Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
1
,
Febr
uar
y
2021
, pp.
481
~
488
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
11
i
1
.
pp
481
-
488
481
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
A
n
ested
s
qu
are
-
s
hape
d
i
electric
r
esonator
for
m
i
crowave
b
and
a
ntenn
a
a
pp
lications
Ubaid
Ullah
1
,
Ismail B
en
M
ab
r
ou
k
2
,
Muath
Al
-
H
asan
3
,
Moura
d
Nedil
4
,
M
oh
d
F
ad
z
il
A
in
5
1
,2,3
Networks
an
d
Com
m
unic
at
io
n
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
D
epa
rtment
,
Al
Ai
n
Univer
sit
y
,
Un
it
ed
Arab Em
ira
t
es
4
Engi
ne
eri
ng
D
e
par
tment,
Unive
rsité
d
e
Québ
ec
,
Cana
da
5
School
of El
ec
t
ric
a
l
and
E
lectr
o
nic
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
Univer
sit
i
Sains
Malay
si
a, Ma
l
a
y
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
hist
or
y:
Re
cei
ved
J
a
n
2
, 20
20
Re
vised
Jun
3
0
,
20
20
Accepte
d
J
ul
1
3
, 2
0
20
In
thi
s
pape
r
,
a
neste
d
squar
e
-
shape
di
el
e
ct
r
ic
r
esona
tor
(NS
DR)
has
been
designe
d
and
in
vesti
gated
for
a
nte
nna
applic
at
i
ons
in
th
e
m
ic
r
owave
ban
d
.
A
solid
square
die
l
ec
tr
ic
resona
tor
(SS
DR)
was
m
odifi
ed
s
y
ste
m
at
ic
a
lly
b
y
int
roduc
ing
air
-
gap
in
the
azi
m
uth
(ϕ
-
dire
c
ti
o
n).
B
y
r
et
a
ini
ng
the
squar
e
shape
of
the
die
l
ec
tr
ic
resona
t
or
(DR),
the
well
-
known
anal
y
sis
tool
s
ca
n
be
applied
to
eva
luate
th
e
per
for
m
anc
e
of
the
NS
DR.
To
val
id
ate
the
per
fo
rm
anc
e
of
the
propos
ed
NS
DR
in
ant
en
na
applic
at
ions,
the
ore
ti
c
al,
sim
ula
ti
on,
and
expe
riment
al
a
naly
s
is
of
the
subject
has
bee
n
per
form
ed
.
A sim
ple
m
ic
rostrip
-
li
n
e
f
ee
ding
source
prin
te
d
o
n
the
top
of
Rogers
RO4003
grounde
d
subs
tra
te
was
uti
lized
without
an
y
e
xte
rna
l
m
at
chi
n
g
net
work.
Unlike
sol
id
s
quar
e
DR
,
th
e
proposed
NS
DR
conside
rab
l
y
improves
the
impedance
bandwidt
h.
Th
e
proposed
ant
en
na
has
bee
n
pro
toty
ped
and
expe
riment
al
l
y
val
id
at
ed
.
Th
e
a
nte
nna
op
erate
s
in
the
r
ange
o
f
12.
34
GH
z
to
21.
7
GH
z
w
hic
h
cor
respond
s
to
56
%
p
erce
nta
ge
bandwidth
with
p
ea
k
rea
l
iz
ed
g
ai
n
6.
5
dB.
The
ant
e
nna
has
stabl
e
rad
iation
cha
r
acte
ristics
in
the
broa
dsid
e
dire
c
ti
on.
A
clos
e
agr
ee
m
en
t
bet
wee
n
sim
ula
ti
on
and
expe
riment
al
r
e
sults
c
onfirms
the
improved
per
form
anc
e
o
f
NS
DR
in
ant
enn
a appl
i
ca
t
i
ons.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Diel
ect
ric res
onat
or a
nten
na
M
ic
ro
wa
ve ba
nd
N
est
ed
squa
re
-
sh
a
pe diel
ect
ric
S
quare
-
s
hap
e
di
el
ect
ric
W
i
de
band
a
nte
nn
a
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ub
ai
d Ull
ah,
Netw
orks
a
nd
Com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
E
ngineeri
ng
Dep
a
rtm
ent,
Al A
i
n Un
i
versi
ty
,
Abu D
ha
bi
11
2612, U
nited
Ar
a
b
Em
irat
es
.
Em
a
il
:
ub
ai
d.u
ll
ah@
aau
.ac.ae
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Diel
ect
ric
resonato
r
ante
nn
as
(D
R
As)
belo
ng
t
o
the
m
os
t
pr
om
isi
ng
ty
pes
of
a
nten
na
structu
re
s
researc
he
d
ov
er
the
recent
ye
ars.
This
is
no
t
only
becau
se
of
their
at
tract
ive
ph
y
sic
al
char
act
er
ist
ic
s
(lo
w
pro
file
,
sm
a
ll
siz
e,
ea
se
of
excit
at
ion,
an
d
fabric
at
ion
)
but
al
so
their
good
perform
ance
at
high
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
[1]
.
The
rich
l
it
eratur
e
on
DRAs
sho
ws
that
so
fa
r
they
are
th
e
best
al
te
rn
at
i
ve
s
to
the
co
nv
e
ntio
na
ll
y
us
ed
m
et
a
ll
ic
patch
ante
nn
a
s
w
hich
a
re
gen
e
rall
y
c
riti
ci
zed
f
or
thei
r
intrinsic
na
rro
wb
a
nd
op
e
rati
on
[
2,
3]
.
In
c
on
te
m
porar
y
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
syst
e
m
s,
the
antenn
a
siz
e
is
an
i
m
po
rta
nt
de
sign
consi
der
at
io
n.
DRA
offer
s
great
er
flexibili
ty
with
this
res
pect
as
it
s
siz
e
scal
es
down
by
a
facto
r
of
r
–
1/2
,
wh
ic
h
i
s
bette
r
tha
n
f
or
it
s
m
et
al
l
ic
cou
nt
erp
a
rts.
In
par
t
ic
ular,
a
DRA
can
be
m
ade
te
n
tim
es
s
m
aller
by
scal
ing
the
pe
r
m
itti
vity
fr
om
10
to
100.
A
nothe
r
i
m
po
rta
nt
featur
e
of
D
RAs
is
the
po
t
entia
l
fo
r
ac
hieving
a
wide
r
im
ped
ance
ba
ndwi
dth
,
w
hich
is
du
e
to
t
he
d
ir
ect
dep
e
nde
nc
e
of
the
im
pe
dan
ce
ba
ndwi
dth
on
the p
e
rm
itti
vit
y of t
he res
on
a
tor [
4
-
6
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
1,
Febr
uar
y
2021
:
481
-
488
482
To
m
eet
the
dem
and
s
of
m
od
e
r
n
com
m
u
nicat
ion
syst
em
s,
it
is
necessary
to
reduc
e
the
siz
e
of
the
ante
nn
a
w
hi
le
m
ai
ntaining
a
wi
de
im
ped
ance
band
widt
h
as
well
as
sta
ble
ra
diati
on
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
[7
-
11]
.
W
it
h
high
pe
r
m
itti
vity
m
a
te
rial
,
a
s
m
al
l
size
al
on
g
wit
h
a
high
rad
ia
ti
on
eff
ic
ie
ncy
can
be
achieve
d
on
ly
fo
r
a
ver
y
narr
ow
op
er
at
ing
ba
nd
[12
-
14]
.
U
ti
li
zation
of
m
edium
value
s
of
diele
ct
ric
con
sta
nts
fac
il
it
ate
s
the
rea
li
zat
ion
of
a
re
qu
ire
d
i
m
ped
ance
ba
ndwidt
h
an
d
a
sm
a
ll
area
al
l
ocated
for
the
anten
na
f
ootp
rint
i
n
the
c
omm
un
icati
on
syst
em
s
bu
t
it
is
usual
ly
insuffici
ent
to f
ulfill
al
l
the
d
esi
gn r
eq
uire
m
ents
[
15
-
17
]
.
I
n
orde
r
to
desig
n
a
di
el
ect
ric
res
on
a
tor
a
nten
na
t
ha
t
can
operate
with
sta
ble
ra
diati
on
pro
pe
rtie
s,
it
is
re
quired
t
o
excit
e
a
pa
rtic
ular
m
od
e
of
the
diele
ct
ric
r
eso
nator
that
m
eet
s
the
rad
i
at
ion
c
har
act
e
r
ist
ic
s
of
the
in
te
nd
e
d
app
li
cat
io
n.
For
the
sta
ndar
d
sh
a
pes
of
the
DRA
(cyl
indri
cal
,
rectan
gula
r,
s
qu
are
)
the
i
n
-
de
pth
a
naly
sis
ha
s
al
read
y
been
done
by
m
any
research
e
rs.
I
n
par
ti
cula
r,
t
he
fun
dam
ental
m
od
e
s
are
the
prefe
rr
e
d
c
hoic
es
f
or
el
ect
ric
and
m
agn
et
ic
di
po
le
-
li
ke
rad
ia
ti
on
char
act
e
risti
cs
[
18
-
23
]
.
Give
n
the
rich
li
te
ratur
e
a
nd
e
ngine
erin
g
knowle
dg
e
on
alm
os
t
every
aspect
of
ho
m
og
e
neous
diele
ct
ric
re
so
na
tor
s,
it
is
possible
to
exp
l
or
e
the ch
a
racteri
st
ic
s o
f
in
ho
m
ogeneous
d
ie
le
ct
r
ic
r
eso
nato
rs
[
24
]
.
To
date,
ver
y
l
it
tl
e
research
ha
s
bee
n
publis
hed
in
w
hich
t
he
diele
ct
ric
re
so
na
tor
physi
c
al
sh
a
pe
a
n
d
geo
m
et
ry
is
m
ai
ntained
w
hile
the
per
m
it
ti
v
it
y
is
al
te
red
[
25,
26
]
.
I
n
t
his
w
ork,
no
vel
inhom
og
ene
ous
nest
e
d
sq
ua
re
-
sh
a
pe
diele
ct
ric
resonato
rs
(
NSDR
)
are
pr
opos
e
d,
in
wh
ic
h
inhom
og
eneit
y
(air
-
gap)
wil
l
be
introd
uced
in
the
azi
m
uth
(ϕ
)
di
recti
on
so
t
hat
t
he
or
iginal
s
hap
e
of
the
res
onat
or
an
d
it
s
ra
diati
ng
char
act
e
risti
cs
rem
ai
n
un
int
errup
te
d.
The
syst
e
m
at
ic
design
of
NS
D
R
involvi
ng
t
heoreti
cal
,
sim
ula
ti
on,
and
a
ppr
oxim
a
te
analy
sis,
is
fo
ll
owe
d
by
it
s
ap
plica
ti
on
f
or
a
nten
na
des
ign
.
The
c
ontri
bu
ti
on
i
n
th
is
pap
e
r
include
s:
(i)
de
velo
pm
ent
of
a
ne
w
i
nhomog
e
ne
ous
nested
-
s
quare
sh
a
pe
diele
ct
ric
res
on
at
or
;
(ii)
the
or
et
ic
a
l
and
num
erical
analy
sis
of
the
new
diele
ct
ric
resonato
r;
(iii
)
i
m
ple
m
e
ntati
on
a
nd
va
li
dation
of
t
he
new
l
y
dev
el
op
e
d res
onat
or fo
r
a
nten
na
a
p
plica
ti
ons
in
the
m
ic
ro
w
ave
band.
2.
NESTE
D
-
SQ
UARE S
HAP
E DIELE
CT
R
IC RESO
N
A
TOR
In
this
sect
io
n,
the
desig
n
an
d
co
nf
i
gurati
on
of
a
ne
w
in
hom
og
ene
ous
N
SD
R
is
pr
ese
nt
ed.
Squa
re
sh
a
pe
diele
ct
ric
resonato
r
wa
s
cho
se
n
f
or
th
is
desig
n
with
the
intent
to
us
e
it
fo
r
ci
rcu
la
rly
po
la
rized
a
nt
enn
a
s
du
e
t
o
it
s
flexibili
ty
in
excit
ing
or
t
hogona
l
m
od
es.
Th
e
idea
beh
i
nd
this
desig
n
is
the
fact
that
w
he
n
a
diele
ct
ric
m
a
te
rial
of
a
relat
ively
high
pe
r
m
itti
vity
is
pla
ced
in
a
n
el
ect
ric
fiel
d,
t
he
de
ns
it
y
of
t
he
el
ect
ric
energy
will
increase
i
n
the
su
r
rou
nd
i
ng
of
the
diele
ct
ri
c
m
at
eria
l
an
d
it
will
decre
ase
insi
de
th
e
high
per
m
it
t
ivit
y
m
at
erial
.
In
ca
se there
is
a d
irec
t
con
ta
ct
bet
we
en
a
c
onduct
or
and
a
diele
ct
ri
c
m
at
erial
(i.e.
direct
m
ic
ro
strip
-
li
ne
-
fe
d
diele
ct
ric
resonato
r),
the
intensit
y
of
the
el
ect
ric
fiel
d
increase
s
at
the
po
i
nt
of
c
on
ta
ct
betwee
n
the
c
onduct
or
an
d
the
res
on
at
or,
in
it
s
i
m
m
ediate
vicinit
y,
and
inside
the
res
on
at
or.
The
or
e
ti
cal
ly
,
the
fiel
d
stren
gth
m
ay
al
so
increase
to
i
nf
i
nity
dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
ty
pe
of
co
n
necti
on
be
tween
t
he
c
ondu
ct
or
and
the
res
ona
tor
as
well
as
per
m
it
t
ivit
y
of
the
diele
ct
ric
m
at
erial
place
d
on
the
top
of
the
cond
ucto
r
[16].
Keep
i
ng
t
his
in
m
ind
,
a
ne
w
in
ho
m
og
e
ne
ous
neste
d
s
qu
a
re
-
sh
a
pe
diele
ct
ric
resona
tor
is
desig
ne
d
an
d
analy
zed
for w
ide
ba
nd appli
c
at
ion
s.
The
E
-
fiel
d
pa
tt
ern
pr
e
sent
in
a
so
li
d
squar
e
sh
ape
diele
ct
ric
resonato
r
and
a
squa
re
ring
diele
ct
ric
resonato
r
is
de
picte
d
in
Fig
ure
1.
T
his
i
nd
ic
at
es
that
by
al
te
rin
g
the
ge
ome
try
of
t
he
s
quare
DR
,
the
el
e
ct
rical
le
ng
th
of
the
r
eso
nato
r
is
inc
reased
wh
ic
h
le
ads
to
en
ha
nc
ing
the
im
ped
ance
ba
ndwidt
h.
The
phe
no
m
enon
of
le
ng
the
ning
t
he
el
ect
rical
current
path
is
al
s
o
util
iz
ed
to
ac
hieve
a
l
ow
pr
of
il
e
str
uctu
re
that
can
be
operated
within
a
wide
f
reque
ncy
ra
nge.
A
rig
oro
us
ti
m
e
-
do
m
ai
n
an
al
ys
is
of
the
re
so
na
tor
re
veale
d
that
the
ba
nd
width
of
each
m
od
e
can
be
i
nc
reased
by
al
t
erin
g
the
ge
om
et
ry
of
th
e
res
on
at
or
in
su
c
h
a
way
that
the ele
ct
ro
m
agn
et
ic
f
ie
ld o
f
the f
un
dam
ental
m
od
e rem
a
ins the
sa
m
e. By
pro
per
ly
o
ptim
iz
ing
the g
e
ome
try
o
f
the
squar
e
s
ha
pe
DR,
the
c
onstr
uctive
inte
rf
e
ren
ce
of
th
e
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
ds
inside
the
res
onat
or
f
or
the d
e
sired
m
od
e ca
n be in
cre
ased
w
hich
e
ve
ntu
al
ly
leads t
o ac
hievi
ng a
wi
deb
a
nd
respo
nse
of the
an
te
nna.
a
b
Figure
1.
O
rien
ta
ti
on
of elect
ri
c fiel
d
,
(a
)
S
qu
are r
i
ng d
ie
le
ct
ric res
onat
or (b
)
S
olid s
quare
diele
ct
ric res
onat
or
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J
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p
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g
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S
N:
20
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8708
A n
est
e
d
s
quare
-
sha
pe diel
ect
ric
reson
ato
r f
or
microw
ave
band
an
te
nna appli
catio
ns
(
Ubaid Ull
ah)
483
3.
ANALYTI
C
A
L AND
N
UME
RICAL
ANALYS
IS
Fo
r
the
a
naly
ti
cal
so
luti
on
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
i
nhom
og
ene
ous
NSDR,
the
di
el
ect
ric
wav
e
guide
m
od
el
(DWM)
is
em
plo
ye
d.
The
overall
ge
om
et
r
y
of
the
inho
m
og
eneous
di
el
ect
ric
reso
na
tor
was
m
ai
ntained
si
m
il
ar
to
a
so
li
d
square
diele
ct
ric
resonato
r
(
SS
DR
)
to
easi
ly
inv
est
igate
and
c
om
par
e
the
m
od
e
patte
r
ns
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
NSDR.
T
he
re
so
na
nt
fr
e
quen
cy
of
the
TE
m
n
l
m
od
e
can
be
pr
e
dicte
d
us
i
ng
the
D
W
M
e
quat
i
ons
giv
e
belo
w
i
n
i
ts sim
plest for
m
ap
plied to
a
so
li
d rect
an
gula
r DR.
2
2
2
2
z
y
x
r
o
K
K
K
c
f
w
he
re
d
l
K
b
n
K
a
m
K
z
y
x
2
,
,
a
nd
2
2
2
2
o
r
z
y
x
K
K
K
K
The
m
od
e p
at
te
rn
s
for
the
ba
sel
ine d
esi
gn
of a so
li
d resona
tor
ha
ving the sa
m
e
p
erm
i
tt
iv
it
y as t
hat o
f
the
propose
d
DR
hav
e
been
visu
al
iz
ed
in
F
igure
2
.
A
detai
le
d
discuss
i
on
on
the
E
-
fiel
d
and
H
-
fiel
d
pa
tt
ern
s
of
t
he
s
olid
re
so
na
tor
base
d
on
t
he
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
do
m
ai
n
ana
ly
sis
and
the
f
ie
ld
distrib
utio
ns
f
or
the
first
three
m
od
es
su
pp
or
t
ed
by
a
rectan
gu
la
r
DR
ca
n
be
f
ound
in
[
11
]
.
From
this
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
analy
s
is
of
a
so
li
d
recta
ngular
diele
ct
ric
resonato
r
a
nd
t
he
the
or
y
m
ent
ion
ed
i
n
the
previ
ou
s
sect
i
on,
it
is
assum
ed
that
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
t
he
rec
ta
ngular
DR
can
be
im
pr
ov
ed
with
pro
per
al
te
rati
on
of
it
s
geo
m
et
rical
config
ur
at
io
n.
The
is
olate
d
ge
om
et
ry
of
the
pro
po
s
ed
i
nhom
og
ene
ous
ne
ste
d
s
qu
a
re
-
s
hap
e
DR
is
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ure
3
.
T
he
dim
ension
s
of
the
oute
r
s
qu
a
r
e
rin
g
are
kep
t
to
1.5
m
m
w
hile
inhom
og
e
neity
in
the
f
orm
of
0.5
m
m
a
ir
wa
s
introd
uce
d
f
ol
lowed
by
a
no
t
her
s
quare
rin
g
of
1
m
m
and
the
in
ner
m
os
t
s
qu
a
re
of
7
m
m
was
kep
t
so
li
d t
o
m
ai
ntain elec
tro
m
agn
et
ic
en
e
rgy
f
ie
ld
pat
te
rn in th
e
core
of th
e square
D
R
.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Figure
2
.
Ele
ct
ric fiel
d dist
ri
buti
on in x
-
y dir
ect
ion
of a s
olid s
quare
(SS) a
nd n
e
ste
d
s
qua
re (NS
) diel
ect
ric
resonato
r
,
(a
) TE
11
E
-
fiel
d
in
SS
,
(
b) TE
11
E
-
fiel
d
i
n NS
,
(c
)
TE
12
E
-
fiel
d
i
n
S
S
,
(d) T
E
12
E
-
fiel
d i
n NS
,
(e)
TE
12d
E
-
fiel
d
in
SS
,
(f) TE
12d
E
-
fiel
d
in
NS
T
o
ac
hieve
th
e
best
possi
ble
perform
ance
in
te
rm
s
of
the
im
ped
ance
band
width
of
the
ante
nn
a
,
dim
ension
s
of
the
NSDR
a
r
e
opti
m
iz
ed
th
rou
gh
pa
ram
etr
ic
analy
sis.
O
nce
a
wi
deb
a
nd
respo
ns
e
has
bee
n
achieve
d,
a
n
in
-
de
pth
analy
s
is
o
f
the
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
distri
bu
ti
on
of
a
n
isolat
ed
SSD
R
a
nd
NSDR
was
perform
ed
us
in
g
a
finite
-
dif
fe
ren
ce
ei
gen
m
od
e
(FDE
)
so
l
ve
r.
T
he
E
-
fiel
d
and
H
-
fiel
d
va
lues
of
the
fir
st
three
m
od
es
are
il
lustrate
d
a
nd
discusse
d
t
o
unde
rstan
d
th
e
wide
band
be
hav
i
or
of
th
e
pro
po
se
d
N
SD
R
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
1,
Febr
uar
y
2021
:
481
-
488
484
com
par
ison
wi
th
it
s
so
li
d
c
ounte
rp
a
rt.
T
he
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
distri
bu
ti
on
in
t
he
SS
DR
is
dif
fer
e
nt
fr
om
the
fiel
ds
i
n
th
e
NSDR
w
hich
is
highli
gh
te
d
in
te
rm
s
of
th
e
E
-
fiel
d
of
the
first
thre
e
m
od
es.
Fig
ur
e
s
2
(a
)
an
d
2
(
b)
de
pict
the
E
-
fiel
d
f
or
t
he
first
re
sona
nt
m
od
e
TE
11
in
x
-
y
di
recti
on
of
a
s
olid
s
quare
(S
S
)
a
nd
nested
sq
ua
re
(
NS
)
d
i
el
ect
ric resonat
or
s
, respecti
vel
y.
The
a
rrow
s
in
dicat
e
a
dif
fere
nt
patte
r
n
of
the
E
-
fiel
d
f
or
SS
a
nd
NS
w
hich
is
m
ai
nly
beca
us
e
of
the
presen
ce
of
ai
r
-
ga
p
intr
oduce
d
in
the
N
SD
R.
Fi
gures
2
(c
)
an
d
2
(
d)
s
how
the
TE
12
m
od
e
wh
il
e
th
e
sam
e
m
od
e
ha
s
de
ge
ner
at
e
d
with
a
90
-
degree
phas
e
-
sh
i
f
te
d
fiel
d
as
il
lustrate
d
in
Fig
ure
2
(e
)
an
d
2
(f).
T
his
m
od
e
is
represe
nted
a
s
TE
12d
,
wh
e
re
as
d
in
the
subscri
pt
re
fers
t
o
th
e
deg
e
ne
r
at
e
natu
re
of
t
he
m
od
e.
Ma
xim
u
m
energy
can
be
coupled
to
the d
ie
le
ct
ric
resonato
r
w
hen
the
extern
al
fee
di
ng
s
ource
is
pl
aced
in
the
are
a
wh
e
re
the
el
ect
ric
(Js
)/m
agn
et
ic
(Ms
)
fiel
ds
a
re
at
their
pea
k.
F
or
determ
ining
t
he
exact
am
ount
of
c
ouplin
g
fro
m
the
s
ource
t
o
t
he
resonato
r,
the
recip
ro
ci
ty
theo
rem
can
be
ap
plied
with
pro
per
boun
da
ry
co
ndit
ion
s
.
As
ca
n
be
see
n
f
ro
m
the
il
lustrate
d
fiel
ds
in
t
he
x
-
y
directi
on
of
the
first
t
hr
e
e
m
od
es
in
th
e
pro
po
se
d
N
SD
R
,
the
m
axi
m
u
m
energy
is
conf
ined
withi
n
th
e
diagonal
of
the
res
on
at
or.
Hen
ce
,
placi
ng
the
extern
al
f
eedin
g
so
urce at
t
he di
agonal
will
r
es
ult i
n
m
axi
m
um
co
up
li
ng to
the
resonato
r.
1
4
1
.
5
0
.
5
1
0
0
.
5
7
1
Figure
3
.
Ge
om
et
ry and
prot
otype
of the
propose
d nested
sq
ua
re
sh
a
pe D
R
4.
NSDR
ANTE
NNA DEVEL
OPME
NT
To
c
onfirm
t
he
wide
band
res
pons
e
of
the
NS
DR
in
ante
nn
a
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
,
si
m
ula
ti
on
,
a
nd
exp
e
rim
ental
a
naly
sis
has
be
en
perf
or
m
ed.
Fo
r
tim
e
-
dom
ai
n
analy
sis,
CST
Mi
cro
w
ave
Stu
dio
wa
s
us
ed
wh
e
reas
f
or
ex
per
im
ental
char
act
erizat
ion
roger
RT
6010
(
r
=
10
.
2)
with
t
hick
ness
t
=
8m
m
was
util
ized
f
or
NSDR
du
e
to
i
ts
flexibili
ty
and
easy
m
echani
cal
pr
ocessi
ng.
Fo
r
a
nten
na
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
,
the
NS
DR
wa
s
lo
aded
on
to
p
of
th
e
gro
unde
d
R
og
e
r
s
RO
4003
s
ubs
trat
e
(
r
=
3.3
8).
T
he
ante
nn
a
has
bee
n
dev
el
op
e
d
i
n
fou
r
st
ages
as
dep
ic
te
d
i
n
Fig
ure
4(a)
.
T
he
im
ped
ance
band
width
is
a
naly
zed
with
e
ach
sta
ge
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
4(b).
A
sim
ple
m
ic
ro
strip
li
ne
fee
di
ng
te
ch
ni
qu
e
i
s
em
plo
ye
d
f
or
the
excit
at
ion
of
NSDR
by
pl
aci
ng
it
diag
onal
ly
with
res
pect
t
o
the
T
-
j
unct
ion
at
t
he
ope
n
end
of
the
m
i
cro
st
rip
li
ne.
F
or
t
he
fir
st
sta
ge
,
a
res
on
a
nc
e
near
20.5
G
Hz
ca
n
be
ob
se
r
ved
but
the
im
ped
an
ce
m
a
tc
hin
g
is
not
suffici
e
nt.
By
add
i
ng
the
first
s
qua
re
-
ri
ng
i
n
the
sec
ond
sta
ge
of
t
he
desi
gn,
a
n
im
ped
ance
m
at
ching
belo
w
–
10dB
is
achie
ved
c
ov
e
rin
g
t
he
f
re
qu
e
ncy
range
f
ro
m
17
.
8
G
Hz
to
22
G
Hz.
F
or
the
thi
rd
desig
n
sta
ge
,
a
wide
im
ped
ance
ba
ndwi
dth
from
12
.9
G
Hz
to
alm
os
t
22
GHz.
By
add
i
ng
a
n
ad
diti
on
al
ring
t
o
the
resonato
r
in
the
four
t
h
sta
ge
the
sta
rting
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
i
s
lowe
red
from
12.9
G
Hz
to
12.4
G
Hz
bu
t
the
im
ped
anc
e
m
a
tc
hin
g
is
com
pr
om
ise
d.
It
is
im
per
at
ive
to
m
ention
her
e
that
un
ti
l
this
po
i
nt
the
la
te
ral
posit
ion
of
t
he
DR
wi
th
res
pect
to
the
fee
dl
ine
ha
s
not
been o
ptim
iz
ed
.
1
-
R
i
n
g
N
S
D
R
S
q
u
a
r
e
D
R
2
-
R
i
n
g
N
S
D
R
3
-
R
i
n
g
N
S
D
R
(a)
(b)
Figure
4. A
nte
nn
a
an
al
ysi
s th
rou
gh d
if
fer
e
nt
n
est
size
,
(a
) Devel
op
m
ent s
ta
ges
,
(b) Im
ped
ance
m
at
ching
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A n
est
e
d
s
quare
-
sha
pe diel
ect
ric
reson
ato
r f
or
microw
ave
band
an
te
nna appli
catio
ns
(
Ubaid Ull
ah)
485
Du
e
to
fabrica
ti
on
lim
it
a
ti
on
the
NSDR
with
two
nu
m
ber
of
ri
ngs
has
be
en
sel
ect
ed
an
d
tun
e
d
f
or
final
prototypi
ng.
By
pr
op
e
r
ly
adjustin
g
t
he
or
ie
ntati
on
of
the
NSDR
at
the
to
p
of
the
m
ic
ro
strip
li
ne,
trans
ver
se
el
e
ct
ric
(TE)
m
odes
ca
n
be
e
f
fici
ently
excit
ed
in
t
he
DR
with
broad
e
r
band
width
due
to
the
inhom
og
e
neity
introdu
c
ed
i
n
t
he
squ
are
diele
ct
ric
resonato
r.
T
he
si
m
ulate
d
an
d
pr
oto
ty
pe
prof
il
e
of
the n
e
ste
d
s
qua
re shape
D
R
A i
s shown i
n
Fi
g
ure
5.
Figure
5.
Sim
ulati
on
and
p
ro
t
otype
of the
propose
d NS
DR
A
5.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
5.1
.
Impe
dan
ce
b
andw
idth
Pr
ovi
de
the
im
ped
ance
ba
ndwi
dth
c
ha
rac
te
rizat
ion
of
the
pro
po
se
d
i
nhom
og
ene
ous
NSDRA
is
i
m
ple
m
ented
thr
ough
the
ti
m
e
do
m
ai
n
si
m
ula
ti
on
at
th
e
fu
ll
-
wav
e
E
M
le
vel
of
the
descr
i
ption
usi
ng
CST
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
st
ud
i
o.
For
t
he
ex
per
im
ental
cha
racteri
zat
ion
an
d
valid
at
ion
,
t
he
im
ped
a
nce
ba
ndwidt
h
m
easur
em
ents
are
perform
ed
us
in
g
t
he
Ag
il
e
nt
Tec
hnology PN
A
-
XN6
245A n
et
w
ork
a
na
ly
zer.
Th
e
sim
ulate
d
and
m
easur
e
d
scat
te
ring
par
a
m
et
er
|S11
|
<
–
10
dB
is
il
lustrate
d
in
Fig
ure
6.
T
he
im
p
edan
ce
ba
ndwi
dth
of
the
ante
nna
is
12.
34
G
Hz
t
o
21.72
G
Hz
(56
per
ce
nt)
with
a
cl
os
e
agr
eem
ent
bet
ween
sim
ulatio
n
an
d
m
easur
em
ent.
In
c
om
par
iso
n
to
the
sim
ulated
im
ped
ance
ba
ndwidt
h
of
N
SD
RA
,
a
130
MHz
up
ward
s
hift
i
n
the
m
easur
ed
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
is
ob
s
er
ved.
The
se
sli
gh
t
changes
can
be
at
trib
uted
to
hu
m
an
err
or,
i
m
perfect
exp
e
rim
ental
e
nv
i
ronm
ent
,
an
d
m
echan
ic
al
s
ta
bili
ty
o
f
the a
nten
na.
Figure
6
.
Im
ped
ance
b
a
ndwi
dt
h
res
ponse
of
NSDRA
,
s
im
ul
at
ed
(
-
-
-
), m
e
asur
e
d (──)
5.2
.
R
ad
i
at
i
on p
attern c
haracteriz
at
i
on
of N
S
D
RA
Ra
diati
on
patt
ern
cha
racteri
s
ti
cs
of
inh
om
og
e
ne
ous
nest
ed
square
diel
ect
ric
reso
na
to
r
anten
na
is
evaluate
d
at
three
dif
fer
e
nt
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
wi
thin
the
oper
at
ing
ba
ndwidt
h
of
the
a
nten
na
.
Th
e
co
-
po
la
rized
(Co
-
pol)
a
nd
c
ro
ss
-
po
la
rized
(X
-
pol)
E
-
plan
e
and
H
-
pl
a
ne
m
agn
it
udes
a
nd
phase
valu
es
at
the
m
ai
n
lob
e
directi
on
are
a
naly
zed.
Sim
ilar
to
the
pr
e
vi
ou
s
desig
ns
,
t
hree
dif
fer
e
nt
frequ
e
ncy
points
are
evaluated
near
the
low
-
en
d
frequ
e
ncy
of
13.
5
G
Hz,
ce
nter
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
17
GH
z
,
an
d
nea
r
high
-
e
nd
fr
e
quency
of
21
G
Hz
in
the ope
rati
ng im
ped
ance ban
dw
i
dth
of the
prop
os
ed
an
te
nna.
The
sim
ulate
d
and
m
easur
ed
E
-
pla
ne
a
nd
H
-
pla
ne
at
13.
5
GH
z
w
hich
is
cl
os
e
to
the
lo
wer
en
d
of
the
operati
ng
band
width
of
the
ante
nna
is
giv
e
n
in
Fig
ure
7(
a
)
a
nd
7
(
b)
f
or
both
X
-
pol
an
d
Co
-
po
l
planes
.
The
m
axi
m
u
m
m
agn
it
ud
e
an
d
phase value
ac
hieve
d
f
or
the Co
-
po
l
m
ai
n
lo
be
of
t
he
E
-
pla
ne
wer
e f
ound to
be
8.09
dB
at
0ᴼ
and
8.1
5
dB
at
0ᴼ
f
or
sim
ula
ti
on
an
d
m
easur
em
ent
resp
ect
ively
.
F
or
X
-
pol,
the
highest
m
agn
it
ud
e
f
ound
was
–
1.11
dB
at
30ᴼ
for
si
m
ulati
on
an
d
–
0.5
94
at
–
80ᴼ
f
or
m
easur
em
ent
as
sh
own
i
n
Fig
ure
7(
a
).
S
i
m
i
la
rly
,
the
m
axi
m
u
m
m
a
gn
it
ude
of
t
he
Co
-
po
l
H
-
pla
ne
at
13.
5
G
Hz
f
or
sim
ulati
on
an
d
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IS
S
N
:
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-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
1,
Febr
uar
y
2021
:
481
-
488
486
m
easur
em
ent
w
as
rec
orde
d
as
7.9
dB
an
d
8.05
dB
both
or
ie
nted
at
0ᴼ
wh
il
e
the
hi
ghest
X
-
pole
m
a
gn
it
ud
e
s
wer
e
–
2.4
9 dB
at
–
69ᴼ
and
0.4
39 d
B
at
–
46ᴼ
f
or sim
ulatio
n
a
nd m
easur
em
e
nt.
The
se
co
nd
point
in
operati
ng
im
ped
ance
ba
ndwidt
h
of
th
e
ante
nn
a
was
ta
ken
at
17
G
Hz
wh
ic
h
i
s
near
the
ce
nte
r
fr
e
quency.
T
he
co
-
pola
rize
d
an
d
cr
os
s
-
po
la
rized
m
agn
it
ud
e
s
an
d
phas
e
s
wer
e
e
valu
at
ed
in
si
m
ulati
on
an
d
ve
rifie
d
in
m
easur
em
ent
for
bo
t
h
E
-
plane
a
nd
H
-
plane.
As
pe
r
the
rec
orde
d
data,
the
m
axi
m
u
m
m
agn
it
ud
e
a
nd
phase
of
the
C
o
-
pol
E
-
plane
at
17
G
Hz
was
8.2
8
dB
a
nd
9.3
4
dB
bo
t
h
at
0ᴼ
f
or
si
m
ulati
on
an
d
m
easur
ed
res
ul
t.
Like
wise,
th
e
X
-
pol
m
agn
it
ud
e
an
d
ph
a
se
values
we
re
f
ound
t
o
be
–
11.
7
dB
at
–
2ᴼ
an
d
–
5.84
dB
at
45
ᴼ
a
s
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
7(c
)
for
E
-
plane
at
17
G
Hz.
Sim
i
la
rly
,
the
Co
-
po
l
an
d
X
-
pol
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
the
H
-
plane
at
17
G
Hz
is
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ure
7(d),
an
d
the
m
axi
m
u
m
value
s
for
sim
ulated
an
d
m
easur
ed
C
o
-
pol
w
ere
7.46
dB
and
7.2
4
dB
bo
t
h
ori
ented
a
t
0ᴼ
.
The
X
-
pol
m
agn
it
ud
e
f
or
this
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
was
–
4.3
2
at
2ᴼ f
or
si
m
ulati
on
and
–
2.94 dB
at
–
69ᴼ
f
or
m
easur
e
m
ent r
esults.
The
thir
d
an
d
la
st
po
int
of
rad
ia
ti
on
patt
ern
cha
racteri
z
at
ion
was
ta
ken
near
the
uppe
r
end
of
the
op
e
rati
ng
r
ang
e
,
i.e.,
at
21
GH
z
.
Fig
ur
e
7(
e)
an
d
7
(f)
sh
ow
Co
-
pol
and
X
-
po
l
or
E
-
plane
an
d
H
-
pl
ane
of
the
anten
na
f
or
bo
t
h
sim
ul
at
ion
an
d
m
e
asur
em
ent.
Th
e
m
axi
m
u
m
m
ai
n
lob
e
m
a
gn
it
ude
a
nd
phase
of
the
E
-
plane
C
o
-
pol
fiel
d
w
e
re
ob
se
r
ved
to
be
9.0
1
dB
in
sim
ulatio
n
a
nd
10.1
dB
i
n
m
easur
em
ent
bo
t
h
a
re
pr
e
dom
inantly
or
ie
nted
at
0ᴼ
.
The
X
-
pole
va
lues
f
or
E
-
pla
ne
sim
ulati
on
w
ere
–
4.47
dB
wh
ic
h
is
the
hi
gh
es
t
value
ac
hieve
d
in
sim
ulati
on
at
–
49ᴼ
w
hile
the
e
xp
e
rim
ent
al
va
lues
of
X
-
po
l
wer
e
f
ound
to
be
–
0.065
6
dB
at
–
56ᴼ
. S
im
il
arly,
the C
o
-
pol an
d X
-
po
l
m
agn
it
ud
e
and
phase
of H
-
pla
ne
at
21
GH
z
is s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
7(f).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Figure
7
.
Sim
ulate
d
(
-
-
-
),
m
easur
e
d (──)
Co
-
pola
rized
(
black)
an
d
c
ross
-
p
ola
rized
(r
e
d)
ra
diati
on
patte
rn of
NSDRA
,
(a
)
E
-
Plane
13.5
G
Hz
,
(
b)
H
-
pla
ne
13.5
GH
z
,
(c
)
E
-
Plane
17 G
Hz
,
(
d)
H
-
Plan
e 17
GH
z
,
(e)
E
-
Pla
ne 21
GH
z
,
(
f) H
-
Pla
ne 21 G
Hz
The
m
axi
m
u
m
m
ai
n
lob
e
m
agn
it
ude
of
C
o
-
pol
was
f
ound
to
be
at
0ᴼ
for
both
si
m
ula
ti
on
an
d
m
easur
em
ent
hav
in
g
m
agn
it
ud
e
val
ues
of
7.
25
dB
an
d
7.3
5
dB.
The
X
-
pol
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
the
sim
ulati
o
n
wa
s
–
0.6
84 d
B or
ie
nted
at
7
5ᴼ and fo
r
m
easur
em
ent,
this value
increase
s
sli
gh
t
ly
to
0.
291
dB o
rie
nted
at
–
70
ᴼ and
away f
ro
m
the
m
axi
m
u
m
m
agn
it
ud
e
v
al
ue of
Co
-
pol pla
nes.
The
rad
ia
ti
on
patte
rn
cha
rac
te
rizat
ion
resul
ts
ind
ic
at
e
th
at
the
pr
opos
e
d
in
hom
og
ene
ou
s
ne
ste
d
sq
ua
re
s
hap
e
diele
ct
ric
resonato
r
was
e
xc
it
ed
in
the
tr
ans
ver
se
el
ect
ric
(TE
11
)
m
od
e
ha
ving
m
a
gn
et
ic
dipole
-
li
ke
ra
di
at
ion
char
a
ct
erist
ic
s.
The
br
oadsi
de
ra
diati
on
patte
rn
of
t
he
ante
nn
a
th
r
oughout
the
op
erati
ng
band
width
of
t
he
ante
nn
a
c
on
firm
s
the
pr
ese
nce
an
d
e
xcita
ti
on
of
TE
m
ode
with
en
ha
nce
d
ba
ndwi
dth
due
to
the
pr
ese
nce
of
ai
r
-
gap
in
t
he
resonato
r.
F
ur
t
her
,
t
he
m
a
gn
it
ude
a
nd
phase
val
ues
of
Co
-
pol
an
d
X
-
pol
of
the
pro
posed
inhom
og
ene
ous
NSDRA
s
ugge
sts
that
thi
s
anten
na
ca
n
be
ef
fecti
vel
y
us
ed
for
wideb
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A n
est
e
d
s
quare
-
sha
pe diel
ect
ric
reson
ato
r f
or
microw
ave
band
an
te
nna appli
catio
ns
(
Ubaid Ull
ah)
487
app
li
cat
io
n
in
m
od
ern
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
de
vi
ces
requirin
g
sta
ble
rad
ia
ti
on
cha
racteri
sti
cs
and
sim
ple
planer
ci
rcu
it
s.
The
a
ver
a
ge
val
ue
of
the
Co
-
po
l
fi
el
d
was
fou
nd
to
be
approxi
m
at
ely
7.
5
dB
or
ie
nte
d
at
0ᴼ
wh
il
e
the
ave
rag
e
X
-
po
l
m
agn
it
ude
thr
oughout
th
e
operati
ng
ba
ndwidt
h
of
th
e
anten
na
was
r
ecorde
d
as
–
2.
1
dB
away f
ro
m
the
angular
orienta
ti
on
of the c
o
-
pola
rized
m
ai
n
l
ob
e
.
The
reali
zed
gain
c
har
act
er
iz
at
ion
res
ults
are
pr
ese
nte
d
f
or
bo
t
h
sim
ula
ti
on
an
d
exp
e
rim
ental
m
easur
em
ents
us
in
g
t
he
‘
gai
n
sta
ndar
d’
ante
nn
a
te
ch
nique.
A
li
ne
arly
pol
arized
gain
sta
nd
a
r
d
horn
a
ntenn
a
with acc
ur
at
el
y k
now
n
gai
n va
lue w
as
u
se
d
i
n
the
ex
pe
rim
en
ta
l characteriz
a
ti
on
of
t
he
in
ho
m
og
eneous
nes
te
d
sq
ua
re
sha
pe
D
RA.
The
sim
ulate
d
and
m
easur
e
d
gai
n
of
th
e
propose
d
ant
enn
a
is
il
lustrate
d
in
Fig
ure
8
wh
ic
h
sh
ows
a sta
ble
gain res
pons
e
within t
he ope
r
at
ing
im
ped
anc
e b
a
ndwidt
h.
Figure
8
.
Sim
ulate
d
an
d
m
easur
e
d gain
of th
e inhom
og
en
eo
us
nested
s
qu
a
r
e D
RA
As
it
can
be
s
een
f
r
om
the
grap
h,
t
he
sim
ulate
d
value
of
the
gai
n
is
a
pproxim
at
e
ly
0.
5
dBi
hi
gh
e
r
than
that
of
th
e
m
easur
ed
gain
w
hich
is
bec
ause
of
the
im
perfect
prototy
ping,
hum
an
and
m
echan
ic
al
err
ors.
The
ave
rag
e
ga
in
values
of
bo
t
h
the
si
m
ulati
on
and
m
e
asur
em
ent
were
cal
culat
ed
t
o
be
ap
pro
xim
at
ely
6.5 dBi
which
is acc
eptable
f
or this ty
pe o
f wide
band
a
nte
nn
a
s.
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
pa
per
,
a
new
neste
d
sq
ua
re
diele
ct
ric
resonator
ha
s
been
in
vestig
at
ed
for
wide
ba
nd
a
nten
na
app
li
cat
io
ns
in
the
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
.
A
detai
le
d
theo
reti
cal
,
sim
ulati
on
,
a
nd
ex
per
im
ental
analy
ses
sh
owed
t
hat
by
us
in
g
N
SD
R
for
ante
nn
a
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
,
a
rem
ark
able
i
m
pro
vem
ent
i
n
it
s
per
f
or
m
ance
can
be
ac
hieve
d.
The
i
nhom
og
e
neity
(air
-
ga
p)
in
a
s
olid
s
quar
e
diele
ct
ric
res
on
at
or
was
intr
oduce
d
in
the
ϕ
-
directi
on
s
o
t
hat
it
s
basic
ge
om
et
r
y
and
fiel
d
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
are
m
a
intai
ned
.
W
it
h
this
appr
oach,
the
i
m
ped
ance
ba
ndwidt
h
respo
n
se
of
th
e
anten
na
can
be
eff
ect
ively
enh
a
nce
d.
T
he
rad
ia
ti
on
pat
te
rn
cha
racteri
zat
ion
al
so
s
howe
d
a
relat
ively
st
able
respo
ns
e
through
ou
t
the
operati
ng
im
ped
ance
bandw
i
dth
with
a
hig
h
m
agn
it
ude
of
co
-
pola
rized
fi
el
ds
.
It
can
be
con
cl
ud
e
d
that
the
app
r
opr
ia
t
e
intro
duct
io
n
of
in
ho
m
og
e
ne
it
y
in
the
so
li
d
sing
le
per
m
it
t
ivit
y
re
so
na
tor
s
can
great
ly
i
m
pr
ov
e
the
perform
ance
of
DR
A’
s
without
com
prom
isi
ng
their
si
m
ple
geo
m
et
ry and
m
echan
ic
al
stabil
it
y.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
wor
k was
su
pp
or
te
d by
AD
E
K
a
wa
rd for
resea
rch exc
el
le
nce (AA
RE
1
9
-
2
45)
.
REFERE
NCE
S
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ide
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e
ct
ri
c
Reson
at
or
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fo
r
Circ
ul
ar
Polar
iza
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Ga
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Historic
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la
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iele
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c
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enn
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ielect
ric
m
ateri
a
l
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sm
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e
ct
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ra
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na
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cells
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appl
i
ca
t
ions
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”
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ernati
ona
l
Journal
of
Elec
t
rical
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Computer
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IS
S
N
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2088
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ent
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ci
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g,
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ess P
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l
ectric
resona
tor
an
te
n
na
with
wlan
b
and
rej
e
ction
at
5.
8
GH
z,
”
IE
E
E
Ant
ennas
and
W
irel
ess P
ropagat
ion
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26,
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an
i,
et
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A
wideba
n
d
ci
rcu
l
arly
pol
ari
z
ed
die
l
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resona
tor
ant
e
nna
over
a
m
et
asurfa
ce,”
IE
E
E
Inte
rnational
S
y
mpos
ium
on
Ant
ennas
and
Propagati
on
&
U
SN
C/URSI
Nati
ona
l
Radi
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al.
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Rad
iation
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rn
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R
econfigura
bl
e
Ant
enna
S
y
s
te
m
for
M
il
li
m
eter
-
W
av
e
5G Appli
cations
,
”
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EEE
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ansacti
ons on Ante
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“
A
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d
band
h
y
br
id
m
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-
di
el
e
ct
ri
c
resona
tor
wat
er
antenna
,
”
I
EEE
An
te
nnas
and
Wirel
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ropag
ati
on
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vo
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360
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36
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et
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l
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,
“
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quid
-
b
ase
d
die
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ic
res
onat
or
antenna
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it
s
applic
at
ion
for
m
ea
s
uring
li
quid
r
e
al
per
m
it
ti
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Li a
nd
K
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M. Luk,
“
A water
d
ense
di
el
e
ct
r
ic p
at
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EE
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[15]
M.
Mrnka
and
Z.
Rai
d
a,
“
Enhance
d
-
ga
in
die
l
ectric
resona
tor
an
te
nna
base
d
on
the
combination
of
highe
r
-
orde
r
m
odes,
”
IE
EE A
nte
nnas and
W
irel
ess P
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n
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l.
,
“
Bi
-
pol
arize
d
Dual
-
segm
ent
Rec
t
angul
ar
Di
e
le
c
tri
c
R
esona
to
r
Antenna
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”
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bar
th,
“
On
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Chip
Dua
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Polarize
d
Dielec
tr
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Resonat
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r
Antenna
fo
r
Mill
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r
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W
av
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Applic
a
ti
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Antennas a
nd
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die
lec
tric
reso
nat
or
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diffe
r
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shape
s
cro
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,”
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rnational
Jo
urnal
of El
e
ct
ri
c
al
and
Comput
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tr
ic
resona
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anten
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per
sona
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at
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devi
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”
Inte
rn
ati
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le
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Computer
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nte
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ic
r
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or
ant
enn
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us
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MgTiO3
–
Co
Ti
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eband
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ult
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per
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.