
h
in
th
e
ap
p
en
d
i
x
)
.
3
.
2
.
H
y
po
t
hes
is
A
h
y
p
o
t
h
es
is
te
s
t
i
s
t
h
e
e
v
al
u
atio
n
o
f
th
e
t
w
o
s
tate
m
en
t
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
(
H
o
)
an
d
th
e
alter
n
ati
v
e
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
(
H1
)
.
I
t
is
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
m
u
tu
al
l
y
e
x
clu
s
i
v
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
lat
io
n
i
n
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
b
es
t
s
tate
m
en
t
t
h
at
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
t
h
e
d
ata
s
a
m
p
le.
T
h
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
is
m
ea
n
o
f
b
ias
%
is
eq
u
al
to
0
%
(
ze
r
o
p
er
ce
n
t)
.
T
h
is
test
i
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
le
v
el
o
f
9
5
%
o
r
in
ter
v
al
co
n
f
id
en
ce
α
±
5
%
.
T
h
e
b
ias%
,
as
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
v
ar
iab
le,
is
ca
lc
u
lated
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
(
1
)
,
(
2
)
.
th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
:
Nu
ll H
y
p
o
th
es
is
,
Ho
: µ
b
ias%
=
0
%
(
as th
e
tr
u
e
v
alu
e
o
f
µb
ias%
)
H
y
p
o
th
es
is
alter
n
ati
v
e,
Hi: µ
b
ias%
≠
0
%
(
as th
e
tr
u
e
v
alu
e
o
f
µb
ias%
)
T
h
e
s
etti
n
g
u
p
o
f
r
u
le
f
o
r
d
ec
is
io
n
in
r
ej
ec
t
o
r
f
ail
to
r
ej
ec
t
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
is
b
ased
o
n
P
-
v
alu
e
(
ca
lcu
lated
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
)
.
W
e
w
il
l
r
ej
ec
t
th
e
Ho
(
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
)
if
P
-
v
a
lu
e
les
s
o
r
m
o
r
e
th
an
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
lev
e
l
o
f
α
±
5
%
.
Oth
er
w
is
e
,
it
f
ail
s
to
r
ej
ec
t
Ho
if
P
-
v
alu
e
is
eq
u
a
l
th
an
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t le
v
el
o
f
α
±
5
%
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
4
.
1
.
T
he
B
ia
s
%
Ana
ly
s
i
s
A
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
d
ata
as
m
u
ch
as
3
7
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
llected
to
r
ev
ie
w
t
h
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
B
ias%
is
d
is
p
la
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
an
d
ex
p
ec
ted
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ex
p
ec
ted
,
as
d
e
f
i
n
ed
in
f
o
r
m
u
la
(
2
)
.
I
f
t
h
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
ha
ve
th
e
s
a
m
e
v
a
lu
e
a
s
t
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
,
t
h
en
it
is
s
aid
to
b
e
an
u
n
b
iased
o
r
ze
r
o
b
ias
%.
T
h
e
u
n
b
iased
co
n
d
itio
n
is
r
ar
e
in
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
,
it
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
ati
c
er
r
o
r
o
f
P
MS
an
d
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
er
r
o
r
,
ie.
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
j
ec
t
ac
tiv
ities
,
t
h
e
d
ec
i
m
al
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
,
tr
u
n
ca
tio
n
,
h
u
m
a
n
er
r
o
r
,
etc.
Her
e
w
e
p
r
esen
ted
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
ca
lc
u
latio
n
f
o
r
th
e
b
ias%
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS
as
a
b
a
s
is
f
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
le
v
el
s
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
P
MS
w
ith
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
b
ias%
ar
e:
(
1
)
(
)
(
2
)
Ob
s
er
v
ed
(
)
is
th
e
to
tal
co
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS
o
u
tp
u
t.
E
x
p
ec
ted
(
)
is
o
f
th
e
to
tal
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
o
u
tp
u
t.
B
ias%
is
t
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
b
ias
of
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
ataset
to
w
ar
d
e
x
p
ec
ted
d
ataset
(
cu
r
r
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
)
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
ias%
in
ea
c
h
p
r
o
j
ec
t,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
(
attac
h
in
ap
p
en
d
ix
)
,
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
v
alu
e
s
v
ar
y
b
et
w
ee
n
-
/+
.
I
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
P
MS
h
as
a
n
e
r
r
o
r
d
is
tan
ce
to
a
tr
u
e
v
al
u
e
(
0
%)
in
-
/+
v
ar
iat
io
n
.
W
e
h
av
e
a
q
u
esti
o
n
i
n
t
h
is
in
d
icatio
n
,
is
t
h
er
e
a
p
atter
n
th
a
t
co
u
ld
b
e
d
r
a
w
n
f
r
o
m
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
/d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
P
MS
o
u
tp
u
t
(
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
)
to
w
ar
d
its
b
ias
%?
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
test
,
w
it
h
R
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
is
-
0
.
0
1
1
1
7
(
n
o
co
r
r
elatio
n
)
.
W
e
c
o
n
clu
d
e
th
at
th
er
e
i
s
n
o
p
atter
n
b
et
w
ee
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
/d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
P
MS
o
u
tp
u
t
i
n
lin
e
w
i
th
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
/d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
o
f
its
er
r
o
r
(
b
ias%
)
.
T
h
is
is
a
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
is
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
co
u
ld
b
e
d
u
e
to
v
ar
iatio
n
o
n
th
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
ac
tiv
it
y
o
f
ea
ch
p
r
o
j
ec
t
(
r
an
d
o
m
er
r
o
r
)
,
o
r
d
u
e
to
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
a
n
d
tr
u
n
ca
tio
n
(
s
y
s
t
e
m
atic
er
r
o
r
)
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
b
ias
%
o
f
th
e
P
MS
is
0
.
4
0
6
6
%
w
it
h
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
3
.
6
1
8
2
%
,
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
is
v
al
u
e
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
to
b
u
ild
a
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
4
.
2
.
Chi
-
s
q
ua
re
T
est
a
nd
No
r
m
a
l
Dis
t
ributio
n
T
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
tati
s
ti
c
p
ar
am
etr
ic
i
s
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
i
s
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
ata
,
w
h
ich
w
ill
b
e
test
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
ch
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e.
T
h
is
is
also
ca
lled
th
e
n
o
r
m
ali
t
y
tes
t
o
r
th
e
g
o
o
d
n
ess
o
f
f
i
t.
T
h
e
c
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
test
i
s
to
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
of
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
d
ata
s
ets
(
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
ed
an
d
ex
p
ec
ted
)
u
s
i
n
g
f
o
r
m
u
lat
io
n
:
(
3)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
;
is
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
;
T
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
a
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
n
o
r
m
a
l
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
C
h
i
-
Sq
u
ar
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
(χ
2
)
is
s
u
m
to
tal
of
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
in
ea
ch
cla
s
s
(
f
o
r
o
b
s
er
v
ed
an
d
t
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
c
hi
-
Sq
u
ar
e
test
(χ
2
)
,
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
8
:
1
1
1
2
–
1121
1116
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
c
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
o
f
2
7
.
5
1
is
th
e
lo
w
er
th
a
n
th
e
c
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
cr
itic
o
f
5
1
.
W
e
co
n
clu
d
e
th
at
b
ias%
d
ata
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
n
o
r
m
all
y
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
is
r
es
u
lt,
w
e
ca
n
u
s
e
s
tati
s
tic
p
ar
a
m
etr
i
c.
I
t
is
i
n
li
n
e
w
i
th
[
3
0
]
an
d
s
tate
th
at,
t
h
e
p
ar
am
etr
ic
te
s
t
is
b
a
s
ed
on
a
)
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
m
u
s
t
b
e
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
in
i
n
ter
v
a
l
s
ca
le
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t;
b
)
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
v
al
u
es
ar
e
n
o
r
m
all
y
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
t
ed
;
c
)
th
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
s
ar
e
s
elec
ted
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
;
d
)
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
h
a
v
e
eq
u
al
o
r
n
ea
r
l
y
eq
u
al
v
ar
ian
ce
s
.
T
o
co
n
d
u
ct
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
test
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
AN
OV
A
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
ill
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
A
n
al
y
s
is
I
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
f
o
r
B
i
a
s
%
F
r
e
q
.
N
o
r
mal
D
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
C
h
i
-
sq
u
a
r
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
D
e
n
si
t
y
N
u
m.
N
u
m.
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
.
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
.
N
u
m.
(
1
)
(
2
)
(
3
)
(
4
)
(
5
)
(
6
)
=
(
(
(
2
)
-
(
3
)
)
^
2
)
/
(
3
)
)
(
1
6
.
1
%)
-
(
1
4
.
0
%)
0
0
.
0
0
1
3
0
.
0
0
%
0
.
0
0
3
4
%
0
.
0
0
1
2
7
(
1
3
.
9
%)
-
(
1
2
.
0
%)
0
0
.
0
0
9
9
0
.
0
3
%
0
.
0
3
0
3
%
0
.
0
0
9
9
4
(
1
1
.
9
%)
-
(
1
0
.
0
%)
0
0
.
0
6
3
3
0
.
1
7
%
0
.
2
0
1
2
%
0
.
0
6
3
2
5
(
9
.
9
%)
-
(
8
.
0
%)
0
0
.
2
9
8
4
0
.
8
1
%
1
.
0
0
7
8
%
0
.
2
9
8
4
2
(
7
.
9
%)
-
(
6
.
0
%)
2
1
.
0
4
4
5
2
.
8
2
%
3
.
8
3
0
7
%
0
.
8
7
4
0
9
(
5
.
9
%)
-
(
4
.
0
%)
0
2
.
7
1
2
9
7
.
3
3
%
1
1
.
1
6
2
9
%
2
.
7
1
2
9
1
(
3
.
9
%)
-
(
2
.
0
%)
5
5
.
2
2
9
9
1
4
.
1
3
%
2
5
.
2
9
7
9
%
0
.
0
1
0
1
1
(
1
.
9
%)
-
(
0
.
0
%)
14
7
.
4
8
4
4
2
0
.
2
3
%
4
5
.
5
2
6
1
%
5
.
6
7
2
1
0
0
.
1
%
-
2
.
0
%
10
7
.
9
5
1
7
2
1
.
4
9
%
6
7
.
0
1
7
1
%
0
.
5
2
7
6
5
2
.
1
%
-
4
.
0
%
1
6
.
2
7
1
9
1
6
.
9
5
%
8
3
.
9
6
8
2
%
4
.
4
3
1
3
4
4
.
1
%
-
6
.
0
%
2
3
.
6
7
2
5
9
.
9
3
%
9
3
.
8
9
3
8
%
0
.
7
6
1
6
5
6
.
1
%
-
8
.
0
%
0
1
.
5
9
6
2
4
.
3
1
%
9
8
.
2
0
7
7
%
1
.
5
9
6
1
8
8
.
1
%
-
1
0
.
0
%
2
0
.
5
1
4
9
1
.
3
9
%
9
9
.
5
9
9
3
%
4
.
2
8
3
9
7
1
0
.
1
%
-
1
2
.
0
%
1
0
.
1
2
3
2
0
.
3
3
%
9
9
.
9
3
2
3
%
6
.
2
3
8
8
8
1
2
.
1
%
-
1
4
.
0
%
0
0
.
0
2
1
9
0
.
0
6
%
9
9
.
9
9
1
4
%
0
.
0
2
1
8
7
1
4
.
1
%
-
1
6
.
0
%
0
0
.
0
0
2
9
0
.
0
1
%
9
9
.
9
9
9
2
%
0
.
0
0
2
8
8
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
:
0
.
4
0
6
6
%
χ
2
:
:
2
7
.
5
1
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
D
e
v
.
:
3
.
6
1
8
2
%
χ
2
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
:
51
D
i
sco
u
n
t
F
a
c
t
o
r
:
37
α :
5
%
T
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
s
u
n
i
v
er
s
al
a
n
d
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
ten
d
e
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
m
ea
n
o
f
b
ias%
(
µ
b
i
a
s
%
).
T
h
e
n
o
r
m
a
l
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
c
u
r
v
e
h
as
b
ee
n
b
u
ilt
b
ase
d
o
n
µb
ias%
o
f
0
.
4
0
6
6
%
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
3
.
6
1
8
2
%,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
is
cu
r
v
e
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
g
ap
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
tr
u
e
v
alu
e
o
f
b
ias%
(
ze
r
o
b
ias%
)
an
d
t
h
e
es
ti
m
ated
m
e
an
o
f
b
ias%
(
µb
ias
%)
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
w
e
ex
a
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
s
o
f
t
h
e
tr
u
e
v
al
u
e
(
0
%)
an
d
t
h
e
m
ea
n
o
f
th
e
b
ias%
(
0
.
4
0
6
6
%
)
.
T
o
ex
am
in
e
th
i
s
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
test
,
w
e
w
ill
u
s
e
An
o
v
a.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
No
r
m
al
D
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
P
MS
B
ias%
4
.
3
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
Va
ria
nce
(
Ano
v
a
)
A
N
OV
A
at
t
h
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
le
v
el
o
f
9
5
%
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
to
an
al
y
ze
P
-
v
al
u
e.
P
-
v
al
u
e
w
i
ll
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
α
(
5
%)
f
o
r
th
e
d
ec
i
s
io
n
to
r
ej
ec
t
o
r
f
ail
to
r
ej
ec
t
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
(
Ho
)
.
T
h
e
P
-
v
alu
e
w
il
l
b
e
u
s
ed
as
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Th
e
E
n
d
User
R
eq
u
ir
eme
n
t fo
r
P
r
o
ject
Ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t S
o
ftw
a
r
e
A
cc
u
r
a
cy
(
F
a
ch
r
u
r
r
a
z
i
)
1117
p
ar
am
eter
o
f
th
e
tes
tin
g
f
o
r
a
ll
le
v
els
o
f
s
i
g
n
if
ican
ce
th
a
t
i
t
m
a
y
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
.
T
h
e
P
-
v
al
u
e
≤
α
5
%,
th
e
n
u
l
l
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
(
Ho
)
is
r
ej
ec
ted
,
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a
it
w
il
l f
ail
to
r
ej
ec
t it.
T
h
e
P
v
alu
e
o
f
4
9
.
6
4
3
6
%,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
3
,
is
b
ig
g
er
th
an
α
(
in
ter
v
al
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
)
o
f
5
%.
T
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
es
u
lt
is
t
o
f
ail
to
r
ej
ec
t
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esi
s
(
Ho
)
.
T
h
is
is
g
i
v
en
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
is
n
o
t
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
t
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
v
alu
e
(
tr
u
e
v
al
u
e)
.
I
n
th
is
r
es
u
lt,
w
e
co
n
c
lu
d
e
t
h
e
P
MS
is
s
ti
ll
ac
cu
r
ate
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
u
s
in
g
SNI
(
Natio
n
al
I
n
d
o
n
esia
St
an
d
ar
d
P
latf
o
r
m
)
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
in
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
w
h
et
h
er
th
e
b
ias%
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
h
ig
h
v
al
u
e
to
th
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
±
1
%
o
f
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t?
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
a
l d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
cu
r
v
e
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
ab
le
3
.
A
NOV
A
(
A
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
Var
ian
ce
)
G
r
o
u
p
s
C
o
u
n
t
S
u
m
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
C
o
l
u
mn
1
37
0
.
1
5
0
4
4
5
0
.
0
0
4
0
6
6
0
.
0
0
1
3
0
9
0
.
0
0
1
3
0
9
C
o
l
u
mn
2
37
0
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
S
o
u
r
c
e
o
f
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
S
u
m S
q
u
a
r
e
(SS)
D
i
sco
u
n
t
F
a
c
t
o
r
(
d
f
)
M
e
a
n
S
q
u
a
r
e
(
M
S
)
F
P
-
v
a
l
u
e
F
c
r
i
t
.
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
G
r
o
u
p
s
0
.
0
0
0
3
0
6
1
0
.
0
0
0
3
0
6
0
.
4
6
7
2
7
7
0
.
4
9
6
4
3
6
3
.
9
7
3
8
9
7
W
i
t
h
i
n
G
r
o
u
p
s
0
.
0
4
7
1
2
8
72
0
.
0
0
0
6
5
5
T
o
t
a
l
0
.
0
4
7
4
3
4
73
4
.
4
.
T
he
P
ro
ba
bil
it
y
o
f
t
he
P
M
S
t
o
O
bta
in t
he
E
nd
User
Req
uire
m
ent
I
n
t
h
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
t
h
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
e
x
p
ec
ts
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
o
f
th
e
P
MS
to
t
h
e
tr
u
e
v
alu
e
is
n
o
t
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
±
1
%.
T
h
is
is
th
e
to
ler
an
ce
n
u
m
b
er
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
th
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
ag
ai
n
s
t
er
r
o
r
s
in
th
e
P
MS.
As,
s
o
m
e
t
h
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
s
h
a
v
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
er
r
o
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
e
of
t
h
e
P
MS,
co
n
tai
n
in
g
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
m
i
s
ta
k
es,
w
i
ll
n
o
t
ex
ce
ed
±
1
% [
3
1
]
.
B
ase
o
n
an
al
y
s
is
o
n
T
ab
le
4
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
ex
p
ec
tat
io
n
o
f
P
MS
is
ac
h
iev
ed
2
1
.
7
7
%
o
f
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
(
n
o
t
ex
ce
ed
±
1
%
er
r
o
r
)
.
A
lth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
lev
el
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
o
f
P
MS
is
ac
cu
r
ate
,
t
h
is
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
v
al
u
e
is
lo
w
.
T
h
is
i
s
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
f
u
l
f
ill
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
P
MS
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
w
ill
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
f
th
e
P
MS
co
u
ld
b
e
m
et
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
[3
2
]
.
T
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
en
d
u
s
e
r
an
d
its
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
4
,
ar
e
r
esu
lted
f
r
o
m
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ar
ea
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
ab
le
4
.
P
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
fo
r
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
Er
r
o
r
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
E
n
d
U
se
r
(e
r
r
o
r
d
o
e
s n
o
t
e
x
c
e
e
d
o
f
)
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
P
M
S
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
l
e
v
e
l
x
m
i
n
x
max
P
r
(
x
<
x
min
)
P
r
(
x
>
x
max
)
Pr(x
min
<
x
<
x
m
a
x
)
0%
0%
5
0
.
0
0
%
5
0
.
0
0
%
0
.
0
0
%
-
1%
1%
3
9
.
1
1
%
3
9
.
1
1
%
2
1
.
7
7
%
-
2%
2%
2
9
.
0
2
%
2
9
.
0
2
%
4
1
.
9
6
%
-
3%
3%
2
0
.
3
5
%
2
0
.
3
5
%
5
9
.
3
0
%
-
4%
4%
1
3
.
4
5
%
1
3
.
4
5
%
7
3
.
1
1
%
-
5%
5%
8
.
3
5
%
8
.
3
5
%
8
3
.
3
0
%
-
6%
6%
4
.
8
6
%
4
.
8
6
%
9
0
.
2
7
%
-
7%
7%
2
.
6
5
%
2
.
6
5
%
9
4
.
7
0
%
-
8%
8%
1
.
3
5
%
1
.
3
5
%
9
7
.
3
0
%
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
5
.
1
.
I
nte
rpre
t
a
t
io
n o
f
t
he
P
M
S
A
cc
ura
cy
T
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
P
M
S
is
r
elate
d
to
a
n
er
r
o
r
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
ac
tiv
it
ies
.
T
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
n
u
m
b
er
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
r
o
j
ec
t
ac
tiv
it
y
w
ill c
au
s
e
v
ar
ian
ce
i
n
er
r
o
r
o
f
ea
ch
p
r
o
j
ec
t th
at
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
o
n
e
to
an
o
th
er
p
r
o
j
ec
t (
P
1
to
P
3
7
)
.
W
e
u
s
e
th
e
to
ler
an
ce
(
I
t
is
th
e
p
er
m
is
s
ib
le
li
m
it
o
r
li
m
it
s
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
)
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
lev
e
l
o
f
th
e
P
MS
t
h
at
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
in
ter
v
al
o
f
v
ar
iab
ili
t
y
i
n
a
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
to
ler
a
n
c
e
(
u
s
i
n
g
i
n
ter
v
al
lev
el)
o
f
th
e
P
MS
is
f
air
er
th
a
n
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
d
is
cr
ete
av
er
a
g
e
(
m
ea
n
)
o
f
b
ias%
as
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
I
t
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
u
itab
i
lit
y
attr
ib
u
te
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS'
s
a
b
ilit
y
to
m
ee
t
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
ies
o
f
t
h
e
en
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
(
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
th
e
ex
ten
t
o
f
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
)
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
il
lu
s
tr
ates,
th
e
g
r
ea
t
er
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
b
ias%
w
ill
h
av
e
i
m
p
l
icatio
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
g
r
ea
t
er
th
e
to
ler
a
n
ce
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
ed
(
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
o
b
j
ec
t)
.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
to
ler
an
ce
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
r
es
u
lt
s
w
ill
h
av
e
i
m
p
licat
io
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
lo
w
er
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
(
th
e
P
MS)
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
i
m
p
licatio
n
,
w
e
co
n
cl
u
d
e
th
at
v
ar
iat
io
n
s
in
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
j
ec
t a
ctiv
it
y
a
n
d
th
e
b
ia
s
i
n
ea
c
h
p
r
o
j
ec
t a
ctiv
it
y
w
il
l h
a
v
e
a
n
i
m
p
licat
io
n
o
n
t
h
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS,
as
w
ell
as i
ts
to
ler
an
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
8
:
1
1
1
2
–
1121
1118
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
to
ler
a
n
ce
co
u
ld
also
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
P
MS.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
if
w
e
w
an
t
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
le
v
el
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS
to
an
o
th
er
,
th
e
n
w
e
co
u
ld
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
to
ler
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS
w
it
h
th
e
s
a
m
e
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
s
a
m
p
le
t
y
p
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
also
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
9
5
%
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
.
T
h
e
b
ias%
o
f
PMS
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
i
s
d
ep
icted
in
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
c
u
r
v
e,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
f
b
ias%
o
f
th
e
P
MS
s
h
o
w
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
w
id
e,
w
h
ich
a
ls
o
d
escr
ib
es t
h
e
to
ler
an
ce
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
I
t
is
in
li
n
e
w
it
h
[
9
]
,
s
tate
th
at
t
h
e
to
ler
an
ce
v
alu
e
i
s
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
in
th
e
li
m
it
o
f
b
ias%
v
al
u
e
a
n
d
w
h
ile
t
h
e
in
ter
v
al
i
s
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
r
an
g
e
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
ata.
B
o
th
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
n
to
ler
a
n
ce
an
d
i
n
ter
v
al
w
er
e
an
al
y
z
ed
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
e
x
tr
e
m
e
v
a
lu
e
i
n
th
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
le
v
el
o
f
9
5
%.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
cu
r
v
e,
t
h
e
in
ter
v
al
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
ed
is
b
et
w
ee
n
-
6
.
6
8
4
9
%
u
n
t
il
7
.
4
9
8
1
%,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
W
ith
th
is
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
w
e
co
u
ld
ex
p
r
es
s
t
h
e
to
ler
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
th
a
t b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
e
x
tr
e
m
e
v
a
lu
e
is
ab
o
u
t ±
7
.
4
9
8
1
% (
~
±
7
.
5
%),
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
to
ler
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
w
e
ca
n
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
in
ter
v
al
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
:
(
4
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
P
MS
(
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
)
th
at
w
ill
b
e
p
r
ed
icted
;
is
th
e
SNI
(
ex
p
ec
ted
/tar
g
eted
)
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le
P
1
9
d
ata,
h
er
e
w
ill
b
e
p
r
ed
icted
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
ed
(
th
e
P
MS)
b
ased
o
n
ta
r
g
et
d
ata
(
v
alu
e
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
m
e
th
o
d
s
)
.
W
e
h
av
e
a
SNI
co
s
t
d
ata
(
cu
r
r
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
)
o
f
2
,
0
3
3
,
3
5
2
,
4
1
3
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
4
,
th
e
p
r
ed
ict
io
n
r
esu
lt
th
e
P
MS
co
s
t
o
u
tp
u
t
i
s
to
le
r
an
ce
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
1
,
8
8
0
,
8
5
0
,
9
8
2
to
2
,
1
8
5
,
8
5
3
,
8
4
4
(i
t
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
2
,
0
3
3
,
3
5
2
,
4
1
3
±
7
.
5
% *
2
,
0
3
3
,
3
5
2
,
4
1
3
)
.
A
cc
u
r
ac
y
in
d
e
x
(
t
h
e
to
ler
a
n
c
e
in
d
e
x
)
i
n
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
±
7
.
5
%
an
d
s
o
m
e
r
esear
c
h
r
e
f
e
r
en
ce
s
ar
e
ca
lled
as
a
v
alu
e
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
9
]
.
I
t
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
e
d
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t,
w
h
ic
h
u
s
e
s
a
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
v
er
y
r
ar
el
y
u
s
es
p
r
ec
is
io
n
ter
m
s
s
u
c
h
as
co
s
t
esti
m
ati
n
g
[
2
8
]
.
I
t
is
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
i
n
a
s
tatis
t
ical
co
n
te
x
t
t
h
at
u
s
es
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
o
r
r
an
d
o
m
er
r
o
r
.
I
t
is
clea
r
th
at
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
m
a
y
d
i
f
f
er
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
an
d
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
s
do
n
o
t
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
er
r
o
r
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
(
s
u
c
h
as
ca
s
es
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
atic
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
o
n
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
)
,
wi
ll
h
a
v
e
i
m
p
lic
atio
n
s
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
a
l
y
s
is
th
at
al
s
o
d
o
n
o
t
ta
k
e
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
p
r
ec
is
io
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
W
h
er
e
th
e
p
r
ec
is
i
o
n
v
al
u
e
is
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as a
p
er
m
is
s
ib
le
li
m
it
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Data
s
et
o
f
P
MS
,
th
e
P
MS
B
ias%
,
an
d
Statis
t
ic’
s
P
ar
a
m
eter
5
.
2
.
T
he
E
nd
U
s
er
R
equire
m
ent
f
o
r
A
cc
ura
cy
o
f
t
he
P
M
S
Her
e
w
e
w
ill
ex
p
lai
n
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
i
s
t
h
e
P
MS
to
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
A
s
v
ar
iat
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
P
MS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
th
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
co
u
ld
also
v
ar
y
an
d
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
g
r
o
u
p
.
I
n
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
o
b
tain
ed
t
h
e
P
MS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
i
n
d
ex
is
7
.
5
%
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
o
f
P
MS
is
ac
h
iev
ed
2
1
.
7
7
%
(
it
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
th
a
t
is
n
o
t
ex
ce
ed
in
g
o
f
±
1
%
er
r
o
r
)
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
P
MS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
is
n
o
t
m
ea
n
t
t
h
at
th
e
P
MS
co
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
u
s
ed
to
t
h
e
en
d
u
s
er
s
,
as
it
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t.
O
n
l
y
,
h
er
e
th
e
P
MS
co
u
ld
n
o
t
m
ee
t
th
e
ex
p
ec
tat
io
n
o
f
th
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
o
f
1
0
0
%
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
P
MS
is
o
n
l
y
ab
le
to
m
ee
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Th
e
E
n
d
User
R
eq
u
ir
eme
n
t fo
r
P
r
o
ject
Ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t S
o
ftw
a
r
e
A
cc
u
r
a
cy
(
F
a
ch
r
u
r
r
a
z
i
)
1119
is
u
p
to
2
1
.
7
7
%,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
en
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
i
s
t
h
e
to
ler
a
n
ce
to
t
h
e
b
i
as
o
f
th
e
P
MS
t
h
at
th
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
ex
p
ec
t
s
.
W
e
co
n
c
lu
d
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
to
ler
an
ce
o
f
th
e
P
MS,
th
e
s
m
aller
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
en
d
-
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
,
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a.
A
s
t
h
e
i
m
p
lica
tio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
is
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
r
ea
ch
i
n
g
th
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
(
n
o
t
ex
ce
e
d
±
1
%
er
r
o
r
)
th
en
th
e
v
ar
iab
i
lit
y
o
f
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
(
th
e
P
MS)
s
h
o
u
ld
also
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
er
r
o
r
o
f
en
d
u
s
er
o
n
l
y
s
p
ec
if
ie
s
li
m
itat
io
n
er
r
o
r
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t,
w
it
h
o
u
t
s
p
ec
if
y
in
g
it
s
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
,
s
o
it
cr
ea
tes
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
i
n
ter
p
r
etat
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
en
d
u
s
er
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
.
T
h
e
en
d
u
s
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
m
e
n
tio
n
i
n
m
o
r
e
d
etail
w
ith
r
e
s
p
ec
t
to
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
(
n
o
t
e
x
ce
ed
±
1
%
er
r
o
r
)
.
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
t
h
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t,
t
h
en
th
e
P
MS
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
u
ld
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
i
f
w
e
co
u
ld
f
i
n
d
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
th
e
b
ia
s
in
th
e
P
MS
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
is
i
s
o
u
r
n
ex
t r
esear
ch
a
n
d
f
o
r
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
i
n
f
u
t
u
r
e.
5
.
3
.
Va
lid
a
t
io
n o
f
P
M
S A
cc
ura
cy
u
s
ing
C
o
rr
ela
t
io
n
T
est
An
o
th
er
w
a
y
to
p
r
o
ve
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
a
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
is
to
r
ev
ie
w
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
an
d
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
,
w
e
w
i
ll
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
clo
s
en
e
s
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
P
MS
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
.
A
s
i
m
ilar
m
et
h
o
d
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
b
y
[
3
3
]
w
ith
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
atic
er
r
o
r
w
i
th
c
u
r
v
e
f
it
s
.
T
h
e
clo
s
en
es
s
b
et
w
ee
n
d
ata
an
d
tr
en
d
l
in
e
is
in
d
icate
d
b
y
a
n
R
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
i
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
i
s
les
s
t
h
a
n
1
.
0
o
r
ex
ac
tl
y
o
f
0
.
9
9
5
,
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
er
r
o
r
(
b
ias)
is
v
er
y
s
m
all.
T
h
is
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
at
t
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
s
tate
s
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
r
ea
s
o
n
to
r
ej
ec
t th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
th
e
P
MS
to
C
u
r
r
en
t
Me
t
h
o
d
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
NS
T
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
al
y
s
is
h
as
b
ee
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
ass
e
s
s
t
h
e
co
s
t
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
P
MS
a
g
ai
n
s
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
a
n
al
y
s
is
i
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
h
a
v
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
er
e
is
a
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
P
MS
co
s
t
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
SNI
w
h
ic
h
is
u
s
ed
as
a
co
n
tr
o
l
to
o
l,
ag
ain
s
t
t
h
e
P
MS.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
d
ata
in
p
u
t,
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
as
b
ee
n
r
e
-
e
x
a
m
in
at
io
n
an
d
r
ec
alcu
latio
n
,
s
o
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
d
u
e
to
h
u
m
a
n
er
r
o
r
co
u
ld
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
.
Fo
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
test
i
n
g
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
co
l
lecte
d
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ata
th
at
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
to
te
s
t
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
o
f
th
e
P
MS
o
u
tp
u
t
as
a
b
asis
f
o
r
ass
es
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS.
H
y
p
o
th
e
s
i
s
test
i
n
g
s
h
o
w
s
n
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
ea
s
o
n
to
r
ej
ec
t
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
.
Un
d
er
th
e
s
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
a
t
th
e
P
MS
is
s
till
ac
c
u
r
ate
to
b
e
im
p
le
m
e
n
te
d
o
n
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
in
th
e
A
ce
h
r
e
g
i
o
n
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
w
e
also
test
ed
h
o
w
ac
c
u
r
ate
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
P
MS
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
f
u
l
f
ill
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
e
n
d
u
s
er
s
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
s
et
b
y
t
h
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
i
s
n
o
t
e
x
c
ee
d
in
g
±
1
%
er
r
o
r
,
th
e
n
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
d
icat
e
th
at
th
e
P
MS
w
il
l o
n
l
y
b
e
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
th
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
is
2
1
.
7
7
%.
T
h
is
v
al
u
e
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
ilit
y
to
m
ee
t t
h
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
s
lo
w
.
T
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
i
s
co
n
d
itio
n
,
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
f
in
d
th
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
P
MS
b
ias
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
th
e
b
ias%
o
r
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
of
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
en
d
u
s
er
.
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
co
u
ld
o
cc
u
r
w
h
ile
P
MS
ap
p
lied
to
an
al
y
ze
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t c
o
s
ts
.
h
o
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t to
tal
co
s
t
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
P
MS
ca
n
b
e
p
r
ed
icte
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
i
n
d
ex
an
d
th
e
SNI
p
r
o
j
ec
t
co
s
t.
T
h
is
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ca
n
b
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
,
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
P
MS
(
o
b
s
er
v
ed
)
th
at
w
ill
b
e
p
r
ed
icted
;
is
th
e
SN
I
(
ex
p
ec
ted
/tar
g
eted
)
;
an
d
±
7
.
5
%
is
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
i
n
d
ex
o
f
t
h
e
P
MS.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
,
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
d
e
x
is
al
s
o
ca
lled
as
th
e
f
a
u
lt to
ler
an
ce
le
v
el.
B
ased
o
n
d
ata
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
t
h
at
is
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
j
ec
t
co
s
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
P
MS
an
d
SNI
,
th
en
w
e
ca
n
also
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
al
y
s
is
to
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
P
MS
co
s
t
an
d
S
NI
co
s
t
as
a
w
a
y
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
8
:
1
1
1
2
–
1121
1120
test
th
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
r
es
u
lts
i
n
d
icate
a
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
P
MS
co
s
t
an
d
t
h
e
SNI
co
s
t,
w
i
th
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
0
.
9
9
5
.
T
h
is
co
r
r
elatio
n
v
al
u
e
(
)
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
P
MS
co
s
t
a
n
d
th
e
SNI
co
s
t
i
s
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
a
m
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
M
E
NT
T
h
e
A
u
t
h
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
lik
e
to
ap
p
r
ec
iate
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ar
ties
t
h
at
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
.
Sp
ec
ia
l
th
an
k
s
to
1
)
P
r
o
f
.
Dr
.
I
r
.
Sa
m
s
u
l
R
iza
l,
M.
E
n
g
.
,
R
ec
to
r
o
f
S
y
ia
h
Ku
al
a
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
a
s
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
b
ased
o
n
letter
2
3
4
8
/UN1
1
/
T
U/2
0
1
7
;
2
)
Staf
f
o
f
C
E
M
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
C
i
v
il E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
o
f
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
o
f
S
y
iah
K
u
ala.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1]
L
o
v
e
P
E,
Ira
n
i
Z,
Ed
w
a
rd
s
DJ
,
“
I
n
d
u
stry
-
c
e
n
tri
c
b
e
n
c
h
m
a
rk
in
g
o
f
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
b
e
n
e
f
it
s,
c
o
sts
,
a
n
d
risk
s
f
o
r
s
m
a
ll
-
to
-
m
e
d
iu
m
siz
e
d
e
n
terp
rise
s in
c
o
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
,
”
,
Au
t
o
ma
ti
o
n
in
c
o
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
,
2
0
0
4
J
u
l
3
1
;
1
3
(
4
):5
0
7
-
24.
[2
]
S
o
h
a
l
A
S
,
Ng
L
“
T
h
e
ro
le
a
n
d
im
p
a
c
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
A
u
stra
li
a
n
b
u
sin
e
ss
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
1
9
9
8
Ja
n
1
;1
3
(3
):
2
0
1
-
1
7
.
[3
]
Br
y
n
jo
lf
ss
o
n
E,
M
a
lo
n
e
T
W
,
Gu
rb
a
x
a
n
i
V
,
Ka
m
b
il
A
.
“
Do
e
s
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
lea
d
to
sm
a
ll
e
r
f
ir
m
s?
,
”
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
S
c
ien
c
e
.
1
9
9
4
De
c
;
4
0
(
1
2
):
1
6
2
8
-
44.
[4
]
Do
stie
B,
Ja
y
a
ra
m
a
n
R
,
“
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
re
d
e
sig
n
,
i
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
a
n
d
w
o
rk
p
lac
e
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
,”
T
h
e
BE
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eco
n
o
mic
A
n
a
lys
is
&
Po
li
c
y
.
2
0
1
2
Ja
n
1
;
1
2
(
1
).
[5
]
Ca
stil
lo
I,
L
o
sa
v
io
F
,
M
a
tt
e
o
A
,
Bø
e
g
h
J
,
“
R
e
q
u
irem
e
n
ts,
As
p
e
c
ts
a
n
d
S
o
f
twa
re
Qu
a
li
t
y
:
th
e
R
EA
S
Q
m
o
d
e
l
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ob
jec
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
2
0
1
0
S
e
p
;9
(
4
):
6
9
-
91.
[6
]
Ch
a
n
g
P
L
,
Hs
u
CW
,
“
A
p
ro
jec
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
ste
m
(P
M
S
)
f
o
r
r
e
se
a
rc
h
in
stit
u
tes
a
p
p
ly
in
g
f
o
r
g
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
R&
D
c
o
n
trac
ts
in
T
a
iw
a
n
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Pro
jec
t
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
1
9
9
7
Ju
n
1
;1
5
(3
):
1
6
5
-
7
2
.
[7
]
F
a
c
h
ru
rra
z
i
F
,
A
wa
y
Y,
Hu
sin
S
,
“
T
h
e
W
e
ig
h
ts
De
te
c
ti
o
n
o
f
M
u
lt
i
-
c
rit
e
ria
b
y
u
sin
g
S
o
lv
e
r
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
.
2
0
1
7
A
p
r
1
;7
(
2
):
8
5
8
-
6
8
.
[
8]
V
e
rm
a
A
,
G
h
a
rtaa
n
A
,
G
a
y
e
n
T
,
“
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
F
a
u
lt
-
T
o
lera
n
c
e
M
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
Re
li
a
b
il
it
y
En
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
Re
a
l
-
T
i
m
e
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
S
y
ste
m
s
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
2
0
1
6
Ju
n
1
;6
(
3
):1
0
3
1
.
[9
]
Yo
u
n
g
DS
,
“
T
o
lera
n
c
e
:
a
n
R
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
f
o
r
e
sti
m
a
ti
n
g
to
lera
n
c
e
in
te
rv
a
ls
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
t
a
ti
stic
a
l
S
o
ft
w
a
re
,
2
0
1
0
A
u
g
5
;3
6
(5
):
1
-
3
9
.
[1
0
]
M
il
ler RW
, “
F
lo
w
m
e
a
s
u
re
m
e
n
t
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
h
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
,
”
M
c
G
ra
w
-
Hill
;
1
9
9
6
.
[1
1
]
IS
O
I.
5
7
2
5
-
6
:
1
9
9
4
,
“
A
c
c
u
ra
c
y
(tru
e
n
e
ss
a
n
d
p
re
c
isio
n
)
o
f
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
re
su
lt
s
-
P
a
rt
6
:
Us
e
in
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
o
f
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
v
a
lu
e
s
,”
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
f
o
r
S
tan
d
a
rd
iza
ti
o
n
,
G
e
n
e
v
a
.
1
9
9
4
.
[1
2
]
B
istro
v
V
,
“
S
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
ra
n
d
o
m
e
rro
rs
in
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
b
y
M
EM
S
i
n
e
rti
a
l
se
n
s
o
rs
,”
Au
t
o
ma
t
ic
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
2
0
1
1
Oc
t
1
;4
5
(5
)
:2
8
4
-
92.
[1
3
]
Kitch
e
n
h
a
m
B
A
,
P
ick
a
r
d
L
M
,
M
a
c
Do
n
e
ll
S
G
,
S
h
e
p
p
e
r
d
M
J
,
“
W
h
a
t
A
c
c
u
ra
c
y
S
t
a
ti
stics
R
e
a
ll
y
M
e
a
su
re
,”
IEE
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
-
S
o
f
tw
a
re
,
2
0
0
1
J
u
n
1
;1
4
8
(
3
):8
1
-
5.
[1
4
]
S
h
e
p
p
e
r
d
M
,
S
c
h
o
f
ield
C
,
“
Esti
m
a
ti
n
g
so
f
t
w
a
re
p
ro
jec
t
e
ff
o
rt
u
sin
g
a
n
a
lo
g
ies
,”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
o
ft
wa
re
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
1
9
9
7
No
v
;2
3
(1
1
):
7
3
6
-
4
3
.
[1
5
]
S
h
e
p
p
e
r
d
M
,
Ka
d
o
d
a
G
.
Co
m
p
a
rin
g
so
f
t
wa
re
p
re
d
ictio
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
u
sin
g
sim
u
latio
n
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
o
ft
w
a
re
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
2
0
0
1
No
v
;2
7
(
1
1
):
1
0
1
4
-
22.
[1
6
]
G
u
lez
ian
R
,
“
Re
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
a
n
d
c
a
li
b
ra
ti
n
g
COCO
M
O
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
S
o
ft
w
a
re
,
1
9
9
1
No
v
1
;1
6
(
3
):
235
-
2
42.
[1
7
]
M
a
c
Do
n
e
ll
S
G
,
S
h
e
p
p
e
rd
M
J,
S
a
ll
is
PJ
,
“
M
e
trics
fo
r
d
a
t
a
b
a
se
sy
ste
ms
:
An
e
mp
irica
l
stu
d
y
,”
In
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
M
e
tri
c
s
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
,
1
9
9
7
,
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s.,
F
o
u
rt
h
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
1
9
9
7
N
o
v
5
(
p
p
.
9
9
-
1
0
7
).
IEE
E.
[1
8
]
Qu
in
lan
JR.
“
C4
.
5
:
p
ro
g
ra
m
s
f
o
r
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
,”
El
se
v
ier;
2
0
1
4
Ju
n
2
8
.
[1
9
]
Qu
in
lan
JR
,
“
L
e
a
r
n
in
g
d
e
c
isio
n
tr
e
e
c
las
si
f
iers
,”
ACM
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
S
u
rv
e
y
s (CS
UR)
.
1
9
9
6
M
a
r;2
8
(1
)
:
7
1
-
2.
[2
0
]
Bo
e
h
m
BW
,
“
S
o
f
t
wa
re
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
e
c
o
n
o
m
ics
,”
En
g
lew
o
o
d
Cli
f
fs
(NJ
):
P
re
n
ti
c
e
-
h
a
ll
;
1
9
8
1
Oc
t
2
2
.
[2
1
]
Co
w
d
e
ro
y
A
J,
Je
n
k
in
s
JO
.
“
Co
st
-
e
stima
ti
o
n
b
y
a
n
a
l
o
g
y
a
s
a
g
o
o
d
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
,”
In
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
1
9
8
8
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
8
8
,
S
e
c
o
n
d
IE
E/
BCS
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
:
1
9
8
8
Ju
l
(
p
p
.
8
0
-
8
4
).
IET
.
[2
2
]
M
u
k
h
o
p
a
d
h
y
a
y
T
,
V
icin
a
n
z
a
S
S
,
P
riet
u
la
M
J
,
“
Ex
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
fe
a
sib
il
it
y
o
f
a
c
a
se
-
b
a
se
d
re
a
so
n
in
g
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
so
f
t
w
a
re
e
ff
o
rt
e
sti
m
a
ti
o
n
,”
M
IS
Qu
a
rte
rly
.
1
9
9
2
Ju
n
1
:1
5
5
-
71.
[2
3
]
V
icin
a
n
z
a
S
C,
P
rietu
la
M
J,
M
u
k
h
o
p
a
d
h
y
a
y
T
,
“
Ca
se
-
Ba
se
d
Rea
so
n
i
n
g
i
n
S
o
ft
w
a
re
Ef
fo
rt
e
sti
ma
ti
o
n
,”
In
ICIS
1
9
9
0
.
[2
4
]
F
a
c
h
ru
rra
z
i,
Hu
si
n
S
,
M
u
n
irw
a
n
sy
a
h
,
Hu
sa
in
i
,
“
T
h
e
S
u
b
c
o
n
trac
to
r
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
Us
in
g
A
n
n
-
M
u
lt
il
a
y
e
r
,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
2
0
1
7
Ja
n
1
;8
(
4
):
7
6
1
-
7
2
.
[2
5
]
W
it
ti
g
G
,
F
in
n
ie
G
,
“
Esti
m
a
ti
n
g
so
f
t
w
a
re
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
e
ff
o
rt
w
it
h
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
ist
m
o
d
e
ls
,”
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
o
ft
w
a
re
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
1
9
9
7
De
c
3
1
;3
9
(7
):
4
6
9
-
7
6
.
[2
6
]
F
a
c
h
ru
rra
z
i,
S
.
Hu
sin
,
T
rip
o
li
,
a
n
d
M
u
b
a
ra
k
,
“
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
t
w
o
rk
f
o
r
th
e
S
tan
d
a
rd
Un
it
P
r
ice
o
f
th
e
B
u
il
d
i
n
g
A
re
a
,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
2
0
1
7
De
c
3
1
;
1
7
1
:2
8
2
-
9
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Th
e
E
n
d
User
R
eq
u
ir
eme
n
t fo
r
P
r
o
ject
Ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t S
o
ftw
a
r
e
A
cc
u
r
a
cy
(
F
a
ch
r
u
r
r
a
z
i
)
1121
[2
7
]
He
rn
á
n
d
e
z
C,
T
u
tsc
h
R
,
“
S
tatist
ica
l
d
y
n
a
m
ic
sp
e
c
i
f
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
m
e
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
a
ll
o
c
a
ti
n
g
t
o
lera
n
c
e
s
,”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
CIR
P
,
2
0
1
3
Ja
n
1
;
1
0
:
1
7
-
2
2
.
[2
8
]
G
ri
m
sta
d
S
,
J
ø
rg
e
n
se
n
M
,
“
A
fr
a
me
wo
rk
fo
r
t
h
e
a
n
a
lys
is
o
f
s
o
ft
w
a
re
c
o
st
e
stima
t
io
n
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
,”
I
n
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
0
0
6
A
CM
/IE
EE
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
sy
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
Em
p
iri
c
a
l
so
f
tw
a
re
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
2
0
0
6
S
e
p
2
1
(
p
p
.
5
8
-
6
5
).
A
CM
.
[2
9
]
Hib
b
e
rt
DB
,
“
S
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
e
rro
rs
in
a
n
a
l
y
ti
c
a
l
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
re
s
u
lt
s
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ch
ro
m
a
to
g
ra
p
h
y
A
.
2
0
0
7
Ju
l
2
7
;
1
1
5
8
(
1
):2
5
-
3
2
.
[3
0
]
On
c
h
iri
S
,
“
Co
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
o
n
th
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
h
i
-
sq
u
a
re
tes
t
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
so
c
ial
sc
ien
c
e
s
,”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Rev
iews
.
2
0
1
3
A
u
g
1
0
;
8
(1
5
):
1
2
3
1
.
[3
1
]
G
a
li
n
D
,
“
S
o
f
t
w
a
re
q
u
a
li
ty
a
s
su
ra
n
c
e
:
f
ro
m
th
e
o
r
y
to
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
,”
P
e
a
rso
n
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
I
n
d
ia;
2
0
0
4
.
[3
2
]
Do
ll
W
J,
T
o
rk
z
a
d
e
h
G
,
“
T
h
e
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
n
d
-
u
se
r
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
sa
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
,”
M
IS
Qu
a
rterly
,
1
9
8
8
Ju
n
1
:2
5
9
-
7
4
.
[3
3
]
Ru
p
rig
h
t
M
E
,
“
M
e
a
su
rin
g
s
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
e
rro
r
w
it
h
c
u
rv
e
f
it
s
,”
T
h
e
Ph
y
sic
s T
e
a
c
h
e
r
.
2
0
1
1
Ja
n
;4
9
(1
):
5
4
-
5.
AP
P
E
NDI
X
T
ab
le
1
.
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
th
e
P
MS
B
ias%
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
C
o
d
e
T
o
t
a
l
C
o
st
U
si
n
g
P
M
S
T
o
t
a
l
C
o
st
U
si
n
g
S
N
I
P
M
S
Er
r
o
r
(
O
b
se
r
v
e
d
Oi
)
(
Ex
p
e
c
t
e
d
)
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
B
i
a
s
%
(
1
)
(
2
)
(
3
)
(
4
)
=
(
2
)
-
(
3
)
(
5
)
=
[
(
2
)
–
(
3
)
]
/
(
3
)
P1
2
,
4
3
4
,
8
5
3
,
8
8
9
2
,
4
0
8
,
8
0
5
,
9
3
5
2
6
,
0
4
7
,
9
5
4
1
.
0
8
1
4
%
P2
2
,
7
3
2
,
5
9
3
,
8
6
1
2
,
7
4
9
,
3
3
4
,
9
8
3
-
1
6
,
7
4
1
,
1
2
2
-
0
.
6
0
8
9
%
P3
1
,
4
1
9
,
9
8
6
,
4
2
6
1
,
4
1
7
,
1
2
9
,
5
6
0
2
,
8
5
6
,
8
6
5
0
.
2
0
1
6
%
P4
6
,
5
9
3
,
9
4
4
,
1
2
0
6
,
6
3
0
,
4
3
8
,
5
2
0
-
3
6
,
4
9
4
,
4
0
0
-
0
.
5
5
0
4
%
P5
6
,
6
8
3
,
0
5
5
,
8
1
5
6
,
6
5
3
,
7
1
0
,
9
5
7
2
9
,
3
4
4
,
8
5
8
0
.
4
4
1
0
%
P6
6
,
4
3
7
,
5
3
4
,
9
2
2
6
,
4
5
3
,
6
8
2
,
7
2
1
-
1
6
,
1
4
7
,
7
9
9
-
0
.
2
5
0
2
%
P7
2
,
6
4
4
,
5
3
4
,
2
1
0
2
,
6
0
3
,
0
6
3
,
6
9
3
4
1
,
4
7
0
,
5
1
7
1
.
5
9
3
1
%
P8
1
,
2
6
4
,
4
8
1
,
0
8
2
1
,
2
6
5
,
5
8
6
,
2
1
1
-
1
,
1
0
5
,
1
2
9
-
0
.
0
8
7
3
%
P9
2
,
4
3
4
,
8
5
3
,
8
8
9
2
,
4
0
8
,
8
0
5
,
9
3
5
2
6
,
0
4
7
,
9
5
4
1
.
0
8
1
4
%
P
1
0
1
3
,
0
2
2
,
3
6
3
,
3
8
8
1
2
,
9
8
4
,
5
1
6
,
8
5
9
3
7
,
8
4
6
,
5
2
9
0
.
2
9
1
5
%
P
1
1
1
,
2
7
3
,
0
3
1
,
4
8
9
1
,
2
7
4
,
1
4
9
,
1
6
8
-
1
,
1
1
7
,
6
7
9
-
0
.
0
8
7
7
%
P
1
2
7
4
3
,
6
5
0
,
9
2
1
6
7
9
,
9
7
2
,
5
1
8
6
3
,
6
7
8
,
4
0
4
9
.
3
6
4
8
%
P
1
3
2
,
7
3
2
,
5
9
3
,
8
6
1
2
,
7
4
9
,
3
3
4
,
9
8
3
-
1
6
,
7
4
1
,
1
2
2
-
0
.
6
0
8
9
%
P
1
4
2
,
0
6
2
,
6
8
8
,
0
4
3
2
,
0
4
3
,
6
6
2
,
9
1
0
1
9
,
0
2
5
,
1
3
4
0
.
9
3
0
9
%
P
1
5
1
,
9
0
9
,
3
6
4
,
6
5
0
1
,
9
8
5
,
0
1
4
,
0
6
1
-
7
5
,
6
4
9
,
4
1
1
-
3
.
8
1
1
0
%
P
1
6
1
,
9
9
9
,
1
3
4
,
1
5
1
1
,
9
8
0
,
0
9
6
,
6
5
3
1
9
,
0
3
7
,
4
9
8
0
.
9
6
1
4
%
P
1
7
6
,
5
9
3
,
9
4
4
,
1
1
0
6
,
6
3
0
,
4
3
8
,
5
2
0
-
3
6
,
4
9
4
,
4
1
0
-
0
.
5
5
0
4
%
P
1
8
1
,
0
4
6
,
1
4
8
,
2
8
3
1
,
1
2
5
,
0
1
9
,
2
4
1
-
7
8
,
8
7
0
,
9
5
8
-
7
.
0
1
0
6
%
P
1
9
2
,
2
4
6
,
0
3
2
,
4
9
4
2
,
0
3
3
,
3
5
2
,
4
1
3
2
1
2
,
6
8
0
,
0
8
0
1
0
.
4
5
9
6
%
P
2
0
1
,
1
1
1
,
3
2
7
,
1
8
8
1
,
1
9
6
,
2
2
8
,
4
2
6
-
8
4
,
9
0
1
,
2
3
8
-
7
.
0
9
7
4
%
P
2
1
1
,
9
4
7
,
9
8
7
,
0
2
8
1
,
9
5
0
,
9
4
8
,
3
1
8
-
2
,
9
6
1
,
2
9
0
-
0
.
1
5
1
8
%
P
2
2
1
,
1
8
2
,
6
0
1
,
9
5
3
1
,
2
0
7
,
6
1
6
,
7
1
0
-
2
5
,
0
1
4
,
7
5
7
-
2
.
0
7
1
4
%
P
2
3
1
,
2
9
2
,
8
4
5
,
4
8
0
1
,
1
9
6
,
2
2
8
,
4
1
9
9
6
,
6
1
7
,
0
6
1
8
.
0
7
6
8
%
P
2
4
2
,
5
3
2
,
5
3
8
,
7
2
2
2
,
5
7
5
,
3
8
3
,
0
7
9
-
4
2
,
8
4
4
,
3
5
7
-
1
.
6
6
3
6
%
P
2
5
1
,
2
6
4
,
4
8
1
,
0
8
2
1
,
2
6
5
,
5
8
6
,
2
1
1
-
1
,
1
0
5
,
1
2
9
-
0
.
0
8
7
3
%
P
2
6
1
,
9
0
8
,
3
1
8
,
8
3
7
1
,
9
1
1
,
1
1
0
,
9
1
0
-
2
,
7
9
2
,
0
7
3
-
0
.
1
4
6
1
%
P
2
7
1
,
2
1
4
,
9
4
0
,
3
5
5
1
,
1
9
6
,
2
2
8
,
4
2
6
1
8
,
7
1
1
,
9
2
9
1
.
5
6
4
2
%
P
2
8
5
1
2
,
5
0
7
,
9
9
8
5
2
6
,
4
5
5
,
6
9
4
-
1
3
,
9
4
7
,
6
9
6
-
2
.
6
4
9
4
%
P
2
9
1
,
2
7
3
,
0
3
1
,
4
8
9
1
,
2
7
4
,
1
4
9
,
1
6
8
-
1
,
1
1
7
,
6
7
9
-
0
.
0
8
7
7
%
P
3
0
2
,
4
3
1
,
9
1
6
,
3
5
8
2
,
4
0
3
,
5
8
6
,
9
6
0
2
8
,
3
2
9
,
3
9
8
1
.
1
7
8
6
%
P
3
1
2
,
7
4
5
,
7
8
4
,
4
3
7
2
,
7
9
3
,
0
0
2
,
4
1
2
-
4
7
,
2
1
7
,
9
7
5
-
1
.
6
9
0
6
%
P
3
2
5
1
2
,
5
0
7
,
9
9
8
5
2
6
,
4
5
5
,
6
9
4
-
1
3
,
9
4
7
,
6
9
6
-
2
.
6
4
9
4
%
P
3
3
2
,
3
0
1
,
5
8
2
,
1
1
1
2
,
1
8
4
,
6
3
2
,
9
9
3
1
1
6
,
9
4
9
,
1
1
7
5
.
3
5
3
3
%
P
3
4
2
,
2
5
6
,
4
4
3
,
5
4
0
2
,
2
1
1
,
2
1
4
,
5
3
2
4
5
,
2
2
9
,
0
0
8
2
.
0
4
5
4
%
P
3
5
2
,
7
0
3
,
8
6
3
,
6
6
3
2
,
5
7
5
,
3
8
3
,
0
7
9
1
2
8
,
4
8
0
,
5
8
4
4
.
9
8
8
8
%
P
3
6
7
,
3
8
1
,
2
9
9
,
3
4
4
7
,
3
8
5
,
7
2
1
,
8
5
4
-
4
,
4
2
2
,
5
1
0
-
0
.
0
5
9
9
%
P
3
7
5
1
2
,
5
0
7
,
9
9
8
5
2
6
,
4
5
5
,
6
9
4
-
1
3
,
9
4
7
,
6
9
6
-
2
.
6
4
9
4
%
M
e
a
n
1
1
,
6
3
0
,
8
6
4
.
6
7
0
.
4
0
6
6
%
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
5
8
,
5
0
2
,
1
1
1
.
2
9
3
.
6
1
8
2
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.