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[
1
]
P
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,
as
th
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w
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d
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m
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[
2
]
Fo
r
ex
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th
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v
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[
3
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Mo
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[
4
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Ho
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ev
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r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
id
e
n
ti
f
icatio
n
(
R
FID
)
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
ea
d
an
d
w
r
ite
o
p
tio
n
to
ce
r
tain
ca
r
d
s
a
n
d
ta
g
s
th
u
s
,
p
er
s
o
n
aliza
t
i
o
n
o
f
ea
ch
ca
r
d
is
attain
ab
le.
Fi
n
all
y
,
it c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
a
n
d
tr
ac
k
m
u
l
tip
le
u
s
er
s
o
r
o
b
j
ec
ts
in
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
R
ef
er
e
n
ce
p
ap
er
s
[
1
]
,
[
5
]
-
[
7
]
g
av
e
th
e
e
s
s
e
n
ce
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
u
s
ag
e
o
f
R
FID
s
u
ch
a
s
d
etec
ti
n
g
m
o
v
in
g
o
b
j
ec
t,
in
d
o
o
r
lo
ca
lizatio
n
,
o
u
td
o
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
,
an
d
r
eso
u
r
c
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
s
i
tu
at
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
ac
tically
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
th
at
i
s
ab
le
to
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
i
n
d
o
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
w
h
er
e
th
e
R
FID
r
ea
d
er
ar
e
s
et
in
p
r
ed
eter
m
i
n
ed
p
lace
s
s
o
th
at
p
r
ec
is
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
u
s
er
co
u
ld
b
e
tr
ac
k
ed
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
th
e
r
ea
d
er
is
test
ed
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
t
y
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es
o
f
a
n
te
n
n
a
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
h
e
R
a
s
p
b
er
r
y
P
i
3
an
te
n
n
a,
m
o
n
o
p
o
le
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te
n
n
a,
a
n
d
a
Yag
i
Ud
a
an
ten
n
a
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
p
o
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er
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eiv
ed
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er
s
u
s
d
is
ta
n
ce
i
n
b
o
th
li
n
e
o
f
s
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g
h
t
p
o
s
itio
n
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d
n
o
n
-
l
in
e
o
f
s
i
g
h
t
p
o
s
itio
n
to
d
eter
m
in
e
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h
e
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est
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ten
n
a
to
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
t
h
is
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
s
ec
t
io
n
,
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
R
FID
s
y
s
te
m
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
an
ten
n
a
test
i
n
g
is
ex
p
l
ain
ed
an
d
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t p
ar
ts
.
2
.
1
.
RF
I
D
s
y
s
t
e
m
dev
elo
p
m
ent
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
th
a
t
i
n
teg
r
ate
s
R
asp
b
er
r
y
P
i
3
,
UDOO
Qu
ad
,
an
d
R
FID
m
o
d
u
le
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
b
elo
w
.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
R
FID
r
ea
d
er
w
i
ll
b
e
tr
an
s
l
ated
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
R
asp
b
er
r
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i
3
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
to
li
n
k
t
h
e
t
w
o
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Ne
x
t,
t
h
e
d
ata
w
ill
b
e
s
e
n
t
to
a
d
atab
ase
cr
ea
ted
u
s
i
n
g
X
A
M
P
P
th
r
o
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g
h
U
DOO
Q
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ad
b
o
ar
d
th
at
ac
ts
a
s
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
a
cc
ess
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Af
ter
t
h
e
d
ata
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
d
atab
ase,
u
s
er
ca
n
m
o
n
i
to
r
th
e
ac
tiv
it
y
o
n
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
ce
n
tr
e
th
at
w
il
l
d
is
p
la
y
th
e
lo
c
atio
n
o
f
d
etec
ted
ca
r
d
o
n
th
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
la
y
o
u
t
a
n
d
also
th
e
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
ac
tiv
i
tie
s
o
n
th
e
ta
g
h
i
s
to
r
y
s
ec
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
ce
n
tr
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
f
r
o
m
th
e
R
FID
r
ea
d
er
u
p
to
th
e
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
ce
n
tr
e
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
f
f
er
s
a
w
a
y
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
an
d
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
d
ir
ec
tly
o
n
a
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
ce
n
tr
e.
Hen
ce
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
u
ld
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
a
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
R
FID
m
o
d
u
le
i
n
s
ta
lled
o
n
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
co
u
ld
tr
ail
t
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
er
o
n
a
co
m
p
u
ter
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
th
i
s
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
m
a
in
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ar
t
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
d
escr
ib
e
t
h
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
i
n
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
t
h
e
w
ir
eles
s
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
et
wee
n
th
e
R
FID
w
it
h
t
h
e
R
a
s
p
b
er
r
y
P
i
3
an
d
to
s
en
d
th
e
d
at
a
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
R
FID
to
th
e
d
atab
ase.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
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8708
Wir
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s
s
S
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o
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N
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w
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P
a
s
s
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R
F
I
D
fo
r
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n
d
o
o
r
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n
ito
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g
S
ystem
(
N
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s
a
id
a
h
Mu
h
a
ma
d
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a
d
z
ir
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1461
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
r
o
ce
s
s
f
lo
w
c
h
ar
t f
o
r
R
FID
–
R
asp
b
er
r
y
P
i 3
s
en
s
o
r
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
Fig
u
r
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3
s
h
o
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s
t
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e
p
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ce
s
s
f
lo
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o
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th
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m
o
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ito
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in
g
ce
n
ter
a
f
ter
d
ata
is
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
atab
ase.
A
m
in
o
r
s
e
t
o
f
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
d
esig
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ed
to
d
is
p
la
y
th
e
co
llected
d
ata
o
n
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
ce
n
ter
in
t
w
o
f
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
i
s
th
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
f
o
r
m
w
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lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
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tag
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ig
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ted
o
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lab
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o
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Mic
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Vis
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t
ab
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o
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d
etails
o
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d
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tio
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c
h
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D,
lo
ca
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,
tim
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an
d
d
a
te
is
d
is
p
la
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ed
in
a
tab
le
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o
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m
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
P
r
o
ce
s
s
f
lo
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h
ar
t f
o
r
d
ata
d
is
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o
n
m
o
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ito
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g
c
en
ter
2
.
2
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
t
e
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t
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w
it
h v
a
rio
us
a
nte
nn
a
s
T
h
e
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er
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ce
o
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te
m
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u
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o
f
an
te
n
n
as
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ch
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s
th
e
R
asp
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er
r
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P
i
3
An
ten
n
a,
m
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o
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le
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te
n
n
a
,
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d
a
Yag
i
Ud
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n
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i
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ce
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n
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o
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d
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o
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-
lin
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o
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t
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o
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n
.
Fi
g
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r
e
4
s
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te
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o
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Ya
g
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d
R
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i
3
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Fig
u
r
e
4
a)
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d
b
)
s
h
o
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e
ex
ter
n
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l
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n
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ted
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e
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e
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s
o
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ad
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ter
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ile
Fi
g
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r
e
4
c)
s
h
o
w
s
f
r
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t
s
ec
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n
o
f
R
as
p
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3
an
d
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ch
ip
cir
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e
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ilt
in
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te
n
n
a.
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v
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h
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asp
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i
3
is
o
v
er
all
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ette
r
th
an
its
p
r
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g
en
er
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els
d
esp
it
e
h
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v
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g
to
d
r
a
w
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is
o
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n
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ir
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n
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ed
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ir
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o
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ter
f
o
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th
e
b
est
s
ig
n
al
q
u
alit
y
an
d
s
tr
e
n
g
th
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
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C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
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J
u
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2
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1
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4
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–
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1462
a)
b)
c)
Fig
u
r
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4
.
a)
Mo
n
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p
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an
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d
b
)
Yag
i U
d
a
a
n
ten
n
a
c)
R
asp
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er
r
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i 3
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ten
n
a
On
t
h
e
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er
h
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d
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o
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ed
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m
p
u
ter
s
y
ste
m
s,
a
n
d
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
rk
s.
M
o
h
a
m
a
d
Ka
m
a
l
A
Ra
h
im
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
th
e
B
E
n
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
o
f
S
trath
c
l
y
d
e
,
UK
,
in
1
9
8
7
.
In
1
9
8
9
,
h
e
jo
in
e
d
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
Ku
a
la L
u
m
p
u
r
a
s an
A
ss
istan
t
Le
c
tu
re
r
A
.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
M
.
E
n
g
S
c
ien
c
e
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ne
w
S
o
u
t
h
W
a
les
A
u
stra
li
a
in
1
9
9
2
a
n
d
P
h
D
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Birm
in
g
h
a
m
UK
in
2
0
0
3
.
A
f
ter
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
M
a
ste
r
h
e
w
a
s
a
p
p
o
i
n
ted
a
s
a
L
e
c
tu
re
r
a
t
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
No
w
h
e
is
th
e
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
RF
a
n
d
A
n
ten
n
a
a
t
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
.
S
o
m
e
o
f
h
is
re
s
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
i
n
c
lu
d
e
s
th
e
a
re
a
s
o
f
d
e
sig
n
o
f
d
iele
c
tri
c
re
so
n
a
to
r
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
s,
m
icro
strip
a
n
ten
n
a
s,
RF
I
D
a
n
ten
n
a
s
f
o
r
re
a
d
e
rs
a
n
d
tag
s,
m
icro
w
a
v
e
c
i
r
c
u
it
s,
EBG
,
a
rti
f
ic
ial
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
rs,
m
e
ta
m
a
teria
ls,
p
h
a
se
d
a
rra
y
a
n
ten
n
a
s,
c
o
m
p
u
ter
a
id
e
d
d
e
sig
n
f
o
r
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
s
,
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
o
f
m
il
li
m
e
te
r
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
ten
n
a
s.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
o
v
e
r
2
0
0
a
rti
c
les
i
n
j
o
u
rn
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
rs.
F
a
rid
Z
u
b
ir
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
f
irst
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
)
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
in
2
0
0
8
.
In
2
0
1
0
,
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
M
.
En
g
.
De
g
r
e
e
(Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
)
f
ro
m
th
e
sa
m
e
u
n
iv
e
rsity
a
n
d
w
a
s
a
w
a
rd
e
d
Be
st
P
o
stg
ra
d
u
a
te
in
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
c
e
rti
f
ied
b
y
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
’s
S
e
n
a
te
f
o
r
P
ro
-
Ch
a
n
c
e
ll
o
r
A
w
a
rd
a
t
th
e
g
ra
d
u
a
ti
o
n
c
e
re
m
o
n
y
.
He
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
P
h
D
a
t
t
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
B
irm
in
g
h
a
m
f
o
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
to
t
h
e
d
irec
t
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
a
m
p
li
fiers
w
it
h
a
n
ten
n
a
s in
m
icro
w
a
v
e
tran
sm
it
ters
in
2
0
1
6
.
His c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
a
n
d
sp
e
c
ia
li
z
a
ti
o
n
a
re
in
th
e
a
re
a
o
f
RF
a
n
d
M
i
c
ro
w
a
v
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
c
l
u
d
in
g
P
la
n
a
r
A
rra
y
A
n
ten
n
a
,
Die
lec
tri
c
Re
so
n
a
to
r
A
n
ten
n
a
s
(DR
A
s),
Ac
ti
v
e
In
teg
ra
t
e
d
A
n
ten
n
a
(A
I
A
),
M
icro
strip
Re
f
lec
tarra
y
A
n
ten
n
a
(M
RA
),
El
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
Ba
n
d
G
a
p
(EB
G
),
A
rti
f
icia
l
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
Co
n
d
u
c
to
r
(A
M
C),
F
u
l
l
-
in
teg
ra
ted
T
ra
n
s
m
it
ti
n
g
Am
p
li
f
ier
s,
L
in
e
a
r
P
A
s,
Do
h
e
rty
P
A
s
a
n
d
Bias
De
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
Circu
it
s.
Am
e
rru
l
Zab
ri
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
(T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
)
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
la
y
sia
S
a
ra
wa
k
in
2
0
1
5
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
h
is
M
.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
.
His
r
e
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
a
n
ten
n
a
s
f
o
r
se
n
so
r
n
o
d
e
v
id
e
o
a
n
d
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
c
o
m
p
u
ter
a
id
e
d
d
e
sig
n
f
o
r
a
n
ten
n
a
s,
s
m
a
ll
a
n
ten
n
a
s,
c
o
m
p
u
ter s
y
ste
m
s,
a
n
d
w
irele
ss
s
e
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s.
Hu
d
a
A
M
a
ji
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B
.
E
n
g
.
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
)
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
,
in
2
0
0
7
.
He
th
e
n
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
M
.
En
g
.
in
2
0
1
0
a
n
d
P
h
D
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
2
0
1
3
,
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
si
a
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
le
c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
la
y
sia
.
Hi
s
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
th
e
a
re
a
o
f
d
e
sig
n
o
f
m
i
c
ro
strip
a
n
ten
n
a
s,
sm
a
ll
a
n
ten
n
a
s,
re
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
ra
b
le
a
n
ten
n
a
s,
m
e
ta
m
a
teria
l
a
n
ten
n
a
s,
m
e
tala
tt
e
rial
a
n
ten
n
a
s,
a
n
d
m
il
li
m
e
t
e
r
wa
v
e
a
n
ten
n
a
s.
He
h
a
s p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
o
v
e
r
5
0
a
rti
c
les
i
n
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
rs.
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