I
n
t
e
r
n
at
ion
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
E
lec
t
r
ical
an
d
Com
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
gin
e
e
r
in
g
(
I
JE
CE
)
Vol.
11
,
No.
3
,
J
une
2021
,
pp.
2165~2177
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/
ij
e
c
e
.
v11
i
3
.
pp2
165
-
2177
2165
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
ij
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Facu
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ra
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R
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Apr
29,
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p
13
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1
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1
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med
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u
m
acces
s
co
n
t
r
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ec
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l
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es
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Fu
rt
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a
co
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s
mart
p
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m
p
l
eme
n
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fo
r
effi
ci
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n
t
man
ag
eme
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t
.
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reo
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er,
w
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s
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h
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o
w
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ad
s
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eed
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areas
o
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v
a
ri
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s
t
i
me
s
p
an
s
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
luetooth
I
nter
ne
t
of
ve
hicle
s
S
e
ns
or
s
S
hor
t
-
r
a
nge
c
omm
unica
ti
on
Wi
-
F
i
c
onne
c
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
Na
s
e
r
Z
a
e
r
i
F
a
c
ult
y
of
C
omput
e
r
S
tudi
e
s
Ar
a
b
Ope
n
Unive
r
s
it
y,
P
.
O
.
B
ox
830
Ar
diya
,
9240
0,
Kuw
a
it
E
mail:
n
.
z
a
e
r
i@ao
u.
e
du.
kw
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
R
e
c
e
ntl
y,
the
int
e
r
ne
t
o
f
ve
hicle
s
(
I
oV)
ha
s
a
tt
r
a
c
ted
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
a
nd
e
nginee
r
s
in
the
ve
hicle
indus
tr
y
a
nd
manu
f
a
c
tur
ing.
I
t
is
a
im
e
d
to
be
a
n
im
por
tant
c
omponent
o
f
the
f
o
r
thcoming
in
telli
ge
nt
tr
a
ns
por
tation
s
ys
tem
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
that
f
a
c
il
it
a
tes
s
e
ve
r
a
l
f
unc
ti
ons
e
xpe
c
ted
to
take
plac
e
by
the
dr
iver
in
s
uc
h
a
manne
r
that
it
e
xtends
the
dr
iver
’
s
a
bil
it
y
to
us
e
on
-
boa
r
d
de
vice
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
r
a
da
r
or
s
e
ns
or
s
)
a
nd,
thus
,
im
pr
ove
r
oa
d
t
r
a
f
f
ic
s
a
f
e
ty
a
nd
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
[
1]
.
Ve
hicle
tele
met
r
y
a
nd
metr
ic
da
ta
c
a
n
inclu
de
thos
e
c
onc
e
r
ning
or
f
r
om
the
global
pos
it
ioni
ng
s
ys
tem
(
GPS
)
,
ve
hicle
ope
r
a
ti
ons
,
e
ngine
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
nd
the
e
ngine
c
ontr
ol
s
ys
tem.
T
he
e
ngine
c
ontr
ol
s
ys
tem
in
pa
r
ti
c
ular
c
a
n
e
xhibi
t
the
a
bil
it
y
t
o
diagnos
e
,
r
e
c
or
d,
moni
tor
,
c
ontr
ol
a
nd
or
opti
mi
s
e
e
ngine
pe
r
f
or
man
c
e
[
2]
.
Ac
tually,
the
I
oV
e
nc
ompas
s
e
s
two
main
tec
h
nology
dir
e
c
ti
ons
[
3
]
,
ve
hicle
s
’
ne
twor
k
ing
a
nd
ve
hicle
s
’
int
e
ll
igenc
e
.
Ve
hicle
ne
twor
king
is
a
ter
m
us
e
d
to
de
f
ine
a
c
onne
c
ted
ve
hicle
int
e
r
c
ha
nging
e
lec
tr
onic
da
ta
a
nd
p
r
ovidi
ng
s
uc
h
in
f
or
mation
s
e
r
vice
s
a
s
loca
ti
on
-
ba
s
e
d
inf
or
mation
s
e
r
vice
s
,
r
e
mot
e
diagnos
ti
c
s
,
on
-
de
mand
na
vigation
a
nd
a
udiovi
s
ua
l
e
nter
tainment
c
ontent.
On
the
other
ha
nd,
ve
hicle
s
’
int
e
ll
igenc
e
s
e
e
ks
to
in
tegr
a
te
the
d
r
iver
’
s
tec
hnologi
c
a
l
s
kil
ls
a
nd
the
ve
hicle
’
s
c
a
pa
bil
it
ies
togethe
r
a
s
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
11
,
No.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
2165
-
2177
2166
s
ingl
e
unit
.
T
his
is
a
c
c
ompl
is
he
d
by
p
r
opos
ing
a
dva
nc
e
d
c
onc
e
pts
s
uc
h
a
s
de
e
p
lea
r
ning,
a
nd
c
ognit
ive
c
omput
ing.
I
n
other
wor
ds
,
I
oV
is
a
n
ope
n
a
nd
int
e
gr
a
ted
ne
twor
k
s
ys
tem
with
hig
h
mana
ge
a
bil
it
y,
c
ontr
oll
a
bil
it
y
a
nd
ope
r
a
ti
ona
li
s
a
ti
on
that
c
a
n
invo
lve
mul
ti
ple
us
e
r
s
,
mul
ti
ple
ve
hicle
s
,
mul
ti
ple
c
o
mponents
a
nd
mul
ti
ple
ne
twor
ks
[
4]
.
I
n
thi
s
wor
k
,
we
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
c
ombi
ne
d
ha
r
dwa
r
e
a
n
d
s
of
twa
r
e
tes
tbed
that
is
c
a
pa
ble
of
c
ont
r
oll
ing
a
v
e
hicle
’
s
s
tar
t
-
up,
windows
c
ontr
ol
a
nd
door
s
e
c
ur
it
y
lock
c
a
pa
c
it
ies
a
nd
s
e
ve
r
a
l
r
e
late
d
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ti
e
s
c
ove
r
ing
va
r
ious
ve
hicle
metr
ic
da
ta.
T
he
tes
tb
e
d
is
bu
il
t
f
r
o
m
two
mi
c
r
oc
ontr
oll
e
r
s
,
A
r
duino
[
5
]
a
nd
R
a
s
pbe
r
r
y
P
i
3
[
6]
,
e
a
c
h
of
whic
h
c
ontr
o
ls
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
f
unc
ti
ons
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
ove
r
a
ll
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
ve
hicle
'
s
ys
tem.
M
e
a
nwhile,
both
the
c
ontr
ol
ler
s
a
nd
the
a
s
s
oc
iate
d
f
unc
ti
ons
a
r
e
c
ontr
oll
e
d
a
nd
dr
i
ve
n
by
a
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem
us
ing
two
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
tec
hnologi
e
s
:
W
i
-
F
i
[
7]
a
nd
B
luetooth
[
8]
.
F
ur
ther
,
the
pr
opos
e
d
tes
tbed
is
e
quipped
with
a
c
omput
e
r
-
c
ontr
oll
e
d
c
e
ntr
e
c
ons
ole,
a
ll
owing
it
to
wa
r
n
of
ha
z
a
r
ds
in
r
oa
d
tr
a
f
f
ic
a
nd
e
na
ble
the
d
r
iver
to
be
tt
e
r
mana
ge
s
e
ve
r
a
l
int
e
r
-
ve
hicle
f
unc
ti
ons
r
a
nging
f
r
o
m
mus
ic
to
na
vigation
a
nd
c
li
mate
s
ys
tems
us
ing
a
s
mar
tphon
e
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
we
he
r
e
in
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
de
tailed
s
tudy
of
the
W
i
-
F
i
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
a
nd
c
onne
c
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
tem.
T
his
inves
ti
ga
ti
on
c
ove
r
s
the
s
ys
tem’
s
de
ploym
e
nt
in
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ge
ogr
a
phica
l
a
r
e
a
s
ove
r
va
r
ious
ti
me
s
pa
ns
,
whe
r
e
we
mea
s
ur
e
va
r
ious
i
mpor
tant
f
a
c
tor
s
a
nd
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
that
a
r
e
vit
a
l
to
a
c
c
u
r
a
tely
a
s
s
e
s
s
ing
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
s
uc
h
a
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem.
T
he
s
e
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
includ
e
the
c
ove
r
a
ge
dis
tanc
e
,
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
,
downloa
d
s
pe
e
d,
a
nd
late
nc
y.
T
he
r
e
s
t
o
f
thi
s
pa
pe
r
is
or
ga
nis
e
d
a
s
f
oll
ows
.
R
e
la
te
d
wor
k
is
b
r
ief
ly
dis
c
us
s
e
d
in
s
e
c
ti
on
2.
S
e
c
ti
on
3
c
ove
r
s
the
wir
e
les
s
medium
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
ontr
ol
tec
hn
ologi
e
s
.
S
e
c
ti
on
4
dis
c
us
s
e
s
the
e
volut
ion
of
W
i
-
F
i
a
nd
it
s
e
f
f
e
c
ts
on
the
I
oV.
T
he
p
r
opos
e
d
s
ys
tem
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
is
pr
ovided
in
s
e
c
ti
on
5
.
T
he
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntal
r
e
s
ult
s
a
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
a
nd
dis
c
us
s
e
d
in
s
e
c
ti
on
6.
F
inally,
the
p
a
pe
r
is
br
ought
to
a
c
onc
lus
ion
in
s
e
c
ti
on
7.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WORK
S
ha
okun
e
t
a
l.
[
9
]
s
tudi
e
d
the
AR
M
9
-
s
tr
uc
tur
e
d
pr
oc
e
s
s
or
a
nd
e
mbedde
d
L
inux
s
ys
tem
a
s
mea
ns
to
dr
ive
im
pr
ove
ments
in
the
ve
r
s
a
ti
li
ty
a
nd
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
a
wi
r
e
les
s
r
e
mot
e
-
c
ontr
ol
c
a
r
.
T
h
e
s
ys
tem
c
oll
e
c
ted
da
ta
us
ing
s
e
ns
or
s
a
nd
tr
a
n
s
mi
tt
e
d
them
to
a
P
C
c
ons
ole
a
nd
the
a
uthor
s
de
mon
s
tr
a
te
d
that
the
s
ys
tem
c
a
n
a
c
c
ompl
is
h
mul
t
ipl
e
tas
k
s
unde
r
s
a
f
e
gua
r
ds
in
a
ti
mely
f
a
s
hion.
L
iu
e
t
al.
[
10]
p
r
opos
e
d
a
dopti
ng
ve
hicle
c
omm
unica
ti
on
methods
to
im
pr
ove
s
a
f
e
t
y
by
wa
y
o
f
wir
e
les
s
da
ta
e
xc
ha
nge
.
T
he
c
omm
u
nica
ti
on
s
tr
uc
tur
e
is
ba
s
e
d
on
a
mes
s
a
ge
be
ing
s
e
nt
that
c
a
n
be
de
r
ived
us
ing
non
–
ve
hicle
-
ba
s
e
d
tec
hnologi
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
GPS
to
identi
f
y
the
loca
ti
on
a
nd
s
pe
e
d
of
a
ve
hic
le
or
by
e
mpl
oying
ve
hicle
-
ba
s
e
d
s
e
ns
or
da
ta
whe
r
e
in
the
loca
ti
on
a
nd
s
pe
e
d
da
ta
a
r
e
de
r
ived
f
r
om
the
ve
hicle
’
s
c
omput
e
r
a
nd
c
ombi
ne
d
with
other
da
ta
s
uc
h
a
s
latit
ude
,
long
it
ude
or
a
ngle
to
pr
oduc
e
a
r
iche
r
,
mor
e
de
tailed
s
it
ua
ti
ona
l
a
wa
r
e
ne
s
s
of
the
pos
it
i
oning
of
other
ve
hicle
s
.
T
o
e
nha
nc
e
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
ve
hicle
c
omm
unica
ti
on,
a
ne
w
va
r
iation
of
wi
r
e
les
s
a
c
c
e
s
s
in
the
ve
hicula
r
e
nvir
onment
ha
s
be
e
n
de
ve
loped
[
1
1]
that
is
c
a
pa
ble
of
s
uppor
ti
ng
a
r
a
nge
o
f
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
a
nd
s
e
r
vice
s
be
longi
ng
to
int
e
ll
igent
tr
a
ns
por
tation
s
y
s
tems
.
Z
he
ng
e
t
al.
[
12]
us
e
d
long
-
r
a
nge
W
i
-
F
i
that
c
a
n
pr
ovide
im
pr
ove
d
r
a
dio
c
ove
r
a
ge
of
up
to
mor
e
th
a
n
1
km
a
s
c
ompar
e
d
with
other
r
e
late
d
opti
ons
.
F
a
ngc
hun
e
t
al.
[
3]
dis
c
us
s
e
d
the
mobi
li
ty
c
ons
tr
a
int
s
r
e
lat
e
d
to
ve
hicula
r
ne
twor
ks
,
whe
r
e
the
number
of
c
onne
c
ted
ve
hicle
s
is
a
major
is
s
ue
in
thi
s
r
e
ga
r
d.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
of
lar
ge
c
it
ies
,
s
uc
h
a
s
tr
a
f
f
ic
jams
,
tall
buil
dings
,
poor
be
ha
viour
by
d
r
ive
r
s
a
nd
c
ompl
e
x
r
oa
d
ne
twor
ks
,
f
ur
ther
c
ompl
ica
te
thi
s
matter
.
Al
s
o,
Yua
n
e
t
al.
[
13]
e
va
luate
d
the
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
the
I
E
E
E
802.
11
medium
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
ontr
ol
(
M
AC
)
pr
otocol
a
ppli
e
d
to
ve
hicle
s
a
f
e
ty
c
omm
unica
ti
ons
in
a
typi
c
a
l
highwa
y
e
nvir
onment.
L
win
e
t
al
.
[
14]
dis
c
us
s
e
d
s
ignal
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
f
r
o
m
a
n
I
E
E
E
802
.
11n
a
c
c
e
s
s
point
be
ing
nonun
if
or
m
in
the
c
ir
c
umf
e
r
e
nti
a
l
a
nd
he
ight
di
r
e
c
ti
ons
due
to
the
mul
ti
ple
input
-
mul
ti
ple
o
utput
(
M
I
M
O)
s
ys
tem
of
a
ntenna
s
.
As
pe
r
their
d
is
c
us
s
ion,
the
da
ta
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
s
pe
e
d
be
twe
e
n
the
a
c
c
e
s
s
point
a
nd
a
hos
t
c
ould
be
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
a
f
f
e
c
ted
a
s
a
r
e
s
ult
of
thi
s
a
nd,
to
s
olve
thi
s
pr
oblem,
thes
e
a
uthor
s
pr
opos
e
d
a
mi
nim
a
x
a
ppr
oa
c
h
f
or
opti
m
izing
the
s
e
tup
c
ondit
ion
in
ter
ms
of
the
a
ngles
a
nd
the
he
ight
in
a
n
indoo
r
e
nvi
r
onment
us
ing
thr
oughput
mea
s
ur
e
ments
.
E
ls
e
whe
r
e
,
R
a
z
a
e
t
al.
[
15]
pr
opos
e
d
a
ne
w
ope
n
-
ha
r
dwa
r
e
plat
f
or
m
f
or
B
luetooth
low
e
ne
r
gy
to
be
incor
por
a
ted
int
o
int
e
r
ne
t
of
thi
ngs
(
I
oT
)
s
ys
tems
,
while
Xu
e
t
al
.
[
16]
d
e
s
c
r
ibed
a
n
im
pr
ove
d
W
i
-
F
i
method
to
r
e
plac
e
GPS
b
e
ha
vio
ur
f
o
r
the
indoor
e
nvir
onment
,
us
ing
a
r
a
w
-
da
ta
s
moot
hing
tec
hnique
with
a
n
e
ns
e
mbl
e
c
las
s
if
ica
ti
on
ne
ur
a
l
ne
twor
k
method
to
de
a
l
with
nois
y
W
i
-
F
i
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth.
3.
WI
RE
L
E
S
S
M
E
DI
UM
AC
CE
S
S
CONT
ROL
T
E
CHNOL
OG
I
E
S
C
ur
r
e
ntl
y,
the
r
e
a
r
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
to
de
ve
lopi
ng
wir
e
les
s
M
AC
(
the
laye
r
that
c
ont
r
ols
the
ha
r
dwa
r
e
r
e
s
pons
ibl
e
f
or
int
e
r
a
c
ti
on
with
the
med
ia)
f
or
int
e
r
-
ve
hicle
c
omm
unica
ti
on
that
dif
f
e
r
in
ter
ms
of
the
a
dopted
r
a
dio
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
.
I
n
thi
s
s
e
c
ti
on,
we
b
r
ief
ly
outl
ine
the
main
M
AC
tec
hnologi
e
s
a
nd
their
p
otential.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
A
he
ter
oge
ne
ous
s
hor
t
-
r
ange
c
omm
unication
plat
for
m
for
int
e
r
ne
t
of
v
e
hicle
s
(
N
as
e
r
Z
ae
r
i
)
2167
3.
1.
B
lu
e
t
oot
h
B
luetooth
is
a
s
hor
t
-
r
a
nge
wi
r
e
les
s
tec
hnology
ba
s
e
d
on
the
I
E
E
E
802
.
15.
1
s
tanda
r
d
ope
r
a
ti
ng
in
the
indus
tr
ial,
s
c
ientif
ic
a
nd
medic
a
l
(
I
S
M
)
f
r
e
que
nc
y
ba
nd
(
2
.
4
GH
z
)
.
I
t
a
ll
ows
f
or
the
c
omm
unica
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
por
table
de
vice
s
a
t
a
da
ta
r
a
te
of
up
to
3
M
bps
a
nd
is
highl
y
c
omm
e
r
c
ialis
e
d
f
or
c
ons
umer
e
lec
tr
on
ics
us
ing
a
s
pr
e
a
d
s
pe
c
tr
um,
f
r
e
que
nc
y
-
hopping
f
ull
-
duplex
s
ignal
a
t
a
nomi
na
l
r
a
te
of
1,
600
hops
/s
[
17
]
.
B
luetooth
us
e
s
les
s
powe
r
a
nd
c
os
ts
les
s
to
im
p
leme
nt
r
e
lative
to
W
i
-
F
i.
I
ts
lowe
r
powe
r
make
s
it
f
a
r
les
s
pr
one
to
s
uf
f
e
r
ing
f
r
om
o
r
c
a
us
ing
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
with
other
wi
r
e
les
s
de
vice
s
ope
r
a
ti
ng
in
the
s
a
me
2.
4
-
GH
z
r
a
dio
ba
n
d.
T
he
s
e
a
dva
ntage
s
c
ome
a
t
the
e
xpe
ns
e
of
r
a
nge
a
nd
t
r
a
n
s
mi
s
s
ion
s
pe
e
ds
,
howe
ve
r
,
whic
h
a
r
e
typi
c
a
ll
y
lo
we
r
than
thos
e
of
W
i
-
F
i.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
due
to
it
s
poor
s
c
a
labili
ty,
a
B
luetooth
ne
twor
k
c
a
n
only
s
uppor
t
e
ig
ht
a
c
ti
ve
de
vice
s
a
t
maximum
.
B
luetooth
de
vice
s
a
r
e
c
omm
on
in
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
utom
obil
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
B
luet
ooth
he
a
ds
e
ts
a
nd
r
e
a
r
view
mi
r
r
or
s
[
8
]
.
3.
2.
Z
igB
e
e
One
opti
on
f
or
e
na
bli
ng
I
oV
c
onne
c
ti
vit
y
is
thr
ou
gh
the
us
e
of
Z
igB
e
e
tec
hnology
,
whic
h
is
ba
s
e
d
on
the
I
E
E
E
802.
15
.
4
s
tanda
r
d
a
nd
whic
h
ope
r
a
tes
on
the
I
S
M
r
a
dio
s
pe
c
tr
um
[
18]
.
Z
igB
e
e
is
low
-
c
os
t
a
nd
c
a
n
pr
o
vide
a
n
a
c
c
e
ptable
da
ta
r
a
te
(
250
Kbps
in
t
he
2.
4
GH
z
f
r
e
que
nc
y
ba
nd)
.
3.
3.
Radi
o
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
id
e
n
t
if
ica
t
ion
(
RF
I
D)
T
he
f
e
a
s
ibi
li
ty
o
f
us
ing
R
F
I
D
tec
hnology
f
o
r
buil
ding
int
r
a
-
ve
hicle
s
e
ns
or
ne
twor
ks
ha
s
be
e
n
s
tudi
e
d
by
the
Z
igB
e
e
a
ll
ianc
e
[
19]
.
I
n
thi
s
te
c
h
nology,
e
a
c
h
s
e
ns
or
is
e
quipped
with
a
n
R
F
I
D
t
a
g
a
nd
a
r
e
a
de
r
c
onne
c
ted
to
the
ve
hicle
’
s
e
lec
tr
ica
l
c
ontr
o
l
unit
pe
r
iodi
c
a
ll
y
r
e
tr
ieve
s
the
s
e
ns
e
d
da
ta
by
s
e
nding
a
n
e
ne
r
gizing
puls
e
to
e
a
c
h
tag
[
20]
.
3.
4.
Ult
r
a
-
wid
e
b
an
d
Ultr
a
-
wide
ba
nd
(
UW
B
)
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
r
a
dio
tec
h
nolog
y
that
ope
r
a
tes
in
the
3.
1
to
10.
6
GH
z
f
r
e
que
nc
y
ba
nd
a
nd
that
c
a
n
s
uppor
t
s
hor
t
-
r
a
nge
c
omm
unica
ti
ons
a
t
a
da
ta
r
a
te
of
up
to
480
M
bps
a
nd
a
t
a
low
e
ne
r
gy
leve
l
[
21]
.
UW
B
s
ys
tems
of
f
e
r
a
number
o
f
a
dva
n
tage
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
r
e
s
i
s
tanc
e
to
s
e
ve
r
e
wir
e
les
s
c
ha
nne
l
f
a
ding
a
s
we
ll
a
s
a
high
ti
me
-
domain
r
e
s
olut
ion
s
uit
a
ble
f
or
loca
li
s
a
ti
on
a
nd
t
r
a
c
king
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
[
22]
.
H
owe
ve
r
,
pr
opos
ing
a
ppr
opr
iate
c
ha
nne
l
models
a
ble
to
c
a
ptur
e
the
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
of
in
-
ve
hicle
e
nvir
onments
,
is
a
major
c
ha
ll
e
nge
a
s
the
c
ha
nn
e
l
s
tatis
ti
c
s
a
r
e
quit
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
f
r
om
loca
ti
on
to
l
oc
a
ti
on.
De
f
ini
ng
the
mos
t
s
uit
a
ble
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
te
c
hnique
s
a
t
the
phys
ica
l
(
P
HY
)
laye
r
is
a
c
r
it
ica
l
is
s
ue
f
or
UW
B
-
ba
s
e
d
int
r
a
-
ve
hicle
s
e
n
s
or
ne
twor
ks
[
23]
.
3.
5.
Ce
ll
u
lar
t
e
c
h
n
ology
u
s
in
g
3G/
4G/
L
T
E
T
he
c
e
ll
ular
tec
hnology
e
xtens
ions
ha
ve
the
potential
to
s
uppor
t
high
g
r
a
nular
it
y
f
or
da
ta
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
a
nd
f
lexible
a
s
s
igni
ng
of
r
a
dio
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
due
to
the
C
DM
A/OFDM
A
c
omponent,
ye
t
s
uf
f
e
r
f
r
om
the
c
ompl
e
xit
y
of
de
s
igni
ng
a
c
oor
d
ination
f
unc
t
ion
in
a
n
a
d
-
hoc
mode
[
24]
.
I
t
s
hould
be
noted
that
thi
s
dir
e
c
ti
on
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
a
c
c
e
ler
a
ti
ng
r
a
pidl
y
in
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
with
the
W
i
-
F
i
dir
e
c
ti
on,
e
s
pe
c
ially
with
the
e
mer
ging
a
dopti
on
of
5G
ne
twor
ks
.
3.
6.
Wi
-
Fi
Wi
-
F
i
tec
hnology,
ba
s
e
d
on
the
I
E
E
E
wi
r
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
tanda
r
d
802.
11
,
ha
s
c
onti
nua
ll
y
im
pr
ove
d,
with
e
a
c
h
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
br
ingi
ng
a
bout
f
a
s
ter
s
pe
e
ds
,
lowe
r
late
nc
y
a
nd
e
nha
nc
e
d
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
s
in
a
mul
ti
tude
of
e
nvir
onments
a
nd
wi
th
a
va
r
iety
o
f
de
vice
types
[
25]
.
B
a
s
ica
ll
y,
W
i
-
F
i
e
na
bles
ne
t
wor
king
be
twe
e
n
c
omput
e
r
s
a
nd
digi
tal
de
vice
s
without
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
phys
ica
l
wir
e
s
;
ins
tea
d,
us
ing
high
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
,
r
a
dio
tec
hnologi
e
s
c
a
n
s
e
nd
da
ta
s
e
e
mi
ngly
thr
o
ugh
the
a
ir
ove
r
s
hor
t
dis
tanc
e
s
.
De
vice
s
a
dhe
r
i
ng
t
o
the
802.
11
s
tanda
r
d
r
un
on
e
it
he
r
2.
4
GH
z
o
r
5
GH
z
,
de
pe
nding
on
their
type
.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
tar
ge
t
g
r
oups
h
a
ve
be
e
n
wor
king
towa
r
d
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
va
r
iations
of
the
802
.
11
f
a
mi
ly
(
e
.
g
.
,
802.
11
a
/b/
g/n/
a
c
/ad/a
x)
,
a
ll
of
whic
h
pr
e
s
e
nt
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
a
nd
c
ha
l
lenge
s
that
mak
e
them
s
uit
a
ble
f
or
de
ploym
e
nt
in
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
e
nvi
r
onments
[
26]
.
Ove
r
a
ll
,
the
802.
11
s
tanda
r
d
s
uppor
ts
s
hor
t
r
a
dio
c
ove
r
a
ge
wi
th
r
e
latively
h
igher
da
ta
r
a
tes
.
T
he
s
ubs
e
que
nt
s
e
c
ti
on
will
f
oc
us
on
W
i
-
F
i
tec
hnology
in
mor
e
de
tail
given
that
it
h
a
s
be
e
n
a
dopted
a
s
the
main
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
medium
in
ou
r
s
ys
tem.
3.
7.
WiMA
X
T
his
wir
e
les
s
tec
hnology
is
a
f
f
il
iate
d
with
I
E
E
E
8
02.
16
a
/e/m
s
tanda
r
ds
[
27]
.
I
E
E
E
802.
16
s
tanda
r
d
-
ba
s
e
d
W
iM
AX
s
y
s
tems
a
r
e
a
ble
to
c
ove
r
a
lar
ge
ge
ogr
a
phica
l
a
r
e
a
,
up
to
50
k
m
a
nd
c
a
n
de
li
ve
r
s
ig
nif
ica
nt
ba
ndwidth
to
e
nd
-
us
e
r
s
-
in
theor
y,
up
to
72
M
b
ps
.
W
hil
e
the
I
E
E
E
802
.
16
s
tanda
r
d
only
s
uppo
r
ts
f
ixed
br
oa
dba
nd
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
ons
,
the
I
E
E
E
8
02.
16e
/m
obil
e
W
iM
AX
s
tanda
r
d
s
uppor
ts
s
pe
e
ds
of
up
to
160
km/
h
a
nd
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
c
las
s
e
s
of
qua
li
ty
of
s
e
r
vice
,
e
ve
n
f
or
non
–
li
ne
-
of
-
s
ight
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ions
.
T
he
ke
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
11
,
No.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
2165
-
2177
2168
a
dva
ntage
of
W
iM
AX
r
e
lative
to
a
wi
r
e
les
s
loca
l
a
r
e
a
ne
twor
k
(
W
L
AN
)
is
that
the
c
ha
nne
l
a
c
c
e
s
s
method
in
the
f
or
mer
e
mpl
oys
a
s
c
he
duli
ng
a
lgor
it
hm
that
t
he
s
ubs
c
r
iber
s
tation
ne
e
d
s
to
f
oll
ow
on
ly
onc
e
f
or
ini
ti
a
l
e
ntr
y
int
o
the
ne
twor
k
.
4.
Io
V
AN
D
T
HE
E
VOL
UT
I
ON
OF
WI
-
FI
I
n
1999,
W
i
-
F
i
tec
hnology
e
mer
ge
d
a
s
a
pr
omi
s
ing
tec
hnology
to
s
uppor
t
the
W
L
AN
ini
ti
a
ti
ve
,
whic
h
c
a
n
e
na
ble
the
im
p
leme
ntation
o
f
va
r
ious
k
inds
of
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
that
touch
va
r
ious
a
s
pe
c
ts
of
our
li
ve
s
.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
vis
ionar
y
c
ompanie
s
c
a
me
togethe
r
to
f
o
r
m
a
global
nonpr
o
f
it
a
s
s
oc
iation
with
the
goa
l
of
d
r
ivi
ng
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
a
nd
a
dopti
on
of
ne
w
wi
r
e
les
s
ne
twor
king
tec
hnology
.
I
n
2000
,
the
g
r
oup
a
dopted
t
he
ter
m
‘
W
i
-
F
i’
a
s
the
pr
ope
r
na
me
f
or
it
s
tec
hnica
l
wor
k
a
nd
a
nnounc
e
d
it
s
of
f
icia
l
na
me:
the
W
i
-
F
i
a
ll
ianc
e
[
7]
.
T
he
ter
m
‘
W
i
-
F
i’
is
us
e
d
to
de
s
c
r
ibe
a
c
e
r
ti
f
ied
wi
r
e
les
s
ne
twor
king
pr
oduc
t
c
onf
or
mi
ng
to
a
n
indus
tr
y
s
tanda
r
d
de
s
ignate
d
by
the
I
E
E
E
.
S
ince
1999
,
va
r
ious
v
e
r
s
ions
of
W
i
-
F
i
tec
hnologi
e
s
ha
ve
be
e
n
p
r
opo
s
e
d
a
nd
de
ve
loped,
with
the
e
a
r
ly
ve
r
s
ions
including
I
E
E
E
802.
11a
,
802
.
11b
a
nd
802
.
11g.
How
e
ve
r
,
by
2009
a
nd
the
f
ir
s
t
launc
h
o
f
the
802
.
11n
pr
otocol
,
a
longs
ide
c
o
ns
e
que
nt
a
dva
nc
e
ments
in
the
tec
hnology,
a
ppli
c
a
t
ions
of
the
I
oV
be
ga
n
to
e
mer
ge
a
s
f
e
a
s
ibl
e
.
As
s
uc
h,
we
of
f
e
r
a
br
ief
de
s
c
r
ipt
ion
o
f
I
E
E
E
802
.
11n
a
nd
it
s
s
uc
c
e
s
s
or
ve
r
s
ions
be
low.
4.
1.
I
E
E
E
802.
11n
T
he
I
E
E
E
802
.
11n
s
tanda
r
d
ope
r
a
tes
in
the
2.
4
-
GH
z
a
nd
5
-
GH
z
b
a
nds
a
nd
pr
ovides
good
c
ov
e
r
a
ge
a
c
r
os
s
the
home
a
nd
of
f
ice
f
o
r
e
ve
r
yda
y
f
unc
ti
ons
that
do
not
r
e
quir
e
e
xtens
ive
a
mount
s
of
ba
ndwi
dth
s
uc
h
a
s
br
ows
ing
the
I
nter
ne
t
a
nd
mana
ging
s
mar
t
home
pr
oduc
ts
[
26,
28]
.
At
thi
s
point
,
802.
11n
de
vi
c
e
s
ha
ve
be
c
ome
ke
y
e
na
bler
s
of
s
mar
t
li
ving
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
.
M
a
ny
of
the
I
oT
de
vice
s
a
va
il
a
ble
now,
f
r
om
we
a
r
a
bles
to
tele
vis
ions
,
ha
ve
a
dopted
thi
s
s
tanda
r
d.
Als
o,
i
t
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
longer
r
e
a
c
h
r
e
lative
to
thos
e
of
p
r
e
c
e
ding
wir
e
les
s
tec
hnologi
e
s
a
nd
c
a
n
s
uppor
t
many
c
li
e
nt
de
vice
s
without
s
a
c
r
if
icing
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
.
Als
o,
the
powe
r
-
s
a
ving
f
e
a
tur
e
e
ns
ur
e
s
longer
s
lee
p
pe
r
iods
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
s
t
he
ne
e
d
f
or
de
vice
s
to
c
omm
unica
te
with
in
f
r
a
s
tr
u
c
tur
e
too
f
r
e
que
ntl
y.
4.
2.
I
E
E
E
802.
11ad
T
he
802
.
11a
d
s
pe
c
if
ica
ti
on
f
or
the
wir
e
les
s
tr
a
ns
m
is
s
ion
of
da
ta
(
or
igi
na
ll
y
f
or
video
-
s
tr
e
a
ms
)
in
the
60
-
GH
z
ba
nd
pr
ovides
s
pe
e
ds
in
the
mul
ti
gigabi
t
r
a
nge
[
29
]
.
I
n
the
r
a
nge
a
r
ound
60
GH
z
,
a
n
un
li
c
e
ns
e
d
f
r
e
que
nc
y
ba
nd
be
twe
e
n
57
a
nd
64
GH
z
is
a
v
a
i
lable
that
pe
r
mi
ts
h
igher
c
ha
nne
l
ba
ndwidths
f
or
gr
e
a
ter
thr
oughput
a
nd
c
a
n
p
r
ovide
global
a
va
il
a
bil
it
y
a
nd
a
void
the
ove
r
c
r
owde
d
2.
4
-
GH
z
a
nd
5
-
GH
z
ba
nds
.
I
n
f
a
c
t,
it
c
a
n
s
uppor
t
da
ta
r
a
tes
of
up
to
8
Gbit/
s
a
nd
ope
r
a
te
a
t
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
modes
-
f
or
e
xa
mpl
e
,
du
r
ing
e
ne
r
g
y
-
s
a
ving
mode
f
or
ba
tt
e
r
y
-
ope
r
a
ted
de
vice
s
a
nd
high
-
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
mode
f
or
ve
r
y
high
thr
oughput
.
One
of
it
s
a
nti
c
ipate
d
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
is
it
s
us
e
in
s
mall
-
c
e
ll
ba
c
kha
ul
[
30]
.
B
a
c
kha
ul
is
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
li
nk
be
twe
e
n
the
s
mall
c
e
ll
a
nd
the
mobi
le
ne
two
r
k
c
ontr
oll
e
r
.
S
mall
-
c
e
ll
c
ontr
oll
e
r
s
c
a
n
be
de
ploye
d
in
the
s
tr
e
e
ts
(
e
.
g.
,
lamppos
ts
,
s
tr
e
e
tl
ight
s
)
,
whe
r
e
their
de
ploym
e
nt
c
os
t
is
s
mall
a
s
c
ompar
e
d
with
that
of
opti
c
a
l
f
ibr
e
.
Anothe
r
a
dva
ntage
is
their
s
mall
wa
ve
lengt
hs
(
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
5
mm
)
.
T
he
s
e
m
a
ke
it
pos
s
ibl
e
to
us
e
c
ompac
t
a
nd
c
ompetit
ive
a
ntenna
s
or
a
ntenna
a
r
r
a
ys
f
or
be
a
mf
or
m
ing,
whic
h
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
to
bo
th
f
oc
us
powe
r
to
the
r
e
c
e
iver
a
nd
he
lp
in
opt
im
izing
po
we
r
a
t
the
r
e
c
e
iver
.
F
u
r
ther
,
be
a
mf
o
r
mi
ng
c
a
n
p
r
ovide
the
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
a
ntenna
ga
in
to
c
o
mpens
a
te
f
or
the
high
f
r
e
e
-
s
pa
c
e
pa
s
s
los
s
.
T
his
e
f
f
icie
ntl
y
he
lps
in
ove
r
c
omi
ng
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
dur
ing
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
in
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me.
How
e
ve
r
,
thi
s
r
a
nge
a
ls
o
ha
s
it
s
dis
a
dva
ntag
e
s
.
F
or
e
xa
mpl
e
,
the
f
ield
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
in
thi
s
ba
nd
is
ve
r
y
high,
toppi
ng
68
dB
a
f
te
r
1
m
a
nd
e
ve
n
90
dB
a
f
ter
10
m
of
tr
a
ve
ll
ing
[
31]
.
None
thele
s
s
,
the
hig
h
de
gr
e
e
of
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
c
a
n
a
ls
o
be
s
e
e
n
a
s
a
n
a
dva
ntag
e
be
c
a
us
e
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
typi
c
a
ll
y
take
s
plac
e
withi
n
a
li
mi
ted
r
a
nge
(
withi
n
4
m)
,
whic
h
mea
ns
that
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
r
om
a
djac
e
nt
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ions
is
mor
e
unli
ke
ly;
a
s
s
uc
h,
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
be
c
omes
mor
e
s
e
c
ur
e
.
4.
3.
I
E
E
E
802.
11ac
T
hr
ough
the
us
e
o
f
M
I
M
O
a
ntenna
tec
hnology,
th
is
s
tanda
r
d
c
a
n
r
e
duc
e
e
r
r
or
a
nd
boos
t
the
s
pe
e
d.
T
he
I
E
E
E
802
.
11a
c
s
tanda
r
d
s
uppor
ts
da
ta
r
a
tes
of
up
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Gbps
a
nd
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uppor
ts
40
M
Hz
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80
M
Hz
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nd
160
M
Hz
c
ha
nne
l
ba
ndwidths
a
s
c
ompar
e
d
with
jus
t
the
20
M
Hz
a
nd
40
M
Hz
ba
ndwidths
s
upp
or
ted
by
802.
11n.
F
ur
the
r
,
802.
11a
c
s
uppor
ts
up
to
e
ight
s
pa
ti
a
l
s
tr
e
a
ms
in
c
ontr
a
s
t
with
the
maximum
of
f
ou
r
s
uppor
ted
with
802.
1
1n.
T
he
P
HY
da
ta
s
ubc
a
r
r
ie
r
s
a
r
e
modul
a
ted
us
ing
binar
y
pha
s
e
-
s
hif
t
ke
ying,
qu
a
dr
a
tur
e
pha
s
e
-
s
hif
t
ke
ying,
16
-
qua
dr
a
tur
e
a
mpl
it
ude
modu
lation
(
QA
M
)
,
64
-
QA
M
a
nd
256
-
QA
M
[
32]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
A
he
ter
oge
ne
ous
s
hor
t
-
r
ange
c
omm
unication
plat
for
m
for
int
e
r
ne
t
of
v
e
hicle
s
(
N
as
e
r
Z
ae
r
i
)
2169
4.
4.
I
E
E
E
802.
11ax
T
his
s
tanda
r
d
de
li
ve
r
s
im
pr
ove
ments
a
nd
ne
w
f
e
a
tur
e
s
that
e
na
ble
W
i
-
F
i
de
vice
s
to
ope
r
a
te
e
f
f
icie
ntl
y
in
the
de
ns
e
s
t
a
nd
mos
t
dyna
mi
c
c
on
ne
c
ti
vit
y
s
e
tt
ings
.
I
E
E
E
802
.
11a
x
a
ll
ows
e
nter
p
r
is
e
s
a
nd
s
e
r
vice
pr
ovider
s
to
s
uppor
t
ne
w
a
nd
e
mer
gin
g
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
on
the
s
a
me
W
L
AN
inf
r
a
s
tr
uc
tur
e
while
de
li
ve
r
ing
a
higher
g
r
a
d
e
of
s
e
r
vice
to
older
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
[
33]
.
T
his
s
c
e
na
r
io
s
e
ts
the
s
tage
f
or
ne
w
bus
ines
s
models
a
nd
incr
e
a
s
e
d
W
i
-
F
i
a
dopti
on
a
nd
a
ls
o
powe
r
s
mor
e
pr
e
dicta
ble
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
f
or
a
dva
nc
e
d
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
4K
video,
ult
r
a
–
high
-
de
f
ini
ti
on,
a
nd
I
o
T
.
F
lexible
wa
k
e
-
up
ti
me
s
c
he
duli
ng
lets
c
li
e
nt
de
vice
s
s
lee
p
much
longer
than
with
802
.
11a
c
a
n
d
wa
ke
up
to
les
s
c
ontention,
e
xtending
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
li
f
e
of
s
mar
tphones
,
I
oT
a
nd
other
de
vice
s
.
T
he
P
HY
da
t
a
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
s
in
I
E
E
E
802.
11a
x
a
r
e
modul
a
ted
us
i
ng
1024
-
QA
M
.
I
E
E
E
802
.
11a
x
a
c
hieve
s
it
s
be
ne
f
it
s
by
hig
hli
ghti
ng
the
f
oll
owing
d
im
e
ns
ions
:
−
Or
thogonal
f
r
e
que
nc
y
divi
s
ion
mul
ti
ple
a
c
c
e
s
s
(
OFDM
A)
,
whic
h
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
s
ha
r
e
s
c
ha
nne
ls
to
incr
e
a
s
e
the
ne
twor
k
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
nd
lowe
r
late
nc
y
f
or
both
upli
nk
a
nd
downlink
tr
a
f
f
ic
in
h
igh
-
de
mand
e
nvir
onments
[
34]
−
M
ult
i
-
us
e
r
M
I
M
O,
whic
h
a
ll
ows
mor
e
downlink
d
a
ta
to
be
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
r
e
d
a
t
one
t
im
e
,
e
na
bli
ng
a
c
c
e
s
s
point
s
to
c
onc
ur
r
e
ntl
y
ha
ndle
mor
e
de
vice
s
−
160
-
M
Hz
c
ha
nn
e
l
us
e
c
a
pa
bil
it
y,
whic
h
incr
e
a
s
e
s
the
ba
ndwidth
ne
e
de
d
to
de
li
ve
r
gr
e
a
ter
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
with
low
late
nc
y
−
T
r
a
ns
mi
t
be
a
mf
or
mi
ng,
whic
h
e
na
bles
higher
da
ta
r
a
tes
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t
a
given
r
a
nge
to
inc
r
e
a
s
e
ne
twor
k
c
a
pa
c
it
y
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obus
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high
-
e
f
f
icie
nc
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s
ignalli
ng
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or
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tt
e
r
ope
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ti
on
a
t
a
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
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lowe
r
r
e
c
e
ived
-
s
ignal
-
s
tr
e
ngth
-
indi
c
a
ti
on
(
R
S
S
I
)
Of
thes
e
,
OFDM
A
is
e
s
pe
c
ially
be
ne
f
icia
l
f
or
c
onduc
ti
ng
mul
ti
ple
s
hor
t
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ions
in
wide
c
ha
nne
ls
s
inc
e
many
da
ta
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ions
f
oll
ow
the
s
a
me
P
HY
he
a
de
r
a
nd
c
ha
nne
l
a
c
c
e
s
s
ti
meout.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
OFDM
A
a
ll
ows
be
tt
e
r
c
oping
with
f
a
ding
a
nd,
im
pr
ove
s
the
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
powe
r
de
ns
it
y.
T
he
e
f
f
ic
ienc
y
of
OFDM
A
de
pe
nds
upon
how
the
a
c
c
e
s
s
point
s
c
h
e
dules
c
ha
nne
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
a
mong
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
s
tati
ons
a
nd
on
how
it
c
onf
igur
e
s
other
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
powe
r
.
T
a
ble
1
s
umm
a
r
i
s
e
s
s
om
e
im
por
tant
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
of
W
i
-
F
i
ve
r
s
ions
includ
ing
the
e
a
r
li
e
r
ve
r
s
ions
-
na
mely,
802.
11a
/b/
g
.
C
C
K,
whic
h
s
tands
f
or
c
ompl
e
menta
r
y
c
ode
ke
ying,
wa
s
a
s
hor
t
-
li
ve
d
de
viation
that
e
xis
ted
pr
ior
to
the
huge
a
dva
nc
e
ments
r
e
a
c
he
d
by
OFDM
in
late
r
ve
r
s
ions
.
T
a
ble
1
.
W
i
-
F
i
ve
r
s
ions
S
ta
nda
r
d
Y
e
a
r
B
a
nd/
G
H
z
M
odul
a
ti
on me
th
od
H
ig
he
s
t
modul
a
ti
on or
de
r
H
ig
he
s
t
c
ode
r
a
te
802.11a
1999
5
O
F
D
M
64
-
QAM
3/
4
802.11b
1999
2.4
CCK
Q
P
S
K
1/
2
802.11g
2003
2.4
O
F
D
M
64
-
QAM
3/
4
802.11n
2009
2.4/
5
O
F
D
M
64
-
QAM
5/
6
802.11a
d
2012
60
O
F
D
M
64
-
QAM
13/
16
802.11a
c
2014
5
O
F
D
M
256
-
QAM
5/
6
802.11a
x
2019
2.4/
5
O
F
D
M
1024
-
QAM
5/
6
5.
S
YST
E
M
AR
CHI
T
E
CT
UR
E
Dif
f
e
r
e
nt
f
r
om
ge
ne
r
ic
wir
e
les
s
s
e
ns
or
ne
twor
ks
,
int
r
a
-
ve
hicle
wir
e
les
s
s
e
ns
or
ne
twor
ks
s
ho
w
unique
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
that
pr
ovide
the
s
pa
c
e
f
or
opti
mi
s
a
ti
on.
F
or
e
xa
mpl
e
,
the
s
e
ns
or
s
in
int
r
a
-
ve
hicle
ne
twor
ks
a
r
e
s
tationar
y
s
o
that
the
ne
twor
k
topo
logy
doe
s
not
c
ha
nge
ove
r
ti
me.
Als
o,
thes
e
s
e
ns
or
s
a
r
e
typi
c
a
ll
y
c
onne
c
ted
thr
ough
one
hop,
whic
h
yiel
ds
a
s
im
ple
s
tar
-
topol
ogy.
F
ur
ther
,
with
th
is
a
r
r
a
nge
ment,
ther
e
is
no
e
ne
r
gy
c
ons
tr
a
int
f
o
r
s
e
ns
or
s
ha
ving
wi
r
e
d
c
onn
e
c
ti
ons
to
the
ve
hicle
powe
r
s
ys
tem.
A
typi
c
a
l
I
oV
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
c
ons
is
ts
of
the
f
oll
owin
g
thr
e
e
laye
r
s
:
−
T
he
pe
r
c
e
pti
on
laye
r
,
whic
h
c
ontains
a
ll
s
e
ns
or
s
withi
n
the
ve
hicle
that
ga
ther
da
ta
a
nd
de
tec
t
s
pe
c
if
ic
e
ve
nts
of
int
e
r
e
s
t;
it
a
ls
o
boa
s
ts
R
F
I
D,
s
a
tel
lite
-
pos
it
ioni
ng
pe
r
c
e
pti
on,
r
oa
d
-
e
nvir
onment
pe
r
c
e
pti
on,
ve
hicle
-
pos
it
ion
pe
r
c
e
pti
on
a
nd
other
-
objec
t
-
plac
e
ment
pe
r
c
e
pti
on
c
a
pa
bil
it
ies
.
−
T
he
ne
twor
k
laye
r
,
whic
h
is
the
c
omm
unica
ti
o
n
laye
r
that
e
ns
ur
e
s
c
onne
c
ti
vit
y
to
c
omm
unica
ti
ons
ne
twor
ks
s
uc
h
a
s
3G/4G/5G
, W
iM
a
x,
W
L
AN
,
W
i
-
F
i
a
nd
B
luetooth.
−
T
he
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
laye
r
,
whic
h
is
r
e
s
pons
ibl
e
f
o
r
s
tor
a
ge
,
a
na
lys
is
,
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
a
nd
de
c
is
ion
-
making
c
onc
e
r
ning
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
r
is
k
s
it
ua
ti
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
tr
a
f
f
ic
c
onge
s
ti
on
a
nd
ba
d
we
a
ther
;
it
a
ls
o
e
nc
ompas
s
e
s
s
mar
t
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
tr
a
f
f
ic
s
a
f
e
ty,
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
nd
mu
lt
im
e
dia
-
ba
s
e
d
inf
otainment
c
omponents
.
W
e
he
r
e
in
pr
opos
e
a
s
ys
tem
that
is
c
ompos
e
d
of
t
wo
mi
c
r
opr
oc
e
s
s
or
s
(
Ar
duino
a
nd
R
a
s
pbe
r
r
y
P
i
3)
moni
tor
e
d
by
a
n
Andr
oid
-
ba
s
e
d
platf
or
m
.
I
n
th
i
s
a
r
r
a
nge
ment,
both
mi
c
r
op
r
oc
e
s
s
or
s
a
nd
the
a
s
s
oc
iate
d
f
unc
ti
ons
a
r
e
gove
r
ne
d
by
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tems
us
ing
W
i
-
F
i
a
nd
B
luetooth
tec
hnolo
gies
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
the
s
ys
tem
is
c
onne
c
ted
to
a
touchs
c
r
e
e
n
moni
tor
a
nd
a
mi
c
r
ophone
to
mi
nim
is
e
d
r
ivi
ng
di
s
tr
a
c
ti
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
11
,
No.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
2165
-
2177
2170
a
nd
e
a
s
e
c
a
r
c
ontr
ol
via
the
us
e
of
voice
.
F
igu
r
e
1
s
hows
the
pr
opos
e
d
ve
hicle
c
omm
unica
ti
o
n
s
ys
tem
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
.
As
de
mons
tr
a
ted
in
F
igu
r
e
1
,
e
a
c
h
one
of
the
two
mi
c
r
oc
ontr
oll
e
r
s
c
ontr
ols
c
e
r
tain
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ti
e
s
.
T
he
R
a
s
pbe
r
r
y
P
i
3
mi
c
r
op
r
oc
e
s
s
or
,
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
2
,
us
e
s
S
a
ms
ung’
s
(
S
e
oul
,
S
outh
Kor
e
a
)
S
5
C
P
U
1
.
2
-
GH
z
64
-
bit
plus
1
GB
of
R
AM
a
nd
e
na
bles
B
luetooth
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
c
onne
c
ti
ons
.
T
his
p
r
oc
e
s
s
or
r
e
quir
e
s
a
powe
r
a
da
pter
to
f
e
e
d
it
with
a
s
tea
dy
2.
5
-
A
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
or
pr
ope
r
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
.
M
e
a
nwhile,
the
R
a
s
pbe
r
r
y
P
i
c
ontr
ol
s
ys
tem
c
ons
is
ts
of
the
S
DK
li
br
a
r
y,
whic
h
pr
ovides
s
uppor
t
f
or
a
ll
Andr
oid
a
uto
f
e
a
tur
e
s
.
Als
o,
it
p
r
ovides
s
uppor
t
f
o
r
the
a
s
ync
hr
onous
mec
ha
nis
ms
inher
e
nt
in
c
omm
unica
ti
on,
mul
ti
media
,
us
e
r
input
a
nd
g
r
a
phica
l
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
a
c
ti
ons
.
T
he
s
ys
tem
us
e
s
Ope
nS
S
L
f
or
e
nc
r
ypti
ng
c
omm
unica
ti
on.
T
he
R
a
s
pbe
r
r
y
P
i
mi
c
r
oc
ontr
oll
e
r
c
ont
r
ols
a
nd
s
uppor
t
s
c
omponents
of
the
ve
hicle
’
s
buil
t
-
in
inf
otainmen
t
s
ys
tem
s
uc
h
a
s
a
udio,
phone
c
a
ll
s
a
nd
na
vigation
.
F
igur
e
1
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
ve
hicle
s
ys
tem
c
omm
unica
ti
on
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
F
igur
e
2
.
R
a
s
pbe
r
r
y
P
i
3
mi
c
r
opr
oc
e
s
s
or
T
he
other
mi
c
r
op
r
oc
e
s
s
or
is
the
Ar
duino
one
.
Ar
duino,
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
3
,
is
a
n
ope
n
-
s
our
c
e
c
omput
e
r
ha
r
dwa
r
e
a
nd
s
of
twa
r
e
platf
o
r
m
that
s
uppor
ts
the
de
s
ign
a
nd
c
r
e
a
ti
on
of
mi
ni
-
c
ontr
o
ll
e
r
s
[
5]
.
F
ur
ther
,
it
e
na
bles
B
luetooth
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
c
onne
c
ti
o
ns
.
T
he
Ar
dui
no
mi
c
r
op
r
o
c
e
s
s
or
is
c
onne
c
ted
to
a
r
e
lay
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
4
that
c
ontr
ols
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
c
ir
c
uit
boa
r
d.
T
his
boa
r
d
is
c
onne
c
ted
to
a
12
-
V
ba
tt
e
r
y.
T
he
igni
ti
on
wir
e
a
nd
ve
hicle
windows
’
e
lec
tr
icity
wir
e
s
a
r
e
c
onne
c
ted
to
thi
s
boa
r
d
a
s
we
ll
.
T
he
r
e
lay
u
s
e
d
in
thi
s
de
s
ign
wa
s
a
f
our
-
c
ha
nne
l
r
e
lay
modul
e
.
I
n
thi
s
a
r
r
a
nge
ment,
the
s
witching
mec
ha
nis
m
is
de
ployed
out
with
the
he
lp
of
a
n
e
lec
tr
omagne
t.
T
he
r
e
lay
c
a
r
ds
a
r
e
c
onne
c
ted
to
a
c
t
a
s
a
n
H
-
br
idge
dr
ive.
One
e
nd
of
the
r
e
lay
c
a
r
d
is
c
onne
c
t
e
d
to
the
mi
c
r
oc
ontr
ol
ler
a
nd
the
other
e
nd
is
c
on
ne
c
ted
to
the
ter
mi
na
ls
of
the
mot
or
o
f
the
window
in
the
c
a
r
a
r
m
.
T
he
f
or
wa
r
d
,
s
top
a
nd
r
e
ve
r
s
e
mot
ion
s
of
the
window
a
r
e
c
ontr
ol
led
us
ing
the
r
e
lay
c
a
r
d,
i.
e
.
,
t
he
s
upply
volt
a
ge
to
the
mot
or
c
a
n
be
c
ha
nge
d
in
e
it
he
r
of
the
dir
e
c
ti
ons
,
c
a
us
ing
c
lockw
is
e
a
nd
a
nti
-
c
lockw
is
e
mot
ions
of
the
mot
o
r
.
F
ur
ther
,
the
s
ys
tem
is
c
on
ne
c
ted
to
a
n
800×
480
dis
play
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
5
via
a
n
a
da
pter
boa
r
d,
whic
h
ha
ndles
powe
r
a
n
d
s
ignal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
A
he
ter
oge
ne
ous
s
hor
t
-
r
ange
c
omm
unication
plat
for
m
for
int
e
r
ne
t
of
v
e
hicle
s
(
N
as
e
r
Z
ae
r
i
)
2171
c
onve
r
s
ion.
T
he
touchs
c
r
e
e
n
dis
play
s
uppor
ts
a
n
o
n
-
s
c
r
e
e
n
ke
yboa
r
d
f
or
f
ull
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ty
without
a
phys
ica
l
ke
yboa
r
d
or
mous
e
.
F
inally
,
a
mi
c
r
ophone
is
c
onn
e
c
ted
to
the
s
ys
tem
to
e
na
ble
ha
ndli
ng
voice
c
omm
a
nds
.
F
igur
e
3
.
Ar
duino
mi
c
r
op
r
oc
e
s
s
or
F
igur
e
4
.
T
he
e
lec
tr
ica
l
r
e
lay
us
e
d
in
the
A
r
duino
boa
r
d
c
onne
c
ti
on
F
igur
e
5.
800×
480
dis
play
us
e
d
in
s
ys
tem
c
ontr
ol
6.
E
XP
E
RI
M
E
NT
AL
RE
S
U
L
T
S
AN
D
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
W
e
be
ga
n
thi
s
inves
ti
ga
ti
on
by
ins
talli
ng
the
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
ope
r
a
ti
ng
s
ys
tem
on
the
two
mi
c
r
opr
oc
e
s
s
or
s
.
R
e
ga
r
ding
the
R
a
s
pbe
r
r
y
P
i
3
,
the
R
a
s
pbian
ope
r
a
ti
ng
s
ys
tem
c
omes
p
r
e
ins
talled
with
P
ython,
S
c
r
a
tch,
S
onic
P
i
a
nd
J
a
va
.
As
f
o
r
th
e
Ar
duino
mi
c
r
op
r
oc
e
s
s
or
,
it
is
c
onf
igur
e
d
us
ing
the
C
pr
ogr
a
mm
ing
langua
ge
.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ti
e
s
we
r
e
c
ode
d
a
nd
im
pleme
nted.
F
ir
s
t,
the
s
ys
tem
wa
s
c
onf
igur
e
d
to
ha
ndle
a
ll
noti
f
ica
ti
ons
,
c
a
ll
s
a
nd
e
mer
ge
nc
y
c
a
ll
s
.
I
f
a
c
a
ll
is
r
e
c
e
ived,
the
s
ys
t
e
m
will
a
utom
a
ti
c
a
ll
y
r
e
ply
with
a
pr
e
s
e
t
mes
s
a
ge
.
Als
o,
it
c
a
n
ha
ndle
many
popular
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
Google
Ha
ngouts
,
F
a
c
e
book
mes
s
e
nge
r
a
nd
W
ha
ts
App
.
S
e
c
ond,
the
s
ys
tem
c
a
n
be
s
ync
hr
onis
e
d
with
th
e
mobi
le
phone
to
mi
gr
a
te
the
us
e
r
’
s
c
ontac
ts
,
c
a
lenda
r
s
,
m
us
ic
li
br
a
r
y
a
nd
s
a
ve
d
loca
ti
ons
.
T
hir
d
,
a
na
vigatio
n
s
ys
tem
ha
s
be
e
n
launc
he
d
on
the
s
ys
tem,
whe
r
e
the
d
r
iv
e
r
c
a
n
us
e
Google
M
a
ps
in
a
n
e
a
s
y
manne
r
th
r
ou
gh
voice
c
ontr
ol.
T
he
voice
c
ontr
ol
e
na
bles
the
d
r
iver
to
e
nter
ne
w
de
s
ti
na
ti
ons
,
s
e
t
f
a
vour
i
te
a
dd
r
e
s
s
e
s
,
s
top
r
oute
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
11
,
No.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
2165
-
2177
2172
guidanc
e
a
nd
s
e
t
up
a
uto
-
na
vigation.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
c
he
c
king
a
nd
r
e
a
din
g
e
mails
a
nd
S
M
S
text
mes
s
a
ge
s
is
a
c
c
ompl
is
he
d
in
a
s
im
il
a
r
manne
r
.
T
he
a
bove
me
nti
one
d
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ti
e
s
a
r
e
c
ontr
oll
e
d
r
e
mot
e
ly
th
r
ough
a
n
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
us
ing
a
touchpa
d/m
obil
e
phone
via
the
B
luetooth
802.
15
tec
hnology.
F
ur
the
r
mor
e
,
the
s
ys
tem
is
c
onf
igur
e
d
to
c
ontr
ol
the
f
oll
owing
f
unc
ti
ons
r
e
mo
tely
us
ing
the
W
i
-
F
i
802
.
11
tec
hnology:
−
S
tar
ti
ng
a
nd
tur
ning
of
f
the
e
ngine
r
e
mot
e
ly
witho
ut
a
ke
y
−
Unloc
king
/l
oc
king
the
doo
r
s
−
P
ull
ing
windows
up
a
nd
down
M
or
e
ove
r
,
the
s
ys
tem
e
na
bles
the
u
s
e
r
to
s
e
t
a
pa
s
s
wor
d
of
his
/
he
r
c
hoice
to
ke
e
p
the
s
ys
tem
pr
otec
ted.
A
thef
t
a
lar
m
is
int
e
gr
a
ted
int
o
the
s
ys
tem
that
a
ler
ts
whe
n
a
n
unus
ua
l
a
c
ti
vit
y
is
s
e
ns
e
d
or
whe
n
a
wr
ong
pa
s
s
wor
d
is
a
tt
e
mpt
e
d
to
unlock
the
s
ys
te
m.
T
o
a
c
hieve
thi
s
,
the
c
a
r
igni
ti
on
wi
r
e
is
c
onne
c
ted
to
the
on
-
bo
a
r
d
diagnos
ti
c
s
(
OB
D)
po
r
t
of
the
c
a
r
.
I
f
a
c
or
r
e
c
t
pa
s
s
wor
d
is
e
nter
e
d,
then
the
s
ys
tem
will
ve
r
if
y
it
a
nd
a
n
a
c
knowle
dge
ment
(
AC
K)
is
s
e
nt.
He
nc
e
,
a
wir
e
les
s
c
onne
c
ti
on
is
e
s
tablis
he
d
be
twe
e
n
the
two
c
ontr
ol
unit
s
a
nd
the
r
e
mot
e
c
ons
ole
c
a
n
pe
r
f
or
m
the
f
u
nc
ti
ons
a
c
c
or
dingl
y.
T
he
s
ys
tem
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
f
o
r
the
Ar
duino
f
unc
ti
ons
is
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
6
.
F
igur
e
6.
S
ys
tem
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
f
o
r
the
A
r
duino
f
unc
ti
o
ns
T
o
tes
t
the
vis
ibi
li
ty
of
the
s
ys
tem
a
nd
a
s
s
e
s
s
it
s
p
e
r
f
or
manc
e
,
we
c
onduc
ted
e
xtens
ive
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntal
s
tudi
e
s
,
f
oc
us
ing
on
the
th
r
e
e
mos
t
im
po
r
tant
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
in
a
ny
w
ir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem
-
that
is
,
we
s
tudi
e
d
the
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
,
downloa
d
s
pe
e
d
a
nd
late
nc
y.
T
he
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
a
wi
r
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem,
including
the
s
ys
tem
a
t
ha
nd
,
is
tec
hnica
ll
y
e
va
luate
d
by
a
s
s
e
s
s
ing
how
e
f
f
icie
nt
thes
e
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
c
a
n
pe
r
f
or
m
in
r
e
a
l
-
li
f
e
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
s
c
e
na
r
ios
.
W
it
h
r
e
s
pe
c
t
to
r
a
dio
-
f
r
e
que
nc
y,
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
powe
r
output
a
s
r
e
c
e
ived
by
a
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
a
ntenna
a
t
a
dis
tanc
e
f
r
om
the
t
r
a
ns
mi
tt
ing
a
nte
nna
.
F
o
r
ve
r
y
-
low
-
powe
r
s
ys
tem
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
mobi
le
phone
s
,
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
is
us
ua
ll
y
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
in
dB
m,
whic
h
s
tands
f
or
de
c
ibels
r
e
lative
to
a
mi
ll
iwa
tt
.
T
he
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
r
e
qui
r
e
d
f
or
opti
mal
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
va
r
ies
a
c
c
or
ding
to
many
f
a
c
tor
s
s
uc
h
a
s
ba
c
kgr
ound
nois
e
in
the
e
n
vir
onment,
the
a
mount
o
f
c
li
e
nts
on
the
ne
twor
k
,
wha
t
the
de
s
ir
e
d
da
ta
r
a
tes
a
r
e
a
nd
wha
t
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
will
be
us
e
d.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
ne
twor
k
s
pe
e
d
is
mea
s
ur
e
d
by
how
m
uc
h
da
ta
the
c
onne
c
ti
on
c
a
n
downloa
d
(
downloa
d
s
pe
e
d)
or
upload
(
up
load
s
pe
e
d)
pe
r
s
e
c
ond.
I
t
i
ndica
tes
the
tot
a
l
maximum
da
ta
-
c
a
r
r
ying
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
the
ne
twor
k
in
opti
mum
c
ondit
ions
.
Ge
ne
r
a
ll
y,
a
li
tt
le
ove
r
ha
lf
o
f
thi
s
c
a
pa
c
it
y
is
c
ons
umed
by
mana
ge
ment
a
nd
c
ontr
ol
t
r
a
f
f
ic
.
T
he
r
e
maining
c
a
pa
c
it
y
is
a
va
il
a
bl
e
f
or
us
e
r
da
ta.
T
his
c
a
pa
c
it
y
is
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
to
a
s
thr
oughput
a
nd
is
us
ua
ll
y
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
in
bit
s
pe
r
s
e
c
ond
(
bit
/s
)
.
F
or
mos
t
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
ha
ving
f
a
s
t
downloa
d
s
pe
e
d
s
r
e
f
lec
t
to
a
f
a
r
e
xtent
the
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
im
pleme
ntation
of
the
ne
twor
k.
T
his
is
much
m
or
e
r
e
a
dil
y
a
ppa
r
e
nt
in
c
omm
on
a
c
ti
vit
ies
s
uc
h
a
s
wa
tching
s
tr
e
a
mi
ng
tele
vis
ion,
downloa
ding
mus
ic
a
nd
br
ows
ing
the
I
nter
ne
t.
T
he
thr
oughput
of
a
wi
r
e
les
s
L
AN
is
li
nke
d
to
many
other
f
a
c
tor
s
including
the
da
ta
-
c
a
r
r
ying
c
a
pa
c
it
y,
loca
l
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
,
e
nvir
on
ment
(
obs
tr
uc
ti
ons
)
,
e
qui
pment
s
e
tup
(
including
a
ntenna
or
ienta
ti
on)
a
nd
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
powe
r
.
F
ur
the
r
mor
e
,
the
late
nc
y
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
the
a
mount
of
de
lay
(
o
r
ti
me)
it
take
s
to
s
e
nd
inf
or
mation
f
r
om
one
point
to
the
ne
xt.
L
a
tenc
y
is
us
ua
ll
y
mea
s
ur
e
d
in
mi
ll
is
e
c
onds
(
ms
)
a
nd
is
a
ls
o
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
to
(
dur
ing
s
pe
e
d
tes
ts
)
a
s
a
ping
r
a
te.
One
o
f
the
major
r
e
a
s
ons
f
or
poor
late
nc
y
is
nonopti
mal
ge
ogr
a
phy,
a
lt
hough
other
i
mpor
tant
r
e
a
s
ons
that
may
a
f
f
e
c
t
th
e
late
nc
y
includ
e
the
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
media
a
nd
pa
c
ke
t
s
ize
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
A
he
ter
oge
ne
ous
s
hor
t
-
r
ange
c
omm
unication
plat
for
m
for
int
e
r
ne
t
of
v
e
hicle
s
(
N
as
e
r
Z
ae
r
i
)
2173
I
n
mea
s
ur
ing
the
a
bove
mentioned
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
,
w
e
us
e
d
va
r
ious
mobi
le
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
a
s
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
2
.
F
ur
ther
,
we
ha
ve
c
ons
ider
e
d
va
r
ious
s
c
e
na
r
ios
a
s
pa
r
t
o
f
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
S
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y
,
we
c
onduc
ted
the
mea
s
ur
e
ments
in
e
ight
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
ge
ogr
a
phic
a
l
loca
ti
ons
,
in
c
ludi
ng
s
ome
ur
ba
n
a
nd
s
ubur
ba
n
one
s
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
we
ope
r
a
ted
the
s
ys
tem
on
va
r
ious
tr
a
f
f
ic
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
including
voice
ove
r
in
ter
ne
t
pr
otocol
(
VoI
P
)
,
video
-
wa
tching,
we
b
s
ur
f
ing
a
nd
s
e
ndi
ng
e
mails
.
T
he
dur
a
ti
on
t
im
e
r
e
qui
r
e
d
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
s
e
s
s
ion
r
e
a
dings
s
e
tu
p
wa
s
be
twe
e
n
one
a
nd
th
r
e
e
hour
s
a
nd
20
to
60
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
r
e
a
dings
we
r
e
take
n
in
e
a
c
h
s
e
s
s
ion.
T
he
r
e
a
dings
we
r
e
r
e
pe
a
ted
thr
e
e
ti
mes
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
l
oc
a
ti
on
ove
r
a
one
-
mont
h
s
pa
n
ti
me
a
nd
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
of
the
r
e
a
dings
wa
s
c
ons
ider
e
d
to
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
the
f
inal
r
e
a
d
ings
.
T
a
ble
2
.
E
xpe
r
i
menta
l
s
c
e
na
r
io
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
P
a
r
a
me
te
r
s
D
e
s
c
r
ip
ti
on
A
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
us
e
d
Wi
-
F
i
S
pe
e
d T
e
s
t,
O
pe
n S
ig
na
l,
W
i
-
F
i
S
ig
na
l
M
e
t
e
r
,
N
e
twor
k S
ig
na
l
I
nf
or
ma
ti
on
W
ir
e
le
s
s
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
Wi
-
Fi
S
ta
nda
r
d
I
E
E
E
802.11
F
r
e
que
nc
y ba
nds
2.4 G
H
z
, 5 G
H
z
T
r
a
f
f
ic
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
V
oI
P
, vi
de
o, H
T
T
P
, e
ma
il
S
c
e
na
r
io
U
r
ba
n, s
ubur
ba
n
N
umbe
r
of
l
oc
a
ti
ons
(
te
s
t
a
r
e
a
s
)
8
N
umbe
r
of
r
e
a
di
ngs
pe
r
l
oc
a
ti
on
20
–
60
E
xpe
r
im
e
nt
a
l
ti
me
pe
r
t
e
s
t
1
–
3 hour
s
F
igur
e
7
s
hows
a
n
e
xa
mpl
e
of
a
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
te
s
t
f
or
a
s
pe
c
if
ic
a
r
e
a
.
F
igu
r
e
8
s
hows
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
r
e
a
dings
of
the
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
in
dB
m
f
o
r
a
ll
e
ight
loca
ti
ons
.
F
ur
ther
,
a
n
e
xa
mpl
e
of
a
downloa
d
s
pe
e
d
tes
t
is
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
9.
T
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
downloa
d
s
pe
e
ds
f
or
a
ll
e
ight
loca
ti
ons
a
r
e
given
in
F
igur
e
10.
F
in
a
ll
y,
the
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
a
ve
r
a
ge
late
nc
y
is
given
in
F
igu
r
e
1
1.
F
igur
e
7.
An
e
xa
mpl
e
o
f
a
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
tes
t
f
or
a
s
pe
c
if
ic
a
r
e
a
F
igur
e
8.
Ave
r
a
ge
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
ve
r
s
us
dis
tanc
e
f
or
the
e
igh
t
loca
ti
ons
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
11
,
No.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
2165
-
2177
2174
F
igur
e
9.
An
e
xa
mpl
e
o
f
a
downloa
d
s
pe
e
d
tes
t
F
igur
e
10
.
Ave
r
a
ge
downloa
ds
s
pe
e
d
ve
r
s
us
dis
tanc
e
f
or
the
e
ight
loca
ti
ons
F
igur
e
11.
Ave
r
a
ge
late
nc
y
ve
r
s
us
dis
tanc
e
f
or
the
e
ight
loca
ti
ons
Nota
bly,
the
f
oll
owing
r
e
mar
ks
s
hould
be
c
ons
id
e
r
e
d
whe
n
view
ing
F
igur
e
s
7
a
nd
8.
T
he
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
va
r
ies
f
r
om
one
loca
ti
on
to
a
nother
but
,
i
n
ge
ne
r
a
l,
the
s
ys
tem
is
c
a
pa
ble
of
r
e
c
e
ivi
ng
s
ign
a
ls
up
to
a
lm
os
t
100
m.
C
ontr
oll
ing
the
ve
hi
c
le’
s
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
de
pe
nds
upon
the
d
a
ta
na
tur
e
of
e
a
c
h
one
of
thes
e
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
.
M
or
e
s
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y,
we
we
r
e
a
bl
e
to
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ull
y
ope
r
a
te
a
ll
the
s
y
s
tem
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ti
e
s
up
to
30
m,
whe
r
e
the
s
tr
e
ngth
r
e
a
c
he
s
a
r
ound
-
65
dB
m.
T
his
include
s
na
vigat
ion,
VoI
P
a
nd
s
tr
e
a
mi
ng
v
i
de
o.
T
he
c
onne
c
ti
on
wa
s
r
e
li
a
ble
a
nd
the
ti
mely
de
li
ve
r
y
of
da
ta
pa
c
ke
ts
wa
s
obs
e
r
ve
d.
F
ur
ther
,
the
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
to
a
lm
os
t
-
80
dB
m
a
t
a
di
s
tanc
e
of
6
0
m.
T
hough
th
is
leve
l
of
s
ignal
is
low,
s
ome
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
we
r
e
s
ti
ll
a
ble
to
f
unc
ti
on
r
e
li
a
bly
,
s
uc
h
a
s
e
mail,
we
b
br
ows
ing
a
nd
the
a
bil
it
y
to
c
a
ll
t
he
poli
c
e
a
nd
e
mer
ge
nc
y
s
e
r
vice
s
.
Of
c
our
s
e
,
the
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
f
u
r
ther
a
s
the
dis
tanc
e
inc
r
e
a
s
e
d
f
r
om
he
r
e
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.