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288
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ize
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2
6
[
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I
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Oma
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289
2
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1
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y
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r
ee
o
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w
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m
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all
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d
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e
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p
r
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p
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ad
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m
b
er
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w
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W
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L
_
AL
W
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S
2.
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late
D(
y
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d
es i
n
N
.
3.
A
d
d
to
th
e
MP
R
s
et
th
o
s
e
n
o
d
es
in
N,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
th
e
o
n
l
y
n
o
d
es
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ea
ch
ab
ilit
y
to
a
n
o
d
e
in
N2
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
if
n
o
d
e
b
in
N2
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
ch
ed
o
n
ly
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
y
m
m
e
tr
ic
lin
k
to
n
o
d
e
a
in
N
,
th
e
n
ad
d
n
o
d
e
a
to
th
e
MP
R
s
et.
R
e
m
o
v
e
t
h
e
n
o
d
es f
r
o
m
N2
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
n
o
w
co
v
er
ed
b
y
a
n
o
d
e
in
t
h
e
MP
R
s
et.
4.
I
f
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
d
es in
N2
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
n
o
t c
o
v
er
ed
b
y
at
least o
n
e
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
MP
R
s
et
:
a.
Fo
r
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
in
N
,
w
e
ca
lc
u
late
th
e
r
ea
ch
ab
ilit
y
,
i.e
.
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
in
N2
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
n
o
t
y
et
co
v
er
ed
b
y
at
least o
n
e
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
MP
R
s
e
t,
an
d
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
r
ea
ch
ab
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
i
s
1
-
h
o
p
n
eig
h
b
o
r
;
b.
W
e
s
elec
t
as
a
MP
R
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
h
ig
h
e
s
t
N
_
w
illi
n
g
n
ess
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
i
n
N
with
n
o
n
-
ze
r
o
r
ea
ch
ab
ilit
y
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
ch
o
ice
s
,
w
e
s
elec
t
th
e
n
o
d
e
w
h
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
ea
ch
ab
ilit
y
to
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
in
N2
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
m
u
lti
p
le
n
o
d
es
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
ea
ch
ab
ilit
y
,
w
e
s
elec
t
t
h
e
M
P
R
n
o
d
e
as
th
e
o
n
e
w
h
er
e
D(
y
)
i
s
g
r
ea
ter
.
R
e
m
o
v
e
th
e
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
N2
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
n
o
w
co
v
er
ed
b
y
a
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
MP
R
s
et.
2
.
2
.
L
-
O
L
SR
I
n
th
is
v
er
s
io
n
[
10
]
,
th
e
MP
R
s
elec
tio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
ta
k
es
i
n
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
a
n
g
le
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
li
n
e
s
:
th
e
li
n
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
NP
C
n
o
d
e
an
d
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ili
t
y
le
v
el
n
o
ted
:
N
A
an
d
t
h
e
li
n
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
NP
C
n
o
d
e
an
d
ca
n
d
id
ate
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
MP
R
n
o
ted
:
NC
.
I
f
th
e
a
n
g
le
is
clo
s
e
to
9
0
,
1
8
0
o
r
2
7
0
,
th
is
n
o
d
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
MP
R
f
o
r
th
e
NP
C
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
t
h
e
N
C
-
NP
C
-
N
A
a
n
g
le
is
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
s
NP
C
-
N
A
,
NP
C
-
NC
a
n
d
N
A
-
NC
(
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
o
r
d
in
ates
o
f
ea
ch
n
o
d
e)
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
:
x
=
ar
co
s
(
[
(
NP
C
-
NA
)
2
+
(
NP
C
-
N
C
)
2
-
(
NA
-
N
C
)
2
]
/ 2
*
N
A
-
NC
)
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
o
n
NS3
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
s
en
t
b
y
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
OL
SR
i
s
lar
g
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
en
t
b
y
L
-
OL
SR
b
u
t
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
et
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
i
s
a
l
m
o
s
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
O
L
S
R
v
er
s
io
n
s
,
h
e
n
ce
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lo
s
t
p
ac
k
e
ts
f
o
r
L
-
O
L
SR
is
m
in
i
m
a
l
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
O
L
S
R
.
f
in
a
ll
y
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
-
O
L
SR
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
(
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
tin
g
n
o
d
es
f
o
r
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
MP
R
s
)
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
P
DR
,
a
n
d
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
it i
m
p
r
o
v
es t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
tr
an
s
m
it
m
es
s
ag
e
s
an
d
d
ata.
2
.
3
.
BW
-
O
L
SR
T
h
is
is
a
m
o
d
if
ied
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
R
FC
3
6
2
6
MP
R
Select
io
n
A
lg
o
r
it
h
m
(
S
A
MP
R
)
in
w
h
ic
h
th
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
ad
d
ed
th
e
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
th
as
a
p
ar
a
m
eter
to
co
n
s
id
e
r
f
o
r
p
ath
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
b
et
w
e
en
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
e
[
11
]
.
T
h
e
p
ath
to
ta
k
e
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
p
ath
s
c
o
m
p
u
ted
b
y
O
L
S
R
v
ia
th
e
MP
R
s
o
f
th
e
NP
C
n
o
d
e
is
th
e
o
n
e
w
h
i
ch
co
n
tain
s
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
h
a
v
e
a
w
id
er
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
w
it
h
o
u
t
th
is
p
at
h
n
ec
es
s
ar
il
y
b
ei
n
g
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
OP
NE
T
f
o
r
b
o
th
v
er
s
io
n
s
O
L
S
R
a
n
d
BW
-
OL
S
R
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
t
h
e
latter
p
r
esen
ted
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
MP
R
s
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
th
at
ca
lc
u
lated
b
y
O
L
S
R
an
d
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
r
ate
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
2
.
4
.
DF
-
O
L
SR
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
12
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
tr
ied
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
MP
R
s
s
elec
tio
n
in
ter
m
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
at
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
to
s
ec
u
r
e
it
a
g
ai
n
s
t
n
o
d
es
th
at
ar
e
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
b
y
i
s
o
latin
g
t
h
e
m
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
e
x
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
t
h
r
ee
n
e
w
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
n
a
m
el
y
:
VOT
E
FOR
an
d
VOT
E
R
P
L
wh
ich
m
ar
k
e
v
er
y
ti
m
e
th
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
n
o
d
es
N1
(
1
s
t
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
)
b
y
n
o
d
es
N2
(
2
n
d
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
)
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
b
y
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
o
f
N1
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
o
f
N1
h
av
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
o
te
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
0
:
288
-
295
290
(
VOT
E
R
P
L
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
)
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as M
P
R
.
T
h
e
t
h
ir
d
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
“
I
NFO”
is
s
e
n
t
to
N2
n
o
d
es to
i
n
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
m
o
f
t
h
eir
MP
R
.
T
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
a
llo
w
ed
r
ed
u
c
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
a
n
d
q
u
ick
l
y
d
etec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
u
s
i
n
g
DOS
to
attac
k
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
2
.
5
.
I
O
L
SR
T
h
e
id
ea
is
to
d
etec
t
m
alic
io
u
s
n
o
d
es
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
HE
L
L
O
m
es
s
ag
e
s
s
e
n
t,
t
h
en
b
lo
ck
th
e
m
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
ti
m
e
[
13
]
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
co
n
s
is
t
s
i
n
d
eter
m
i
n
i
n
g
a
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
o
f
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
Hello
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
s
en
t
p
er
u
n
it
o
f
ti
m
e
k
n
o
w
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
p
er
io
d
icity
o
f
th
is
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
is
f
i
x
ed
at
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
if
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
n
u
m
b
er
is
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
v
al
u
e
t
h
en
th
e
n
o
d
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
a
n
d
it
is
b
lo
ck
ed
f
o
r
a
ce
r
tai
n
ti
m
e.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
elp
s
r
ed
u
ce
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
in
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
an
d
p
r
ev
en
t
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es.
2
.
6
.
PB
-
O
L
SR
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
P
B
-
OL
S
R
(
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
B
ased
OL
S
R
)
is
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
ex
c
h
an
g
e
s
an
d
s
er
v
ices
i
n
th
e
M
A
NE
T
n
et
w
o
r
k
v
ia
MP
R
s
th
at
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ici
en
t
an
d
less
e
n
er
g
y
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
b
y
r
el
y
in
g
o
n
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
lev
el
o
f
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
f
ir
s
tl
y
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
u
s
ed
th
e
M
u
lt
i
C
r
eter
ia
Dec
is
io
n
An
al
y
s
i
s
(
MC
D
A
)
m
et
h
o
d
an
d
R
OC
(
R
a
n
k
Or
d
er
C
en
tr
o
id
)
p
r
ec
is
el
y
o
n
a
s
et
o
f
cr
iter
ia
o
f
th
i
s
n
o
d
e
(
r
esi
d
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
,
R
AM
,
C
P
U
,
.
.
.
.
)
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
ete
r
m
i
n
e
th
e
w
ei
g
h
t
o
f
ea
ch
o
f
th
ese
m
etr
ics.
Sec
o
n
d
l
y
,
to
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
tr
u
s
t
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e,
h
e
u
s
ed
an
al
g
o
r
ith
m
th
a
t
r
elies
o
n
HE
L
L
O,
T
C
m
es
s
ag
e
s
an
d
d
ata
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
r
o
u
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
n
o
d
e
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
R
O
C
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
w
e
ig
h
t
o
f
ea
ch
m
e
s
s
a
g
e.
W
h
en
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ess
a
g
es
o
r
d
ata
m
es
s
ag
e
s
,
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
n
cr
e
m
e
n
ts
t
h
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
v
al
u
e
ass
o
ciate
d
to
t
h
e
n
o
d
e.
I
f
a
m
alicio
u
s
b
e
h
av
io
r
is
d
etec
ted
,
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
ill
d
ec
r
e
m
en
t
t
h
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
v
al
u
e.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
n
NS3
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
t
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
w
s
:
a.
R
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t o
f
m
alici
o
u
s
n
o
d
es b
y
ca
lc
u
lati
n
g
tr
u
s
t.
b.
R
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t tr
af
f
ic
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
c.
Ma
x
i
m
izi
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
li
f
eti
m
e
b
y
av
o
id
i
n
g
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
p
o
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
ei
n
g
elec
ted
as M
P
R
s
.
2
.
7
.
EM
-
O
L
SR
T
h
e
s
el
ec
tio
n
o
f
MP
R
s
b
y
th
e
OL
S
R
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
in
th
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
ca
lcu
lati
n
g
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
th
e
W
ill
in
g
n
ess
p
ar
a
m
eter
f
r
o
m
t
w
o
m
etr
ics,
n
a
m
el
y
th
e
en
er
g
y
an
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
[
15
]
.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
ca
lcu
late
s
its
r
esid
u
a
l
en
er
g
y
an
d
its
m
o
v
in
g
s
p
ee
d
(
s
u
p
p
o
s
in
g
th
at
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
is
eq
u
i
p
p
ed
w
it
h
GP
S
to
d
eter
m
in
e
it
s
co
o
r
d
in
ates)
an
d
it
d
ed
u
ce
s
f
r
o
m
it
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
W
illi
n
g
n
es
s
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
w
illi
g
n
es
s
_
d
ef
au
lt,
w
il
lig
n
e
s
s
_
lo
w
o
r
w
ill
ig
n
es
s
_
h
ig
h
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
es
u
lt o
f
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
:
if
(
lif
et
i
m
e
>
e
n
er
g
y
_
th
r
es
h
o
ld
&
&
m
o
b
ilit
y
_
s
p
ee
d
>
m
o
b
ilit
y
_
t
h
r
es
h
o
l
o
r
en
er
g
y
<
en
er
g
y
_
th
r
es
h
o
ld
&
&
m
o
b
ilit
y
_
s
p
ee
d
<
m
o
b
ilit
y
_
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
)
w
il
lin
g
n
es
s
=
w
illi
g
n
e
s
s
_
d
ef
a
u
lt
if
(
en
er
g
y
<
en
er
g
y
_
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
&
&
m
o
b
ilit
y
_
s
p
ee
d
>
m
o
b
ilit
y
_
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
)
w
il
lin
g
n
es
s
=
w
illi
g
n
e
s
s
_
lo
w
if
(
en
er
g
y
>
en
er
g
y
_
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
&
&
m
o
b
ilit
y
_
s
p
ee
d
<
m
o
b
ilit
y
_
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
)
w
il
lin
g
n
es
s
=
w
illi
g
n
e
s
s
_
h
i
g
h
;
en
d
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
NS2
s
i
m
u
lat
o
r
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
t
h
e
E
M
-
O
L
S
R
v
er
s
io
n
g
iv
e
s
b
etter
r
esu
l
ts
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
OL
SR
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
,
lo
s
t
p
ac
k
ets
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
2
.
8
.
W
-
O
L
SR
W
-
O
L
SR
[
1
6
]
is
a
n
O
L
S
R
s
t
an
d
ar
d
ex
ten
s
io
n
i
n
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
h
as
ad
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
MP
R
s
an
o
t
h
er
p
ar
a
m
eter
ca
l
led
W
ei
h
g
ted
-
MP
R
ca
lc
u
late
d
f
r
o
m
R
esid
u
al
E
n
er
g
y
,
Si
g
n
al
Stre
n
g
t
h
a
n
d
T
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
ela
y
b
y
th
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
f
o
r
m
u
la:
W
eig
h
ted
MP
R
=
X
*
R
esid
u
a
l E
n
er
g
y
+
Y
*
Si
g
n
al
Stre
n
g
t
h
–
Z
*
T
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
ela
y
W
h
er
e
X,
Y
an
d
Z
ar
e
co
n
s
ta
n
ts
,
if
W
eig
h
ted
MP
R
<=
w
ei
g
h
t_
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
t
h
en
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
MP
R
.
A
t
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
th
e
HE
L
L
O
m
es
s
ag
e
i
s
s
e
n
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ti
m
e,
an
d
in
r
ec
ep
tio
n
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
th
is
li
n
k
(
b
ad
o
r
g
o
o
d
)
is
d
et
er
m
in
ed
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
es
id
u
al
en
er
g
y
,
d
ela
y
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
(
s
e
n
d
in
g
t
i
m
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ti
m
es)
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
O
L
SR
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f MP
R
s
in
OLS
R
p
r
o
to
co
l:
a
s
u
r
ve
y
o
f m
eth
o
d
s
a
n
d
tech
n
iq
u
es (
Oma
r
B
a
r
ki)
291
w
it
h
W
-
OL
SR
s
h
o
w
ed
th
a
t
th
e
latter
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
OL
SR
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lo
s
t p
ac
k
ets (
P
DR
)
.
2
.
9
.
E
O
L
S
R,
E
O
L
SR
-
E
C,
E
O
L
S
R
-
RE
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
7
]
,
to
g
u
ar
an
te
e
a
lo
n
g
M
ANE
T
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
e
ti
m
e,
th
e
O
L
S
R
v
er
s
io
n
is
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
b
y
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
m
etr
ic
th
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
E
OL
SR
(
O
L
SR
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
)
v
er
s
io
n
,
w
h
ic
h
h
as
m
ad
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
p
ath
ca
lc
u
latio
n
b
y
m
o
d
i
f
y
i
n
g
th
e
HE
L
L
O
a
n
d
T
C
m
es
s
ag
e
f
o
r
m
a
ts
b
y
ad
d
in
g
t
w
o
t
y
p
es
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
n
a
m
el
y
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
(
R
E
)
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
ed
en
er
g
y
(
E
C
)
,
th
u
s
t
w
o
v
er
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
E
OL
S
R
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
estab
li
s
h
ed
n
a
m
e
l
y
E
O
L
S
R
-
RE
an
d
E
O
L
S
R
-
E
C
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
n
s
i
s
ts
in
s
et
tin
g
th
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
s
o
f
R
E
a
n
d
E
C
a
n
d
c
h
e
ck
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
test
:
I
f
t
h
e
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
is
lo
w
er
t
h
an
t
h
e
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
v
al
u
e,
th
e
n
o
d
e
is
s
et
to
L
OW
-
MP
R
-
W
I
L
L
,
o
th
er
w
is
e
it
i
s
HI
GH
-
MP
R
-
W
I
L
L
.
An
d
if
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
th
e
n
o
d
e
is
less
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
al
u
e,
th
e
n
o
d
e
tak
e
s
th
e
v
alu
e
HI
GH
-
MP
R
-
W
I
L
L
o
th
er
w
i
s
e
it
tak
e
s
th
e
v
al
u
e
L
OW
-
MP
R
-
W
I
L
L
.
Fro
m
th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lt
o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
n
o
ticed
th
at
th
e
O
L
SR
-
R
E
is
t
h
e
b
est
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
in
ter
m
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
E
OL
SR
-
E
C
an
d
O
L
S
R
.
2
.
1
0
.
M
-
O
L
SR
OL
S
R
i
s
m
o
d
i
f
ied
s
o
th
at
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ca
n
ch
o
o
s
e
its
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
"
Up
d
ate"
o
r
"
No
t
u
p
d
ate"
th
e
HE
L
L
O
an
d
T
C
m
es
s
ag
e
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
i
n
i
m
iz
e
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
p
ath
to
b
o
r
r
o
w
in
ter
m
s
o
f
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
j
u
m
p
an
d
en
er
g
y
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es,
i
f
it
r
ea
c
h
es
th
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
(
g
iv
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
u
s
er
)
,
th
en
it
ch
o
o
s
es
a
n
o
th
er
p
ath
.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
n
a
m
el
y
“
en
d
to
en
d
d
ela
y
”,
“
o
v
er
h
ea
d
r
o
u
ti
n
g
”
a
n
d
“
r
esid
u
a
l
en
er
g
y
”.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MO
L
SR
alg
o
r
it
h
m
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
lo
ad
o
f
m
es
s
a
g
es
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
a
ls
o
it
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
m
all
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
i
n
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
2
.
1
1
.
O
L
SR
-
E
T
X
-
ML
-
MD
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
tr
ied
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
th
r
ee
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
f
O
L
SR
,
n
a
m
el
y
E
T
X,
ML
an
d
MD
[
1
9
]
,
k
n
o
w
in
g
th
at:
O
L
S
R
-
E
T
X
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
li
n
k
q
u
a
lit
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
e
n
d
in
g
an
d
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
HE
L
L
O
m
e
s
s
a
g
es,
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
ca
lc
u
latio
n
(
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
s
e
n
t
b
y
X
to
Y
/
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
Y
f
r
o
m
X
)
f
o
r
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
an
d
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
E
T
X
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
:
E
T
X
=
1
/
P
(
X)
*
P
(
Y)
.
So
,
f
o
r
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
,
w
e
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
p
ath
w
h
i
ch
h
a
s
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
t
h
e
s
m
alle
s
t
E
T
X.
OL
S
R
-
ML
is
t
h
e
b
asi
s
f
o
r
c
alcu
lati
n
g
E
T
X.
T
h
is
is
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ca
lled
P
L
I
NK
=
P
(
X
)
*
P
(
Y)
,
f
i
n
d
s
th
e
li
n
k
w
h
er
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lo
s
t
p
ac
k
et
s
is
s
m
al
ler
.
OL
SR
-
MD
i
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
ela
y
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
ca
lcu
la
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le.
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
i
s
t
h
e
p
ath
f
o
r
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
d
ela
y
is
s
m
aller
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
is
v
e
r
s
io
n
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
O
L
SR
-
E
T
X
g
i
v
es
m
o
r
e
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
in
ter
m
s
o
f
e
v
al
u
at
io
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
(
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
d
ela
y
,
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t .
.
.
)
.
2
.
1
2
.
M
O
B
-
2
--
O
L
SR
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Mo
b
-
2
-
OL
S
R
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
an
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
t
w
o
p
r
ev
io
u
s
v
er
s
io
n
s
:
OL
S
R
an
d
Mo
b
-
OL
SR
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
lim
it
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
ate
o
f
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
v
alu
e
"
E
n
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
ela
y
"
[
2
0
]
.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
m
etr
ic
s
t
h
at
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
MP
R
b
y
g
i
v
i
n
g
p
r
io
r
ity
t
o
less
m
o
b
ile
ca
n
d
id
ates.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
Mo
b
-
2
-
OL
SR
p
r
o
v
id
ed
,
in
m
o
s
t
ca
s
e
s
,
th
e
b
est
r
esu
lts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
P
DR
,
d
ela
y
a
n
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
v
er
s
i
o
n
s
.
2
.
1
3
.
E
DCR
-
O
L
S
R
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
2
1
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
to
o
k
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
id
ea
u
s
ed
in
th
e
late
s
t
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
.
I
n
s
tead
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
i
n
g
le
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
w
i
th
h
ig
h
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
s
p
ee
d
an
d
th
u
s
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
it
w
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
ef
er
ab
le
to
u
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
w
i
th
s
e
v
er
al
co
r
es
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
ch
ip
w
i
th
a
n
o
v
er
all
s
p
ee
d
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t to
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
an
d
w
h
o
s
e
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
h
u
s
,
b
y
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
th
is
id
ea
to
th
e
O
L
S
R
p
r
o
to
co
l,
th
e
r
etr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
tr
a
f
f
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
ta
s
k
is
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
o
v
er
s
e
v
er
al
MP
R
s
.
A
s
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
th
is
tec
h
n
iq
u
e,
t
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
r
em
ar
k
ed
a
g
ai
n
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
atio
.
2
.
1
4
.
O
L
SR
-
AAD
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
2
]
co
n
s
is
ts
in
allo
w
i
n
g
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
k
ee
p
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
MP
R
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
ch
a
n
g
ed
th
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
s
elec
t
io
n
o
f
MP
R
s
s
o
t
h
at
t
h
e
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
n
e
w
m
etr
ic
"
A
v
er
ag
e
Ag
e
o
f
Dea
th
"
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
li
f
eti
m
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
a
lr
ea
d
y
s
elec
ted
as
MP
R
w
h
ic
h
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
s
ev
er
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
0
:
288
-
295
292
cr
iter
ia
ie
(
No
d
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
e
n
s
it
y
,
etc.
)
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
a
s
s
ati
s
f
ac
to
r
y
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
P
DR
,
d
ela
y
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
2
.
1
5
.
E
E
P
R
-
O
L
SR
I
n
th
e
ar
ticle
[
2
3
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
tr
ies
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
M
A
NE
T
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e
b
y
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ath
av
a
ilab
ilit
y
a
n
d
m
in
i
m
iz
in
g
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
i
n
t
h
e
OL
SR
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
h
e
u
p
g
r
a
d
e
v
er
s
io
n
is
ca
lled
E
E
P
R
_
OL
SR
,
it
h
as
p
r
esen
t
ed
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
es
u
lts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
tan
d
ar
d
OL
SR
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
u
s
ed
GP
S
to
r
etr
iev
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
n
o
d
es
in
o
r
d
er
to
c
alcu
late
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
tab
le
p
a
th
b
y
L
i
n
k
E
x
p
ir
atio
n
T
im
e
(
L
E
T
)
g
iv
in
g
b
y
t
h
is
f
o
r
m
u
la:
(
)
(
)
√
(
)
(
)
w
h
er
e
,
.
Fo
r
th
is
E
E
P
R
_
O
L
S
R
v
er
s
io
n
,
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
n
NS3
h
a
s
g
iv
e
n
a
h
i
g
h
P
DR
a
n
d
li
f
e
ti
m
e
r
es
u
lt
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
OL
S
R
Sta
n
d
ar
d
.
2
.
1
6
.
EEM
-
O
L
SR
T
h
e
m
ain
id
ea
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
ar
ticle
[
2
4
]
is
to
u
s
e
th
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
b
y
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
av
a
i
lab
le
p
ath
.
Oth
er
w
is
e,
w
e
ta
k
e
th
e
o
th
er
s
h
o
r
tes
t
av
a
ilab
le
alter
n
ati
v
e
p
ath
in
th
e
ca
s
e
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
at
h
g
o
es
d
o
w
n
.
Fo
r
th
i
s
r
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
m
o
d
i
f
i
ed
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
tab
le
b
y
ad
d
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
r
ec
o
r
d
s
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
at
h
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
s
a
m
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
tab
le.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
i
s
n
e
w
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
O
L
S
R
w
it
h
t
h
e
O
L
SR
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
n
a
m
e
l
y
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
P
ac
k
et
Deliv
er
y
R
atio
,
E
n
er
g
y
E
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
,
No
r
m
al
ized
R
o
u
ti
n
g
lo
ad
a
n
d
E
n
d
-
to
-
E
n
d
Dela
y
,
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
t
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
p
r
esen
ted
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
t
i
m
e
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
.
2
.
1
7
.
DCF
M
-
O
L
SR
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
h
as
atte
m
p
ted
t
o
u
s
e
th
e
De
n
ial
C
o
n
tr
ad
ict
io
n
s
w
ith
Fic
titi
o
u
s
No
d
e
Me
ch
an
is
m
(
DC
FM)
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
ad
d
r
ess
p
o
s
s
ib
le
attac
k
s
o
n
O
L
SR
p
r
o
to
co
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
tr
ate
g
y
f
o
llo
w
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
attac
k
it
s
elf
in
o
r
d
er
to
av
o
id
it.
I
t
cr
ea
tes
v
ir
t
u
al
n
o
d
es
an
d
u
s
e
s
d
ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
v
ict
i
m
n
o
d
e
to
p
r
o
te
ct
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
it
av
o
id
s
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
attac
k
s
a
n
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
a
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
d
ata
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
co
u
ld
b
e
s
et
u
p
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es.
2
.
1
8
.
O
P
E
-
O
L
SR
I
n
th
e
p
ap
er
[
2
6
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
e
w
r
o
u
ti
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
th
e
O
L
S
R
p
r
o
to
co
l
b
ased
o
n
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
f
o
r
s
elec
ti
n
g
th
e
MP
R
n
o
d
es
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
lif
e
ti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
M
ANE
T
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
id
ea
is
to
tr
y
to
p
r
iv
ileg
e
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
i
n
N1
h
a
v
in
g
h
i
g
h
er
en
er
g
y
to
b
e
an
MP
R
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
MP
R
n
o
d
e
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
t
h
a
n
o
th
er
n
o
n
-
MP
R
n
o
d
es.
I
f
s
ev
er
al
n
o
d
es
h
a
v
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
,
w
e
ch
o
o
s
e
t
h
e
MP
R
n
o
d
e
w
h
ic
h
co
v
er
s
m
o
r
e
n
o
d
es in
N2
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
a
s
f
o
llo
w
:
a.
L
et
as
s
u
m
e
X
is
a
n
o
d
e
w
h
ic
h
w
a
n
ts
to
co
m
p
u
te
MP
R
s
et.
N1
is
a
s
et
o
f
X’
s
1
-
h
o
p
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
an
d
N2
is
a
s
et
o
f
X
’
s
2
-
h
o
p
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
.
b.
I
f
(
Set N
1
is
e
m
p
t
y
)
{W
ait
u
n
ti
l to
p
o
lo
g
y
ch
a
n
g
es
Go
to
s
tep
1
}
E
ls
e
{
I
f
(
A
r
e
t
h
er
e
t
w
o
o
r
m
o
r
e
n
o
d
es o
f
f
er
i
n
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
en
er
g
y
)
{
Select
n
o
d
e
i in
N1
w
h
ich
co
v
er
s
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
n
o
d
es
(
h
ig
h
est d
e
g
r
ee
)
in
N2
}
E
ls
e
{
Select
n
o
d
e
i
w
h
ich
h
as
h
ig
h
e
s
t E
n
er
g
y
}
}
c.
No
d
e
in
N2
h
as
s
y
m
m
e
tr
ic
lin
k
w
it
h
n
o
d
e
i o
f
N1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f MP
R
s
in
OLS
R
p
r
o
to
co
l:
a
s
u
r
ve
y
o
f m
eth
o
d
s
a
n
d
tech
n
iq
u
es (
Oma
r
B
a
r
ki)
293
d.
C
h
o
o
s
e
n
o
d
e
i in
N1
as M
P
R
e.
Dele
te
th
e
n
o
d
es o
f
N2
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
s
y
m
m
etr
icall
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
ith
n
o
d
e
i in
N1
f.
I
f
(
Set N
2
is
e
m
p
t
y
)
{
S: MP
R
Set o
f
X}
E
ls
e
{Co
n
s
id
er
n
o
d
e
i in
N1
w
h
ic
h
h
as M
a
x
E
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
n
o
t
y
et
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
as M
P
R
Re
m
a
in
i
n
g
n
o
d
es i
n
N2
h
as
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
li
n
k
w
i
th
n
o
d
e
i o
f
N1
Go
to
s
tep
4
.
}
3.
ST
U
DY
AND
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
f
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
MP
R
ar
e
cited
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
th
o
s
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es a
llo
w
ed
u
s
t
o
n
o
te
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
r
e
m
ar
k
s
:
a.
Mo
s
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
a
v
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
e
n
er
g
y
i
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
o
th
er
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
(
M
o
b
ilit
y
,
s
ec
u
r
it
y
,
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
)
.
b.
Mo
s
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
d
ea
l
w
it
h
o
n
e,
t
w
o
o
r
th
r
ee
p
a
r
am
eter
s
at
a
ti
m
e
w
ith
o
u
t
tak
i
n
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
o
th
er
s
.
c.
T
h
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
is
al
m
o
s
t
n
u
ll
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
.
d.
W
e
also
n
o
te
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
s
in
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ie
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
e.
T
h
e
ch
an
g
e
s
m
ad
e
b
y
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
ar
e
o
f
te
n
d
o
n
e
o
n
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
f
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
MP
R
s
an
d
th
e
f
o
r
m
at
s
o
f
m
e
s
s
a
g
es HE
L
L
O
a
n
d
T
C
.
f.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
i
s
n
o
t
tak
e
n
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t,
k
n
o
w
in
g
th
at
t
h
e
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
o
n
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
ca
n
a
f
f
ec
t t
h
e
o
th
er
s
.
g.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
t
y
p
e
o
f
m
o
b
ilit
y
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
is
R
a
n
d
o
m
W
a
y
P
o
in
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
R
an
d
o
m
Dir
ec
tio
n
,
Ma
n
h
atta
n
Gr
id
,
Fre
e
w
a
y
P
o
in
t a
n
d
o
th
er
s
.
h.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
w
er
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
w
it
h
NS2
to
o
l c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
NS3
.
i.
L
ac
k
o
f
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
t
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l b
y
ac
ti
n
g
o
n
s
e
v
e
r
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
at
a
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
MP
R
s
elec
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
f
o
c
u
s
es a
x
es
En
e
r
g
y
B
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
M
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
N
o
d
e
G
e
o
me
t
r
i
c
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
S
i
mu
l
a
t
o
r
P
a
t
h
(
Li
n
k
)
S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
H
e
l
l
o
Tc
H
a
r
d
/
S
o
f
t
M
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
y
p
e
M
a
t
h
.
M
o
d
e
l
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
v
e
r
h
e
a
d
Li
f
e
t
i
m
e
Of
O
L
S
R
X
X
X
S
R
W
P
L
-
O
L
S
R
X
N
S
3
X
S
R
D
2
d
M
M
BW
-
O
L
S
R
X
O
P
N
ET
X
S
X
DF
-
O
L
S
R
X
X
S
I
O
L
S
R
X
X
X
S
R
W
P
PB
-
O
L
S
R
N
S
2
X
X
X
X
H,
S
R
W
P
M
C
D
A
EM
-
O
L
S
R
X
X
G
P
S
N
S
2
X
X
R
W
P
,
M
G
,
FP
EO
L
S
R
-
EC
X
X
X
X
S
R
W
P
W
-
O
L
S
R
X
X
X
X
S
R
W
P
X
M
O
L
S
R
X
N
S
3
X
X
X
S
X
O
L
S
R
-
ML
X
N
S
2
X
X
S
X
O
L
S
R
-
MD
X
N
S
2
X
X
S
X
O
L
S
R
-
ET
X
X
N
S
2
X
X
S
X
M
O
B
-
2
-
O
L
S
R
X
N
S
2
X
S
R
W
P
ED
C
R
-
O
L
S
R
X
N
S
2
X
S
R
W
P
O
L
S
R
-
A
A
D
N
S
2
X
S
R
W
P
M
P
R
EEPR
-
O
L
S
R
X
G
P
S
N
S
3
X
S
R
.
W
a
l
k
-
b
a
se
d
X
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
EEM
-
O
L
S
R
X
N
S
2
X
X
X
S
R.D
X
D
C
F
M
-
O
L
S
R
X
X
X
S
X
O
P
E
-
O
L
S
R
X
N
S
2
X
S
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
0
:
288
-
295
294
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
ar
ticle,
w
e
h
a
v
e
atte
m
p
ted
to
p
r
esen
t
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
a
s
et
o
f
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
h
an
g
es
m
ad
e
to
th
e
OL
SR
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
MP
R
s
elec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
an
d
f
o
r
m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
th
e
li
f
e
ti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
s
lo
n
g
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
allo
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
n
o
d
es
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
ex
ch
a
n
g
ed
d
ata
.
T
h
is
s
u
r
v
e
y
m
ad
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
m
etr
ic
s
to
s
elec
t
t
h
e
MP
R
n
o
d
es
an
d
ca
lcu
late
a
n
o
p
ti
m
al
p
at
h
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
to
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
n
o
d
e.
A
l
s
o
,
th
is
s
u
r
v
e
y
allo
w
s
k
n
o
w
i
n
g
th
e
o
r
ien
tat
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
a
n
d
th
eir
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
Fi
n
al
l
y
,
i
n
t
h
is
ar
ticle,
w
e
h
a
v
e
g
i
v
en
a
s
et
o
f
r
e
m
ar
k
s
o
n
th
e
O
L
S
R
p
r
o
to
co
l e
x
ec
u
ti
o
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t t
h
at
ca
n
o
p
en
n
e
w
r
esear
c
h
s
u
b
j
ec
t a
n
d
n
e
w
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
id
ea
s
in
th
is
f
ield
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
O.
Ba
rk
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
F
o
rm
a
l
v
e
ri
f
i
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
P
R
se
lec
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
in
th
e
O
L
S
R
p
ro
to
c
o
l
,
”
1
0
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
In
tell
ig
e
n
t
S
y
ste
ms
:
T
h
e
o
rie
s a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
(
S
IT
A)
,
p
p
.
1
-
5,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
]
O.
Ba
rk
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
o
f
M
P
R
se
lec
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
S
tatisti
c
a
l
M
o
d
e
l
Ch
e
c
k
in
g
,
”
5
th
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
M
u
l
t
ime
d
ia
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
(
ICM
CS
'
1
6
),
I
EE
E
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
]
T
.
Clau
se
n
a
n
d
P
.
Ja
c
q
u
e
t,
“
Op
t
i
m
iz
e
d
L
in
k
S
tate
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
(OL
S
R),
”
Pro
jec
t
Hi
p
e
rc
o
m,
I
NRIA
,
RF
C
3
6
2
6
,
2
0
0
3
.
[4
]
A
la
m
s
y
a
h
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
P
R
se
lec
ti
o
n
to
t
h
e
OL
S
R
q
u
a
li
t
y
o
f
s
e
rv
ice
in
M
A
NE
T
u
sin
g
m
in
m
a
x
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
1
7
-
4
2
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[5
]
S
.
S
a
h
u
a
n
d
S
.
S
h
a
rm
a
,
“
S
e
c
u
re
a
n
d
p
ro
f
icie
n
t
c
ro
ss
lay
e
r
(S
P
C
L
)
Qo
S
f
ra
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
-
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
6
0
3
-
2
6
1
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[6
]
A
.
A
h
m
a
d
a
n
d
S
.
Ism
a
il
,
“
Us
e
r
S
e
lec
ti
v
e
En
c
r
y
p
ti
o
n
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
S
e
c
u
rin
g
M
A
NE
T
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
1
0
3
-
3
1
1
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[7
]
K.
R
.
Ra
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
E
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
D
a
ta
P
riv
a
c
y
M
e
c
h
a
n
ism
th
ro
u
g
h
S
e
c
u
re
S
e
ss
io
n
Ke
y
Ex
c
h
a
n
g
e
M
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
M
A
NE
T
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
2
6
7
-
3
2
7
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[8
]
Y
.
Kh
a
m
a
y
se
h
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
In
telli
g
e
n
t
b
lac
k
h
o
le
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
i
n
m
o
b
i
le
A
d
Ho
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
9
6
8
-
1
9
7
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[9
]
N
.
P
a
n
d
a
a
n
d
B.
K
.
P
a
tt
a
n
a
y
a
k
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
Blac
k
h
o
le
A
tt
a
c
k
in
A
OD
V
a
n
d
DSR,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
0
9
2
-
3
1
0
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
0
]
W
.
A
n
b
a
o
a
n
d
Z
.
Bin
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
in
g
M
P
R
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
i
n
OL
S
R
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
Ba
se
d
o
n
No
d
e
L
o
c
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
v
o
l.
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
1
]
D
.
M
o
a
d
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
in
g
th
e
Qu
a
li
ty
o
f
S
e
r
v
ice
Ro
u
ti
n
g
in
OL
S
R
P
r
o
to
c
o
l,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
ICCIT
),
2
0
1
2
.
[1
2
]
G
.
Ezh
il
a
ra
si
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
m
p
ro
v
in
g
M
P
R
se
lec
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
in
o
lsr
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
b
a
se
d
o
n
d
o
s
f
re
e
tran
s
m
issio
n
in
M
A
NET
M
P
R
se
lec
ti
o
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
S
y
ste
m
(
IJ
T
ES
)
,
v
o
l
7
,
p
p
.
2
3
9
-
243
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
3
]
J
.
Ba
v
a
li
y
a
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
OL
S
R
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
IOL
S
R
to
De
tec
t
a
n
d
P
re
v
e
n
t
F
lo
o
d
A
tt
a
c
k
o
v
e
r
M
A
NE
T
,
”
IJ
ES
C
,
v
o
l.
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
4
]
M
.
Dy
a
b
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
B
-
OL
S
R:
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
Ba
se
d
O
L
S
R,
”
IJ
CS
NS
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
t
e
r
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
S
e
c
u
rity
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
5
]
L
.
F
a
ti
m
a
a
n
d
E
.
Na
ji
b
,
“
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
m
o
b
il
it
y
in
O
L
S
R
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
to
c
o
l,
”
Cy
b
e
r
J
o
u
rn
a
ls:
M
u
lt
id
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
J
o
u
rn
a
ls
in
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
(
J
S
AT
),
2
0
1
2
.
[1
6
]
L
.
S
.
A
n
a
n
d
ra
o
a
n
d
J
.
Y
.
Am
e
y
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
O
L
S
R
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
se
rv
e
d
O
L
S
R,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
ol
.
2,
p
p
.
05
-
08
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
7
]
M
o
h
i
t
a
n
d
S
.
P
a
l
,
“
S
tab
le
M
P
R
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
in
O
L
S
R
f
o
r
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
-
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
”
(
I
J
CS
IT
)
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
5
1
2
1
-
5
1
2
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
8
]
A
.
K
.
Ja
is
wa
l
a
n
d
S
.
T
i
w
a
ri,
“
M
o
d
if
ied
OL
S
R
(M
OL
S
R)
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
im
p
ro
v
in
g
o
p
ti
m
a
l
ro
u
t
e
se
lec
ti
o
n
w
it
h
D
y
n
a
m
ic M
P
R
se
l
e
c
ti
o
n
in
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
,
”
IJ
S
RS
ET
,
v
ol
.
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
9
]
A
.
P
a
n
d
e
y
a
n
d
M
.
Ba
li
y
a
n
,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
O
L
S
R
a
n
d
M
o
d
if
ied
V
e
rsio
n
o
f
O
L
S
R
-
ET
X
/M
D/M
L
in
M
e
sh
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
&
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
Ne
two
rk
s
,
v
ol
.
2,
p
p
.
2
6
8
-
2
7
1
.
[2
0
]
A
.
Ou
a
c
h
a
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
OL
S
R
p
ro
to
c
o
l
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
th
ro
u
g
h
m
o
b
il
i
ty
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
1
0
t
h
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
in
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
,
S
e
n
si
n
g
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
(
ICNS
C
)
,
p
p
.
1
7
-
22
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
1
]
A
.
Ou
a
c
h
a
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
r
o
a
c
ti
v
e
ro
u
ti
n
g
b
a
se
d
d
istri
b
u
te
d
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
,
”
In
telli
g
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9
9
8
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ield
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c
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m
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rit
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ro
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u
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m
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m
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rt
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m
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s
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s
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s
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se
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r
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h
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ter
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rt
s
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s
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t
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iv
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M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
V
in
Ra
b
a
t.
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a
n
e
A
d
d
a
i
m
.
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re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
m
a
ste
r
d
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lo
m
a
in
2
0
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a
n
d
h
is
P
h
.
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d
e
g
r
e
e
in
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0
0
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,
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o
t
h
in
sa
telli
te
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
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n
f
ro
m
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
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S
c
h
o
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l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs
(EM
I),
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o
r
o
c
c
o
.
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ro
m
2
0
0
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t
o
2
0
0
3
,
h
e
w
a
s
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
a
t
S
IEM
ENS
.
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,
a
s
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
En
g
in
e
e
r,
re
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n
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o
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th
e
im
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le
m
e
n
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o
f
th
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su
p
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n
n
e
tw
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rk
o
f
th
e
M
e
d
it
e
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o
m
G
S
M
Ne
tw
o
rk
,
in
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
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ro
m
2
0
0
4
t
o
2
0
0
9
,
h
e
w
a
s
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c
h
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g
a
s
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n
t
a
t
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a
n
d
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se
a
rc
h
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
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t
Ce
n
tre
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o
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a
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s
e
a
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n
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,
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w
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rk
in
g
o
n
re
se
a
r
c
h
p
ro
jec
ts
d
e
a
li
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
d
e
sig
n
o
f
u
n
iv
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rsity
m
icro
sa
telli
te.
He
is
re
c
ip
ie
n
t
o
f
th
e
f
i
rst
p
rize
o
f
th
e
2
0
0
7
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2
0
0
9
b
e
st
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h
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th
e
sis
i
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
S
c
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c
e
s
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d
tec
h
n
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l
o
g
ies
a
t
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
V
u
n
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e
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.
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ro
m
M
a
rs
to
A
u
g
u
st
2
0
1
0
,
h
e
w
a
s
w
it
h
p
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st
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d
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to
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l
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o
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h
i
p
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h
e
S
a
telli
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m
m
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g
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a
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ry
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)
a
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f
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c
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o
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e
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g
in
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rin
g
,
Un
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e
r
sit
y
o
f
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e
n
o
a
.
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ro
m
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0
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to
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0
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,
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
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n
A
ss
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t
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ro
f
e
ss
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r
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t
th
e
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g
in
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g
sc
h
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k
e
n
it
ra
,
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o
ro
c
c
o
.
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r
o
m
2
0
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,
h
e
h
a
s
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n
a
n
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ss
o
c
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p
r
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o
r
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e
sa
m
e
sc
h
o
o
l.
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c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
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in
c
l
u
d
e
sig
n
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l
p
ro
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ss
in
g
,
c
o
m
m
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ti
o
n
n
e
tw
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rk
s
a
n
d
sa
telli
te
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
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