Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
5495
~
5501
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
6
.
pp5495
-
55
01
5495
Journ
al
h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
A
dat
a m
odeling
c
on
ce
p
tual
f
ramework
for ubi
qu
itous
c
ompu
ti
ng based
on
c
ont
ext
a
wa
reness
St
enl
y
Ric
ha
r
d Pu
n
gus
1
,3
, J
am
aia
h
Yah
aya
1
, A
z
iz
D
era
man
2
,
No
or
H
as
ri
n
a
Bi
nt
i B
akar
1
1
Facul
t
y
of
Infor
m
at
ion
Sci
ence and
T
ec
hnolo
g
y
,
Univer
sit
i
Keb
a
ngsaa
n
Mal
a
y
s
ia,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
2
Facul
t
y
of
Oc
ean E
ngin
ee
ring
T
ec
hnolog
y
and
I
nform
at
ic
s
,
Univ
ersi
ti
Malay
si
a T
ere
ngganu
,
Ma
lay
sia
3
Fakult
as
I
lmu Kom
pute
r
,
Univ
ersit
as
Kl
aba
t
,
In
donesia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
a
n
21
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
A
pr
18
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
J
un
1
0
, 201
9
Thi
s
pape
r
int
ro
duce
s
a
fra
m
ework
for
dat
a
m
odel
ing
to
suppor
t
ubiqui
tous
computing
base
d
on
con
te
xt
-
a
ware
ness.
Da
ta
al
wa
y
s
grow
in
term
of
volume,
var
i
ety
,
vel
ocit
y
,
and
val
ue
.
The
pro
ble
m
ari
ses
when
it
grows
expone
nt
ia
l
l
y
.
C
onseque
ntly
,
data
is
an
y
wh
ere
a
nd
req
uire
m
ent
s
cha
nge
i
n
ea
rl
y
d
at
a
d
efi
n
i
ti
ons
the
n
d
at
a
design
bec
om
e
not
as
the
p
la
n
.
The
ref
or
e,
suita
ble
appr
oa
c
h
with
new
par
a
digm
and
m
et
hods
of
dat
a
m
odeling
nee
ds
t
o
be
enh
anced
to
solve
the
p
rob
le
m
s
in
th
e
r
eal
world.
Dat
a
m
odel
m
ust
conside
r
the
acti
ve
obj
ec
t
th
at
relate
d
to
each
o
ther.
An
y
ob
je
c
ts
m
a
y
in
te
ra
c
t
with
each
oth
er
in
a
ubiqu
it
ou
s
wa
y
and
rec
o
rde
d
in
dig
it
a
l
te
chno
log
y
.
Sensors
,
ac
tua
t
o
r
devi
ce
s,
and
ra
dio
fre
quency
id
ent
ifica
ti
on
tech
nolog
y
m
a
y
support
comm
u
nic
a
ti
on
be
tween
obje
ct
s
throu
gh
ubiqui
tous
computing
.
The
data
m
odel
in
Ubiquit
ous
Com
puti
ng
nee
ds
to
restr
uct
ure
to
bec
om
e
ac
t
ive
and
d
y
na
m
ic
.
Ubiquit
ous
computing
is
a
m
odel
tha
t
ena
b
l
e
all
obj
ec
ts
aro
und
th
e
peo
ple
to
comm
unic
ate
and
inv
isibl
e.
In
ord
er
to
support
this
par
adi
gm
,
a
n
e
w
per
spec
t
ive
o
f
how
data
are
designe
d
and
st
ore
d
on
each
obje
c
t
is
nee
d
e
d.
Furthermore,
using
ubiqui
to
us
computing,
t
he
per
vasiv
e
net
work
ca
n
req
ue
st
and
response
informati
on
,
which
m
ea
ns
the
d
evi
c
es
m
a
y
comm
unic
at
e
a
nd
has
th
e
in
itiat
iv
e
to
solve
a
probl
em
with
out
hum
an
int
erv
ent
ion
.
Hum
an
wants
more
int
e
ll
ig
enc
e
obje
ct
s.
Th
erefore,
m
or
e
sensors
and
m
e
m
ory
are
req
u
i
red
.
Dat
a
struc
ture
s
nee
d
to
enha
n
c
e
or
embedde
d
in
to a
n
y
device
s
tha
t
i
nte
ra
ct
wi
th the
hum
an.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Con
te
xt
a
wa
re
ness
Data
m
od
el
ing
Ub
i
qu
it
ous
c
om
pu
ti
ng
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Stenly
Ri
chard
Pun
gu
s
,
Faculty
of In
form
ation
Scie
nc
e an
d
Tec
hnol
og
y,
Nati
on
al
U
niv
e
rsity
o
f
Mal
ay
sia
,
43600 B
an
gi, Sel
ango
r,
Mal
a
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
: st
enly
.p
ungus@
unkla
b.ac
.id
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
gro
wth
of
the
wo
rl
d
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
and
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
te
ch
nolo
gy,
par
ti
cularly
the
fiel
d
of
com
pu
ti
ng
ha
ppen
s
so
ra
pid
l
y.
Com
pu
te
rs
hav
e
a
dva
nced
beyo
nd
t
he
de
sk
to
p
int
o
m
a
ny
pa
rts
of
ev
eryday
li
fe
[1]
.
T
he
distrib
ution
a
nd
us
e
of
c
urre
nt
inf
or
m
ation
a
nd
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
te
chnolo
gies
(
I
CT)
ar
e
consi
der
e
d
to
be
the
prere
qu
isi
te
s
no
wa
day
s
for
vibra
n
t
pro
fita
ble
gro
wth
an
d
f
uture
possibil
it
y
in
glo
bal
com
petit
ion
[2]
.
Ther
e
e
xists
a
new
pa
ra
dig
m
that
hu
m
a
n
will
connect
s
with
the
m
a
chine,
li
vi
ng
t
hing
e
m
bo
die
d
phy
sic
al
ly
with
sens
or
s
,
m
e
mo
ry,
a
nd
pro
cesso
rs
or
s
m
art
obj
ect
s,
that
m
ay
be
cal
le
d
the
U
biquit
ou
s
Com
pu
ti
ng
,
I
nter
net
of
T
hi
ng
(IoT
),
pe
r
va
sive
com
pu
ti
ng,
or
am
bient
com
pu
ti
ng
,
m
akes
hu
m
an
interact
ion
with
m
achi
nes
an
d
sm
art
obj
ect
getti
ng
cl
os
er.
T
he
refo
re,
hum
ans
can
rely
on
m
achines
to
perform
com
p
utati
on
with
ou
t
hu
m
an
inte
r
ven
ti
on.
Eac
h
instance
of
a
connect
ed
obje
ct
in
a
net
work
can
perform
the com
pu
ta
ti
on
. Subseq
uen
tl
y, this
sh
ifti
ng
par
a
di
gm
can
cha
nge
the
way d
at
a
m
od
el
ing
to
da
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
5495
-
55
01
5496
Data
m
od
el
in
g
is
the
proc
ess
to
captu
re
the
reali
ty
of
the
w
or
l
d
[
3]
.
Acc
ordin
g
to
W
at
son,
the
crit
ic
al
issue
in
data
m
od
e
li
ng
is
the
proc
ess
to
identify
the
entit
ie
s
and
cor
rect
relat
io
ns
hi
p
am
on
g
them
,
no
t
th
e
re
pr
ese
ntati
on
.
Sim
i
lar
ly
argue
d
by
Pete
r
Che
n
(
1976
)
a
data
m
od
el
(E
ntit
y
R
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
dia
gr
am
)
include
s
s
om
e
of
the
es
sentia
l
sem
antic
inform
ation
a
bout
the
real
w
or
l
d.
Co
ns
eq
ue
ntly
,
any
represe
ntati
on
from
any
data
m
od
el
is
not
the
iss
ue,
bu
t
the
a
bili
ty
t
o
ca
pture
t
he
reali
ty
.
Furthe
rm
or
e,
the
w
orl
d
is
beholdi
ng
the
delivery
of
an
inn
ovat
ive
co
m
pu
ti
ng
par
a
di
gm
that
pr
omi
ses
to
hav
e
a
n
insig
htf
ul
re
su
lt
on
the
way
us
ers
colla
borate
with
com
pu
te
r
s,
dev
ic
es
,
ph
ysi
cal
sp
aces,
and
ot
her
pe
op
le
.
T
his
innov
at
iv
e
te
chnolo
gy,
c
al
le
d
ubiq
uito
us
c
om
pu
ti
ng
,
env
isi
on
s
a
world
w
her
e
e
m
bed
d
e
d
pro
cesso
rs,
c
om
pu
te
rs,
sens
or
s
,
an
d
dig
it
al
com
mu
nicat
io
ns
are
inexp
e
ns
iv
e
com
m
od
it
ie
s
t
hat
are
avail
able
ever
yw
he
r
e
[4]
.
Th
us
, t
his
ph
e
nom
eno
n wil
l re
su
lt
in
t
he
c
omplexit
y o
f
the
dat
a
m
od
el
fo
r
e
ach e
ntit
y or
obj
ect
s
.
This
re
searc
h
m
ot
ivate
d
by
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
thi
ng
s
in
t
he
real
w
or
ld
.
Gen
e
r
al
ly
,
in
orde
r
t
o
underst
an
d
su
c
h
a
relat
ionship
a
m
od
el
is
require
d.
T
he
refor
e
,
data
m
od
el
ing
goal
is
to
pr
od
uce
a
data
m
od
el
that
has
high
im
pact
a
nd
us
e
fu
l
li
fe
of
t
he
syst
em
[5]
.
Be
sid
es,
t
he
c
om
pu
ti
ng
pa
ra
dig
m
al
so
cha
ng
es
.
O
bj
ect
s
in
the
real
world
are
co
nnect
ed
with
netw
ork,
sens
or
s
an
d
e
m
bo
died
with
com
pu
ta
ti
on
process,
data
st
ruct
ur
e
i
s
no
t
store
d
i
n
a
ser
ve
r
bu
t
distrib
uted
in
eac
h
obj
ect
.
O
bject
s
m
a
y
respo
nd
an
d
r
eq
uest
bas
ed
on
con
te
xt
-
a
war
e
.
Ever
y
day,
obje
ct
s
are
becom
ing
sm
art
obj
ect
s,
wh
ic
h
a
r
e
li
nk
e
d
to
get
her
i
nto
netw
orks
,
react
t
o
their
en
vir
onm
ent,
and
i
nteract
with
th
ei
r
us
e
rs
[
2]
.
The
hu
m
an
create
s
obj
e
ct
s
m
o
re
in
te
ll
igenc
e
.
Objects
beco
m
e
intel
li
gen
ce
wh
e
n
they
ha
ve
sens
or
s
.
O
bj
ect
s
that
intera
ct
with
hum
an
needs
m
e
m
or
y
and
sens
or
s
to
com
m
un
ic
at
e.
Mem
or
y
structur
e
need
s
to
en
ha
nce
or
em
bed
de
d
into
any
de
vices
that
interact
with
the
hum
an
to
s
tore
act
ivit
ie
s.
Sensors
will
id
entify
,
m
easure
,
com
pu
te
the
pro
per
ty
of
da
ta
that
receive
d,
a
nd
respo
ns
e t
o
a
ny
o
bject
nee
d
it
.
Objects
in
t
he
real
w
or
l
d
that
connects
with
the
hum
an
m
a
y
com
m
un
ic
ate
thr
ough
se
nsors
.
T
he
data
obj
ect
s n
eed
f
urt
her
analy
sis
to
m
or
e
detai
le
d
a
nd
st
ru
ct
ur
e
d
to
s
up
port
it
s
en
vironm
ent
in
the futur
e
.
T
he
rea
l
world
is
spott
e
d
a
nd
re
pr
e
sen
te
d
in
a
co
nce
pt
ual
m
od
el
the
n
c
onve
rted
i
nto
a
l
og
ic
al
str
uc
ture
for
a
data
base.
This
is
re
vealed
in
pr
esc
riptive
m
et
ho
ds
an
d
is
the
dom
inant
assum
ption
in
m
os
t
studi
es.
More
ov
e
r,
dat
a
m
od
el
ing
is
al
so
de
scribe
d
a
s
a
ty
pe
of
des
ign
with
ne
goti
able
requirem
ents,
a
creati
ve
process,
a
nd
m
any
workable s
olu
t
ion
s
[
6]
.
Accor
ding
to
[
7]
,
it
is
chall
en
ging
ta
sk
s
t
o
m
igrate
from
t
he
le
gacy
syst
e
m
or
ap
plica
ti
on
t
o
ser
vice
or
ie
nted.
It
re
qu
i
res
the
a
da
ptati
on
of
t
he
le
gacy
interfac
e
to
the
intera
ct
ion
pa
ra
digm
of
we
b
se
r
vices
or
serv
ic
e
o
riente
d.
Data
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
be
tween
the
le
ga
cy
platfor
m
and
th
e
ne
w
e
m
erg
in
g
platf
or
m
is
the
m
ai
n
reaso
n
for
integ
ra
ti
on
.
H
oweve
r
,
if
the
le
gacy
platfor
m
is
no
t
able
to
f
ul
fill
the
data
desig
n
requirem
ent
since
it
s
desi
gn
with
nati
ve
co
de
or
pr
im
itive
way
or
a
different
platfo
rm
,
then
t
he
data
m
od
el
needs
to
be
re
f
ined
in
t
he
c
on
te
xt
of
it
s
str
uc
ture,
data
de
fin
it
ion
,
form
at
,
and
sec
ur
it
y.
Co
ns
e
qu
e
ntly
,
al
l
data
in
the
le
gacy
platfo
rm
sh
ould
be
m
igrated
to
t
he
new
pl
at
fo
rm
with
ne
w
data
m
od
e
l
represe
ntati
o
n
but
the
sam
e
hig
h
-
le
vel
a
bs
tract
ion.
T
her
e
is
one
per
s
pecti
ve
from
Ja
m
ai
ah
et
.al
[8]
s
upporte
d
by
[9]
t
hat
t
o
prolo
ng
the
li
f
e
of
a
syst
em
or
s
of
t
war
e
t
he
n
anti
-
a
gein
g
a
ct
ivit
ie
s
need
to
be
c
onduct
e
d,
or
s
of
t
war
e
agein
g
can
be
suspe
nded
by
cl
assify
ing
facto
rs
th
at
influ
ence
a
nd
acce
le
rate
the
ageing
proce
ss.
Th
os
e
anti
-
agein
g
factors are
fu
nc
ti
on
al
, hum
an
, envir
onm
ent an
d p
r
oduct
prof
il
e.
Wh
e
n
t
he
pa
ra
m
et
er
is
know
n
the
n
ob
j
ect
s
in
daily
li
fe
c
an
be
pro
gr
am
m
ed.
It
is
a
c
halle
ng
e
to
pro
gr
am
the
c
onnected
obj
ec
ts.
F
or
the
t
hings
t
hat
are
ass
um
ed
as
a
n
e
ntit
y
or
obj
ect
w
hich
can
be
c
oded
as
an
instance,
cod
i
ng
s
uch
obj
ect
s’
par
a
m
et
er,
pr
oper
ti
es,
beh
avi
or
,
and
the
m
et
adata
is
po
ssible.
It
is
a
c
halle
ng
e
f
or
a
data
sci
entist
to
ref
in
e
again
of
how
on
e
s
def
in
e
th
e
data
obj
ect
f
or
the
real
wo
r
ld
an
d
com
pu
ti
ng
act
i
viti
es.
O
bj
ect
s
in
the
real
w
or
l
d
can
be
pr
ogram
m
ed,
but
it
sh
ou
ld
a
dd
so
m
e
sensor
s
that
su
pp
or
te
d wit
h data st
r
uctu
re
d wh
ic
h
m
ay
c
omm
un
ic
at
e o
r
do th
e
d
at
a t
ra
ns
fe
r betwee
n objects.
2.
DA
T
A MO
D
EL
ING
P
ROB
LE
MS
Database
desig
n
is
the
proces
s
from
a
plan
t
o
bec
om
e
a
real
data
m
od
el
.
T
he
data
m
od
el
con
ta
in
s
al
l
the
nee
ded
lo
gi
cal
and
ph
ysi
c
al
desig
n
ch
oic
es
an
d
al
l
the
par
am
et
ers
require
d
to
gen
e
ra
te
a
desig
n
in
a
data
def
i
niti
on
[
6]
.
A
good
desi
gn
of
a
data
is
a
chall
eng
e.
Da
ta
m
od
el
ing
for
database
cre
at
ion
has
com
m
on
ly
been
co
ns
ide
re
d
to
b
e
a
desc
r
ipti
ve
pro
cess
[10,
11]
.
I
n
re
cent
ye
ars,
da
t
abase
syst
em
s
and
data
base
de
sign
te
chnolo
gy
ha
ve
e
ncou
ntere
d
sign
i
ficant
e
voluti
on
[
12]
.
T
he
m
eaning
of
evo
l
ution
in
da
ta
desig
n
is
a
grad
ua
l
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
data
desi
gn
to
bec
om
e
bette
r.
Data
m
od
el
in
g
ha
ve
been
c
hange
d
over
ti
m
e
st
art
wit
h
hierar
c
hy
data
m
od
el
,
networ
k
data
m
od
el
,
relat
ion
al
data
m
od
el
,
and
obje
ct
-
or
ie
nted
da
ta
m
od
el
.
Each
data
obj
ect
will
have
relat
ed
to
tim
e
an
d
s
pace
an
d
w
h
at
obj
ect
i
t
m
ay
interact
.
Howe
ver,
com
pu
ti
ng
t
hing
s
uc
h
as
hard
war
e,
s
of
t
war
e
,
ne
tw
ork,
an
d
in
fr
ast
ru
c
ture
a
re
bein
g
connecte
d
wit
h
the
thin
gs
(
hum
an,
en
vir
onm
ent,
anim
a
l,
plants,
obj
ect
s).
T
he
pr
oble
m
is
ho
w
to
m
od
el
t
he
co
nn
ect
io
n
betwee
n
the
use
r
an
d
t
ho
se
things.
The
re
searc
her
fou
nd
se
ve
ral
no
ta
ti
on
or
m
et
hods
are
us
i
ng
now
.
T
her
e
are
data
m
odel
ing
no
ta
ti
on
with
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A data
mo
delin
g
c
on
ce
ptual f
r
am
ew
or
k f
or
ubiq
uitous c
omp
uting b
as
e
d
on
…
(
Stenly Ric
hard P
ungus)
5497
ID
E
F1X
[
13
-
15]
,
CR
O
W’
s
by
Ri
cha
r
d
Ba
ker
[
16
]
,
U
nified
m
od
el
ing
la
ng
uag
e
UML
by
OMG
[17]
,
Role
Acti
vity
Diag
ram
(RAD
)
,
Re
s
ources
-
Eve
nt
-
A
ge
nt
-
L
ocati
on
(RE
A
L)
[18]
,
E
xten
ded
Ma
r
kup
L
angua
ge
(X
ML
)
[
19]
.
These
data
m
od
el
in
g
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
sti
ll
have
a
lim
i
ta
ti
on
to
m
od
el
ing
a
data
ob
j
ect
withi
n
a
con
te
xt
-
awa
r
eness.
ID
E
F,
C
HEN
a
nd
CR
O
W
'
s
N
otati
on
f
ocus
on
data
pro
per
ti
es,
UM
L
fo
c
us
on
behavio
rs
of
it
s
ob
j
ect
,
RAD
fo
c
us
on
act
ivit
ie
s
ro
l
es
an
d
REA
L
fo
c
us
on
eve
nts
an
d
locat
i
on
s
an
d
acc
ordin
g
to
Kam
su
riah
a
nd
Re
du
a
n
[19]
t
her
e
is
no
sta
ndar
d
for
XML
data
ty
pe
a
nd
t
he
m
et
ho
d
t
o
m
ap
data
f
r
om
XML
to r
el
at
io
ns
is y
et
to
be
d
e
fine
d.
Accor
ding
to
Chell
app
a
n,
M
ok
a
nd
Re
in
se
l
[4
,
20,
21]
data
com
es
fr
om
senso
rs
us
e
d
to
gat
he
r
sh
op
per
i
nform
at
ion
,
so
ci
al
m
edia
po
sts,
di
gital
pictures,
and
vid
e
os
,
purc
hase
tra
ns
a
ct
ion
,
a
nd
cel
l
phone
GP
S
.
Data
in
com
pu
te
r
sci
ence
des
c
ribe
d
as
raw
m
at
eria
ls
or
facts
that
colle
ct
ed
tog
e
ther
f
or
ref
e
re
nce
an
d
analy
sis.
Ra
w
m
at
erial
s
m
ea
n
it
ne
eds
to
proces
s
f
urt
her
t
o
get
insi
gh
t
t
hat
ha
s
values
for
orga
nizat
ion
s
a
nd
facts
nee
ds
t
o
analy
ze
to
bec
om
e
info
rm
at
i
on
f
or
decisi
on
m
aking
.
Dat
a
ge
ner
al
ly
cre
at
ed
f
ro
m
te
xt,
au
dio,
vid
e
o,
im
age,
sens
or
s
.
F
ur
th
erm
or
e,
acco
rdi
ng
to
M
oh
am
m
ad
and
Kam
su
ria
h,
c
urren
t
ly
,
or
ga
nizat
io
ns
ar
e
flo
od
e
d
with
s
ever
al
ty
pes
of
unstruct
ur
e
d
data
su
c
h
as
e
-
m
ail,
i
m
ages,
repor
ts
,
m
aps,
char
ts,
pu
blica
ti
on
s
.
Th
us
,
an
ef
fec
ti
ve
and
ef
fici
ent
business
m
od
el
of
these
data
cou
l
d
hel
p
in
decisi
on
m
aking
[
22]
.
Data
are
represe
nted
to
unde
rstan
d
the
real
wo
rl
d
by
do
in
g
the
ana
ly
sis.
Ho
we
ver,
data
is
no
t
as
si
m
ple
as
it
l
ooks
.
Data
f
ro
m
the
real
w
or
l
d
is
gro
wing
e
xpone
ntial
ly
[23]
.
A
vast
am
ou
nt
of
data
is
colle
ct
ed
from
al
l
m
e
dia
in
par
ti
cula
r
sto
ra
ge.
How
big
t
he
data
de
pend
on
it
s
siz
e,
c
om
plexity
,
sp
eed
pr
ocessin
g
of
t
he
data
relat
ed
t
o
oth
e
r
entit
y
to
pro
vid
e
a
high
qual
it
y
of
in
f
or
m
at
ion
.
Co
nse
quently
,
data
are
a
nyw
her
e
with
str
uctu
re
d
data,
sem
i
-
structu
re
d
data,
unstr
uc
ture
d
data
[
24,
25]
.
T
he
im
p
act
is
data
requirem
ents
al
ways
change,
platfor
m
s
for
data
proces
sing
c
hange,
s
of
t
war
e
ar
chite
ct
ur
e
c
hange.
I
t
is
a
chall
enge
to
m
anag
e
the
data
with
s
uitable
data
m
od
el
ing
te
chn
iq
ues
.
F
urt
her
m
or
e,
dat
a
m
od
el
ing
is
confro
nting
a
new
chall
en
ge
as
a
databas
e
desig
n
no
t
on
ly
co
ntains
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
relat
ion
al
databases
but
new
e
r
N
oSQ
L
databases
m
anag
in
g
sig
nifican
t
a
m
ou
nts
of
un
struc
tu
re
d
data
[26]
.
T
he
li
te
ratur
e
on
t
his
s
ubj
ect
c
ov
e
rs
s
ever
al
data
m
o
deling
pe
rsp
e
c
ti
ves
from
,
W
est
,
R
ock
a
nd
Eva
ns,
G
ood
Chil
d,
W
at
son,
a
nd
Fr
anca
.
Ta
ble
1
su
m
m
aries
the
per
s
pecti
ves
of
data m
od
el
ing.
Table
1.
Data
m
od
el
ing
pe
rs
pecti
ves
Au
th
o
r
Def
in
itio
n
Do
m
ain
Persp
ectiv
e
W
est an
d
Fowle
r
[
2
7
]
Data
m
o
d
elin
g
is t
h
e f
irst step
in
d
atab
ase
Databas
e des
ig
n
Co
n
cept
u
al,
Log
ical,
Ph
y
sical
Ro
ck
and
E
v
an
s
[
2
8
]
Data
m
o
d
elin
g
is t
h
e stu
d
y
of
what
d
ata the bu
sin
ess
n
eeds
to en
ab
le
th
ese activit
ies to
b
e co
m
p
l
ete
Bu
sin
ess
Stu
d
y
,
Activ
ities
Go
o
d
Ch
ild
[29
]
Data
m
o
d
elin
g
dea
ls with
the p
rocess
o
f
dis
cretizing
sp
at
ial variatio
n
.
Ho
wev
er,
it
so
m
eti
m
e
s
m
islead
s to
th
e data structu
re
Geo
sp
atial
Data
Sp
atial
,
Dat
a
Structu
re.
(Ar
r
ay
,
Qu
eu
e,
Sta
ck
etc.)
W
atso
n
[
3
]
Data
m
o
d
elin
g
cap
tu
res the entit
ies
an
d
corre
ct
relatio
n
sh
ip
Edu
catio
n
Un
d
erstand
in
g
is m
o
re
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t than
represen
tatio
n
Franca
[
3
0
]
Data
m
o
d
elin
g
is a
parallel proces
s
with
in
analysis an
d
des
ig
n
Practical
Data
b
ase
.
NoSQL
Flex
ib
ility
an
d
Sca
lab
ility
3.
MO
DELIN
G
BASED
O
N C
ONTE
X
T
-
A
WA
RENES
S
This
pap
e
r
wil
l
propose
a
fr
a
m
ewo
r
k
for
ub
iqu
it
ous
c
om
pu
ti
ng
dom
ai
n
t
hat
co
nnect
s
obj
ect
s
bas
e
d
con
te
xt
-
a
war
e
ness.
T
his
pa
pe
r
plan
s
to
le
ve
rag
e
the
data
m
od
el
with
con
te
xt
base
d.
T
he
syst
em
al
read
y
ha
s
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
to
s
upport
th
e
con
te
xt.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
the
s
yst
e
m
beco
m
e
s
intel
li
gen
t,
unde
rstan
d
the
data
an
d
sit
uation o
n
th
e p
a
rtic
ular
ti
m
e, locati
on
or a
ny in
form
at
ion
that s
upport th
e cu
rr
e
nt acti
vi
ti
es.
Accor
ding
to
Dey
a
nd
A
bow
d
[
31
]
de
fine
co
ntext
as
any
inform
ation
that
can
be
us
e
d
to
char
act
e
rize
th
e
sit
uation
of
a
n
e
ntit
y.
A
n
e
nt
it
y
is
an
ob
j
ec
t,
pe
rs
on,
a
nd
place.
It
al
so
m
ay
be
any
ob
j
ect
that
m
ay
be
descr
ibed
with
the
si
m
ple
abstract
data
ty
pe
(A
DT)
that
is
co
ns
ide
red
relev
ant
to
the
interact
io
n
betwee
n
a
us
e
r
an
d
an
ap
plica
ti
on
,
incl
ud
i
ng
the
us
er
a
nd
ap
plica
ti
on
them
sel
ves.
To
su
m
up
,
the
con
te
xt
m
akes an entit
y, obj
ect
or ins
ta
nce fro
m
a ty
pe have
m
eaning.
Dey an
d A
bow
d
in
20
00 d
e
fin
e co
ntext
-
a
wa
r
eness
m
or
e
ge
ner
al
ly
:
"
A
Syste
m
is
con
te
xt
-
aware
if
it
us
es
cont
ext
to
pr
ovi
de
rel
evan
t
inf
ormati
on
and/
or
servi
ces
to
the user, w
here
relev
ancy
depends
on the
us
e
r's
tas
k.
"
Con
te
xt
-
awa
re
com
pu
ti
ng
is
a
m
ob
il
e
co
m
pu
ti
ng
par
a
digm
in
wh
ic
h
ap
plica
ti
on
s
can
disco
ver
a
nd
ta
ke
adv
a
ntage
of
co
ntextual
inform
ation
(
su
c
h
as
us
er
locat
ion,
tim
e
of
day,
nearby
people
and
de
vices
,
and
us
er
act
ivi
ty
)
[32]
.
Mo
re
ov
e
r,
the
fiel
d
of
co
nte
xt
-
awa
re
com
pu
ti
ng
a
lready
gro
wing
rap
idly
an
d
sensors
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
5495
-
55
01
5498
is
the
key
of
con
te
xt
awa
re
ness
syst
em
.
Con
te
xtu
al
in
f
or
m
at
ion
capt
ur
e
d
by
se
ns
ors
dep
e
nd
on
the
ty
pe
inf
or
m
at
ion
to
acqu
ire
d
suc
h
as
locat
ion
,
ti
m
e,
near
obj
ec
t,
act
ivit
ie
s,
tem
per
at
ur
e.
Me
anw
hile,
U
biquit
ou
s
Com
pu
ti
ng
te
c
hnologies
becom
e
m
or
e
m
ob
il
e,
distrib
uted
and
e
xec
uted
by
var
yi
ng
co
nt
ext
[
33
]
.
T
he
re
fore,
con
te
xt aw
a
re
ne
ss is a m
ai
n
fe
at
ur
e
of Ubiq
ui
tou
s
syst
em
s to
exec
ute a
par
ti
cular tas
k of an
obj
ect
.
Accor
ding
to
Teor
ey
,
c
onte
xt
awa
ren
es
s
is
a
key
factor
for
new
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
in
the
area
of
ub
i
qu
it
ous
c
om
pu
ti
ng
[
34
]
.
Con
te
xt
is
about
bri
ngin
g
so
m
et
hin
g
ri
gh
t
in
t
he
ri
ght
place,
rig
ht
per
s
on,
the
rig
ht
sit
uati
on,
ri
gh
t
act
io
n
an
d
ri
gh
t
ti
m
e
.
The
ci
rcu
m
sta
nce
or
sit
uati
on
m
us
t
be
rel
evan
t
t
o
the
ac
ti
on
or
even
t.
An
act
ion
process
or
even
t
will
do
so
m
et
hin
g
to
achieve
a
pur
po
s
e.
U
nd
e
rst
ood
m
eans,
there
ar
e
entit
ie
s
or
obj
e
ct
s
that
ha
ve
s
ens
or
s
t
o
recei
ve
in
put
or
m
e
ssage
a
nd
tra
nsl
at
ed
as
re
ques
te
d.
Co
ntext
is
m
or
e
i
m
po
rtant
tha
n
co
ntent.
Furtherm
or
e,
t
he
te
rm
of
con
t
ext
at
the
be
ginnin
g
relat
e
d
with
l
ocati
on
[
35
]
.
Con
te
xt
with
aw
are
ness
m
ay
be
de
fine
d
as
al
l
entit
ie
s
or
obj
ect
s
ar
ound
us
t
hat
ha
ve
the
intel
li
gen
ce
t
o
unde
rstan
d
th
e
locat
io
n
a
nd
how
the
e
ntit
ie
s
reacte
d
with
t
he
in
put
ar
ound
the
e
nv
ir
onm
ents.
Ty
pical
ly
,
each
entit
y
m
us
t
hav
e
com
plete
pr
operti
es
to
s
uppo
rt
data
qua
l
it
y
pr
ocessin
g.
Accor
ding
to
[36]
there
are
four
m
ai
n
qu
al
it
y
at
tribu
te
s.
The
at
tribu
te
s
a
re
usa
bili
ty
,
acce
ssibil
ity,
com
patibi
li
ty
,
and
f
un
ct
i
on
al
it
y
that
ne
ed
to
be
m
or
e
consi
der
e
d.
Objects
m
us
t
hav
e
c
om
plete
beh
av
ior
s
to
s
uppor
t
log
ic
proces
sing.
A
war
e
ne
ss
is
knowle
dge
or
per
ce
ptio
n of
a
circum
sta
nce
or f
act
s.
To
be
co
nclu
de
d,
context aw
aren
es
s is an
i
m
po
rtant com
po
ne
nt in
the d
a
ta
m
od
el
ing
and p
la
ys a key
ro
le
in
U
biquit
ou
s
Com
pu
ti
ng
(
ubic
om
p)
.
T
hu
s
,
this
resear
ch
a
im
s
to
pro
po
s
e
a
data
m
od
el
ing
f
ram
ewo
r
k
f
or
ub
ic
om
p
based
on
co
ntext
awar
e
ness
.
Th
is
fr
am
ewo
r
k
will
help
the
pr
act
it
ion
e
r
to
find
t
he
way
to
get
the pr
op
e
rtie
s
and the
be
hav
i
or
s
of t
he obje
ct
in
the
de
velo
pm
ent o
f u
biqu
it
ou
s a
ppli
cat
ion
do
m
ai
n.
4.
RELATE
D
W
ORKS
Fr
om
pr
e
vious
stud
y
m
any
r
esearche
rs
try
i
ng
t
o
dev
el
op
inf
rastr
uctur
e
s
su
c
h
as
fr
a
m
ewo
r
ks
or
app
li
cat
io
ns
to
so
lve
so
m
e
par
ti
cular
prob
l
e
m
s
in
the
U
bi
qu
it
ous
c
om
pu
ti
ng
fiel
d.
H
oweve
r,
t
her
e
a
re
sti
ll
so
m
e
lim
i
ta
ti
on
s
of
guideli
ne
s
or
f
ram
ewo
r
ks
f
or
m
od
el
in
g
a
n
ob
j
ect
in
a
par
ti
cula
r
do
m
ai
n
of
t
he
pr
ob
le
m
.
Cho
i
Kim
e
t
al
.
[37]
de
fin
ed
the
co
ntex
tual
dep
e
nd
e
nc
y
a
m
on
g
co
nt
extual
in
for
m
at
ion
and
pr
opos
e
d
the
co
ntext
-
a
war
e
ERM
de
sign
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
base
d
on
the
c
onte
xt
ual
dep
e
nden
cy
.
Also
,
this
pape
r
const
ru
ct
e
d
a
r
el
at
ion
al
s
che
m
a
fr
om
the
der
ive
d
ERD
,
a
nd
t
hey
intr
oduced
t
he
pr
otot
ype
of
c
onte
xt
-
aware
le
isure
rec
omm
end
at
ion
sys
tem
s,
the
lim
i
ta
ti
on
of
their
wo
r
k
is
the
r
ep
rese
ntati
on
in
the
ERD
m
od
el
.
Lat
er,
Mo
ha
n
and
Sin
gh
(20
13)
[
38]
propo
sed
a
f
or
m
al
m
od
el
based
on
ontol
og
y
the
y
arg
ue
d
on
t
olo
gic
a
l
m
od
el
s
hav
e
c
le
ar
ad
va
ntage
s
re
gardin
g
s
uppo
rt
f
or
i
nter
op
e
ra
bili
ty
,
heterogen
ei
ty
,
a
nd
re
prese
ntati
on
of
com
plex
relat
ion
s
hi
ps
a
nd d
e
pende
ncies am
ong
c
onte
xt
da
ta
.
Weiser
sta
te
s
[
39
]
:
“
U
biquit
ous
co
m
pu
ti
ng
is
a
vi
sion
of
c
omp
uting
po
w
er
‘
invi
sibly
’
e
mb
e
dded
in
the
world
aro
und
us
and
ac
cessed
thr
ou
gh
intel
li
ge
nt
interf
aces…”
I
n
2015
this
sta
tem
ent
su
pport
ed
by
Azizul
et
al.
that
Ub
i
quit
ou
s
c
om
pu
ti
ng
is
t
he
thir
d
era
o
f
m
od
ern
c
om
pu
ti
ng.
Ri
le
y
[40]
de
fin
e
d
Ub
i
qu
it
ous
c
om
pu
ti
ng
is
a
ne
w
pa
ra
dig
m
wh
e
re
te
ch
nolog
y
beco
m
es
virt
ually
inv
isi
ble
in
our
li
ve
s,
ag
re
e
with
Weiser’
s
visio
n.
Dey
an
d
A
bow
d
[31]
def
i
ne
co
ntext
as
any
evi
de
nc
e
that
can
be
use
d
to
desc
r
ibe
the
conditi
on
of
a
n
ob
j
ect
.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
C
hen
and
K
otz
sup
port
that
co
nte
xt
awa
ren
es
s
a
key
facto
r
f
or
new
app
li
cat
io
ns
in
the area
of
ub
i
qu
it
ous
co
m
puti
ng
.
5.
DA
T
A
MO
D
EL
ING
CONCEPT
UA
L
FR
AM
E
W
ORK
FO
R
UBIQ
UITO
U
S
COMP
UT
ING
BASED
O
N C
ONTE
X
T
AWA
RENES
S
As
f
ound
thr
ough
the
li
te
ratur
e
re
view
on
data
m
od
e
li
ng
,
ubiq
uito
us
com
pu
ti
ng
and
co
ntext
awar
e
ness
t
he
researc
her
c
on
struct
a
co
nce
ptu
al
f
ram
ewo
rk
of
t
he
resea
rch.
Fig
ur
e
1
s
hows
the
c
onc
eptual
fr
am
ewo
r
k.
Th
is
co
ncep
t
ual
fr
am
ewo
r
k
will
pr
od
uce
a
data
m
od
el
based
on
C
on
te
xt
A
war
e
ness
f
or
Ub
i
qu
it
ous
A
ppli
cat
ion
s.
It
works
as
fo
ll
ows:
Firstl
y,
thi
s
m
od
el
identifie
s
the
key
el
e
m
ents
of
U
biq
uito
us
Com
pu
ti
ng
.
T
hen,
it
ide
ntifie
s
the
do
m
ai
n
of
ap
plica
ti
ons
or
pro
ble
m
s
to
be
s
olv
e
d.
A
fter
ward,
t
hings,
entit
ie
s,
obj
ect
s
are
i
den
ti
fie
d,
i
nclu
ding
t
he
data
ty
pes.
Seco
ndly
,
th
e
relat
ion
s
hi
p
betwee
n
e
ntit
ie
s
is
analy
zed
to
de
te
rm
ine
wh
et
he
r
there
exists
any
value
of
ot
her
ob
j
ect
s
within
an
entit
y.
Thir
dly,
env
i
ronm
ent
func
ti
ons
are
e
valuated
,
ho
w
an
entit
y
or
ob
j
ect
be
hav
e
to
it
s
env
ir
on
m
ent.
This
process
inv
ol
ves
se
nsor
(s
)
and
(
or)
act
uat
or(s).
T
hen,
by
us
in
g
on
t
olog
y
the
entit
ie
s
pro
per
ti
es
or
at
t
rib
utes,
a
nd
functi
ons
are
des
cribe
d
to yi
el
d
a s
peci
fic d
at
a m
od
el
base
d on
co
nte
xt aw
a
re
ness
t
o
s
olv
e
the
do
m
ai
n
pro
blem
pr
e
viously
d
e
fi
ned.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A data
mo
delin
g
c
on
ce
ptual f
r
am
ew
or
k f
or
ubiq
uitous c
omp
uting b
as
e
d
on
…
(
Stenly Ric
hard P
ungus)
5499
Figure
1
.
Pro
pose
d
data m
od
el
ing
c
on
c
ept
ua
l fr
am
ewo
r
k f
or ub
ic
om
p
ba
sed o
n
c
on
te
xt
awar
e
nes
s
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
AND
F
UT
U
RE W
ORK
This
pa
per
d
es
cribes
the
fi
nd
i
ng
s o
f
pr
e
viou
s
stud
ie
s
relat
e
d
to
data
m
od
el
ing
te
ch
niques
,
ub
i
qu
it
ous
com
pu
ti
ng
a
nd
c
on
te
xt
aw
aren
es
s.
F
r
om
the
pr
e
vious
stud
ie
s
,
th
e
resear
che
r
f
ound
that
s
om
e
of
the
in
fr
ast
ru
ct
ur
es
li
ke
fr
am
ewor
ks
a
nd
ap
plica
ti
on
s
(
pro
toty
pes)
a
s
a
pro
of
of
a
c
on
cept
ha
ve
bee
n
bu
il
t.
Howe
ver,
ther
e
is
a
la
ck
of
stu
dies
f
oc
use
s
on
data
m
od
el
ing
f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
f
or
ubiq
uitous
com
pu
ti
ng
par
ti
cula
rly
.
T
her
e
fore,
a
c
oncept
ual
f
ram
ewor
k
of
dat
a
m
od
el
ing
f
or
U
bicom
p
is
base
d
on
C
on
te
xt
Aw
a
re
ness
is
pro
po
se
d.
It
is
belie
ved
to
be
m
or
e
re
pres
ent
the
pro
blem
of
the
real
wo
rl
d.
T
o
ad
van
c
e
the
co
ntributi
on
of
this
pa
pe
r
,
researc
he
rs
pl
an
on
kee
pi
ng
up
with
the
a
dv
ance
s
of
ubic
om
p
and
de
vel
op
i
ng
a
prototype
to
stud
y
it
s
i
m
pact
on
a
part
ic
ular
do
m
ai
n
prob
le
m
.
Res
earche
rs
al
so
plan
on
pr
opos
i
ng
a v
e
rificat
ion a
nd v
al
idati
on for t
his
data m
od
el
ing f
ram
ewo
r
k for
ubic
omp
base
d on co
nt
ext
-
awa
reness
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
work
is
s
upporte
d
par
tl
y
by
The
A
r
us
Per
dana
G
ra
nt
of
U
KM
(
AP
-
20
17
-
00
5/3).
The
a
uthor
s
al
so
grate
f
ully
thank to Fac
ulty
o
f Inf
or
m
at
ion
Scie
nce a
nd
Tech
no
l
og
y,
Unive
rsiti
K
eba
ngsaa
n
Ma
la
ysi
a an
d
Faculty
of Com
pu
te
r
Scie
nc
e, Unive
rsita
s
Klabat
for
s
up
portin
g
this
res
earch
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
A.
Schm
idt
,
“
Ubiquit
ous Com
put
ing
-
Com
puti
ng
in
Con
te
xt
,
”
En
vi
ronm
ent
s
,
p
p
.
312,
2003
.
[2]
J.
Sen,
“U
biqu
it
ous
Computing:
Pot
ent
ia
ls
and
Chall
enge
s,
”
Proc.
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Conf.
Tre
nds
Adv.
Com
put.
Eng
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,
pp.
1323
-
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2010
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[3]
R
.
T
.
W
a
tson,
“
The
Essenti
a
l
Sk
il
ls of
Dat
a
Mod
el
ing
,
”
J. I
nf
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S
y
st.
Edu
c.
,
vo
l. 17
,
p
p
.
39
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2006
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[4]
D.
Rei
nsel
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Storage
New
slet
ter »
Tot
al
W
W
Data
to
Rea
ch
163ZB
b
y
2025,
”
2017,
[O
nli
ne]
,
Availabl
e:
htt
ps://
ww
w.stor
age
newsle
tt
er
.
co
m
/2017/
04/05/
to
ta
l
-
ww
-
data
-
to
-
r
ea
ch
-
163
-
zetta
b
y
t
es
-
by
-
202
5
-
id
c/
.
[5]
G.
C.
Sim
sion and G.
C
.
W
itt,
“
Data
modeli
ng
e
ss
ent
ial
s
,
”
Morgan
Kauf
m
ann
Pu
bli
shers,
2005
.
[6]
G.
Sim
sion,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Data
m
odelin
g:
Descri
p
ti
on
or
design
?
”
In
f. M
anag.
,
vol. 49,
p
p.
151
-
163
,
201
2.
[7]
G.
Canfor
a
,
et
al
.
,
“Migrating
int
erac
tive
le
g
acy
syst
ems
to
We
b
Serv
ic
es
,
”
Proc.
Eur.
Co
nf.
Softw.
Ma
i
nt.
Ree
ngin
ee
ring
,
CS
MR
,
2006
,
pp
.
24
-
33
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
5495
-
55
01
5500
[8]
J.
H.
Yaha
y
a,
et
al
.
,
“Perspe
ct
i
ve
and
perc
ep
tion
on
software
agei
ng:
The
em
piric
al
study
,
”
10th
Inte
rna
ti
on
al
Confer
ence
on
C
om
pute
r
Scie
n
ce a
nd
Educat
ion
,
ICCSE
2015
,
20
15.
[9]
Z.
H.
Abdulla
h
,
et
al
.
,
“T
owards
anti
-
Age
ing
model
for
the
e
ve
rgr
ee
n
softwa
re
system,
”
Pro
ce
ed
ings
-
5th
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
Co
nfe
ren
c
e
on
Ele
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
ne
ering
and
Inform
atics:
Bridgi
ng
th
e
Know
le
dge
be
twee
n
Aca
d
emic
,
Industr
y
,
an
d
Co
m
m
unit
y
,
IC
EE
I
2015
,
2015.
[10]
R.
Jac
obson,
“
2.
5
quint
il
li
on
b
y
t
es
of
dat
a
cre
ated
eve
r
y
d
a
y
.
H
ow
does
C
PG
&a
m
p;
Ret
ail
m
ana
ge
it
?
-
IBM
Consum
er
Prod
uct
s
Industr
y
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”
Ibm
,
201
3,
[Online
]
,
Av
ai
l
abl
e
:
htt
ps:
//w
ww
.
ibm.c
om
/bl
ogs/insight
s
-
on
-
business/consume
r
-
produc
ts/2
-
5
-
quint
illion
-
b
y
t
es
-
of
-
dat
a
-
creat
ed
-
eve
r
y
-
da
y
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how
-
does
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cpg
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retail
-
m
ana
ge
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it/.
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p
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te
rp
rise+
ar
chi
t
ecture
%22+
%2B+%22
m
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n
a
l
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ng
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ng
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nte
x
t
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aware
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models
for
business
proce
ss
es
in
ubiqui
tou
s
computi
ng
en
vi
r
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”
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edi
ngs
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2012
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r
nat
ion
al
Conf
er
enc
e
on
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d
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t
Com
puti
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on,
et
al
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xt
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awa
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m
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nt
a
pproa
ch
to
per
v
asive
n
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i
at
io
n
support
s
y
st
e
m
s,”
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t.
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y
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proc
ess
m
odel
for
d
y
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amic
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el
op
m
ent
towar
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qual
ity
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t
,
”
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Te
lecomm
un.
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e
ct
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p
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ptu
al
d
ata m
odel
ing
for
reali
zi
ng
con
te
xt
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l.
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Mohan
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x
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A data
mo
delin
g
c
on
ce
ptual f
r
am
ew
or
k f
or
ubiq
uitous c
omp
uting b
as
e
d
on
…
(
Stenly Ric
hard P
ungus)
5501
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Stenly
Ri
chard
Pun
gus
is
a
le
cturer
of
software
engi
ne
eri
ng
and
dat
ab
ase
a
t
Facu
lty
of
Com
pute
r
Scie
nc
e,
Univ
ersit
as
Klab
at.
He
r
ec
e
ive
d
h
is
bac
h
el
or
de
gre
e
in
co
m
pute
r
scie
n
ce
f
rom
Univer
sita
s
Klaba
t
,
Mana
do
,
Indone
sia
and
Master
degr
e
e
f
rom
Instit
ut
Te
k
nologi
Bandung
,
Indone
sia
.
He
cur
ren
t
l
y
as
Ph
.
D
ca
nd
ida
t
e
a
t
Facul
t
y
of
In
form
at
ion
Sci
en
ce
and
T
ec
hno
log
y
,
Na
ti
ona
l
Univer
sit
y
of
M
al
a
y
si
a.
His
r
ese
arc
h
and
teac
h
i
ng
int
er
ests
are
in
at
softw
are
e
ngine
er
ing,
d
at
a
m
odel
ing,
servi
c
e
orie
n
te
d
ar
chit
ec
tur
e
and
m
obile
computing.
He
has
publi
shed
re
sea
rch
pap
ers
in
seve
ral j
ourn
al
s
and
proc
ee
d
ings.
Dr.
Jamaiah
Yah
ay
a
is
the
As
socia
te
Profess
or
at
Facult
y
of
Inform
at
i
on
Scie
nce
an
d
Te
chno
log
y
(FT
SM
),
The
Nati
o
nal
Univer
sit
y
o
f
Malay
si
a
(UK
M)
since
Jul
y
,
2
011.
Prior
tha
t
she
worked
as
a
seni
or
lectur
e
r
in
Sc
hool
of
Com
puting,
Northe
rn
Un
ive
rsit
y
of
Mal
a
y
si
a
(UU
M)
and
a
s
y
st
em
ana
l
y
st
at
Univ
ersity
of
Scie
nc
e
Mal
a
y
s
ia
(US
M).
Her
b
ac
he
lor
degr
ee
was
Bac
he
lor
of
Scie
nc
e
in
Com
pute
r
Scie
n
ce
a
nd
Mathe
m
at
ic
s
from
Univer
sity
of
W
isconsin
-
La
Cross
e,
US
A
(1986),
Master
o
f
Scie
nc
e
in
Inf
orm
at
ion
S
y
ste
m
from
Univer
sit
y
of
Le
eds
,
UK
(1998),
and
PhD
in
Com
pute
r
Sc
i
enc
e
from
The
Nati
ona
l
Univer
sit
y
of
Ma
lay
sia
(UK
M)
(2008).
Her
PhD
the
sis
was t
he
develop
m
ent
of
software
ce
rt
ifi
c
ation
m
odel
and la
t
er,
sh
e
cont
inu
ed
her
P
hD re
sea
rch
as
a
post
-
doct
ora
l
fellow
in
UK
M
(2
008).
She
was
appoi
nte
d
in
a
f
e
w
m
ana
gement
posts
such
as
th
e
hea
d
of
PhD
p
rogra
m
and
a
ct
i
ng
Deput
y
Dea
n
of
Aca
demic
in
FTS
M,
UK
M.
Her
rese
arch
int
er
ests
are
sof
twar
e
qu
al
i
t
y
,
s
oftwa
re
d
eve
lop
m
ent
and
m
anagem
ent
,
and
sof
twar
e
assess
m
en
t
and
impact.
She
is
an
act
ive
r
ese
arc
h
er
with
m
ore
tha
n
100
publi
c
at
ions
in
the
interna
t
ional
journa
ls
and
pro
ce
ed
ings f
or the
la
st 5
y
e
ars.
Pr
of
Dato’
Dr
.
A
z
i
z
Bin
Der
aman
is
a
Senior
Profess
or
of
software
engi
ne
ering
in
Facu
lty
o
f
Oce
an
Engi
ne
e
ring
Technol
og
y
and
Inform
atics,
Univ
ersity
Malay
sia
Te
r
engga
nu
(UM
T
),
Malay
s
ia.
He
re
ce
iv
ed
his
Bac
h
el
or
of
Scie
n
ce
from
Univer
siti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Malay
s
ia
(UK
M)
(1982),
MS
c
in
Com
pute
r
Scie
n
ce
from
Glasgow
Univer
sit
y
(1
984)
and
PhD
in
Com
pute
r
Scie
n
ce
from
UM
I
ST,
Manc
heste
r
,
UK
(1992).
His
rese
arc
h
int
er
ests
i
ncl
ude
softwar
e
proc
ess,
softwa
re
ce
rt
ifi
c
at
ion
an
d
m
ana
gement,
and
ICT
strategic
pl
anni
ng
.
He
has
hel
d
var
ious
ac
ad
emi
c
administ
rat
i
on
positi
ons
such
as
Dea
n
of
the
S
chool
of
Inform
at
i
cs
and
Applie
d
Mathe
m
at
i
cs,
UM
T
and
Vice
Chanc
e
ll
or
of
Univer
sit
y
Mal
a
ysia
Te
r
engga
nu
(UM
T).
He
has
publi
shed
m
ore
tha
n
200
public
at
ions
in
both
l
oca
l
and
interna
ti
onal
journa
ls
a
nd
proc
ee
d
ings,
and
s
ucc
essfull
y
supervise
d
m
ore
tha
n
50
PhD
an
d
m
aste
r
gr
adua
t
es.
Dr.
Noor
Hasr
ina
Binti
Bak
ar
is
a
sen
ior
l
ec
tur
er
a
t
Facu
l
t
y
o
f
Inform
at
i
on
Scie
nc
e
and
Te
chno
log
y
a
t
Nati
ona
l
Univer
sit
y
of
Ma
lay
si
a.
He
r
rese
arc
h
intere
st
are
in
at
req
uir
ement
s
engi
ne
eri
ng,
soft
ware
reu
se
and
e
m
piri
ca
l
softwar
e
engi
n
ee
ring
.
S
he
has
publi
shed
rese
arc
h
p
ape
rs
in
var
ious j
ourn
a
ls a
nd
pro
ceedi
n
gs.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.