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4183
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ar
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
:
4
1
8
3
-
419
3
4184
ed
u
ca
tio
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n
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lth
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cr
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[
2
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.
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s
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s
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(
W
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3
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.
W
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Fig
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1
,
th
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es,
an
d
t
h
ese
n
o
d
es
ar
e
c
l
u
s
ter
ed
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
Her
e,
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
s
e
n
s
e
th
e
d
ata
an
d
s
en
d
it
to
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
,
later
th
ese
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
(
CH
)
tr
a
n
s
m
i
ts
th
e
d
ata
to
a
b
as
e
s
tatio
n
.
F
u
r
th
er
,
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
,
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
in
ter
n
et
a
n
d
th
ese
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
b
atter
y
-
b
ased
,
h
en
ce
,
t
h
e
W
S
N
m
o
d
el
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
i
n
s
u
c
h
a
wa
y
t
h
at
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
p
ath
,
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
,
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
,
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
p
ar
a
m
eter
d
esig
n
.
W
SN
th
at
is
m
ea
n
t
f
o
r
I
o
T
f
ac
es
a
lo
t
o
f
is
s
u
es
ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
s
e
n
s
in
g
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
i
n
th
e
f
ield
,
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
d
a
m
a
g
e,
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
o
d
e,
l
i
m
i
te
d
b
atter
y
p
o
w
er
,
I
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
s
t.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
ese
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
W
SN
th
at
i
s
m
ea
n
t
f
o
r
I
o
T
a
ls
o
f
ac
es
th
e
c
h
alle
n
g
es
o
f
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice
(
Qo
S
)
,
p
o
w
e
r
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
it
y
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
a
p
r
im
a
l
is
s
u
e
w
h
ile
d
esi
g
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
W
SN
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
I
o
T
an
d
th
is
h
as
led
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
er
to
g
et
i
n
to
d
ep
th
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
s
ev
er
al
id
ea
s
s
u
c
h
as r
o
u
ti
n
g
,
an
d
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
u
t to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Data
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
i
n
th
e
w
ir
eles
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
a.
Mo
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
w
o
r
k
I
n
W
SN
th
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
clu
s
t
er
s
an
d
ea
ch
cl
u
s
ter
h
av
e
a
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
an
d
if
o
n
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
f
ail
s
th
en
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
ec
o
m
es
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
,
an
d
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
f
ail
s
.
Oth
er
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ca
u
s
e
a
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
in
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
l
i
f
eti
m
e
[
9
]
.
Hen
ce
,
en
er
g
y
d
ep
letio
n
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
o
r
l
o
ad
b
alan
cin
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
w
a
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
m
ax
i
m
ize
th
e
li
f
eti
m
e.
I
n
p
ast,
s
ev
er
al
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
lo
a
d
b
alan
cin
g
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
es
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
f
ac
e
i
s
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
,
th
e
li
f
et
i
m
e
o
f
C
H,
C
H
-
s
elec
tio
n
,
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
,
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
.
He
n
ce
,
m
o
ti
v
ated
b
y
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
t
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
o
v
el
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
n
a
m
ed
lif
eti
m
e
ce
n
tr
ic
lo
ad
b
alan
ci
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
(
L
C
L
B
M
)
w
h
ich
f
o
c
u
s
e
s
o
n
m
ax
i
m
izin
g
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e.
F
u
r
th
er
,
t
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
is
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
el
o
w
p
o
in
ts
:
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ai
m
o
f
L
C
L
B
M
is
to
m
ax
i
m
ize
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
alan
c
in
g
t
h
e
lo
ad
.
Stu
d
y
a
n
d
d
ee
p
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
b
al
an
ce
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
A
t
f
ir
s
t,
a
d
esi
g
n
th
at
i
s
s
p
ec
i
f
i
c
to
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
m
o
d
el
i
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
an
d
later
an
a
d
ap
tiv
e
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
o
f
c
l
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
h
ar
i
n
g
i
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
n
o
v
el
C
H
-
s
elec
t
io
n
an
d
AC
H
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
th
a
t h
elp
s
i
n
m
ax
i
m
iz
in
g
t
h
e
lif
eti
m
e.
E
v
alu
a
te
th
e
L
C
L
B
M
b
y
co
n
s
i
d
er
in
g
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
u
ch
a
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
lif
e
ti
m
e
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
c
u
s
e
s
o
n
ac
h
i
ev
in
g
th
e
lo
ad
b
alan
ci
n
g
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
ized
i
n
a
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
w
a
y
.
Her
e,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
s
tar
t
s
w
it
h
th
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
o
f
I
o
T
,
W
SN,
an
d
it
s
ap
p
licatio
n
.
F
u
r
th
er
,
d
is
c
u
s
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
f
ac
ed
f
o
r
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
a
n
d
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
.
L
a
ter
,
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
ec
t
io
n
,
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tio
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esear
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alan
cin
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p
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liter
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s
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tio
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f
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m
ax
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alan
ci
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h
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x
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ti
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p
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to
co
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2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
SU
RVE
Y
I
n
W
SN
[
1
2
]
,
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
h
as
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
p
ar
ticle
s
w
ar
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
P
SO
)
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
r
eso
lv
e
t
h
e
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
an
d
g
i
v
es
r
o
u
t
in
g
b
et
w
ee
n
C
Hs.
A
t
f
ir
s
t,
all
t
h
e
g
iv
e
n
n
o
d
es
tr
an
s
m
it
t
h
eir
d
ata
to
t
h
e
s
in
k
th
at
s
o
l
v
es
t
h
e
lo
ad
b
ala
n
cin
g
,
an
d
in
-
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
e
s
in
k
g
i
v
es
t
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
w
it
h
th
e
h
elp
o
f
P
SO,
w
h
ic
h
co
n
tain
s
t
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
e
o
f
e
f
f
ici
en
t
p
ar
ticle
-
e
n
co
d
in
g
.
W
h
e
n
e
v
er
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
(
SN
)
ca
n
b
e
ass
ig
n
ed
v
ia
a
g
ate
w
a
y
a
n
d
th
e
n
e
x
t
g
ate
w
a
y
h
o
p
is
d
ef
in
ed
,
th
is
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ts
th
e
s
i
n
k
o
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
[
1
3
]
,
it
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
n
o
v
el
al
g
o
r
ith
m
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
an
d
c
lu
s
ter
in
g
b
ased
o
n
P
SO
f
o
r
th
e
W
SNs
t
h
at
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
alg
o
r
it
h
m
in
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
[
1
4
]
an
d
th
e
s
a
m
e
P
SO
b
ased
m
et
h
o
d
is
to
ass
u
m
e
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
b
ala
n
ci
n
g
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
c
y
(
EE
)
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
n
l
y
as
s
u
m
es
t
h
e
C
HS
’
s
E
E
.
I
n
W
SN
s
[
1
4
]
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
h
as
s
o
l
v
ed
r
o
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
cl
u
s
t
er
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
b
y
u
tili
zi
n
g
th
e
P
SO.
I
n
[
1
3
]
,
th
e
m
ai
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
[
1
4
]
is
u
s
ed
P
SO
to
ch
o
o
s
e
C
Hs
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
c
lu
s
ter
s
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
An
y
w
a
y
s
,
in
[
1
2
]
an
d
[
1
3
]
g
ate
w
a
y
s
th
at
ac
t
as
th
e
C
H
s
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t to
ch
o
o
s
e
C
Hs to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
clu
s
ter
s
an
d
it o
n
l
y
r
eq
u
ir
es a
s
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
SNs
to
g
ate
w
a
y
s
.
I
n
W
SNs
[
1
5
]
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
h
as
u
tili
ze
d
t
h
e
ge
n
et
ic
alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
GA
)
to
s
o
l
v
e
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
an
d
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
y
ass
u
m
e
th
e
g
ate
w
a
y
s
'
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
a
m
o
n
g
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
C
H
an
d
SNs
f
o
r
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
g
at
e
w
a
y
s
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
,
t
h
e
t
r
ad
e
-
o
f
f
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
f
o
r
w
ar
d
s
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
is
a
s
s
u
m
ed
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ic
ie
n
t
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
c
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
h
as
b
ee
n
ef
f
icien
tl
y
h
elp
in
g
to
r
eso
lv
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
c
lu
s
ter
i
n
g
.
I
n
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
-
h
o
p
s
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t
tak
en
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
I
n
p
ap
er
[
1
6
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
h
as
s
o
l
v
ed
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
a
n
d
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
W
SNs
b
y
u
tili
zi
n
g
lo
ca
l
d
ata
ab
o
u
t
n
o
d
es.
I
n
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e,
t
h
e
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e
o
f
d
ir
ec
ted
v
ir
tu
al
C
H
s
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
an
d
u
ti
lized
b
y
th
e
h
elp
o
f
C
H
to
tr
an
s
m
i
t
th
eir
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
s
in
k
.
T
h
is
v
ir
tu
a
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
as
a
r
o
o
t,
w
h
ic
h
is
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
t
h
e
s
i
n
k
.
T
h
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
m
et
h
o
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
is
s
u
e.
I
n
[
1
7
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
h
a
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
f
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
u
n
eq
u
al
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
u
til
izin
g
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
(
DU
C
F
)
f
o
r
t
h
e
W
SNs
.
T
h
e
DU
C
F
c
h
o
o
s
es
t
h
e
C
Hs
u
ti
lizi
n
g
th
e
f
u
zz
y
m
eth
o
d
an
d
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
u
n
eq
u
al
clu
s
ter
s
to
b
alan
ce
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
C
Hs.
I
n
t
h
e
DUC
F,
h
u
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
m
e
m
b
er
s
ar
e
ass
ig
n
ed
to
ev
er
y
s
in
g
le
C
H
b
ased
o
n
its
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
,
d
is
tan
ce
,
an
d
r
esid
u
a
l e
n
er
g
y
to
s
i
n
k
.
I
n
[
1
8
]
,
h
av
e
u
t
ilized
ar
tific
ial
b
ee
co
lo
n
y
(
A
B
C
)
to
r
eso
lv
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
i
n
W
SNs
.
T
h
e
clu
s
ter
s
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
ased
o
n
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
d
ata
an
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
le
v
els
o
f
SNs
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
l.
I
n
A
B
C
,
t
h
e
f
it
n
es
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
i
s
s
u
es
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
p
ath
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
9
]
,
th
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
h
a
s
r
eso
l
v
ed
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
r
o
u
t
in
g
a
n
d
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
i
n
W
SNs
a
s
ass
u
m
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
a
h
o
t
s
p
o
t.
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
tak
e
s
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
a
n
d
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
in
k
in
to
th
e
ac
co
u
n
t
a
n
d
th
u
s
s
ep
ar
ates
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
to
n
o
t
eq
u
al
s
ize
clu
s
ter
s
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
o
f
m
u
lti
-
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
i
m
m
u
n
e.
I
n
p
ap
er
[
2
0
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
h
as
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
a
n
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
i
n
th
e
W
SNs
w
h
ic
h
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
t
y
p
e
-
2
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
(
T
2
F
L
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
io
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
av
e
u
tili
ze
d
th
e
t
y
p
e
-
1
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
(
T
1
FL
)
to
r
eso
lv
e
th
is
is
s
u
e.
T
2
FL
is
t
h
e
s
et
s
o
f
f
u
zz
y
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
es.
I
n
[
2
1
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
h
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
clu
s
t
er
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
W
SNs
,
w
h
er
ea
s
all
n
o
d
es
ar
e
h
eter
o
g
en
eo
u
s
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
ch
o
o
s
es
th
e
C
H
s
i
n
e
v
er
y
s
i
n
g
le
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
ca
lc
u
lat
es
a
s
m
al
ler
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
eter
o
g
en
eo
u
s
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
SNs
tr
an
s
m
it t
h
eir
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
s
in
k
w
i
th
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
ch
o
s
e
n
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
n
o
d
es a
n
d
th
e
ir
C
H.
I
n
p
ap
er
[
2
2
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
h
a
s
s
o
lv
ed
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
f
r
o
u
t
in
g
an
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
i
n
th
e
W
SN
s
b
y
ass
u
m
i
n
g
th
en
as
t
h
e
P
ar
eto
o
p
tim
iza
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
(
m
u
lti
-
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
)
.
T
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
C
Hs
an
d
q
u
alit
y
o
f
li
n
k
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
C
Hs
an
d
clu
s
ter
m
e
m
b
er
s
,
an
d
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
th
e
li
n
k
i
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
as
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
tr
ee
w
h
ic
h
is
ta
k
e
n
in
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
P
ar
eto
o
p
ti
m
iz
atio
n
.
I
n
th
i
s
,
th
e
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
e
n
co
d
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
h
as
b
ee
n
d
esi
g
n
ed
t
h
at
p
er
m
it
s
t
h
e
j
o
in
t
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
an
d
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
is
s
u
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
W
SNs
.
I
n
p
ap
er
[
2
3
]
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
h
as d
e
f
in
ed
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
an
d
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
i
n
W
SNs
as t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
P
ar
eto
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
e
is
r
eso
l
v
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
m
u
lti
-
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
p
ar
ticle
s
w
ar
m
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
(
MO
P
SO
)
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
P
ar
eto
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
E
E
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e.
I
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
y
h
av
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
b
y
r
e
v
o
lv
i
n
g
th
e
r
o
les
o
f
C
H
an
d
n
ex
t
h
o
p
in
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
iter
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
m
a
x
i
m
ized
in
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
to
th
e
o
th
er
alg
o
r
it
h
m
b
u
t
h
er
e
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
lem
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
I
n
[
2
4
]
,
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
s
o
lv
ed
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
i
n
t
h
e
W
SNs
b
y
m
ax
i
m
izi
n
g
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
o
f
C
u
c
k
o
o
s
ea
r
c
h
(
C
S)
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
i
s
m
ax
i
m
ized
b
y
t
h
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
y
s
ea
r
ch
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
ized
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
f
C
S
d
is
co
v
er
s
a
n
o
p
ti
m
al
s
e
t
o
f
C
Hs
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
r
m
al
SN
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
:
4
1
8
3
-
419
3
4186
I
n
[
2
5
]
,
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
h
as
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
o
f
c
l
u
s
ter
-
b
ased
r
o
u
ti
n
g
,
w
h
ic
h
u
tili
ze
s
t
h
e
co
n
v
o
lu
tio
n
al
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
C
NN
)
a
n
d
f
u
zz
y
r
u
le
s
f
o
r
W
S
Ns.
I
n
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
r
e
m
ai
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
f
o
r
C
Hs
en
er
g
y
,
t
h
e
d
is
t
an
ce
a
m
o
n
g
s
i
n
k
a
n
d
C
Hs,
t
h
e
n
o
d
es,
C
H,
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
ar
e
u
ti
lized
f
o
r
th
e
cl
u
s
ter
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ca
n
b
e
in
s
tr
u
cted
w
it
h
th
e
h
el
p
o
f
f
u
zz
y
r
u
le
s
an
d
C
NN
f
o
r
t
h
e
ad
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
w
ei
g
h
t.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
y
al
s
o
u
t
ili
ze
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
f
u
zz
y
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
ac
h
iev
e
cl
u
s
ter
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
.
An
y
w
a
y
s
,
th
e
y
u
ti
lize
th
e
C
Hs
d
eg
r
ee
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
a
clu
s
ter
,
a
n
d
it
ca
n
n
o
t
m
an
a
g
e
th
e
lo
ad
o
f
SN
s
(
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es)
b
et
w
ee
n
C
H
s
.
I
n
[
2
6
]
,
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
w
ell
-
k
n
o
w
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
as
d
y
n
a
m
ic
la
y
er
ed
d
u
al
-
C
Hs
r
o
u
t
in
g
b
ased
o
n
th
e
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
o
f
Kr
ill
h
er
d
(
KH
)
in
u
n
d
er
w
ater
w
ir
eles
s
-
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
(
UW
SNs
)
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
s
to
m
an
a
g
e
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
C
H
s
.
T
o
attai
n
th
i
s
ai
m
,
th
e
y
u
tili
ze
t
h
e
d
is
t
an
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
C
H
an
d
cl
u
s
ter
.
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
L
C
L
B
M
co
m
p
r
i
s
es
s
e
v
er
al
p
a
r
ts
s
u
c
h
a
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el,
en
er
g
y
m
o
d
el,
ch
-
s
h
ar
in
g
m
o
d
el
,
ass
is
ta
n
t
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
-
m
o
d
el
(
AC
H
)
an
d
its
f
u
n
ctio
n
alit
y
,
th
e
s
e
all
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
e
ctio
n
s
.
3
.
1
.
Net
wo
rk
m
o
del a
nd
a
s
s
u
m
ptio
n
I
n
t
h
is
s
u
b
-
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
lar
r
eg
io
n
s
h
ap
ed
is
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
,
h
er
e
th
e
s
i
n
k
i
s
p
lace
d
in
th
e
ce
n
ter
a
n
d
ea
ch
l
a
y
er
is
in
t
h
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
a
s
q
u
ar
e
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
lo
s
e
an
y
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
L
et
u
s
a
s
s
u
m
e
th
at
t
h
e
r
ad
i
u
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
i
s
an
d
an
g
le
Θ
,
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
p
ar
ted
i
n
to
th
e
r
i
n
g
s
h
ap
e,
w
h
er
e,
is
d
ep
th
.
At
f
ir
s
t
all,
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
,
an
d
it
is
i
m
m
o
b
ilized
,
f
u
r
th
er
,
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
h
as
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
en
er
g
y
at
th
e
i
n
it
ial
s
ta
g
e.
E
ac
h
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
ca
n
s
ca
le
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
an
d
s
i
n
k
h
a
s
all
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
th
eir
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
s
u
c
h
as,
,
,
an
d
Θ
.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
g
en
er
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
Fo
r
i
n
s
ta
n
ce
,
th
e
d
ata
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
s
e
v
er
al
f
r
ag
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
s
u
ch
a
w
a
y
t
h
at
t
h
e
tr
af
f
ic
f
lo
w
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as th
e
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
v
ar
iab
le.
3
.
2
.
E
nerg
y
m
o
del
I
n
th
is
s
u
b
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
Her
e,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
en
er
g
y
is
ad
o
p
ted
an
d
m
ea
n
w
h
ile,
th
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
en
er
g
y
m
o
d
el
is
d
esig
n
ed
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
r
eq
u
ir
es
e
n
er
g
y
to
r
u
n
th
e
p
o
w
er
a
m
p
li
f
ier
an
d
r
ad
io
elec
tr
o
n
ics.
R
ec
e
iv
er
tr
a
n
s
f
er
s
e
n
er
g
y
to
th
e
r
ad
io
elec
tr
o
n
ics
an
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
w
h
ic
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
th
e
b
its
to
p
ass
to
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
w
h
ile
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
.
In
(
1
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el.
(
,
)
=
−
(
)
+
−
(
,
)
(
,
)
=
{
∗
+
∗
∗
2
<
0
;
∗
+
∗
∗
4
≥
0
;
(
1
)
is
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
r
u
n
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
o
r
tr
an
s
m
it
ter
,
th
i
s
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as
m
o
d
u
latio
n
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
co
d
in
g
an
d
ar
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
an
d
a
m
p
l
if
ier
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
n
d
icate
s
d
ata
a
n
d
in
d
icate
s
d
is
tan
ce
.
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
r
ec
e
iv
e
t
h
e
d
ata
b
it a
s
d
ep
icted
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
(
2
)
.
(
)
=
∗
(
2
)
T
h
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e
0
is
th
e
r
atio
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itter
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
a
n
d
a
m
p
lifie
r
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
0
=
(
/
)
−
1
/
2
(
3
)
3
.
3
.
Ass
is
t
a
nt
CH
-
m
ec
ha
ni
s
m
m
o
delli
ng
I
n
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
A
s
s
is
ta
n
t
C
H
-
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
as
w
ell
a
s
o
p
ti
m
al
d
esig
n
f
o
r
i
n
ter
-
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
u
c
h
th
at
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
is
ac
h
ie
v
e
d
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
is
s
ec
t
io
n
co
m
p
r
is
es
c
lu
s
ter
h
ea
d
Sh
ar
i
n
g
,
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
in
i
m
iza
tio
n
,
an
d
a
s
s
i
s
tan
t CH
-
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
.
3
.
3
.
1
.
Clus
t
er
h
ea
d
s
ha
ring
L
et
u
s
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
as
th
e
d
is
t
an
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
C
H
to
t
h
e
s
i
n
k
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
,
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
ca
n
b
e
m
i
n
i
m
ized
if
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
(
4
)
:
=
(
2
−
1
)
s
in
0
.
5
Θ
(
/
Θ
)
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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&
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d
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ib
u
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i
s
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h
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C
H
-
o
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ti
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al
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i
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tio
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d
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ee
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Hen
ce
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an
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o
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l
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h
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d
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ate
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o
r
d
in
ate
h
a
s
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
o
f
f
r
o
m
C
H
an
d
ac
ts
as
th
e
c
lu
s
ter
m
e
m
b
er
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
if
a
s
q
u
ar
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
o
f
all
th
e
clu
s
ter
m
e
m
b
er
to
c
l
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
i
s
s
m
aller
th
an
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
s
n
o
m
i
n
al,
h
e
n
ce
,
t
h
e
cl
u
s
ter
m
e
m
b
er
t
o
t
h
e
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r
r
esp
o
n
d
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g
C
H
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
(
5
)
.
2
=
2
+
2
−
2
c
os
Α
(
5
)
I
n
th
e
(
5
)
,
is
th
e
d
i
s
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
in
k
a
n
d
clu
s
ter
m
e
m
b
er
an
d
Α
is
th
e
a
n
g
le
b
et
w
e
en
t
h
e
C
lu
s
ter
Hea
d
a
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lu
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ter
M
e
m
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er
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cl
u
s
ter
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ce
f
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m
t
h
e
cl
u
s
ter
m
e
m
b
er
to
t
h
e
C
H
is
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
(
6
)
.
∑
2
=
∫
−
Θ
/
2
Θ
/
2
∫
(
−
1
)
(
2
+
2
−
2
c
os
Α
)
Α
.
(
6
)
I
n
f
o
r
m
u
lated
(
6
)
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
an
d
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
th
e
(
7
)
.
∑
2
=
3
Θ
(
3
2
−
3
−
1
)
3
+
Θ
2
−
2
(
2
−
1
)
2
s
in
0
.
5
Θ
(
7
)
Hen
ce
,
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
(
5
)
,
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
o
v
er
h
ea
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
(
6
)
an
d
(
7
)
,
f
u
r
th
er
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
∑
2
ca
n
b
e
m
in
i
m
ized
if
co
o
r
d
in
at
es c
an
b
e
d
r
a
w
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
(
8
)
.
=
(
2o
−
1
)
s
in
0
.
5Θ
/
Θ
(
8
)
T
h
u
s
,
o
n
ce
(
5
)
is
ac
h
iev
ed
t
h
e
n
o
p
ti
m
al
C
H
ca
n
b
e
s
elec
ted
.
3
.
4
.
E
nerg
y
m
i
ni
m
iza
t
io
n
E
n
er
g
y
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
C
H
-
R
o
tat
io
n
an
d
C
H
-
s
elec
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
u
b
-
s
e
ctio
n
f
o
cu
s
o
n
en
er
g
y
to
d
is
tan
ce
,
h
er
e
it
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
f
o
r
m
u
late
t
h
e
r
ati
o
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
a
n
d
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
n
o
d
e
an
d
C
H
a
n
d
th
i
s
ca
n
b
e
d
en
o
ted
as
−
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
(
9
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
.
−
=
(
−
)
−
1
(
9
)
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
(
9
)
,
−
in
d
icate
s
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
an
d
C
lu
s
ter
Hea
d
,
in
d
icate
s
th
e
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
.
3
.
5
.
Ass
is
t
a
nt
c
lus
t
er
h
ea
d
(
ACH
)
W
h
ile
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
a
t
C
H
o
b
s
er
v
es
tr
a
f
f
ic
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
its
clu
s
ter
m
e
m
b
er
a
n
d
t
h
i
s
ca
u
s
e
s
t
h
e
c
lu
s
ter
h
ea
d
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
t
h
an
it
s
m
e
m
b
er
,
h
e
n
ce
,
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
m
u
s
t
b
alan
ce
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
t
h
es
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
is
c
h
an
g
ed
i.e
.
,
b
ein
g
C
H
a
n
d
C
M.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
w
h
ile
r
o
le
r
e
v
er
s
i
n
g
al
s
o
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
s
m
o
r
e
wh
ile
e
x
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
es
s
ag
e
f
o
r
th
eir
r
o
le,
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
i
s
ass
i
s
tan
ce
C
H
i.e
.,
AC
H
is
u
s
ed
.
B
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
AC
H,
o
n
l
y
AC
H
an
d
C
H
r
ev
er
s
e
t
h
eir
r
o
le,
an
d
t
h
i
s
b
r
in
g
s
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
.
I
n
t
h
e
i
n
itial
s
ta
g
e,
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
w
h
ic
h
h
as
−
th
e
lar
g
er
v
al
u
e
is
s
elec
ted
an
d
t
h
e
n
o
d
e’
s
s
ec
o
n
d
-
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
v
alu
e
−
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
t
h
e
A
C
H
,
f
u
r
th
er
,
t
h
e
C
H
co
n
tain
s
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
A
C
H
.
3
.
5
.
1
.
L
CL
B
M
ba
s
ed
i
nte
r
-
c
lus
t
er
c
o
mm
u
nica
t
io
n
m
o
del
T
h
is
s
u
b
-
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
o
p
tim
a
l
I
n
ter
-
clu
s
ter
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
m
o
d
el,
h
er
e,
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
n
o
d
e
a
s
a
p
la
y
er
,
an
d
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
ch
o
o
s
es
t
h
e
n
ea
r
est
n
o
d
e
as
th
e
n
e
x
t
h
o
p
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
m
i
n
i
m
izati
o
n
.
T
h
is
m
a
k
es
th
e
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
a
h
i
g
h
er
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
to
b
e
ch
o
s
e
n
a
s
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
h
o
p
,
w
h
ic
h
h
as
a
r
elati
v
el
y
s
m
aller
d
is
ta
n
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ev
er
al
n
o
d
es.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
i
s
ca
u
s
e
s
en
er
g
y
ex
h
a
u
s
tio
n
,
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
ca
u
s
e
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
d
estr
u
ctio
n
,
to
av
o
id
t
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
,
d
ev
elo
p
an
o
p
ti
m
al
I
n
ter
-
cl
u
s
ter
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
m
o
d
el.
L
C
L
B
M
m
o
d
el
d
iv
i
d
es
in
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
la
y
er
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
L
C
L
B
M
s
tr
ateg
y
m
o
d
el,
th
e
m
o
d
el
h
as
a
s
et
o
f
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata
to
w
ar
d
s
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
n
ea
r
est
la
y
er
s
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
OI
C
C
h
elp
s
i
n
ac
h
ie
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
eq
u
i
lib
r
iu
m
an
d
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
h
elp
s
i
n
ac
h
ie
v
i
n
g
b
alan
ce
d
en
er
g
y
.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
C
H
m
ak
es t
h
e
s
e
lf
-
d
ec
is
io
n
f
o
r
d
ata
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
to
th
e
n
e
x
t
h
o
p
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
L
C
L
B
M
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
ca
n
b
e
g
i
v
en
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
(
10
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
:
4
1
8
3
-
419
3
4188
(
ℚ
,
,
)
(
1
0
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I
n
th
e
L
C
L
B
M
m
o
d
el,
all
n
o
d
es
at
an
y
r
a
n
d
o
m
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y
er
n
o
f
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e
g
iv
e
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as a
s
et,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
i
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
lie
in
t
h
e
n
th
la
y
er
is
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t
h
en
th
e
s
et
o
f
OI
C
C
is
g
i
v
en
a
s
(
1
1
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.
ℚ
=
{
ℚ
∖
1
≤
≤
}
(
1
1
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Fu
r
t
h
er
,
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
is
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t,
an
d
it
ac
ts
w
it
h
o
u
t
k
n
o
w
i
n
g
a
n
y
o
t
h
er
n
o
d
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
r
esear
c
h
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
is
d
en
o
t
ed
in
(
12
)
.
=
(
1
,
2
,
…
.
.
,
)
(
1
2
)
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
tr
ateg
y
ca
n
b
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
(
13
)
.
=
(
13
)
W
h
er
e
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
n
o
d
e
to
n
o
d
e
.
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
,
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
ca
p
ac
ity
ca
n
b
e
g
i
v
e
n
as
(
1
4
)
,
=
(
)
−
1
(
1
4
)
I
n
(
14
)
,
is
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
s
t to
r
ec
eiv
e
t
h
e
d
ata.
F
u
r
th
er
,
to
b
al
an
ce
t
h
e
lo
ad
,
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
in
(
15
)
,
w
h
er
e
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
la
y
er
s
an
d
is
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
to
n
o
d
e
.
Θ
=
(
)
−
1
(
1
5
)
T
h
e
u
tili
t
y
f
u
n
c
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
th
r
o
u
g
h
(1
5
)
.
(
,
−
)
=
(
−
∑
=
1
)
(
1
6
)
I
n
ab
o
v
e
eq
u
atio
n
,
−
is
th
e
s
tr
ateg
y
s
et
f
o
r
th
e
n
o
d
e.
Fu
r
th
e
r
,
f
r
o
m
eq
u
atio
n
1
6
tr
an
s
m
itt
er
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
,
b
o
th
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
w
ith
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
d
ef
in
ed
in
(
15
)
an
d
(
16
)
,
th
is
h
elp
s
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
e
lo
ad
b
alan
ce
.
L
et
(
,
−
)
b
e
th
e
u
tili
t
y
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
th
e
n
estab
lis
h
t
h
e
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
(
L
B
P
)
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
at
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
,
w
h
er
e,
th
e
u
ti
lit
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
,
−
)
ca
n
b
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
.
∗
=
Θ
.
(
1
+
∑
Θ
=
1
)
−
1
(
1
7
)
T
o
estab
lis
h
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
,
f
ir
s
t,
co
n
s
id
er
(
,
−
)
as
(
.
)
,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
(
.
)
is
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
n
l
y
i
f
(
.
)
is
n
u
l
l a
n
d
th
is
ca
n
b
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
in
(
18
)
.
(
.
)
=
Θ
Θ
−
1
(
−
∑
=
1
)
−
Θ
=
0
,
(
1
8
)
Usi
n
g
(
18
)
,
ac
h
iev
e
(
19
)
,
h
er
e
,
i
v
alu
e
ca
n
v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
1
to
,
an
d
af
ter
v
ar
io
u
s
iter
atio
n
,
it
ac
h
iev
e
s
th
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
L
B
P
i.e
.
,
in
(
20
)
.
=
Θ
−
Θ
∑
=
1
(
1
9
)
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
u
s
i
n
g
(
20
)
in
f
o
r
m
u
lated
(
19
)
,
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
lo
ad
b
alan
ce
d
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
(
L
B
P
)
w
h
ic
h
i
s
d
ep
icted
in
(
21
)
.
∑
=
1
=
(
Θ
1
+
Θ
2
+
⋯
+
Θ
)
(
1
+
Θ
1
+
Θ
2
+
⋯
+
Θ
)
−
1
(
2
0
)
=
Θ
.
(
1
+
∑
Θ
=
1
)
−
1
(
2
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Lif
etime
ce
n
tr
ic
lo
a
d
b
a
la
n
cin
g
mec
h
a
n
is
m
in
w
ir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etw
o
r
k
b
a
s
ed
I
o
T…
(
V
ee
r
a
b
a
d
r
a
p
p
a
)
4189
3
.
6
.
L
CL
B
M
f
un
ct
io
na
lity
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
,
a
n
d
it
is
th
r
ee
-
s
ta
g
e
th
at
ca
n
b
e
n
a
m
ed
as
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
,
d
ata
a
cq
u
is
itio
n
,
a
n
d
a
s
s
is
ta
n
t C
H
-
s
elec
tio
n
.
3
.
6
.
1
.
L
CL
B
M
ba
s
ed
CH
-
s
elec
t
io
n
Step
1
: H
er
e
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
i
d
en
tifie
s
t
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
t d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
b
y
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
n
a
m
ed
as
Θ
,
e,
an
d
.
Step
2
:
O
n
ce
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
h
ar
i
n
g
is
d
o
n
e,
t
h
en
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
co
m
p
u
tes
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
ized
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
an
d
t
h
e
r
e
m
ai
n
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
is
al
s
o
co
m
p
u
ted
.
Step
3
:
On
ce
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
;
f
u
r
th
er
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
co
m
p
u
te
s
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
d
i
s
tan
c
e
−
later
it o
b
tain
s
−
f
r
o
m
(
9
)
.
Step
4
:
F
u
r
th
er
,
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ts
th
e
C
H
-
s
elec
t
io
n
a
n
d
co
n
tai
n
s
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
o
,
I
D,
−
,
o
n
ce
,
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
r
ec
eiv
e
s
th
e
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
it
co
m
p
ar
es
t
h
e
r
atio
co
m
p
u
ted
,
if
th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
at
p
ar
tic
u
lar
n
o
d
e
is
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
an
it
cr
ea
tes
C
H_
aler
t
b
y
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
in
g
i
ts
el
f
a
s
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
n
o
d
e
th
at
h
a
s
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t r
atio
is
s
elec
ted
as t
h
e
clu
s
ter
h
e
ad
.
Step
5
:
Si
m
ilar
l
y
,
cl
u
s
ter
m
e
m
b
er
s
s
elec
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
clu
s
ter
Hea
d
,
th
i
s
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
es
s
ag
e,
w
h
ic
h
is
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ted
b
y
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
,
th
i
s
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
co
n
tai
n
s
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
s
u
c
h
as la
y
er
n
u
m
b
er
,
s
e
n
d
er
I
D,
an
d
en
er
g
y
m
in
i
m
iza
tio
n
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
(
E
MP
)
.
Step
6
:
F
u
r
th
er
A
C
H
i
s
c
h
o
s
e
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
o
r
ti
n
g
o
f
all
th
e
co
m
p
u
ted
r
atio
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
is
ch
o
s
e
n
as
c
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
ig
h
e
s
t is c
h
o
s
en
a
s
th
e
AC
H
.
3
.
7
.
D
a
t
a
-
CP
T
(
c
o
llect
ing
,
p
ro
ce
s
s
ing
a
nd
t
ra
ns
m
i
s
s
io
n)
p
ha
s
e
T
h
is
p
h
ase
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
d
is
ti
n
cti
v
e
p
ar
t
i.e
.
,
in
ter
an
d
i
n
tr
a.
3
.
7
.
1
.
I
nte
r
d
a
t
a
-
CP
T
Step
1
:
On
ce
th
e
clu
s
ter
s
ar
e
f
o
r
m
ed
,
C
H
d
iv
id
es
t
h
e
ti
m
e
s
lo
t
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
clu
s
t
er
m
e
m
b
er
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
it a
llo
ca
tes t
h
e
ti
m
e
to
p
clu
s
ter
m
e
m
b
er
.
Step
2
:
Hen
ce
,
in
th
e
g
i
v
en
s
lo
tted
ti
m
e,
th
e
n
o
d
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
C
P
T
w
h
er
ea
s
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
ar
e
k
ep
t
in
m
o
d
e.
3
.
7
.
2
.
I
ntr
a
d
a
t
a
-
CP
T
Step
1
:
Af
ter
cl
u
s
ter
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
an
d
C
H
h
as
b
ee
n
s
elec
ted
t
h
en
th
e
ar
b
itra
r
y
la
y
er
co
m
p
u
tes
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
th
at
is
g
i
v
en
i
n
(
20
)
.
Step
2
: I
t n
o
tif
ies al
l c
lu
s
ter
h
e
ad
w
h
ich
lie
s
in
t
h
e
n
th
la
y
er
o
f
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
.
Step
3
:
W
h
en
all
t
h
e
C
H
g
ets
th
e
v
alu
e
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
i
s
ca
lcu
la
ted
to
th
e
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
b
alan
cin
g
f
ac
to
r
Θ
is
ac
h
iev
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
.
Step
4
:
On
ce
th
e
c
lu
s
ter
h
ea
d
h
as
f
u
l
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
b
al
an
cin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
,
th
en
it
tr
ies
t
o
estab
lis
h
th
e
o
p
tim
a
l
d
ata
to
n
o
d
es
at
th
e
n
th
la
y
er
,
later
th
e
d
ata
th
at
lie
s
in
an
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
la
y
er
is
r
eg
u
lated
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
∗
.
3
.
8
.
Ass
is
t
a
nt
CH
-
p
ro
t
o
co
l
f
un
ct
io
na
lity
s
t
eps
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
v
er
h
ea
d
an
d
b
alan
ce
u
s
e
A
s
s
is
ta
n
t
C
lu
s
ter
Hea
d
,
th
is
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
tep
s
:
Step
1
:
A
f
ter
ea
ch
r
o
u
n
d
,
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
C
H
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
atio
o
f
a
s
s
is
ta
n
t
C
H;
in
ca
s
e
i
f
t
h
e
r
atio
o
f
p
r
esen
t CH i
s
les
s
th
e
n
it se
n
d
s
a
m
es
s
ag
e.
Step
2
:
I
f
C
H
a
s
s
is
ta
n
t
C
H
d
ec
id
es
to
b
e
C
H,
th
en
it
s
en
d
s
a
m
es
s
ag
e
a
n
d
w
a
its
f
o
r
th
e
a
ck
n
o
w
led
g
m
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
m
e
m
b
er
.
Step
3
: O
n
ce
th
e
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
m
en
t is r
ec
eiv
ed
,
m
e
m
b
er
s
k
e
ep
tr
ac
k
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t t
h
e
n
e
x
t
AC
H
.
Step
4
:
I
f
th
e
r
at
io
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
AC
H
is
lo
w
er
t
h
an
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
c
l
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
t
h
en
th
e
d
i
s
ca
r
d
is
aler
ted
,
an
d
c
lu
s
ter
h
ea
d
co
n
ti
n
u
e
s
to
b
e
C
H.
He
n
ce
,
th
is
s
u
b
m
ec
h
an
is
m
te
n
d
s
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
lo
ad
b
alan
ci
n
g
.
On
ce
th
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
i
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
it e
v
alu
a
tes t
h
e
L
C
L
B
M
-
m
ec
h
an
is
m
i
n
th
e
n
e
x
t sectio
n
.
4.
P
E
RF
O
RM
ANCE E
VA
L
U
AT
I
O
N
W
ir
eless
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
h
a
s
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
i
t
is
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
r
i
s
in
g
d
esp
i
te
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
s
u
c
h
as
s
to
r
ag
e,
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
a
n
g
e,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
is
s
u
e
i
s
it
s
lif
eti
m
e,
a
n
d
t
h
i
s
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
e
to
m
o
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
i
s
s
u
e
ca
n
b
e
tac
k
led
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
b
ala
n
cin
g
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
it
h
elp
s
in
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
ev
alu
ate
P
S
-
L
C
L
B
M
an
d
th
e
e
v
alu
ati
o
n
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
:
4
1
8
3
-
419
3
4190
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
p
ar
a
m
eter
with
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
1
0
-
OS
(
Op
er
atin
g
S
y
s
te
m
)
w
i
th
Qu
ad
-
C
o
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
(
6
4
b
it)
an
d
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
p
ac
k
ed
w
it
h
2
G
B
NVI
DI
A
C
UD
A
an
d
1
6
G
B
o
f
R
A
M.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
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t
u
s
in
g
t
h
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en
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r
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i
m
u
lato
r
[
2
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]
an
d
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p
r
o
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ab
le
1
p
r
esen
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f
u
r
th
er
d
etails ab
o
u
t th
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
ar
a
m
eter
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sim
u
latio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
N
e
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w
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P
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a
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t
w
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.
4
.
1
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1
.
Net
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E
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.
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p
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f
P
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L
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L
B
M;
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n
lo
ad
b
alan
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th
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u
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6
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is
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.
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RE
F
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E
NC
E
S
[1
]
G
.
Be
d
i,
G
.
K.
V
e
n
a
y
a
g
a
m
o
o
rth
y
,
R.
S
in
g
h
,
R.
R.
Bro
o
k
s
a
n
d
K
.
W
a
n
g
,
"
R
e
v
ie
w
o
f
In
tern
e
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o
f
T
h
in
g
s
(Io
T
)
in
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e
c
tri
c
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m
s,"
in
IEE
E
In
ter
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
J
o
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rn
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l
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[2
]
O.
El
ij
a
h
,
T
.
A
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Ra
h
m
a
n
,
I.
Orik
u
m
h
i,
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Y.
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o
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.
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d
i
a
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A
n
Ov
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w
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tern
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in
g
s (Io
T
)
a
n
d
Da
ta
A
n
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l
y
ti
c
s
in
Ag
ricu
lt
u
re
:
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n
e
f
it
s
a
n
d
Ch
a
ll
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g
e
s,"
in
IEE
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In
ter
n
e
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o
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[3
]
H.
Kim
a
n
d
S
.
Ha
n
,
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A
n
Eff
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t
S
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mm
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[4
]
L
.
X
u
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o
ll
ier
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M
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P
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ter
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[5
]
J.
N.
A
l
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ra
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d
A
.
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a
wa
n
m
e
h
,
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s
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irele
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o
rk
s:
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[6
]
Y.
L
iao
,
H.
Qi
a
n
d
W
.
L
i,
"
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o
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m
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iza
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rk
s,"
in
IEE
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[7
]
F
.
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a
n
g
,
S
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W
u
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K.
W
a
n
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a
n
d
X.
Hu
,
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e
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icie
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Us
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rre
latio
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[8
]
S
.
Ku
m
a
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"
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tal
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N,"
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mm
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[9
]
M
.
M
.
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la
m
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M
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Ra
z
z
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e
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mm
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0
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X
.
L
iu
a
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d
P
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
"
Da
ta
Dr
a
in
a
g
e
:
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No
v
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L
o
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d
Ba
lan
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trate
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t
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rk
s,"
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mm
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s L
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1
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.
Hu
a
n
d
G
.
L
i,
"
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a
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lt
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o
lera
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Clu
ste
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T
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h
a
n
ism
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s
s
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Ne
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w
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rk
s,"
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Acc
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[1
2
]
Ku
il
a
,
P
.
a
n
d
Ja
n
a
,
P
.
K.,
“
En
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
icie
n
t
c
lu
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g
a
n
d
ro
u
ti
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g
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
f
o
r
w
irel
e
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s:
p
a
rti
c
le
sw
a
r
m
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p
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m
iz
a
ti
o
n
a
p
p
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c
h
,
”
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
A
p
p
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ica
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n
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o
f
Arti
fi
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[1
3
]
A
z
h
a
ru
d
d
in
,
M
.
a
n
d
Ja
n
a
,
P
.
K
.
,
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b
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in
w
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s,”
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o
ft
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[1
4
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R.
S
.
Y.
El
h
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b
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n
a
n
d
M
.
C.
E.
Ya
g
o
u
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,
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in
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h
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w
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r
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,
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[1
5
]
G
u
p
ta,
S
.
K.
a
n
d
Ja
n
a
,
P
.
K.,
“
En
e
rg
y
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e
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f
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c
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t
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lu
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rin
g
a
n
d
ro
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ti
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g
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lg
o
rit
h
m
s
f
o
r
w
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e
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se
n
so
r
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e
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o
rk
s:
GA
b
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s
Per
so
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mm
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7
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[1
9
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0
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.
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