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I
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8708
I
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C
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p
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,
Vo
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8
,
No
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3
,
J
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201
8
:
1
5
7
7
–
1582
1578
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ices
i
n
cl
u
s
i
v
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
eir
ce
n
tr
al
o
f
f
ice
s
w
itc
h
es
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v
ar
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o
u
s
lo
ca
tio
n
s
a
n
d
en
ter
p
r
is
e
o
f
f
ices.
Fib
er
o
p
tics
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ad
o
p
ted
m
ea
n
s
o
f
tr
an
s
m
it
tin
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
ter
n
et
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
’
s
o
f
f
ice
o
r
B
T
S
to
an
y
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
u
c
h
as
b
an
k
s
,
u
n
i
v
er
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itie
s
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m
all
s
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w
all
s
tr
ee
t
f
ir
m
s
an
d
to
o
th
er
p
r
iv
at
e
o
w
n
ed
f
ir
m
s
w
h
o
n
ee
d
th
eir
s
er
v
ice
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
ese
f
ir
m
s
n
ee
d
s
ec
u
r
ed
,
r
eliab
le
s
y
s
te
m
s
to
tr
a
n
s
f
er
co
m
p
u
ter
an
d
m
o
n
etar
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
b
u
i
ld
in
g
s
,
to
th
e
d
esk
to
p
ter
m
in
a
l
o
r
co
m
p
u
ter
,
an
d
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
.
T
h
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
in
h
er
e
n
t
in
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
is
a
m
aj
o
r
b
en
ef
it
[
6
]
.
C
ab
le
telev
is
io
n
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
an
ten
n
a
tele
v
is
io
n
(
C
A
T
V)
co
m
p
a
n
ies
a
ls
o
f
i
n
d
f
ib
er
u
s
e
f
u
l
f
o
r
v
id
eo
s
er
v
i
ce
s
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
-
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
r
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
o
f
f
ib
er
m
ak
e
s
it
t
h
e
p
er
f
ec
t
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
it
tin
g
s
i
g
n
a
ls
to
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
.
B
u
t
in
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
,
w
e
s
h
all
d
is
c
u
s
s
a
n
d
f
o
c
u
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
m
u
lti
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
w
h
ic
h
is
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
t
y
p
e
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f
f
ib
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it i
s
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n
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s
ed
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n
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h
o
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t
d
is
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ce
co
m
m
u
n
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n
s
u
c
h
as
m
etr
o
f
ib
er
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t [
7
]
.
2.
S
O
M
E
H
I
ST
O
RICA
L
B
AC
K
G
RO
UND
O
N
F
I
B
E
R
O
P
T
I
C
S IN CO
M
M
UNICAT
I
O
N
[
6
]
I
n
1
9
6
6
Kao
&
Ho
ck
h
a
m
s
u
g
g
es
ted
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
,
C
o
r
n
i
n
g
G
lass
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
w
it
h
20
d
B
/k
m
n
ea
r
1
μ
m
w
a
s
in
v
en
ted
in
1
9
7
0
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
b
y
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
laser
w
it
h
C
W
o
p
er
atio
n
at
r
o
o
m
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
al
s
o
in
1
9
7
0
.
I
t
w
as
later
in
1
9
8
0
o
n
w
ar
d
s
w
id
e
s
p
r
ea
d
u
s
e
o
f
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
u
s
i
n
g
SMF
an
d
MM
F
s
tar
ted
w
h
ile
in
1
9
9
0
,
o
p
tical
am
p
li
f
icatio
n
(
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
ep
ea
ter
s
p
ac
in
g
)
w
as
f
ir
s
t
u
s
ed
an
d
later
in
2
0
0
1
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
-
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
(
W
DM
)
f
o
r
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
d
ata
r
ate
w
a
s
u
s
ed
[
8
]
.
Fib
er
o
p
tics
ca
b
le
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
p
lace
o
f
e
lectr
ic
al
ca
b
les
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
l
lo
w
i
n
g
;
E
lectr
ical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
E
MI
,
E
lectr
ical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
lo
w
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
(
4
k
H
Z
–
telep
h
o
n
e
,
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
MH
z
p
er
k
m
–
C
o
ax
ial
ca
b
le)
,
E
lectr
ical
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
k
n
o
w
n
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
at
ten
u
atio
n
(
2
0
Db
/k
m
–
t
y
p
icall
y
)
,
[
9
]
E
lec
tr
ical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
k
n
o
w
n
f
o
r
h
ig
h
co
s
t,
th
is
h
i
g
h
co
s
t
is
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
co
s
t
o
f
to
o
m
a
n
y
r
ep
ea
ter
s
f
o
r
a
g
i
v
e
n
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
/d
ata
r
ate.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
3
2
ch
an
n
e
ls
(
2
.
0
4
8
Mb
p
s
)
P
C
M
lin
k
w
ill
r
eq
u
ir
e
o
n
e
r
ep
ea
ter
ev
er
y
2
k
m
,
E
lectr
ical
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
p
r
o
n
e
to
tap
p
in
g
,
a
n
d
E
lectr
ical
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
ar
e
b
u
l
k
y
in
n
at
u
r
e
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
R
ef
er
en
ce
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
4
]
,
s
tated
th
at
f
ib
er
o
p
tics
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
h
a
v
e
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
ab
o
u
t
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
w
h
ich
h
as
d
ir
ec
tl
y
af
f
ec
ted
th
e
g
r
o
w
th
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
ies d
i
r
ec
tl
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
d
iag
r
a
m
m
atica
l
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
is
t o
f
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
t o
r
s
y
s
te
m
T
ra
ns
m
it
t
er
:
f
ib
er
o
p
tic
co
m
m
u
n
icate
s
i
g
n
al
v
ia
L
E
D
(
lig
h
t c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
)
O
ptic
a
l
f
iber
:
Fib
er
o
p
tic
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
n
a
m
el
y
;
s
in
g
l
e
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
an
d
m
u
lt
i
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
.
T
h
ese
w
ill
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
later
in
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
.
Rec
eiv
er
: it
u
s
e
s
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
to
r
ec
eiv
e
s
ig
n
al.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Diag
r
a
m
m
atica
l Rep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
Op
tical
Fib
er
C
o
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
S
y
s
te
m
[
1
]
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Sta
g
es f
o
r
t
he
des
ig
n o
f
ba
ck
ha
ul lin
k
(
po
int
t
o
po
int)
us
i
ng
f
iber
o
ptic
B
ef
o
r
e
d
esig
n
i
n
g
a
lo
n
g
-
d
is
ta
n
ce
f
ib
er
o
p
tic
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
m
u
s
t b
e
p
u
t in
to
co
n
s
i
d
er
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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T
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t f
r
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to
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o
m
m
is
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3
.
2
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Desig
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m
et
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B
ac
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a
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er
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esi
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n
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et
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ee
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t
w
o
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
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2
.
Fib
er
b
ac
k
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au
l
co
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n
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tio
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4.
DE
S
I
G
N
ANA
L
YS
E
S
T
h
e
d
iag
r
am
ab
o
v
e
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
at
ic
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
a
f
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er
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ac
k
h
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l
lin
k
b
e
t
w
ee
n
t
w
o
lo
ca
tio
n
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
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e
B
T
S
an
d
th
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n
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d
as
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n
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icate
d
in
th
e
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g
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a
m
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a
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ase
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ce
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n
d
t
h
e
B
T
S
is
to
d
r
o
p
s
o
m
e
f
ib
er
co
r
es
at
ea
ch
h
an
d
h
o
le
s
o
as
to
cr
ea
te
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
clien
ts
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
ar
ea
,
th
is
s
av
e
co
s
t
f
o
r
th
e
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
m
p
a
n
y
an
d
t
h
e
clie
n
t
s
s
in
ce
t
h
e
f
ib
er
ca
n
b
e
ta
k
en
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
ea
r
e
s
t
h
an
d
h
o
le
to
t
h
e
clien
t i
n
s
tead
o
f
g
o
in
g
a
lo
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
B
T
S.
Sin
g
le
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
an
d
m
u
lt
i
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
o
f
len
g
th
5
0
0
0
m
w
a
s
u
s
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
ase
s
ta
tio
n
to
th
e
clie
n
t
en
d
,
th
e
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
w
as
c
o
llected
at
i
n
ter
v
al
o
f
1
0
0
,
2
0
0
,
3
0
0
,
4
0
0
,
5
0
0
,
6
0
0
,
7
0
0
,
8
0
0
,
9
0
0
,
1
0
0
0
all
in
m
eter
s
.
A
t
3
0
0
m
eter
s
w
h
e
n
th
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
w
as
n
o
ticed
to
s
tar
t
r
ed
u
cin
g
,
an
o
p
tical
am
p
lifie
r
w
a
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
an
d
at
7
0
0
m
eter
s
a
n
o
th
er
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
am
p
li
f
ier
w
a
s
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
B
an
d
w
id
th
o
f
5
0
,
1
0
0
,
1
5
0
,
2
0
0
,
2
5
0
,
3
0
0
,
3
5
0
,
4
0
0
an
d
5
0
0
all
in
m
e
g
a
b
it p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
w
as tr
a
n
s
m
itted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
B
T
S a
n
d
s
ig
n
a
l
s
tr
en
g
th
w
as r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
ea
ch
d
is
t
an
ce
,
s
ee
T
ab
le
1
an
d
T
ab
l
e
2
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
d
ata
p
r
esen
tati
o
n
.
4
.
1
.
Net
w
o
rk
r
o
o
m
T
h
e
d
iag
r
a
m
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
o
o
m
d
ia
g
r
a
m
o
f
a
p
ar
tic
u
lar
clie
n
t,
t
h
e
d
iag
r
a
m
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
c
h
e
m
at
ic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
in
ter
n
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
clie
n
t.
T
h
e
s
y
m
b
o
ls
r
ep
r
esen
ted
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
;
a.
6
:
T
h
is
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
r
o
u
ter
at
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
li
n
k
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
i
n
ter
n
et
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
er
,
th
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
t
h
e
V
L
A
N
S
an
d
t
h
e
I
P
ad
d
r
ess
ar
e
all
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
an
d
a
s
s
i
g
n
to
th
e
clie
n
t
f
o
r
in
ter
n
e
t a
cc
ess
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
5
7
7
–
1582
1580
b.
1
:
T
h
is
is
t
h
e
r
o
u
ter
a
t
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
o
o
m
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
in
ter
n
et
co
m
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
B
T
S
is
ter
m
i
n
ated
,
th
is
r
o
u
ter
also
ca
r
r
ies s
a
m
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
o
n
e
at
t
h
e
B
T
S.
c.
2
:
T
h
is
is
th
e
cisco
s
w
itc
h
wh
er
e
th
e
in
ter
n
et
f
r
o
m
r
o
u
ter
2
is
b
ee
n
r
e
-
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
f
f
ice
s
a
s
r
eq
u
es
ted
b
y
t
h
e
c
l
ien
t.
An
d
ea
c
h
p
o
r
t
o
n
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
o
n
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
V
L
ANs
a
n
d
th
ese
V
L
ANs a
r
e
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
I
P
a
d
d
r
ess
es a
s
ass
i
g
n
ed
to
ea
ch
o
f
f
ice
in
t
h
e
r
o
u
ter
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
d.
3
:
T
h
is
is
t
h
e
E
t
h
er
n
et
p
atch
p
an
el;
t
h
is
is
to
m
a
k
e
a
p
r
o
p
e
r
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
UT
P
ca
b
lin
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
in
s
ta
llatio
n
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
it a
ls
o
m
a
k
e
tr
o
u
b
les
h
o
o
tin
g
ea
s
y
w
h
en
e
v
er
th
er
e
i
s
f
a
u
lt.
e.
4
:
T
h
is
is
th
e
m
ed
ia
co
n
v
er
t
er
ch
ass
is
w
h
er
e
th
e
f
ib
er
o
p
tic
co
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
B
T
S
is
b
ee
n
ter
m
in
a
ted
b
ef
o
r
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
it
to
r
o
u
ter
1
at
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
o
o
m
.
T
h
is
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
is
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
b
ec
au
s
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
b
ein
g
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
lig
h
t
w
h
ic
h
n
ee
d
to
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
to
in
ter
n
et.
f.
5
:
Fib
er
p
atch
p
an
el;
Fib
er
o
p
tic
ca
b
le
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
o
f
f
ice
ar
e
b
ee
n
s
p
liced
at
th
is
p
o
in
t
an
d
lin
k
ed
w
it
h
p
atch
co
r
d
to
th
e
m
ed
ia
co
n
v
e
r
ter
ch
ass
i
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
in
ter
n
e
t to
th
e
clie
n
t
’
s
o
f
f
ice.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Diag
r
a
m
m
atic
r
ep
r
es
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
t
y
p
ical
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
o
o
m
4
.
2
.
Da
t
a
p
re
s
ent
a
t
io
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Data
w
i
th
o
u
t O
p
tical
Am
p
li
f
ier
in
M
u
lti
m
o
d
e
Fib
er
S
/
N
D
I
S
(
m)
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
T
X
(
M
b
p
s)
a
t
t
h
e
B
T
S
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
R
X
f
o
r
S
i
n
g
l
e
M
o
d
e
F
i
b
e
r
(
M
b
p
s)
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
R
X
f
o
r
M
u
l
t
i
mo
d
e
F
i
b
e
r
(
M
b
p
s)
1
1
0
0
50
4
9
.
3
4
9
.
2
2
2
0
0
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0
0
9
9
.
8
9
9
.
6
3
3
0
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5
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4
9
.
9
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4
9
.
5
4
4
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9
9
.
7
1
8
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5
5
0
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5
0
2
4
9
.
6
2
2
0
.
9
6
6
0
0
3
0
0
2
9
9
.
5
2
6
0
.
0
7
7
0
0
3
5
0
3
4
9
.
9
3
0
0
.
8
8
8
0
0
4
0
0
3
9
9
.
1
3
1
0
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6
9
9
0
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5
0
4
4
9
.
8
3
9
9
.
7
10
1
0
0
0
5
0
0
4
9
9
.
9
3
8
0
.
9
T
ab
le
2
.
Data
w
i
th
Op
tical
Am
p
li
f
ier
in
M
u
lti
m
o
d
e
Fib
er
S
/
N
D
I
S
(
m)
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
T
X
(
M
b
p
s)
a
t
t
h
e
B
T
S
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
R
X
f
o
r
S
i
n
g
l
e
M
o
d
e
F
i
b
e
r
(
M
b
p
s)
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
R
X
f
o
r
M
u
l
t
i
mo
d
e
F
i
b
e
r
(
M
b
p
s)
1
1
0
0
50
4
9
.
3
4
9
.
6
2
2
0
0
1
0
0
9
9
.
8
9
9
.
8
3
3
0
0
1
5
0
1
4
9
.
9
1
4
9
.
8
4
4
0
0
2
0
0
1
9
9
.
7
1
9
7
5
5
0
0
2
5
0
2
4
9
.
6
2
4
9
.
9
6
6
0
0
3
0
0
2
9
9
.
5
2
9
9
.
6
7
7
0
0
3
5
0
3
4
9
.
9
3
4
9
.
9
8
8
0
0
4
0
0
3
9
9
.
1
3
9
8
.
9
9
9
0
0
4
5
0
4
4
9
.
8
4
4
9
.
5
10
1
0
0
0
5
0
0
4
9
9
.
9
4
9
9
.
8
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
E
xp
erimen
ta
l A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f Ca
b
le
Dis
ta
n
ce
E
ffect
o
n
S
ig
n
a
l A
t
ten
u
a
tio
n
i
n
S
in
g
le
…
(
Uza
ir
u
e
S
ta
n
ley
I
d
ia
ke
)
1581
5.
G
RAP
H
I
CAL R
E
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
AT
I
O
NS O
F
T
H
E
DAT
A
CO
L
L
E
C
T
E
D
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
W
ith
o
u
t O
p
tical
Am
p
lif
ier
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
W
ith
Op
tical
Am
p
li
f
ier
6.
RE
SU
L
T
DIS
C
USS
I
O
NS
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
ca
n
b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
t
w
o
ca
s
e
s
,
w
it
h
o
p
tical
a
m
p
lif
ier
in
-
b
et
w
ee
n
m
u
lti
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
an
d
w
it
h
o
u
t o
p
tical
a
m
p
li
f
ier
in
-
b
e
t
w
ee
n
m
u
l
ti
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
.
Ca
s
e
o
ne
w
it
ho
ut
o
ptic
a
l
a
m
p
lifie
r:
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
1
an
d
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
,
i
t
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
b
a
n
d
w
id
t
h
tr
an
s
m
itted
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
is
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
d
r
a
m
a
ticall
y
f
r
o
m
d
i
s
ta
n
ce
4
0
0
m
eter
s
to
1
0
0
0
m
eter
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
b
ase
s
ta
tio
n
w
h
i
l
e
th
er
e
w
as
n
o
s
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g
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i
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ica
n
t
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r
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s
e
b
et
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n
1
0
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eter
s
t
o
3
0
0
m
e
ter
s
f
r
o
m
tr
an
s
m
i
tti
n
g
b
ase
s
tat
io
n
w
h
en
u
s
i
n
g
m
u
lti
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
o
p
tic
ca
b
le.
B
u
t
r
ev
er
s
e
w
a
s
t
h
e
ca
s
e
w
h
en
u
s
in
g
s
i
n
g
le
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
o
p
tic
ca
b
le,
it
w
a
s
n
o
ticed
t
h
at
th
er
e
w
a
s
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
b
an
d
w
i
d
th
r
ec
eiv
ed
at
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
tan
ce
s
u
n
li
k
e
w
h
e
n
u
s
i
n
g
m
u
lti
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
.
Ca
s
e
t
w
o
w
it
h
o
ptic
a
l
a
m
pli
f
ier:
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
2
an
d
F
ig
u
r
e
5
,
it
w
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
er
e
w
er
e
n
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
ch
an
g
es
i
n
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
th
w
h
en
u
s
i
n
g
eith
er
s
i
n
g
le
m
o
d
e
o
r
m
u
lti
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
at
all
d
is
tan
c
es.
T
h
is
w
as
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
esen
t o
f
o
p
tical
a
m
p
li
f
ie
r
in
s
talled
i
n
-
b
et
w
ee
n
m
u
lti
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
to
b
o
o
s
t th
e
s
ig
n
al.
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
NS
T
h
is
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
m
u
lt
i
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
f
ad
e
w
it
h
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
d
is
tan
ce
a
n
d
as
s
u
c
h
n
o
t
s
u
itab
l
e
f
o
r
lo
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
t
h
at
i
s
ab
o
v
e
3
0
0
m
eter
s
lo
n
g
an
d
i
f
it
m
u
s
t
b
e
u
s
e
i
n
lo
n
g
d
is
ta
n
ce
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
p
tical
a
m
p
li
f
ier
m
u
s
t
b
e
i
n
s
t
all
at
e
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er
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ter
v
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er
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o
p
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ad
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/atte
n
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at
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b
u
t
s
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le
m
o
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e
f
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er
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s
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itab
le
f
o
r
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o
th
lo
n
g
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d
s
h
o
r
t d
is
tan
ce
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A.
N
e
sp
o
la,
e
t
a
l.
,
Hig
h
-
S
p
e
e
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
Ov
e
r
P
o
ly
m
e
r
O
p
ti
c
a
l
F
ib
e
rs
f
o
r
In
-
Bu
il
d
i
n
g
Ca
b
li
n
g
a
n
d
H
o
m
e
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
,
IEE
E
Ph
o
t
o
n
ics
J
o
u
rn
a
l
, v
o
l.
2
,
n
o.
3
,
p
p
.
3
4
7
-
3
5
8
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
0
.
[2
]
P.
P
o
li
sh
u
k
,
“
P
las
ti
c
Op
ti
c
a
l
F
ib
e
rs Bran
c
h
Ou
t”,
I
EE
E
C
o
mm
n
.
M
a
g
.
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
0
6
,
p
p
.
1
4
0
-
1
4
8
.
[3
]
No
b
e
l
L
e
c
tu
re
,
2
0
0
9
,
CK Ka
o
,
“
T
ra
n
sm
issio
n
o
f
L
ig
h
t
in
F
ib
e
r
f
o
r
Op
ti
c
a
l
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
”
.
[4
]
G
e
rd
Ke
ise
r,
Op
ti
c
a
l
Fi
b
e
r Co
m
mu
n
ica
t
io
n
s
,
4
t
h
e
d
.
,
M
c
G
ra
w
-
Hill
,
2
0
0
8
:
C
h
a
p
ter
1
0
.
[5
]
Da
n
iel
Cá
rd
e
n
a
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
M
e
d
ia
Co
n
v
e
rter
P
ro
t
o
ty
p
e
f
o
r
1
0
-
M
b
/s
Et
h
e
rn
e
t
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
Ov
e
r
4
2
5
m
o
f
Larg
e
-
Co
re
S
tep
-
I
n
d
e
x
P
o
ly
m
e
r
Op
ti
c
a
l
F
ib
e
r
”
,
J
.
L
ig
h
tw.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l.
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
9
2
3
-
4
9
5
1
,
De
c
.
2
0
0
6
.
[6
]
Je
ff
H
e
c
h
t,
“
Un
d
e
rs
ta
n
d
i
n
g
Fi
b
e
r Op
ti
c
s
”
,
5
th
Ed
it
io
n
,
P
re
n
ti
c
e
Ha
ll
,
2
0
0
6
[7
]
Jo
se
p
h
C.
P
a
lais,
“
F
ib
e
r Op
ti
c
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
”
,
5
t
h
E
d
it
io
n
,
P
re
n
ti
c
e
Ha
ll
,
2
0
0
5
[8
]
Bo
g
y
u
m
KIM
,
W
o
n
h
y
u
n
g
L
EE
a
n
d
Jin
w
o
o
HA
N,
“
Ou
tsid
e
Pl
a
n
t
Arc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
o
f
Fi
b
e
r
-
b
a
se
d
A
c
c
e
ss
Ne
two
rk
”
,
Dig
e
st o
f
th
e
9
th
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
o
p
ti
c
a
l
In
tern
e
t
(COIN
2
0
1
0
).
[9
]
Ha
d
a
a
te
Ullah
,
Ri
d
o
a
n
u
r
Ra
h
a
m
a
n
,
S
h
a
h
i
n
M
a
h
m
u
d
,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
P
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
Ca
d
m
iu
m
Ox
id
e
(Cd
O)
T
h
in
F
il
m
s
”
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
8
1
-
84
.
[1
0
]
D.
K.
S
a
m
b
a
ri
y
a
,
S
e
e
m
a
S
h
ra
n
g
i,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
De
sig
n
o
f
P
ID
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
f
o
r
L
o
a
d
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Co
n
tro
l
u
sin
g
Ha
rm
o
n
y
S
e
a
rc
h
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
”
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
9
-
32
.
[1
1
]
Da
rif
A
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
IR
-
UW
B:
A
n
U
lt
ra
L
o
w
P
o
w
e
r
Co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
W
irele
ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ie
f
o
r
W
S
N”
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
.
2
0
1
4
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
5
6
9
9
-
5
7
0
8
.
[1
2
]
F
ra
n
c
is
Id
a
c
h
a
b
a
,
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t
al
.
,
“
F
u
t
u
re
T
re
n
d
s
in
F
i
b
e
r
Op
ti
c
s
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
”
,
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
W
o
rld
Co
n
g
re
ss
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
2
0
1
4
,
v
o
l.
1
,
W
CE
2
0
1
4
,
Ju
ly
2
-
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
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n
t J
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&
C
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3
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J
u
n
e
201
8
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–
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1582
[1
3
]
Ns
ik
a
n
Nk
o
rd
e
h
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
T
h
e
Ni
g
e
rian
Tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
In
d
u
s
try
:
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
th
e
F
irst
F
if
tee
n
Ye
a
rs
o
f
th
e
G
ro
w
th
s
a
n
d
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
in
th
e
G
S
M
M
a
rk
e
t
(2
0
0
1
–
2
0
1
6
)
”
,
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
W
o
rl
d
C
o
n
g
re
ss
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ie
n
c
e
2
0
1
7
,
v
o
l.
1
,
W
CECS
2
0
1
7
,
Oc
t
o
b
e
r
2
5
-
2
7
,
2
0
1
7
[1
4
]
Ch
u
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Bit
-
e
rro
r
-
ra
te
O
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
f
o
r
CDMA
Ultra
-
wid
e
b
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
Us
in
g
Ge
n
e
ra
li
z
e
d
G
a
u
ss
ian
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
E
CE)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
2
6
6
1
-
2
6
7
3
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
Y
O
F
AUTHO
R
Uz
a
ir
u
e
S
t
a
n
l
e
y
is
a
P
h
D
stu
d
e
n
t,
lec
tu
re
r
a
n
d
a
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
in
th
e
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
e
le
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Co
v
e
n
a
n
t
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Nig
e
ri
a
.
He
is
a
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
x
p
e
rt
w
h
o
h
a
s
4
y
e
a
rs
o
f
in
d
u
strial
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
a
s
a
tele
c
o
m
e
n
g
in
e
e
r.
He
is
a
re
g
istere
d
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
b
y
C
ORE
N,
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
Nig
e
ria
S
o
c
iet
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs,
M
a
tse
rs
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
e
lec
tro
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
f
in
a
ll
y
Ex
e
c
u
tv
e
m
a
ste
r
s
in
p
ro
jec
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
f
ro
m
Cu
p
e
Bu
sin
e
ss
S
c
h
o
o
l
,
UK
.
His
re
s
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
is
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
u
n
d
e
rwa
ter
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
f
ib
e
r
o
p
ti
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
d
e
sig
n
(f
ib
e
r
o
p
ti
c
),
Bio
m
e
d
ica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
e
tc
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.