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r
ica
ti
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
es
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
s
is
c
o
m
p
lex
an
d
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
c
o
s
t
is
als
o
h
ig
h
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
m
o
r
e
p
r
ac
t
ic
al
m
ate
r
ia
ls
w
h
ich
ar
e
SE
P
s
s
u
ch
as
T
iO
2
[
1
2
]
,
Z
r
O
2
[
1
3
]
,
m
icr
o
s
p
h
er
e
s
[
1
4
]
an
d
S
iO
2
[
1
5
-
1
7
]
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ch
o
s
en
as
an
alte
r
n
at
iv
e
t
o
c
o
m
b
in
e
in
to
t
h
e
Y
3
Al
5
O
12
:C
e
3+
lay
er
an
d
cr
ea
t
e
a
n
ew
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
r
ep
o
r
t
p
u
b
lis
h
e
d
in
2
0
1
0
b
y
L
ee
an
d
h
is
p
a
r
tn
e
r
a
p
p
lie
d
T
it
an
ia
(
T
iO
2
)
p
ar
t
icl
es
as
s
c
att
e
r
in
g
m
a
ter
ial
f
o
r
pc
-
L
E
Ds
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
th
is
p
a
r
ti
cu
la
r
r
esea
r
ch
ev
a
lu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
d
o
p
e
d
w
ith
0
.
1
%
T
iO
2
in
g
en
er
a
tin
g
h
ig
h
er
c
o
l
o
r
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
an
o
th
e
r
r
es
ea
r
ch
o
f
C
h
en
an
d
h
is
p
a
r
tn
er
s
,
T
iO
2
d
if
f
u
s
er
-
l
o
a
d
e
d
en
ca
p
s
u
lat
io
n
to
en
h
an
c
e
th
e
C
C
T
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
an
d
r
ed
u
c
e
th
e
C
C
T
v
a
r
i
an
ce
in
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
w
h
ite
L
E
Ds.
T
h
ei
r
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
w
ith
T
iO
2
d
if
f
u
s
er
ap
p
lie
d
,
th
e
an
g
u
lar
c
o
l
o
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
co
u
ld
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
b
y
3
1
.
8
2
%
,
an
d
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
w
as
lev
eled
u
p
b
y
8
.
6
5
%
.
B
esi
d
es,
a
r
ec
en
t
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
L
ian
g
et
al.
,
s
tate
d
T
iO
2
b
ein
g
ca
taly
tic
th
a
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
p
e
r
s
is
ten
t
an
d
u
n
lim
ited
o
x
id
izin
g
ag
en
t
is
a
p
o
t
en
tial
t
r
e
atm
en
t
f
o
r
d
an
g
e
r
o
u
s
c
o
n
tam
in
an
t
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
ce
,
s
u
ch
as
UV/
T
iO
2
f
o
r
m
icr
o
cy
s
tin
s
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
is
als
o
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
T
i
O
2
in
lig
h
tin
g
a
p
p
li
ca
t
io
n
s
.
B
esi
d
es
,
C
aF
2
co
m
b
in
e
d
w
ith
o
th
e
r
p
at
te
r
n
e
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
o
r
b
e
tte
r
W
L
E
D
s
ac
q
u
ir
ed
p
l
en
ty
o
f
atten
t
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
r
ese
a
r
ch
e
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
ts
t
an
d
in
g
lig
h
tin
g
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
an
d
h
e
atin
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
C
aF
2
.
I
n
2
0
1
8
,
B
h
an
v
ase
et
al
.
als
o
p
r
es
en
te
d
th
e
o
p
t
ica
l a
n
d
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
al
p
r
o
p
er
t
ies o
f
C
aF
2
:
E
u
3+
w
h
ich
w
as
s
y
n
th
esized
b
y
u
s
in
g
u
ltra
s
o
u
n
d
ass
is
t
ed
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
ey
co
n
clu
d
e
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
th
at
th
is
C
aF
2
:Eu
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
a
g
o
o
d
r
e
d
em
itti
n
g
m
ater
ia
l
as
its
ex
cita
ti
o
n
b
an
d
ag
r
e
es
w
it
h
th
e
ex
cit
ati
o
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
L
E
D
an
d
E
u
3+
i
o
n
s
s
h
o
w
th
e
ex
ci
tat
io
n
b
an
d
p
e
ak
in
g
at
3
9
4
n
m
an
d
a
t
5
9
1
n
m
as
w
ell
as
6
1
2
n
m
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
e
ct
r
u
m
,
r
es
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
en
,
Xi
e
an
d
W
an
g
’
s
team
r
e
p
o
r
t
in
2
0
1
9
in
t
r
o
d
u
c
ed
a
n
ew
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
ce
r
am
ic
co
m
p
o
s
ite
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
YA
G:C
e
th
at
em
its
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
an
d
n
o
n
e
lig
h
t
-
em
itti
n
g
C
aF
2
c
er
am
ic
m
ater
ial
ca
ll
e
d
C
aF
2
-
YA
G:C
e.
T
h
ey
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
u
s
in
g
C
aF
2
-
YA
G:C
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
er
am
ic
co
u
ld
h
el
p
W
L
E
Ds
in
c
r
e
as
e
th
eir
o
p
ti
ca
l p
r
o
p
e
r
ti
es:
lu
m
en
o
u
t
p
u
t
=
3
5
9
.
7
lm
,
co
l
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
b
e
tw
ee
n
4
0
2
1
K
an
d
7
9
4
1
K,
an
d
c
o
l
o
r
r
en
d
e
r
in
g
in
d
ex
f
r
o
m
7
0
.
1
t
o
8
2
.
7
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast
,
th
ey
als
o
m
en
tio
n
e
d
th
e
d
is
ad
v
an
t
ag
e
o
f
ex
c
ess
iv
ely
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
th
is
ce
r
am
ic
w
h
ich
is
th
e
d
ec
r
e
ase
in
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
A
n
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
y
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
C
aCO
3
co
n
c
lu
d
ed
th
at
w
ith
1
0
%
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
C
aCO
3
,
th
e
s
p
atia
l
ch
r
o
m
atic
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
ca
n
in
c
r
ea
s
e
co
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
b
ly
.
B
es
id
es,
SiO
2
g
r
ain
s
is
k
n
o
w
n
to
b
e
a
p
o
t
en
t
ial
m
ate
r
ia
l
in
c
o
n
tr
o
l
lin
g
th
e
o
v
e
r
a
ll
ch
r
o
m
atic
co
n
s
is
t
en
cy
o
f
lig
h
tin
g
d
ev
ic
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
r
es
ea
r
ch
e
r
s
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
s
o
m
e
p
iece
s
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
t
o
v
e
r
if
y
th
e
p
o
t
en
ti
al
c
o
n
n
e
cti
o
n
o
f
Si
O
2
p
a
r
ti
cles
a
r
r
an
g
em
en
t
w
ith
in
th
e
s
ca
tte
r
in
g
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
an
d
ch
r
o
m
atic
r
esu
lts
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
p
a
r
ti
cles
p
o
s
iti
o
n
,
th
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds
is
s
u
b
j
e
ct
ed
t
o
S
iO
2
p
a
r
ti
cle
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
as
w
ell
[
1
9
-
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
n
ew
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
th
ey
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
w
as
n
an
o
p
la
te
c
o
n
s
ti
tu
te
d
b
y
QDs
-
SiO
2
-
B
N
th
at
co
u
l
d
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
h
e
atin
g
is
s
u
es a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
QDs
c
o
n
s
is
t
e
n
cy
in
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
th
e
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
SEP
s
o
n
th
e
co
lo
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
D
i
s
s
o
g
r
ea
t.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
s
e
r
esear
ch
es
j
u
s
t
f
o
cu
s
o
n
o
n
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
SEP
,
in
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
th
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
co
v
er
all
th
e
p
r
o
s
an
d
co
n
s
o
f
th
e
o
t
h
er
o
n
es,
an
d
th
u
s
,
th
e
e
m
er
g
i
n
g
i
s
s
u
e
is
t
h
at
w
h
ich
m
ater
i
al
w
il
l
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
SEP
th
at
ca
n
b
e
tter
b
o
th
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
a
n
d
b
r
ig
h
t
n
es
s
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies,
th
e
b
en
e
f
it
s
o
f
SEP
s
in
clu
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
co
lo
r
d
ev
iatio
n
an
d
lu
m
e
n
ef
f
icac
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
i
n
o
n
e
-
c
h
ip
lig
h
tin
g
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
at
lo
w
co
lo
r
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
ar
e
u
n
d
e
n
iab
le.
Usi
n
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
a
m
o
u
n
t
SEP
s
alo
n
g
s
u
itab
le
s
ize
b
en
ef
it
s
th
e
li
g
h
ti
n
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
af
o
r
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
ar
ticles
a
n
d
o
u
r
o
w
n
in
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
w
ill
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
etails
ab
o
u
t
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
s
o
f
SEP
s
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
n
W
L
E
D
s
an
d
th
e
n
m
ak
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
to
g
iv
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
s
u
itab
le
s
e
lectio
n
s
o
f
SEP
s
f
o
r
th
eir
L
E
D
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
I
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
w
e
s
p
ec
if
ical
l
y
o
p
en
ed
a
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
r
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
SEP
s
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
C
a
C
O
3
,
C
aF
2
,
SiO
2
,
a
n
d
T
iO
2
.
T
h
ese
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
h
i
g
h
er
q
u
ali
t
y
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds.
No
t
o
n
l
y
d
o
es
th
is
p
ap
er
d
eter
m
i
n
es
th
e
b
es
t
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
SEP
,
b
u
t
al
s
o
ex
p
lain
s
i
n
d
etai
ls
w
h
y
SEP
s
ca
n
p
r
o
m
o
te
t
w
o
o
p
tical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
u
s
i
n
g
r
es
u
l
ts
y
ie
ld
ed
f
r
o
m
m
at
h
e
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4
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m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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u
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4
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m
an
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5
9
5
n
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
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lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Utiliz
in
g
C
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C
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3
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ye
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Th
i P
h
u
o
n
g
Lo
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n
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5179
3.
CO
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tr
atio
n
o
f
4
SEP
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
SEP
s
ar
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
f
r
o
m
0
%
to
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0
%,
an
d
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
i
ze
is
ad
j
u
s
ted
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
n
m
to
1
0
0
0
n
m
.
Fo
r
C
aC
O
3
an
d
SiO
2
,
it
is
ea
s
y
to
s
ee
th
at
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
w
it
h
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
p
ar
ticle
s
ize.
Fo
r
C
a
F
2
p
ar
ticles,
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
i
n
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
-
2
0
%
f
o
r
all
p
ar
ticle
s
izes.
T
h
en
,
p
h
o
to
ca
tal
y
s
t
te
n
d
s
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
C
aF
2
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
co
n
ti
n
u
e
s
to
r
i
s
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
i
s
o
b
v
io
u
s
th
at
t
h
e
lar
g
er
t
h
e
p
ar
ticle
s
iz
e
is
,
t
h
e
lo
w
er
t
h
e
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
ev
en
t
s
i
n
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
o
cc
u
r
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
h
ig
h
er
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
Si
m
i
lar
to
C
aF
2
,
t
h
e
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
i
n
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
T
iO
2
in
cr
ea
s
ed
i
n
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
0
-
1
0
%,
t
h
e
n
d
e
cr
ea
s
ed
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
o
r
all
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ex
p
lain
th
e
r
ed
u
cti
o
n
o
f
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lu
x
w
h
e
n
i
n
c
r
ea
s
in
g
SEP
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
L
a
m
b
er
t
-
B
ee
r
's
la
w
an
d
Mie
th
eo
r
y
ar
e
ap
p
lied
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds
u
s
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t SE
P
s
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds
u
s
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t SE
P
s
:
(
a)
C
aCo
3
,
(
b
)
C
aF
2
,
(
c)
SiO
2
,
an
d
(
d
)
T
iO
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
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&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Utiliz
in
g
C
a
C
O
3
,
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a
F
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iO
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a
n
d
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p
a
r
ticles to
en
h
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N
g
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h
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o
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5181
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h
e
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o
r
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al
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h
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tte
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s
s
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tio
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sca
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p
h
er
ical
p
ar
ti
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w
h
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le
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e
tr
a
n
s
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itted
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g
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t p
o
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al
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u
s
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g
t
h
e
L
a
m
b
er
t
-
B
ee
r
la
w
:
=
0
(
−
)
(
8
)
A
cc
o
r
d
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g
to
th
e
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o
r
m
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la
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o
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e,
I
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h
e
o
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tical
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o
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er
o
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i
n
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en
t
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g
h
t
a
n
d
L
is
th
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
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co
atin
g
(
m
m
)
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µ
ext
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
ex
tin
c
tio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
t
h
at
is
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
th
i
s
eq
u
atio
n
:
µ
ext
=
N
r
.C
ext
,
w
h
er
e
N
r
s
ta
n
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
d
en
s
i
t
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticles
(
m
m
-
3
)
an
d
C
ext
(
m
m
2
)
is
th
e
e
x
ti
n
ctio
n
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
.
B
ased
o
n
(
8
)
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
SEP
s
,
t
h
e
less
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lai
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
lig
h
t
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
b
y
t
w
o
r
ea
s
o
n
s
:
o
n
e
is
th
a
t
th
e
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
ex
ce
s
s
i
v
e
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
i
n
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
;
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
is
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
ca
tt
er
in
g
i
n
cr
ea
s
es a
lo
n
g
w
i
th
SE
P
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
o
u
r
s
t
u
d
y
is
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
an
a
l
y
zi
n
g
i
m
p
ac
ts
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
SEP
s
o
n
t
w
o
o
p
t
ical
p
ar
ts
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
D
s
,
ch
r
o
m
atic
h
o
m
o
g
en
eit
y
an
d
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
ef
f
ic
ac
y
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
an
d
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
in
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
ti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
an
d
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
s
i
n
li
g
h
t
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
u
s
i
n
g
ea
ch
t
y
p
e
o
f
SEP
s
i
n
p
c
-
L
E
D
s
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
.
T
h
is
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
e
x
p
o
s
es
u
s
to
a
n
e
w
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
et
h
o
d
in
m
a
n
ag
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
D
s
w
h
ich
i
s
s
elec
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
SEP
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
t
h
e
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
is
m
i
n
i
m
ized
w
h
e
n
th
er
e
is
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
C
a
C
O
3
an
d
T
iO
2
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
.
P
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
,
w
ith
T
iO
2
p
ar
ticles,
w
e
ca
n
ac
co
m
p
l
is
h
th
e
s
m
al
lest
co
lo
r
d
ev
iatio
n
v
alu
e.
Nev
er
t
h
eles
s
,
it
s
h
o
w
s
a
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
le
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
e
m
itted
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
w
h
en
T
iO
2
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
e
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
l
y
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
t
h
e
lu
m
e
n
o
u
tp
u
t
g
o
es
u
p
as
th
e
C
a
C
O
3
,
C
aF
2
a
n
d
S
iO
2
ar
e
ad
d
ed
to
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
.
E
s
p
ec
iall
y
,
SiO
2
p
r
o
v
es
it
s
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
wh
en
s
h
o
w
in
g
h
i
g
h
er
lu
m
en
v
al
u
e
t
h
a
n
o
th
er
s
.
Me
a
n
w
h
ile,
t
h
e
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
n
ea
r
l
y
6
2
0
K
if
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
C
aCO
3
is
3
0
%.
Hen
ce
,
u
s
i
n
g
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles
is
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
o
p
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds
i
n
m
o
s
t
ca
s
es
i
s
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
o
p
tio
n
.
W
ith
t
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
e
x
h
ib
its
in
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
,
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
ca
n
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
b
en
e
f
its
an
d
t
h
e
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
o
f
ea
ch
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
SEP
s
,
th
e
n
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
w
h
ic
h
o
n
e
i
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticle
f
o
r
th
eir
r
eq
u
ir
ed
L
E
D
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
D.
M
a
lv
i
y
a
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ultra
so
u
n
d
a
ss
isted
s
y
n
th
e
sis
o
f
Ca
F
2
:Eu
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
,
”
L
u
min
e
sc
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
3
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
2
6
-
4
3
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
S
.
K.
A
b
e
y
s
e
k
e
r
a
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
c
irca
d
ian
tu
n
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
il
lu
m
in
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
rm
it
y
o
f
a
m
u
lt
ich
a
n
n
e
l
lu
m
in
a
ire w
it
h
sp
a
ti
a
ll
y
o
p
ti
m
iz
e
d
L
ED
p
lac
e
m
e
n
t,
”
Op
t.
Ex
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
0
-
1
4
5
,
2
0
2
0
.
[3
]
Y.
G
.
Zh
o
u
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
n
o
n
l
in
e
a
r
e
q
u
a
li
z
e
rs
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
s
p
e
e
d
v
isib
le
li
g
h
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
u
ti
li
z
i
n
g
sili
c
o
n
su
b
stra
te p
h
o
sp
h
o
re
sc
e
n
t
w
h
it
e
L
ED,
”
Op
t.
Ex
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
3
0
2
-
2
3
1
6
,
2
0
2
0
.
[4
]
H.
S
.
El
-
G
h
o
r
o
u
ry
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
lo
r
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
tu
n
a
b
le
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
b
a
se
d
o
n
m
o
n
o
li
t
h
ic
c
o
l
o
r
-
tu
n
a
b
l
e
li
g
h
t
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s,”
Op
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
0
6
-
1
2
1
5
,
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[5
]
H.
K.
P
a
rk
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
o
w
a
rd
s
c
a
tt
e
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-
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n
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t
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e
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it
ti
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g
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io
d
e
s,”
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ti
c
s
Exp
re
ss
,
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o
l.
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0
,
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o
.
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,
p
p
.
1
0
2
1
8
-
1
0
2
2
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[6
]
J.
H.
Oh
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
w
i
d
e
c
o
lo
r
g
a
m
u
t
o
f
g
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e
n
/red
b
il
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y
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re
d
f
re
e
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n
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g
p
h
o
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h
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m
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c
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p
p
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w
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EDs
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CD b
a
c
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li
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t,
”
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ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
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o
.
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5
,
p
p
.
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7
9
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8
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0
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5
.
[7
]
S
.
P
.
Yin
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
, “
Cu
rv
e
d
re
m
o
te p
h
o
s
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h
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c
tu
re
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e
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w
h
it
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EDs,”
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p
li
e
d
Op
ti
c
s
,
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l.
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3
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o
.
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9
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p
.
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1
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0
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.
[8
]
M
.
T
.
W
a
n
g
a
n
d
J.
M
.
Hu
a
n
g
,
“
Ac
c
u
ra
te
c
o
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tro
l
o
f
c
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ro
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ti
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it
y
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n
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tra
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y
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ti
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s E
x
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ss
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.
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5
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5
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2
0
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.
[9
]
S
.
N.
Kim
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Re
latio
n
s
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ip
b
e
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e
e
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p
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r
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ti
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in
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g
las
s,”
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li
e
d
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ti
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s
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4
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9
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7
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4
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3
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.
[1
0
]
G
.
F
.
J.
Ga
rli
c
k
,
A
.
F
.
G
ib
so
n
,
“
Th
e
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u
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h
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p
h
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rs,”
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o
u
rn
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e
Op
ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iety
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Ame
ric
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.
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p
.
9
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5
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4
1
,
1
9
4
9
.
[1
1
]
S
.
P
.
Yin
g
,
A
.
Y.
S
h
iu
,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
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ro
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sc
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p
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ti
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p
p
.
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3
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.
[1
2
]
W
.
J.
Ki
m
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
m
p
ro
v
e
d
a
n
g
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lar
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n
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se
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im
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tatio
n
,
”
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ti
c
s E
x
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re
ss
,
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6
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.
[1
3
]
R.
T
.
V
e
lp
u
la,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Nu
m
e
rica
l
in
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e
stig
a
ti
o
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o
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t
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e
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e
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ice
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e
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lIn
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n
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n
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ire d
e
e
p
u
l
trav
io
let
li
g
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t
-
e
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it
ti
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io
d
e
s,”
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t
.
M
a
ter
.
Exp
r
e
ss
,
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l.
1
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o
.
2
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p
p
.
4
7
2
-
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8
3
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0
2
0
.
[1
4
]
V
.
V
.
Ba
k
h
m
e
t’e
v
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
y
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th
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sis
o
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in
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rse
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Na
Ba
P
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4
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c
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ra
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stig
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ti
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o
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ir
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e
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ters
o
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m
in
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sc
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e
,
”
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o
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rn
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l
o
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Op
ti
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l
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I
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5
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H.
F
.
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ij
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o
m
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t
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l
.
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“
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2
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ti
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ti
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l
M
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ss
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[1
6
]
S
.
Bh
a
ra
d
w
a
j,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
n
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a
n
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io
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Exp
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ss
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7
]
L
.
Y.
Ch
e
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
No
v
e
l
b
ro
a
d
b
a
n
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s
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h
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ig
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EDs,”
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ti
c
s
Exp
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ss
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l.
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2
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o
.
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p
.
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6
7
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6
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8
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.
[1
8
]
A
.
P
a
n
d
e
y
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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e
c
t
o
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c
tro
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ien
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l
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ss
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p
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7
3
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5
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0
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9
.
[1
9
]
B.
Ja
in
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
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In
G
a
N/
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a
N
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a
n
o
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ss
,
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1
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p
.
6
6
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5
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0
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0
.
[2
0
]
J.
W
.
M
o
o
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Op
t
ica
l
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
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n
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lo
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y
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it
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ls E
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[2
1
]
B.
L
i,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Hig
h
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e
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icie
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h
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2
]
J.
W
.
J
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
UV
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c
u
ra
b
le
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c
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s
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s
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it
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ti
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s L
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e
rs
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p
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7
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6
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[2
3
]
J.
Be
li
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hy
b
rid
a
b
so
rp
ti
o
n
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n
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e
w
id
e
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a
n
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sin
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V
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ix
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t
.
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ss
,
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l.
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.
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p
.
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5
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9
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8
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[2
4
]
A
.
X
.
G
u
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
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[2
5
]
X
.
R.
Din
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
in
g
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e
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p
ti
c
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e
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a
n
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a
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ig
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ra
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s,”
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t
ics
Exp
re
ss
,
v
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l.
2
6
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n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
A
2
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.