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e
s
,
th
e
p
o
lar
o
f
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
al
i
s
c
h
an
g
ed
ev
er
y
s
ec
o
n
d
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
th
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
e
d
i
o
d
e
w
it
h
b
u
lk
r
eg
u
latio
n
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
(
B
R
T
)
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
8
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
ac
ti
v
e
d
io
d
e
w
ith
B
R
T
h
as
th
e
d
ea
d
r
eg
io
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
i
s
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n
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eter
m
in
ate
v
al
u
e.
T
h
er
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o
r
e,
th
e
leak
c
u
r
r
en
t
i
s
o
cc
u
r
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ed
in
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h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
ac
tiv
e
d
io
d
e
w
it
h
B
R
T
.
As
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
,
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
cir
c
u
it
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
ac
ti
v
e
d
io
d
e
w
i
th
B
R
T
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
r
an
g
e,
cu
r
r
e
n
t c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
et
c
d
eg
r
ad
es.
I
n
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
,
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
n
e
w
ac
ti
v
e
d
io
d
e
w
it
h
B
R
T
f
ir
s
tl
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ac
tiv
e
d
io
d
e
w
it
h
B
R
T
ca
n
b
e
r
e
alize
d
ad
d
in
g
an
i
n
v
er
ter
to
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
o
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e
a
n
d
h
a
s
n
o
d
ea
d
r
eg
io
n
.
N
ex
t,
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
th
e
n
e
w
in
te
g
r
ated
v
o
ltag
e
r
ec
ti
f
ie
r
cir
cu
it
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ac
tiv
e
d
io
d
e
w
i
th
B
R
T
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
its
w
er
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
1
-
p
o
ly
,
3
-
m
e
tal,
s
i
n
g
le
n
-
w
ell,
0
.
6
m
C
MO
S
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
its
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
th
is
p
ap
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
esu
lts
.
2.
CO
NVEN
T
I
O
NA
L
AC
T
I
V
E
DIOD
E
WI
T
H
B
RT
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
cir
cu
i
t
s
c
h
e
m
a
tic
o
f
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
ac
tiv
e
d
io
d
e
w
ith
B
R
T
w
h
ich
is
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
th
r
ee
MO
S
FET
s
an
d
o
n
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
[
8
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
d
io
d
e
w
i
th
B
R
T
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
is
d
if
f
er
en
t in
th
e
t
w
o
v
o
lta
g
e
r
an
g
e
s
th
a
t a
r
e
V
A
>
V
B
an
d
V
A
<
V
B
,
w
h
er
e
V
A
is
ter
m
i
n
al
v
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l
tag
e
o
f
A
an
d
V
B
i
s
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
B
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
V
A
>
V
B
,
t
h
e
ter
m
i
n
als
A
an
d
B
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
d
r
ain
ter
m
i
n
als
r
esp
ec
tiv
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y
.
A
s
t
h
e
r
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u
lts
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
b
ec
o
m
es h
ig
h
,
t
h
e
n
M
1
t
u
r
n
s
o
f
f
,
a
n
d
M
2
a
n
d
M
3
t
u
r
n
o
n
an
d
o
f
f
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
ter
m
i
n
al
C
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
ter
m
i
n
al
A
(
it
i
s
in
d
icat
ed
th
e
b
u
lk
o
f
M
1
co
n
n
ec
t
to
o
w
n
s
o
u
r
ce
ter
m
in
al)
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
V
A
>
V
B
,
th
e
ter
m
i
n
al
s
A
an
d
B
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
d
r
ain
a
n
d
s
o
u
r
ce
ter
m
i
n
als
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
A
s
t
h
e
r
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l
ts
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
b
ec
o
m
es
lo
w
,
th
en
M
1
t
u
r
n
s
o
n
,
M
2
an
d
M
3
t
u
r
n
o
f
f
a
n
d
o
n
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ter
m
i
n
al
C
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
o
w
n
s
o
u
r
ce
t
er
m
i
n
al.
Fro
m
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
e
x
p
la
n
atio
n
,
th
e
ter
m
i
n
al
C
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
b
u
l
k
ter
m
i
n
al
o
f
M
1
,
is
al
w
a
y
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
o
w
n
s
o
u
r
ce
ter
m
in
al.
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
a
y
,
t
h
e
lea
k
c
u
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
b
u
lk
ter
m
i
n
al
(
th
e
p
ar
a
s
itic
d
io
d
es
o
f
M
1
)
ca
n
b
e
p
r
ev
en
ted
.
T
h
at
is
to
s
a
y
,
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
ac
tiv
e
d
io
d
e
w
ith
B
R
T
b
eh
av
es
li
k
e
a
d
io
d
e
w
ith
t
h
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
0
V.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
ac
t
iv
e
d
io
d
e
w
it
h
B
R
T
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
h
as
a
p
r
o
b
le
m
i
n
th
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
M
2
an
d
M
3
.
B
ec
au
s
e
Vi
n
is
AC
s
i
g
n
al
(
s
i
n
u
s
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id
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w
av
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,
M
1
a
n
d
M
3
o
p
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n
o
t
o
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l
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s
tab
le
s
tates
o
f
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a
n
d
OFF
b
u
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o
in
t
h
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tr
an
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itio
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w
h
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h
is
n
o
t
O
N
an
d
OFF
s
tate
s
.
T
h
at
is
to
s
a
y
,
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
er
m
in
a
l
C
(
V
C
)
is
a
n
i
n
d
eter
m
i
n
ate
v
a
lu
e
i
n
t
h
e
d
ea
d
r
eg
io
n
an
d
th
e
d
ea
d
r
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io
n
is
d
ep
en
d
o
n
th
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
l
tag
e
o
f
MO
SF
E
T
(
V
T
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
ac
ti
v
e
d
io
d
e
w
it
h
B
R
T
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
AC
T
I
V
E
DIO
DE
WI
T
H
B
RT
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
c
ir
cu
it
s
ch
e
m
atic
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ac
tiv
e
d
io
d
e
w
i
th
B
R
T
.
I
n
o
r
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er
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
d
ea
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r
eg
io
n
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h
e
o
u
tp
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f
th
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co
m
p
ar
ato
r
(
V
comp
)
is
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s
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
w
itc
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in
g
s
i
g
n
al
o
f
M
2
a
n
d
M
3
b
ec
au
s
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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b
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t
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p
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ts
t
h
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d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
al
o
f
Hi
g
h
(
V
DD
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o
r
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o
w
(
V
SS
)
.
I
n
th
e
ac
t
u
al
d
esi
g
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a
n
in
v
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te
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is
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f
o
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th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
l o
f
M
2
,
as s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ac
tiv
e
d
io
d
e
w
it
h
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R
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is
al
m
o
s
t
s
a
m
e
w
it
h
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n
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n
t
io
n
al
o
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e
.
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h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ial
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
er
ati
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
c
ir
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it
s
is
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
o
f
B
R
T
.
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comp
is
a
d
ig
ital
s
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g
n
al,
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er
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
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a
te
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
f
M
2
an
d
M
3
ar
e
also
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
al.
A
s
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
,
M
2
a
n
d
M
3
tu
r
n
ON
o
r
OFF in
t
h
e
m
o
m
en
t.
I
n
th
is
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a
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w
e
ca
n
o
v
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co
m
e
th
e
d
ea
d
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io
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p
r
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b
lem
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Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
ctiv
e
d
io
d
e
w
it
h
B
R
T
4.
AP
P
L
I
CA
T
I
O
N
T
O
I
N
T
E
G
RAT
E
D
VO
L
T
A
G
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R
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C
T
I
F
I
E
R
C
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RCU
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Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
ci
s
r
cu
i
t
s
ch
e
m
a
tic
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e
r
ec
ti
f
ier
cir
cu
it
[
8
]
-
[
10]
.
T
h
is
cir
cu
it
h
as
t
w
o
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
;
o
n
e
is
co
n
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s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
AC
v
o
lt
ag
es
to
th
e
DC
v
o
lta
g
es
an
d
t
h
e
o
th
er
is
v
o
lta
g
e
d
o
u
b
ler
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
is
cir
c
u
it
b
ec
o
m
es
t
h
e
t
w
ice
DC
v
o
lta
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o
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d
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in
p
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t
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n
u
s
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s
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n
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ll
y
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
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3
,
th
e
ci
r
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it
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n
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is
t
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f
f
o
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r
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d
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a
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d
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o
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r
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p
ac
ito
r
s
.
T
h
is
cir
cu
it
o
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ates
a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
.
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1
a
n
d
C
2
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n
s
t
itu
te
t
h
e
w
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ll
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k
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o
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h
al
f
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w
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v
e
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e
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ti
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ier
cir
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t.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ec
tif
ier
cir
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it
with
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o
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e
d
o
u
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ler
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I
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R
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Desig
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n
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I
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ch
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
T
.
P
ra
y
o
g
a
,
J.
A
b
ra
h
a
m
,
“
B
e
h
a
v
io
ra
l
In
ten
ti
o
n
t
o
Us
e
Io
T
He
a
lt
h
De
v
ice
:
T
h
e
Ro
le
o
f
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
Us
e
f
u
ln
e
ss
,
F
a
c
il
it
a
ted
A
p
p
ro
p
riatio
n
,
Big
F
iv
e
P
e
rso
n
a
li
ty
T
ra
it
s,
a
n
d
Cu
lt
u
ra
l
V
a
lu
e
Orie
n
tati
o
n
s,”
IAE
S
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
J.W
.
Lee
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Us
e
r
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
M
e
c
h
a
n
ism
s
b
a
se
d
M
o
b
il
e
F
i
tn
e
ss
S
y
ste
m
,
”
IAE
S
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
6
.
[3
]
G
.
Ore
c
c
h
in
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
W
e
a
ra
b
le
b
a
tt
e
ry
-
f
r
e
e
a
c
ti
v
e
p
a
p
e
r
p
rin
ted
RF
ID
tag
w
it
h
h
u
m
a
n
-
e
n
e
rg
y
sc
a
v
e
n
g
e
r'
'
,
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
S
y
mp
o
siu
m Di
g
e
st
,
p
p
.
6
6
-
7
0
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
1
.
[4
]
N.
T
.
D
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
UH
F
we
a
ra
b
le
b
a
tt
e
ry
f
re
e
se
n
so
r
m
o
d
u
le
fo
r
a
c
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
f
a
ll
in
g
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
,
”
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
i
n
M
e
d
icin
e
a
n
d
Bi
o
lo
g
y
S
o
c
iety
,
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p
.
4
8
1
2
-
4
8
1
5
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
T
.
Hilb
e
l,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
r/
lo
g
BA
N
BT
a
w
e
a
r
a
b
le
b
a
tt
e
ry
p
o
we
re
d
m
He
a
lt
h
d
a
ta
lo
g
g
e
r
a
n
d
tele
m
e
tr
y
u
n
it
f
o
r
m
u
l
ti
p
le
v
it
a
l
sig
n
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
,
”
Co
m
p
u
t
in
g
in
Ca
rd
io
l
o
g
y
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
2
7
3
-
2
7
6
,
S
e
p
t.
2
0
1
6
.
[6
]
Q.
Hu
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ba
tt
e
r
y
-
f
r
e
e
se
n
sin
g
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
we
a
ra
b
le
d
e
v
ice
s
:
T
h
e
s
y
n
e
r
g
y
b
e
twe
e
n
t
w
o
f
e
e
t
,
”
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
mp
u
ter
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
6
.
[7
]
G
.
Z.
Y
a
n
g
,
B.
M
.
G
.
Ro
sa
,
A
w
e
a
ra
b
le
a
n
d
b
a
tt
e
r
y
-
les
s
d
e
v
ic
e
f
o
r
a
ss
e
s
sin
g
sk
in
h
y
d
ra
ti
o
n
lev
e
l
u
n
d
e
r
d
irec
t
su
n
li
g
h
t
e
x
p
o
su
re
w
it
h
u
lt
ra
v
io
l
e
t
in
d
e
x
c
a
lcu
latio
n
,
”
IEE
E
W
e
a
ra
b
le
a
n
d
Imp
la
n
ta
b
le
B
o
d
y
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
rk
s
,
p
p
.
2
0
1
-
2
0
4
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
8
.
[8
]
D.
M
a
u
ra
th
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
ly
e
fficie
n
t
in
teg
ra
ted
re
c
ti
f
ier
a
n
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
b
o
o
sti
n
g
c
ircu
it
s
f
o
r
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s in
Ra
d
io
S
c
ien
c
e
, v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
2
1
9
-
2
2
5
,
2
0
0
8
.
[9
]
C.
P
e
ters
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
S
u
b
-
5
0
0
m
V
Hig
h
ly
Eff
icie
n
t
A
c
ti
v
e
Re
c
ti
f
ier
f
o
r
E
n
e
rg
y
Ha
rv
e
stin
g
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Circ
u
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
ms
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
5
4
2
-
1
5
4
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
0
]
Y.
Ra
o
,
D.
P
.
A
rn
o
ld
,
“
A
n
A
C/DC
V
o
lt
a
g
e
Do
u
b
ler
w
it
h
Co
n
f
ig
u
ra
b
le
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
ly
S
c
h
e
m
e
s
f
o
r
V
ib
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
En
e
rg
y
Ha
rv
e
stin
g
,
”
IEE
E
Ap
p
li
e
d
Po
we
r E
l
e
c
tro
n
ics
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Exp
o
siti
o
n
,
p
p
.
2
8
4
4
-
2
8
5
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
1
]
T
.
Leh
m
a
n
n
,
Y.
M
o
g
h
e
,
“
On
-
C
h
ip
A
c
ti
v
e
P
o
w
e
r
Re
c
ti
f
ier
s
f
o
r
Bio
m
e
d
ica
l
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m o
n
Circ
u
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
, v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
5
2
4
-
5
2
7
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
2
]
E.
Da
ll
a
g
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
c
ti
v
e
A
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
A
C
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
P
i
e
z
o
e
lec
t
ric
En
e
rg
y
S
c
a
v
e
n
g
in
g
S
y
ste
m
s,”
IEE
E
Cu
sto
m I
n
teg
ra
te
d
Circ
u
it
s C
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
5
5
5
-
5
5
8
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
3
]
G
.
G
o
ss
e
t,
D.
F
lan
d
re
,
“
A
v
e
r
y
h
ig
h
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
u
lt
ra
-
lo
w
-
p
o
w
e
r
1
3
.
5
6
M
Hz
v
o
lt
a
g
e
re
c
ti
f
i
e
r
i
n
1
5
0
n
m
S
OI
CM
OS,
”
IEE
E
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
Ra
d
i
o
-
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
In
te
g
ra
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
p
p
.
3
4
7
-
3
5
0
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
4
]
D.
Ka
ro
lak
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
si
g
n
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
L
o
w
-
P
o
w
e
r
Re
c
ti
f
i
e
rs
De
d
i
c
a
ted
to
RF
En
e
rg
y
Ha
rv
e
stin
g
,
”
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
Circ
u
i
ts,
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
p
p
.
5
2
4
-
5
2
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
W
a
s
b
o
rn
i
n
Ka
g
o
sh
im
a
,
Ja
p
a
n
,
o
n
M
a
rc
h
3
r
d
,
1
9
8
6
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
B.
E.
a
n
d
M
.
E.
d
e
g
re
e
s
f
ro
m
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
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rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
M
i
y
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z
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k
i,
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i
y
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z
a
k
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a
n
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0
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n
d
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0
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re
sp
e
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ti
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rre
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r.
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g
.
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re
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t
Un
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e
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in
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6
7
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a
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.
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a
c
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g
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rin
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iv
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rsity
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a
z
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k
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z
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k
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p
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n
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in
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9
9
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a
n
d
1
9
9
2
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sp
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d
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g
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ra
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m
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p
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n
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in
1
9
9
9
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F
r
o
m
1
9
9
2
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9
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3
,
h
e
jo
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d
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M
icro
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lec
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P
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De
v
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lo
p
m
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t
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b
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to
ry
,
Hitac
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L
td
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Y
o
k
o
h
a
m
a
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Ja
p
a
n
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wa
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g
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g
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rd
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riv
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s.
In
1
9
9
4
,
h
e
jo
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n
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d
Un
iv
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rsit
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o
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w
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is
c
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rre
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a
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ro
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p
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rt
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c
tri
c
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l
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n
d
S
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s
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g
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.
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m
a
in
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se
a
r
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h
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tere
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re
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a
n
a
lo
g
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ircu
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sig
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a
n
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m
u
lt
ip
le
-
v
a
lu
e
d
lo
g
ic circ
u
it
d
e
sig
n
.
Dr.
T
a
n
n
o
is a m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.