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III
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m
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to
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3433
T
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tr
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I
n
1
9
5
1
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W
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m
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[
4
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th
e
m
ai
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[
5
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Hete
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ial
s
ar
e
in
ter
esti
n
g
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
an
d
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
4
,
5
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
w
id
e
b
an
d
g
ap
e
m
itter
s
is
th
e
m
ain
r
aiso
n
o
f
HB
T
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e,
in
th
e
ca
s
e
w
h
er
e
th
e
e
m
itter
b
an
d
g
ap
is
lar
g
er
th
an
th
at
i
n
th
e
b
ase
lay
er
f
o
r
an
n
-
p
-
n
HB
T
,
a
b
a
r
r
ier
is
cr
e
ated
to
th
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
s
b
y
th
e
b
a
n
d
g
ap
d
is
co
n
tin
u
it
y
,
an
d
as a
r
esu
lt a
h
ig
h
er
tu
r
n
-
o
n
v
o
lta
g
e
is
o
b
t
ain
ed
f
o
r
th
e
e
m
itter
-
b
a
s
e
d
io
d
e
[
6
]
.
R
ec
en
t
l
y
,
I
n
P
-
I
n
Ga
A
s
HB
T
s
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
o
u
ts
ta
n
d
i
n
g
d
ev
ices
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
s
u
p
er
io
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
7
,
8
]
an
d
ex
ce
llen
t
cu
r
r
en
t
h
a
n
d
lin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
[
9
]
.
I
t
is
p
r
in
cip
all
y
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
m
all
b
an
d
g
ap
w
id
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
m
at
er
ial
I
n
Ga
As
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
b
ase
la
y
er
t
h
at
h
a
s
h
ig
h
elec
tr
o
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
w
h
ic
h
r
es
u
lt
s
f
r
o
m
v
er
y
s
h
o
r
t tr
an
s
it ti
m
es
f
o
r
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
cr
o
s
s
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
b
ase
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
w
er
e
e
x
ten
s
i
v
el
y
s
t
u
d
ied
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
f
i
g
u
r
es
o
f
m
er
it,
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
w
e
cite
th
e
s
tatic
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
ai
n
β,
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
o
s
cillatio
n
f
m
ax
,
th
e
cu
t
-
o
f
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
f
T
,
o
r
b
y
E
m
itter
C
o
u
p
led
L
o
g
ic
(
E
C
L
)
g
ate
d
ela
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
c
h
o
ic
e
o
f
th
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
o
f
m
er
it
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licati
o
n
to
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
is
in
ten
d
ed
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
esen
t
p
ap
er
ai
m
s
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
t
w
o
s
elec
ted
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
S
HB
T
o
n
its
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
el
y
o
n
th
e
s
ta
tic
cu
r
r
en
t g
ai
n
β
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
it.
T
h
e
t
w
o
s
elec
ted
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
: t
h
e
d
o
p
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
b
ase
an
d
co
llecto
r
la
y
er
s
,
N
b
an
d
N
c
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ied
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
SHB
T
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
I
I
I
-
V
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ial
s
,
an
I
n
d
iu
m
P
h
o
s
p
h
id
e
(
I
n
P
)
b
in
ar
y
allo
y
an
d
an
I
n
d
iu
m
Gal
liu
m
A
r
s
en
id
e
(
I
n
Ga
As
)
ter
n
ar
y
allo
y
.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
th
e
m
ater
ial
g
r
o
w
t
h
a
n
d
f
ab
r
icati
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
P
/I
n
Ga
As
SHB
T
,
th
e
Me
tal
Or
g
a
n
ic
C
h
e
m
ical
Vap
o
r
Dep
o
s
itio
n
(
MO
C
VD)
w
a
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
ast
f
o
r
t
h
e
g
r
o
w
th
o
f
t
h
e
ep
it
ax
ial
la
y
er
s
o
f
t
h
e
SHB
T
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
Mo
lecu
lar
B
ea
m
E
p
itax
y
(
MB
E
)
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
r
elat
iv
el
y
r
ec
e
n
t
i
n
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
to
MO
C
VD
.
T
h
e
MB
E
m
ater
ials
ar
e
g
r
o
w
n
at
a
m
u
ch
lo
w
er
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
~
450
°
C
,
b
u
t
MO
C
V
D
m
ater
ials
at
~
750
°
C
w
h
ic
h
h
a
v
e
a
n
i
m
p
ac
t o
n
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
Mo
lecu
lar
J
et
E
p
itax
y
(
MB
E
)
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
th
e
ep
ita
x
ial
la
y
er
s
o
f
t
h
e
SHB
T
o
n
Fe
-
d
o
p
ed
s
em
i
-
i
n
s
u
latin
g
(
1
0
0
)
I
n
P
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
[
13
].
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
liter
atu
r
e
,
th
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
a
lo
w
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
~
4
2
0
°C
an
d
it
u
s
ed
s
to
ic
h
io
m
e
tr
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
m
a
ter
ials
t
h
e
P
h
o
s
p
h
id
e
an
d
t
h
e
A
r
s
e
n
id
e.
T
h
e
d
esc
r
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
s
p
ec
ts
w
h
ic
h
co
n
ce
r
n
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
g
en
er
atio
n
f
r
o
m
a
GaP
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
is
d
etailed
in
t
h
e
p
ap
er
s
[
12,
13
].
2.
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
T
CAD
t
o
o
ls
o
f
Sil
v
a
co
T
h
e
b
ig
c
h
alle
n
g
e
f
o
r
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
is
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
d
ev
ices
r
esp
ec
tin
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
s
o
f
ti
m
e
an
d
co
s
t.
B
u
t
th
an
k
s
to
T
C
A
D
to
o
ls
o
f
Sil
v
ac
o
,
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
h
a
v
e
a
r
ed
u
ce
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
en
g
i
n
e
er
in
g
w
a
f
er
s
,
th
eir
ti
m
e
an
d
m
o
n
e
y
ar
e
s
a
v
e
d
[
1
4
]
.
-
Sil
v
ac
o
(
Sil
ico
n
Valle
y
C
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
)
[
1
5
]
is
th
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
t
h
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
T
C
A
D
to
o
ls
(
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
C
o
m
p
u
ter
A
id
ed
Desi
g
n
)
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
ar
k
et
s
s
u
c
h
as
p
h
o
to
n
ics,
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
,
an
a
lo
g
an
d
HSI
O
d
esig
n
,
ad
v
an
ce
d
C
M
OS p
r
o
ce
s
s
….
-
A
tla
s
[
1
6
,
1
7
]
is
a
t
w
o
a
n
d
t
h
r
ee
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
d
ev
ice
s
i
m
u
lato
r
.
I
t
allo
w
s
u
s
er
s
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
elec
tr
ica
l
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
an
y
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
e
v
ice
a
n
d
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
i
n
to
th
e
i
n
ter
n
al
p
h
y
s
ical
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
w
it
h
i
n
d
ev
ice
s
.
-
Dev
E
d
it
[
1
8
]
is
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
m
es
h
ed
ito
r
,
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
to
eith
er
cr
ea
te
a
d
ev
ice
f
r
o
m
s
cr
atch
o
r
to
r
e
m
es
h
o
r
ed
it
an
ex
is
ti
n
g
d
ev
ice.
I
t
cr
ea
tes
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
th
a
t
ar
e
ea
s
il
y
i
n
teg
r
at
ed
in
to
Sil
v
ac
o
s
i
m
u
lato
r
s
a
n
d
o
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t to
o
ls
.
-
A
t
h
e
n
a
[
1
9
]
i
s
a
s
i
m
u
lato
r
to
o
l
f
o
r
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
tech
n
i
q
u
es
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
ef
f
icien
t si
m
u
latio
n
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
t
h
at
s
u
b
s
tit
u
te
s
f
o
r
co
s
tl
y
r
ea
l
w
o
r
ld
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tatio
n
.
-
Dec
k
b
u
ild
[
2
0
]
is
t
h
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
w
h
er
e
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
i
s
d
ef
i
n
ed
i
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
r
d
er
s
.
Mu
ltip
le
s
i
m
u
lato
r
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as in
p
u
t
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
w
it
h
D
ec
k
b
u
ild
s
u
c
h
as
A
t
h
en
a,
A
tla
s
,
Dev
E
d
it
.
-
T
o
n
y
P
lo
t
[
1
5
]
is
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
d
is
p
la
y
ed
.
I
t
g
iv
e
s
co
m
p
lete
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
f
o
r
v
is
u
aliza
t
io
n
a
n
d
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
h
ar
a
cter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
in
p
u
ts
an
d
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
v
ice
s
i
m
u
la
to
r
Atlas.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
f
iles
f
o
r
A
tla
s
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
es
f
o
r
A
tla
s
i
n
p
u
t
f
iles
w
h
ich
ar
e:
a
co
m
m
a
n
d
f
ile
th
at
co
n
tai
n
s
t
h
e
co
m
m
a
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
s
i
m
u
lato
r
d
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ed
in
s
tate
m
e
n
ts
p
a
r
t
u
n
d
er
A
t
l
as
in
th
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
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an
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.
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p
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5
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.
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So
lutio
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g
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u
r
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2
.
Flo
w
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s
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p
tim
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tatic
cu
r
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n
t g
ai
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
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&
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m
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2
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8
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3435
3.
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NP
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2
2
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3
.
1
.
I
NP
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Dev
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Str
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We
s
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ased
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[
8
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[
10
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SHB
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[
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[
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(
c
m^
(
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0.
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x
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ig
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r
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3
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Fig
u
r
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3
.
E
p
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As SHB
T
3
.
2
.
P
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s
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o
dellin
g
T
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h
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n
tr
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ased
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2
[
8
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.
T
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o
f
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g
[
8
,
2
3
]
:
μ
=
μ
m
i
n
(
T
L
300
)
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+
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ax
(
T
L
300
)
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in
(
T
L
300
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(
T
L
300
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γ
(
N
N
C
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α
(
1
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w
h
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e,
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m
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d
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en
d
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o
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n
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,
T
L
=
3
0
0
K.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
9
:
3
4
3
2
-
3
4
4
0
3436
T
ab
le
2
.
Mo
b
ilit
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ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
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n
P
an
d
In
0
.
47
Ga
0
.
53
As
m
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ial
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In
0.
47
Ga
0.
53
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El
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m
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4
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3
0
0
3
3
7
2
N
C
(
cm
-
3
)
6
.
4
x
1
0
17
8
.
9
x
1
0
16
α
0
.
4
6
0
.
7
6
H
o
l
e
μ
m
a
x
(
c
m
2
.
V
-
1
.
se
c
-
1
)
1
5
1
3
3
1
μ
m
i
n
(
c
m
2
.
V
-
1
.
se
c
-
1
)
20
75
N
V
(
c
m
-
3
)
1
x
1
0
17
1
x
1
0
18
α
0
.
9
6
1
.
3
7
T
h
e
T
a
b
le
2
c
o
n
tain
s
t
h
e
m
o
b
il
it
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
o
th
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
i
als
I
n
P
an
d
In
0
.
47
Ga
0
.
53
As
.
μ
m
ax
an
d
μ
m
i
n
ar
e
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
a
n
d
th
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
m
o
b
ilit
ie
s
at
lo
w
an
d
h
ig
h
lev
e
ls
o
f
d
o
p
in
g
,
N
C
an
d
N
V
ar
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
a
n
d
h
o
le
d
en
s
ities
i
n
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
ct
io
n
an
d
v
alen
ce
b
an
d
s
.
P
h
y
s
ical
m
o
d
el
s
w
er
e
in
te
g
r
a
ted
in
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
to
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
S
HB
T
d
ev
ice
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
s
i
m
u
lato
r
A
tlas
co
n
tai
n
s
s
ev
er
al
p
h
y
s
ical
m
o
d
els
[
1
7
]
s
u
c
h
as
m
o
b
ilit
y
m
o
d
el
s
,
r
ec
o
m
b
in
a
tio
n
m
o
d
el
s
,
i
m
p
ac
t
io
n
izatio
n
,
t
u
n
n
eli
n
g
m
o
d
els
a
n
d
ca
r
r
ier
in
j
ec
ti
o
n
m
o
d
el
s
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
m
o
d
els
ad
d
ed
in
th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
,
w
e
c
ite
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
tati
s
tic
m
o
d
el
B
GN
(
B
an
d
g
ap
Nar
r
o
w
in
g
)
,
t
h
e
r
ec
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
m
o
d
el
S
R
H
(
S
h
o
ck
le
y
r
ea
d
Hall)
,
th
e
Selb
er
h
er
r
'
s
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
io
n
izatio
n
i
m
p
ac
t
(
I
MP
A
C
T
SEL
B
)
,
th
e
T
u
n
n
el
ef
f
ec
t
m
o
d
el
B
B
T
.
S
T
D
(
B
an
d
-
to
-
B
an
d
)
,
an
d
th
e
o
p
tical
m
o
d
el
OP
T
R
.
3
.
3
.
Nu
m
er
ic
a
l M
o
dellin
g
T
h
e
Ne
w
to
n
m
et
h
o
d
w
a
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
m
o
d
e
l
lin
g
,
it
s
o
lv
e
s
n
u
m
er
icall
y
a
s
er
ie
o
f
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ice
eq
u
atio
n
s
[
24
]
s
u
ch
a
s
th
e
eq
u
a
tio
n
s
o
f
co
n
ti
n
u
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
P
o
is
s
o
n
’
s
eq
u
atio
n
,
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
f
i
eld
s
.
-
P
o
is
s
o
n
’
s
eq
u
a
tio
n
:
d
iv
(
ɛ
∇
ψ
)
=
ρ
(
2
)
w
h
er
e,
Ɛ
: th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
ta
n
t o
f
t
h
e
m
ater
ial.
Ψ
: th
e
lo
ca
l
v
o
ltag
e
p
o
ten
t
ial.
An
d
ρ
: t
h
e
lo
ca
l c
h
a
r
g
e
d
e
n
s
it
y
.
-
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
E
⃗
⃗
:
E
⃗
⃗
=
-
∇
ψ
(
3
)
-
T
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
co
n
tin
u
it
y
eq
u
a
tio
n
s
f
o
r
elec
tr
o
n
s
an
d
h
o
le
s
:
∂
n
∂
t
=
1
q
d
iv
(
j
n
⃗
⃗
)
+
G
n
-
R
n
(
4
)
∂
p
∂
t
=
-
1
q
d
iv
(
j
p
⃗
⃗
)
+
G
p
-
R
p
(
5
)
w
h
er
e,
j
n
⃗
⃗
an
d
j
p
⃗
⃗
ar
e
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
an
d
h
o
le
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
G
n
,
G
p
,
R
n
an
d
R
p
ar
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
t
h
e
g
en
er
atio
n
a
n
d
r
ec
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
r
ates f
o
r
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
an
d
h
o
les.
-
T
h
e
d
r
if
t a
n
d
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
cu
r
r
en
ts
f
o
r
elec
tr
o
n
s
a
n
d
h
o
les:
j
n
⃗
⃗
=
n
.
q
.
µ
n
.
E
⃗
⃗
+
q
.
D
n
.
∇
n
(
6
)
j
p
⃗
⃗
=
p
.
q
.
µ
p
.
E
⃗
⃗
-
q.
D
p
.
∇
p
(
7
)
w
h
er
e,
µ
n
an
d
µ
p
ar
e
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
m
o
b
ilit
ies,
an
d
D
n
,
D
p
ar
e
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
f
o
r
elec
tr
o
n
s
a
n
d
h
o
les.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Ho
w
d
o
es tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ic
a
l p
a
r
a
mete
r
s
imp
a
ct
th
e
s
ta
tic
cu
r
r
e
n
t g
a
in
o
f I
n
P
-
b
a
s
ed
s
in
g
le
....
(
Jih
a
n
e
Ou
ch
r
if)
3437
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
We
h
av
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
a
2
D
p
h
y
s
ical
a
n
d
n
u
m
er
ical
m
o
d
el
l
i
n
g
o
f
a
n
n
p
n
S
HB
T
u
s
i
n
g
Sil
v
ac
o
’
s
T
C
A
D
to
o
ls
.
Fig
u
r
es
b
elo
w
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
I
c
-
V
ce
f
o
r
co
n
s
tan
t
v
alu
e
s
o
f
b
ase
c
u
r
r
en
ts
at
r
o
o
m
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
(
T
=
3
0
0
K)
.
T
C
A
D
to
o
ls
en
ab
le
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
s
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
la
y
er
s
an
d
m
a
t
er
ials
,
b
u
t
f
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
it
allo
w
s
to
m
o
d
if
y
th
e
d
o
p
in
g
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
ea
c
h
r
eg
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
we
ev
al
u
ated
t
h
e
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
b
ase
an
d
th
e
co
llecto
r
d
o
p
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
N
b
an
d
N
c
o
n
th
e
s
tatic
cu
r
r
e
n
t g
ai
n
β
o
f
th
e
I
n
P
/I
n
Ga
A
s
SHB
T
f
o
r
th
e
s
a
m
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
d
ev
i
ce
.
4
.
1
.
O
utput
E
lect
rica
l C
ha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
T
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
4
p
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
e
lectr
ical
o
u
tp
u
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tic
s
I
c
-
Vce
o
f
t
h
e
Si
n
g
le
Hete
r
o
j
u
n
ctio
n
B
ip
o
lar
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
(
SHB
T
)
.
W
e
p
lo
tted
th
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
I
c
=
f
(
V
ce
)
at
f
o
u
r
co
n
s
ta
n
t
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
b
ase
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
I
b
=
2
.
5
µA
to
I
b
=
1
0
µA
w
it
h
a
s
t
ep
eq
u
al
to
2
.
5
an
d
f
o
r
a
V
ce
w
h
i
ch
v
ar
ies b
et
w
ee
n
0
a
n
d
2
V.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
I
-
V
c
u
r
v
e
ab
o
v
e,
w
e
n
o
ticed
th
at
th
e
o
f
f
s
e
t
in
t
u
r
n
-
o
n
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vce
o
)
is
o
f
th
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
5
0
m
v
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
es
o
f
th
e
h
eter
o
j
u
n
ctio
n
r
eg
io
n
a
n
d
th
e
h
o
m
o
j
u
n
c
tio
n
r
eg
io
n
is
th
e
m
ai
n
ca
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
o
f
f
s
et.
T
h
e
I
n
P
/I
n
Ga
A
s
SHB
T
s
tatic
cu
r
r
en
t g
a
in
is
ar
o
u
n
d
80
.
24
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
d
ef
in
e
an
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
Hete
r
o
j
u
n
ctio
n
B
ip
o
lar
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
o
p
er
atin
g
in
m
icr
o
w
av
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
w
e
ex
a
m
i
n
ated
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
b
ase
an
d
t
h
e
co
llecto
r
d
o
p
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
,
an
d
w
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
t
h
ese
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
w
h
ic
h
en
ab
le
th
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
SHB
T
s
tatic
cu
r
r
en
t
g
ai
n
.
F
ig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
I
c
=
f
(
V
ce
)
at
I
b
=
1
0
μ
A
an
d
T
=
3
0
0
K
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
alu
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
o
p
in
g
co
n
ce
n
t
r
a
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
ase
la
y
er
.
T
h
e
T
a
b
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t g
ai
n
β =
I
c
I
b
⁄
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
b
ase
d
o
p
in
g
co
n
ce
n
t
r
a
tio
n
N
b
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
v
al
u
es
f
r
o
m
1
x
10
20
cm
−
3
to
1
x
10
18
cm
−
3
w
er
e
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
to
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t o
f
t
h
i
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ar
a
m
ete
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Si
m
u
lated
I
c
-
Vce
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
f
o
r
th
e
I
n
P
/I
n
Ga
A
s
S
HB
T
at
T
=
3
0
0
K
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ou
tp
u
t
C
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
ti
cs
I
c
=
f
(
V
ce
)
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t b
ase
d
o
p
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
N
b
at
I
b
=
1
0
μ
A
an
d
T
=
3
0
0
K
T
h
en
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
an
d
th
e
T
ab
le
3
,
w
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
w
h
e
n
w
e
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
d
o
p
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
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ase
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er
,
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e
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r
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en
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g
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c
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ea
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T
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lo
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t
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ase
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o
p
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ce
n
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w
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h
i
g
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est
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en
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1
2
0
1
3
1
2
.
0
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
9
:
3
4
3
2
-
3
4
4
0
3438
Fig
u
r
e
6
illu
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
I
c
=
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(
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at
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A
an
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3
0
0
K
f
o
r
d
if
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er
en
t
v
alu
e
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o
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llecto
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o
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g
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ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
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f
t
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e
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g
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ac
co
r
d
in
g
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ce
n
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atio
n
N
c
.
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h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
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a
s
a
co
ll
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to
r
d
o
p
in
g
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n
ce
n
tr
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n
o
f
1x
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16
cm
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3
,
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e
s
tat
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c
cu
r
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t g
ai
n
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s
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o
u
t 8
0
.
2
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
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tp
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t
C
h
ar
ac
ter
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s
ti
cs
I
c
=
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o
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if
f
er
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n
t c
o
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at
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n
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ce
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o
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of
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m
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r
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n
t
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A
/
A
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x
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0
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4
1
2
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3
4
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1
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15
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7
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2
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2
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15
10
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7
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I
t
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t
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e
Fig
u
r
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6
an
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e
T
ab
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4
th
at
th
e
s
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r
r
en
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g
ai
n
i
n
cr
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es
s
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h
t
h
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t
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cr
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e
o
f
th
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llecto
r
d
o
p
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ce
n
tr
at
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.
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r
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e
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ig
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er
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p
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g
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h
en
,
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r
d
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p
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n
ce
n
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atio
n
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al
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an
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h
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im
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d
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%.
T
h
e
in
v
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tig
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n
o
f
t
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b
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th
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
:
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a
s
e
an
d
co
llecto
r
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o
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in
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tio
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s
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e
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m
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ig
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n
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β
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ticu
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y
a
b
ase
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o
p
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g
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n
tr
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d
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A
f
ter
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ical
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SHB
T
.
Fig
u
r
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7
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
cu
r
v
e
o
f
th
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o
u
tp
u
t e
lectr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
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s
tics
I
c
=
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V
c
e
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o
r
th
e
o
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m
ized
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T
h
e
f
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n
ctio
n
I
c
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V
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as
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d
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ase
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r
r
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ts
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5
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,
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5
µ
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d
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it
h
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tep
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e
n
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V
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h
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ies
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,
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e
o
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et
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f
5
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m
V
,
an
d
it is
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
as
th
at
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t
h
e
r
ef
er
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t
r
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ctu
r
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Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ou
tp
u
t
C
h
ar
ac
ter
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s
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cs
I
c
=
f
(
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f
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r
th
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
d
ev
i
ce
at
T
=
3
0
0
K
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Ho
w
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a
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r
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P
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s
in
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le
....
(
Jih
a
n
e
Ou
ch
r
if)
3439
W
e
ca
lcu
lated
th
e
s
tatic
cu
r
r
e
n
t
g
ai
n
β
f
o
r
th
e
SHB
T
im
p
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ed
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it
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ar
o
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d
3
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3
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24
.
I
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esear
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[
2
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]
w
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[
2
7
,
2
8
]
.
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h
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b
ase
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f
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h
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ical
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ase
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m
p
o
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ta
n
t
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
s
tatic
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
ain
β
i
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
o
th
e
r
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v
est
ig
ated
p
ar
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m
eter
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s
u
c
h
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m
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tter
len
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th
a
n
d
th
e
co
llecto
r
d
o
p
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co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
4
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n w
it
h o
t
her
wo
r
ks
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
r
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lt
s
s
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o
w
n
in
t
h
e
T
ab
le
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,
w
e
ca
n
n
o
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th
at
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r
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ch
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a
h
ig
h
er
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tatic
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r
r
e
n
t g
ai
n
eq
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3
3
5
.
9
3
w
it
h
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
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k
a
f
ter
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ti
m
izatio
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m
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ar
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th
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s
.
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ab
le
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o
m
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ar
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et
w
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n
th
e
o
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tain
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tatic
c
u
r
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g
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n
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d
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th
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w
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at
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K
R
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c
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r
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n
t
g
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n
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O
u
r
w
o
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k
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t
h
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t
o
p
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.
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9
3
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t
h
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k
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0
.
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0
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h
e
r
w
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k
[
2
6
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0
7
1
8
2
0
7
.
1
8
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
a
t
w
o
-
d
im
e
n
s
io
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al
p
h
y
s
ica
l
an
d
n
u
m
er
ical
m
o
d
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w
a
s
d
o
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
Sil
v
ac
o
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s
T
C
A
D
to
o
ls
f
o
r
th
e
I
n
P
/I
n
GaA
s
Sin
g
le
Hete
r
o
j
u
n
ctio
n
B
ip
o
lar
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
.
W
e
h
av
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
th
e
p
h
y
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ical
m
o
d
els
s
u
c
h
a
s
S
R
H,
B
GN
to
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n
s
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d
er
th
e
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m
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o
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th
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p
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m
ec
h
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n
is
m
s
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h
at
o
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r
w
it
h
in
th
e
s
t
u
d
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elec
t
r
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice.
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f
ter
w
ar
d
s
,
w
e
ev
alu
a
ted
th
e
d
o
p
in
g
co
n
ce
n
t
r
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in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
b
ase
an
d
th
e
co
llecto
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la
y
er
s
N
b
an
d
N
c
o
n
th
e
s
tatic
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
ain
β.
W
e
th
en
s
elec
ted
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
t
h
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tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
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ar
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m
eter
s
th
at
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u
s
to
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e
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o
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ch
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e
th
e
b
ase
d
o
p
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g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
eq
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al
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x
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18
cm
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d
th
e
co
llecto
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d
o
p
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
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n
eq
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al
to
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x
10
16
cm
−
3
.
C
o
n
s
eq
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en
tl
y
,
t
h
e
d
ef
in
ed
o
p
t
i
m
ized
d
ev
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en
ab
le
s
o
b
tain
i
n
g
a
h
ig
h
er
s
ta
tic
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
ai
n
β
eq
u
al
to
3
3
5
.
9
3
.
T
h
e
esti
m
ated
i
m
p
r
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v
e
m
en
t
i
s
ar
o
u
n
d
3
1
8
.
65
%
.
B
etw
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n
all
th
e
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
b
ase
la
y
er
h
a
v
e
a
g
r
ea
t
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
s
tatic
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
ai
n
β
,
th
e
s
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
th
e
b
a
s
e
w
id
th
W
b
an
d
th
e
b
ase
d
o
p
in
g
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
N
b
.
Fo
r
o
u
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
,
w
e
p
lan
to
d
o
an
ev
a
lu
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
o
th
er
tech
n
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p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
tat
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cu
r
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t
g
a
in
,
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d
also
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en
h
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n
ce
th
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elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
o
f
th
is
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
f
o
r
AC
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
.
N.
T
a
n
d
jao
u
i
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ch
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
De
v
ice
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m (
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
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(
2
)
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p
p
.
1
3
5
-
1
4
1
,
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t
2
0
1
4
.
[2
]
T
.
G
.
S
a
n
c
h
e
z
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
El
e
c
tro
n
tr
a
n
sp
o
rt
in
I
n
P
u
n
d
e
r
h
ig
h
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lec
tri
c
f
ield
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
,
”
IOP
sc
ien
c
e
,
p
p
.
31
-
36
,
1
9
9
2
.
[3
]
R
.
S
in
g
h
a
n
d
R
.
M
e
h
ra
,
“
Qu
a
li
tativ
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
Da
rli
n
g
to
n
F
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
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p
li
f
ier
a
t
4
5
n
m
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
”
Bu
ll
e
ti
n
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
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e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
f
o
r
ma
ti
c
s
,
v
ol
/i
ss
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:
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(
1
)
,
p
p
.
2
1
-
2
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[4
]
A
.
A
.
Re
z
a
z
a
d
e
h
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
In
v
it
e
d
p
a
p
e
r
―In
P
-
b
a
se
d
HBT
s
f
o
r
Op
ti
c
a
l
Tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,”
In
t.
J
.
Op
to
e
lec
.
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
p
p
.
4
8
9
-
4
9
3
,
1
9
9
5
.
[5
]
S
.
Ch
o
w
d
h
u
ry
a
n
d
S
.
Ba
su
,
“
E
f
fe
c
t
o
f
De
v
ice
P
a
ra
m
e
ters
o
n
Cu
rre
n
t
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o
l
ta
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e
Ch
a
ra
c
teristic
s
a
n
d
Cu
rre
n
t
G
a
in
o
f
In
P
/In
G
a
A
s HB
T
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
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c
tro
n
De
v
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s
,
v
o
l.
9
,
p
p
.
3
6
2
-
3
6
6
,
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
B
.
Ya
m
in
a
a
n
d
G
.
Kh
e
rre
d
d
in
e
,
“
M
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
Ch
a
ra
c
teristic
o
f
In
P
/I
n
G
a
A
s
Do
u
b
le
He
t
e
ro
ju
n
c
ti
o
n
Bip
o
lar
T
ra
n
sisto
r
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
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)
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
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(
3
)
,
p
p
.
525
-
5
3
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
D.
Yu
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ultra
-
h
ig
h
-
sp
e
e
d
0
.
2
5
μm
e
m
it
ter
In
P
-
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n
G
a
A
s
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HBTs
w
it
h
fm
a
x
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f
6
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G
Hz
,
”
in
2
0
0
4
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
El
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c
tro
n
De
v
ice
s M
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ti
n
g
,
1
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5
De
c
.
2
0
0
4
,
S
a
n
F
ra
n
c
isc
o
,
C
A
,
USA
,
p
p
.
5
5
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-
60
,
2
0
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5
.
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[8
]
T
.
Tau
q
e
e
r,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
w
o
-
Di
m
e
n
sio
n
a
l
P
h
y
sic
a
l
a
n
d
Nu
m
e
rica
l
M
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
o
f
In
P
-
b
a
se
d
He
te
ro
j
u
n
c
ti
o
n
Bi
p
o
lar
T
ra
n
sisto
rs
,
”
in
t
h
e
7
ℎ
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ad
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a
n
c
e
d
S
e
mic
o
n
d
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r
De
v
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s
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n
d
M
icr
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ste
ms
,
p
p
.
2
7
1
-
274
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t
2
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.
[9
]
S
o
n
g
J
.
I
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“C
a
rb
o
n
–
d
o
p
e
d
b
a
se
In
P
/I
n
G
a
A
s
b
a
se
HB
T
s
w
it
h
f
T
=
2
0
0
G
H
z
,
”
in
P
ro
c
.
IE
EE
D
e
v
ice
Res
e
a
rc
h
Co
n
f.
,
p
p
.
9
7
-
98
,
1
9
9
4
.
[1
0
]
J.
S
e
x
to
n
a
n
d
M
.
M
isso
u
s,
“
An
n
e
a
li
n
g
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
ts
o
n
I
NP
/I
NG
AA
S
S
in
g
le
a
n
d
Do
u
b
le
H
BT
s
Gro
w
n
b
y
M
o
lec
u
lar
Be
a
m
Ep
it
a
x
y
,
”
in
E
lec
tro
n
De
v
ice
s
fo
r
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
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n
d
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Ap
p
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c
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n
s
,
2
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0
2
.
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O
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0
0
2
.
T
h
e
10
ℎ
IEE
E
I
n
ter
n
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ti
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n
,
p
p
.
3
0
0
-
3
0
5
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
1
]
E
.
S
.
Ju
li
a
n
,
“
S
i
li
c
o
n
G
e
r
m
a
n
iu
m
He
tero
ju
n
c
ti
o
n
Bi
p
o
lar
T
ra
n
sisto
r
f
o
r
Dig
it
a
l
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
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3
)
,
p
p
.
4
9
3
-
4
9
8
,
S
e
p
2
0
1
2
.
[1
2
]
M
.
M
isso
u
s,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
In
O.4
8
(A
lx
Ga
(1
-
x
))
0
.
5
2
P
g
ro
w
n
b
y
S
o
li
d
S
o
u
rc
e
M
BE
u
s
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g
a
G
a
P
De
c
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.
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sin
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ter
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lec
trica
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(
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Us
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.
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AT
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tern
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.
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2
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.
M
.
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b
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t
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,
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ti
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ter
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ti
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n
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o
u
rn
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l
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f
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e
c
trica
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n
d
C
o
mp
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ter
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g
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rin
g
(
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),
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/
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:
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(
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p
p
.
3
0
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,
2
0
1
7
.
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3
]
Ca
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.
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s R
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v
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p
.
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1
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,
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.
[2
4
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.
L
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.
,
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s
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p
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8
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,
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r
2
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0
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.
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5
]
N
.
S
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h
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,
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t
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l
.
,
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m
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m
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to
r
M
a
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in
g
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ter
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ti
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o
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r
n
a
l
o
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e
c
tro
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ics
a
n
d
Co
mm
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n
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n
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g
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n
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rin
g
(
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:
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(
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)
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p
.
1
-
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
6
]
J
.
Ou
c
h
rif
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
sta
ti
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c
u
rre
n
t
g
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in
f
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r
In
P
/
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G
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A
s
sin
g
le
h
e
t
e
ro
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n
c
ti
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o
lar
tran
sisto
r
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
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n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
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o
mp
u
ter
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e
,
v
ol
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:
13
(
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,
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p
.
1
3
4
5
-
1
3
5
4
,
M
a
r
2
0
1
9
.
[2
7
]
E
.
S
.
Ju
li
a
n
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n
d
R
.
S
.
W
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h
ju
d
i
,
“
S
c
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li
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g
M
o
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f
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S
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ico
n
G
e
r
m
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n
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m
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ter
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c
ti
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Bip
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l
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r
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r
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n
sisto
rs,
”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
In
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
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o
f
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En
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1
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p
r
2
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1
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.
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8
]
H
.
Ju
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g
,
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,
”
In
ter
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ti
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J
o
u
rn
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f
El
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c
trica
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n
d
C
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mp
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ter
En
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(
IJ
ECE
)
,
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/i
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:
9
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1
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p
p
.
1
6
3
-
1
6
9
,
F
e
b
2
0
1
9
.
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