Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
5371
~
5380
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v8
i
6
.
pp
5371
-
53
80
537
1
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Detectio
n of Dru
g I
nt
eractions
via Andr
oid
Smartp
hone:
Des
i
gn a
nd
Implementati
on
Moura
d H
adj
il
a
,
R
achid
Me
rz
ou
gu
i,
Sidi
Moham
med
Ha
d
j
Iri
d
Depa
rt
m
ent
o
f
T
el
comm
unic
atio
ns
,
Facult
y
of
T
e
chnol
og
y
,
Unive
rsit
y
of Tl
emce
n
,
Alger
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
9
, 201
8
Re
vised
Ju
l
2
4
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Aug
11
, 201
8
Despite
the
m
o
rbidi
t
y
and
ca
s
es
of
widespre
a
d
drug
poisoni
ng,
c
li
ni
ca
l
guide
li
n
es
ar
e
l
a
rge
l
y
writ
te
n
b
y
ta
king
int
o
acc
ount
onl
y
on
e
tr
ea
tment
at
a
ti
m
e.
Th
e
cumu
la
ti
v
e
impac
t
of
m
ult
ipl
e
treat
m
ent
s
is
rar
ely
conside
red
.
Drug
tre
at
m
ent
for
peopl
e
with
seve
ra
l
disea
ses
pro
duce
s
a
complex
reg
imen
ca
l
le
d
“
pol
y
ph
a
rm
acy
”
with
a
pote
ntial
combi
n
at
ion
of
har
m
ful
and
eve
n
le
th
al
drugs
tha
t
ca
n
be
pre
vente
d.
Thi
s
pol
y
ph
ar
m
acy
c
ause
s
in
m
an
y
ca
ses
the
dea
th
of
som
e
peopl
e
due
to
drug
int
eract
ions
.
The
vast
m
aj
ority
of
th
ese
dea
ths
c
an
be
pre
vented
b
y
det
e
ct
ing
int
er
ac
t
ions
bef
ore
ta
king
th
ese
m
edi
ca
t
ions.
But
the
prob
le
m
is
t
hat
such
informa
ti
on
ex
ists
in
a
s
ta
t
e
th
at
is
diffi
cu
lt
to
a
cce
ss
for
the
gene
r
al
public,
m
uch
le
ss
for
peopl
e
with
li
ttle
knowledge
in
th
e
fi
el
d.
Althoug
h
the
ph
armac
is
t
is
unm
ista
kab
l
e
and
m
ost
via
bl
e
source
to
avoi
d
such
a
pro
ble
m
,
he
ca
nno
t
know
what
the
p
at
i
ent
does
not
m
ent
ion
be
c
ause
he
is
no
t
a
ware
of
what
m
a
y
aff
ec
t
h
is
treatment
.
To
remed
y
thi
s,
w
e
a
im
in
th
is
pape
r
to
dev
elop
an
erg
onom
ic
Android
appl
i
ca
t
ion
that
will
inform
the
pat
i
ent
abou
t
the
pote
ntial
r
isks
of
such
drug
int
er
ac
t
ions.
Th
e
appl
i
cation
is
opti
m
iz
ed
to
h
andl
e
va
rious
dat
ab
ase
s
and
oper
ate automation of
QR
code.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Androi
d
Database
Drug interact
i
ons
Po
ly
pharm
acy
QR c
od
e
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sidi Mo
ham
m
ed Had
j
Ir
i
d
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f Te
le
com
m
un
i
c
at
ion
s,
Fac
ulty
o
f
Tech
nolo
gy,
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f Tl
e
m
cen
,
+213 4
3 28 59
89
, Alge
ria.
E
m
a
il
:
s
m
h_
irid@m
ai
l.un
iv
-
tl
e
m
cen.d
z
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Adve
rse
e
ff
ect
s
cause
d
by
dru
gs
a
re
a
m
a
j
or
ca
us
e
of
a
dd
it
io
nal
c
os
t
and
m
or
ta
li
ty
[1
]
.
D
r
ug
interact
ions
ar
e
on
e
of
the
m
ai
n
pr
eve
nta
ble
causes
[
2].
In
20
15,
a
co
m
m
i
tt
ee
of
US
exp
e
rts
[3
]
de
fine
d
a
dru
g
interact
io
n
as
”a
cl
inica
ll
y
relevan
t
a
lt
erati
on
of
a
dru
g’
s
e
ff
ect
c
ause
d
by
t
he
co
-
a
dm
inist
ratio
n
of
ano
t
her
dr
ug
”
.
This
al
te
rati
on
ca
n
ca
us
e
th
e
occ
urre
nce
of
a
n
a
dv
e
rse
e
ven
t
or
c
ha
ng
e
the
t
her
a
pe
utic
ef
fect
of
t
he
dr
ug.
A
cl
inica
ll
y
relevan
t
drug
i
nt
e
racti
on
is
“
a
n
interact
io
n
t
hat
res
ults
in
tox
ic
it
y
or
a
l
os
s
of
thera
peu
ti
c
ef
f
ic
acy
that
war
ran
ts
the
at
te
nt
ion
of
a
healt
h
pro
fessio
nal
”.
A
pote
ntial
drug
inte
racti
on
i
s
def
i
ned
as
“
the
co
-
pr
esc
riptio
n
of
two
dru
gs
known
to
inte
ract
and
e
xposi
ng
the
pat
ie
nt
to
the
risk
of
a
dru
g
interact
ion
occ
urrin
g”
[
3].
A
dru
g
interact
i
on
is
t
her
e
for
e
an
eve
nt
th
at
causes
an
a
dv
e
rse
e
ff
ect
and
a
po
te
ntial
d
r
ug i
nteracti
on is t
he
r
isk
of
de
velop
i
ng this e
ve
nt
.
In
pr
act
ic
e,
drug
i
nteracti
ons
can
com
e
fr
om
m
any
diff
er
en
t
m
echan
is
m
s.
In
s
om
e
sit
uations
,
dru
g
interac
-
ti
ons ar
e volu
ntaril
y soug
ht.
This is for
e
xam
ple the
case o
f
nalo
xo
ne,
a m
or
ph
i
ne
r
ecepto
r
anta
gonist
adm
inist
ered
duri
ng
a
n
ov
e
r
dose
of
m
or
phi
ne.
Ma
ny
co
ntextual
el
em
ent
s
can
al
te
r
the
risk
of
de
velo
ping
a
dru
g
interact
io
n.
They
m
ay
be
relat
ed
to
the
dr
ug
s
uch
as
the
dosag
e,
dur
at
ion
of
adm
inist
rati
on
an
d
r
oute
of
adm
inist
rati
on
or
relat
e
d
to
the
ph
ysi
op
at
holo
gical
cha
ra
ct
erist
ic
s
of
th
e
patie
nt
s
uc
h
as
age
(el
der
ly
),
se
x,
path
ologies
(
s
ever
e
re
nal
or
he
pati
c
i
m
pairm
ent)
and
ph
arm
acog
en
om
i
cs
(slow
or
fa
st
m
e
ta
bo
li
zer
)
[
3].
Figure
1
s
hows
p
resen
ta
ti
on
of the
INN
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
5371
-
5380
5372
Figure
1. Pr
e
se
ntati
on
of the
INN
Po
ly
path
ologis
ts
and
the
el
de
rly
are
par
ti
c
ularly
at
risk
because
the
m
ul
ti
plici
t
y
of
conditi
ons
increases
the
num
ber
of
drugs
an
d
the
f
rag
i
le
fiel
d
m
akes
m
or
e
dr
am
at
i
c
the
occurre
nc
e
of
an
un
des
irable
eff
ect
[4].
The risk of drug
int
eracti
on
s is a co
nce
r
n
for
heal
th p
r
of
e
ssio
nals w
he
n
prescri
bing and d
is
pe
ns
in
g.
The
risk
of
dr
ug
interact
i
on
bet
ween
tw
o
m
olecules
can
be
e
stim
at
e
d
from
random
iz
ed
stud
ie
s
,
cl
inica
l
ob
s
er
vations, a
nd sig
nal
detect
ion
in
a
databa
se or e
xtra
po
la
ti
on
s
from
in
vi
tro
stu
dies
[5
]
.
In
a
n
act
ive
w
or
l
d
w
her
e
e
voluti
on
ca
n
be
s
een
with
the
na
ked
ey
e,
the
m
ot
ivati
on
to
dev
el
op
bette
r
and
m
or
e
ef
fic
ie
nt
ways
of
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
and
e
xc
hange
of
in
f
or
m
at
ion
is
beco
m
ing
in
creasin
gly
i
m
po
rta
nt.
This
m
otivati
on
le
ads
us
to
a
revoluti
on
c
arr
yi
ng
out
th
e
us
e
of
al
l
em
bed
ded
dev
i
ces
for
pe
rs
onal
an
d
daily
n
eed
s.
Re
cent ye
ars
hav
e seen
an
e
xpone
ntial
g
row
th
of
m
ob
il
e d
evices t
hat h
ave
sp
rea
d
li
ke
wildfire
in the
dev
el
op
-
in
g
w
or
l
d
an
d
revol
ution
iz
in
g
t
he
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
fiel
d.
I
n
t
his
en
vironm
ent,
old
m
ob
il
e
ph
on
e
s
do
no
t
do
eve
ryt
hi
ng
,
but
sm
artpho
nes
a
pp
ea
r
to
brea
k
with
the
opi
nions
of
it
s
pr
e
deces
so
rs
an
d
g
ive
ano
t
her
dim
ension
to
t
his
te
ch
no
l
-
og
y
wh
il
e
inc
orp
or
at
in
g
new
c
ontrib
utio
ns
a
nd
serv
ic
es
t
o
m
ob
il
e
te
le
phon
y
and
at
tract
ing
c
us
to
m
ers
thr
ough t
o
it
s r
e
voluti
on
ary an
d
at
tract
i
ve
ease
of
us
e.
Starti
ng
from
t
he
idea
of
opti
m
iz
ing
the
util
it
y
of
a
sm
art
p
ho
ne,
the
a
pp
li
cat
ion
de
velo
pm
ent
has
e
m
erg
ed
. A
fter
doin
g
s
om
e
research
on
t
he
pharm
acolog
ic
a
l
fiel
d
wh
il
e
es
ta
blishin
g
our
own
sta
ti
sti
cs, it
was
con
cl
ud
e
d
t
hat
there
is
a
gro
wing
nu
m
ber
of
people
with
m
any
diseases,
thus
s
ubj
ect
to
poly
ph
a
rm
acy
(
hear
t
m
edic
at
ion
s,
di
abetes,
hype
rtensio
n
)
[
6].
T
he
bitt
er
fact
f
aced
by
do
ct
ors
is:
how
t
o
coex
ist
s
eve
ral
dru
gs
si
m
ultaneou
sly
in
t
he
sam
e
patie
nt
by
av
oi
din
g
interact
i
on
s
that
c
ould
ha
rm
the
physi
cal
integrity
of
the
patie
nt
?
Ba
sed
on
a
sci
entifi
c
database
ha
v
ing
c
orolla
ry
a
vo
i
dan
ce
of
ad
ver
se
dru
g
int
eracti
on
s
,
it
see
m
ed
that
it
was
po
s
sible
to
dev
el
op
an
ap
plica
ti
on
that
would
m
ake
a
gr
eat
ser
vice
to
the
m
e
dical
pr
esc
ription
a
nd
the
exte
ns
io
n
su
pp
or
t
i
nfor
m
at
ion
to
the
pa
ti
ent.
The
us
efu
l
ness
of
sm
artp
hones
w
il
l
cha
ng
e
sig
nif
ic
antly
m
anag
em
ents
of
patie
nts’
li
f
e
[7
]
.
T
hese
m
ob
il
e
de
vices
will
act
as
li
nk
betwee
n
the
dru
g
an
d
the
doct
or
an
d
the
dru
g
a
nd
the
patie
nt
[
8].
They
pro
vi
de
ind
i
vidual
us
e
rs
and
com
m
un
it
ie
s
with
val
ua
ble
acce
ss
to
a
rang
e
of info
rm
ation
serv
ic
es
for pe
rsonal
pur
po
se
s.
The
rem
ai
nd
er
of
this
pa
per
is
or
ga
nize
d
as
fo
ll
ows:
in
Sect
ion
I
I
,
bas
ic
con
ce
pts
ar
e
pr
ese
nted
.
We
be
gin
by
def
i
ning
a
dru
g
fo
ll
ow
e
d
by
a
dr
ugs
cl
assif
ic
at
ion
then
pr
esent
the
var
i
ous
dru
g
intera
ct
ion
s.
The
Sect
io
n
III
discusse
s
th
e
Android
sys
tem
:
their
featur
es
,
their
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
s
espec
ia
ll
y
tho
se
us
e
d
in
m
edical
fiel
d.
QR
co
de
an
d
t
heir
caract
e
risti
cs
con
sti
tute
the
co
ntent o
f
S
ect
ion
I
V.
T
he
Sect
ion
V
is
re
serv
e
d
to
the
ap
plica
ti
on
de
vel
oppme
nt,
a
nd
the
co
nclusi
on
an
d
di
recti
on
s
f
or
f
ut
ur
e
w
orks
a
re
pr
ese
nted
in
th
e
la
st
sect
ion
.
2.
FUND
AM
E
N
TALS
CONC
EPT
S
The
dr
ug
c
om
es
fr
om
the
Lat
in
word
ʺ
m
edica
m
entumʺ
m
eaning
r
e
m
edy.
Today
,
the
dru
g
is
su
bject
e
d
to
a
rig
oro
us
def
i
niti
on
.
Me
dica
m
ents
are
pro
du
ct
s
desi
gn
e
d
to
preve
nt,
treat
,
or
e
ven
detect
disease.
They
can
fig
ht
the
cause
,
s
o
a
ntibioti
cs
agai
nst
bacteria
l
inf
ect
ion
s
or
m
i
t
igate
eve
nts
s
uch
a
s
analgesics
us
e
d
to
reli
eve
pai
n.
T
he
drugs
ge
ner
al
ly
co
ntain
s
ub
sta
nces
or
act
ive
ingredi
ents,
wh
e
re
the
eff
ec
t
exten
ds
to
the
whole
body.
It
is
po
ssible
to
m
od
ulate
their
absorp
ti
on
a
nd
durati
on
of
a
ct
ion
by
al
te
ring
the
chem
ic
al
structur
e
or
by
ch
oosin
g
the
ap
pr
opriat
e
form
.
Ther
e
a
re
m
any
fo
rm
s
of
drug
s:
(
i
)
O
ral
fo
rm
s:
ta
blet,
capsu
le
,
syrup,
et
c.,
(
ii
)
Form
s
fo
r
ext
ern
al
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
:
oi
ntm
ent,
c
ream
,
gel,
po
w
der,
et
c.,
(
ii
i)
Fo
rm
s
for
the
nose
, ea
rs or
ey
es:
auric
ular
s
olu
ti
on, e
ye
d
r
ops,
et
c.
,
(
iv
) Inject
able
form
s: i
nj
ect
ion
, i
nfusion.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Detect
ion
of
D
ru
g I
nter
actions vi
a
A
ndr
oid
Smart
phone
:
De
sign
an
d
I
m
plemen
t
ation
(
Mo
ur
ad
H
ad
ji
la
)
5373
2
.
1.
Dr
ug C
l
assi
ficat
i
on
Ther
e
a
re
m
or
e
than
te
n
th
ousan
d
dru
gs
.
Ea
ch
dru
g
is
us
e
d
f
or
a
sp
eci
fic
purpose
an
d
for
dif
fer
e
nt
m
edical
sp
eci
al
ti
es. Th
ere
are
m
any w
ay
s to c
la
ssify dru
gs
.
The
t
wo m
os
t im
po
rtant are:
2
.1
.1
.
Cl
as
sifi
cat
i
on
by IN
N
(
In
tern
at
i
ona
l Nonpr
op
ri
et
ary Name
)
A
dru
g
is
cl
as
sifie
d
acco
r
ding
to
it
s
act
ive
ingredie
nts.
T
hi
s
t
ype
of
cl
as
sific
at
ion
al
lo
ws
fi
nd
i
ng
a
dru
g
in
a
ny
c
ountry
of
t
he
world
a
nd
re
ga
rd
le
ss
of
the
br
a
nd
nam
e
it
bear
s
.
As
an
exam
ple
we
quote:
Daf
al
gan®,
Ef
fer
al
ga
n®,
D
olipr
a
ne®,
Cl
ara
do
l®
,
D
olko®,
Do
lotec
®
,
Ge
luprane
®.
The
internati
onal
nam
e
for
al
l t
hese
dr
u
gs i
s
par
acet
a
m
ol.
2
.1
.2
.
Cl
as
sifi
cat
i
on
by
The
rapeuti
c
A
ctio
n
It
is
cal
le
d
the
“
Pac
oth
era
pe
utic
Fam
ilies”
.
Wh
il
e
a
fam
i
l
y
m
ay
include
seve
ral
act
ive
ingre
dients
,
Table
1
li
sts so
m
e exam
ples:
Table
1.
So
m
e
Exam
ples o
f
T
her
a
pe
utics C
la
sses
Therapeu
tic
f
a
m
ili
es
Actio
n
Activ
e ing
redien
ts
An
alg
esics
So
o
th
e and
r
e
m
o
v
es th
e pain
of
a
p
ath
o
lo
g
y
Parace
ta
m
o
l,
Morp
h
in
e,
Co
d
ein
e
An
ti
-
Inf
ectiv
e
h
elp
s f
ig
h
t in
f
ectio
n
An
tib
io
tics, antiv
iral
an
d
vaccin
es
No
n
stero
id
al Anti
-
Inf
la
m
m
ato
r
y
Decr
easin
g
the ef
f
ects o
f
in
f
la
m
m
ati
o
n
acety
lsali
cy
li
c ac
id
(
Asp
g
ic),
Diclof
en
ac
Po
tass
iu
m
,
So
d
iu
m
2
.
2.
Dr
ug I
n
t
eracti
on
A
dru
g
interact
ion
[
9]
is
a
qu
a
li
ta
ti
ve
or
qu
a
nt
it
at
ive
m
od
ifi
cat
ion
of
a
dru
g
with
an
oth
e
r
dru
g,
f
ood
or
dr
i
nk.
The
i
nteracti
on
m
ay
al
so
occ
ur
with
chem
ic
al
agen
ts
to
the
e
nviro
nm
ent.
How
ever,
f
or
this
work,
we
will
retai
n
on
ly
the
intera
ct
ion
s
ta
king
pl
a
ce
between
dru
gs
.
S
om
e
drug
i
nteracti
ons
hav
e
se
rio
us
c
li
nica
l
conseq
ue
nces;
oth
e
rs
ha
ve
only
eff
ect
s
without
se
rio
us
ne
ss
crit
eria
a
nd
/
or
are
so
m
et
i
m
es
asym
pto
m
at
ic
[10].
Wh
e
n
ta
lkin
g
ab
out
the
add
it
io
n
of
se
ver
al
drugs,
w
e
sh
ould
sp
eci
fy
the
pa
ren
t
m
ole
cule
(o
r
a
ct
ive
ingredie
nt)
of each
of
them
becau
se
it
deter
m
ines
it
s
po
sit
ion
a
gain
st
the
interact
io
n.
It
’s
no
t
al
l
dru
gs
th
at
are
aff
ect
ed
by
th
ese
interact
ions
becau
s
e
it
kn
ows
that
thes
e
drug
s
a
re
be
nef
ic
ia
l,
but
th
ey
so
m
e
tim
es
act
in
con
t
rad
ic
ti
on
wit
h
eac
h othe
r.
These
c
on
t
rad
i
ct
ion
s
are
li
ste
d
in
f
our
le
vel
s:
(
1)
t
he
m
os
t
serio
us
le
vel
is
the
”again
st
-
ind
ic
at
io
n”
.
This
is
abs
olut
e
and
m
us
t
no
t
be
tran
sgre
ssed.
It
can
ha
ve
a
tox
ic
ef
fect,
w
hich
en
te
rs
in
w
hat
is
cal
le
d
ia
trog
e
nic
(
ne
gative
res
ult
due
to
treat
m
ent
or
m
edical
proce
dure),
(
2)
the
”rec
omm
end
ed
c
om
bin
at
ion
”
sh
oul
d
be
m
os
tl
y
avo
ide
d.
I
f
bo
t
h
dru
gs
a
re
nee
ded
an
d
af
te
r
care
fu
l
c
on
siderati
on
of
the
ben
e
fit/
risk
rati
o,
cl
os
e
m
on
it
or
i
ng
of
the
patie
nt
is
necessary
[1
1],
(
3)
the
m
os
t
co
m
m
on
case
is
the
”sa
fety
pr
ecauti
on
”.
The
associat
ion
is
po
s
sible
the
refor
e
wh
e
n
a
re
m
et
,
especial
ly
in
early
treat
m
ent:
do
se
ad
justm
ent,
stren
gth
e
ning
the
cl
inica
l,
bi
ologica
l,
el
ect
ro
ca
rd
i
ogram
,
(
4)
at
the
f
ou
rth
le
vel,
t
here
is
no
pr
act
i
cal
reco
m
m
en
dation.
Howe
v
er
,
the
r
isk
of
dru
g
int
eracti
on
exists,
an
d
usual
ly
c
orres
ponds
to
an
a
dd
it
io
n
of
adv
e
rse
e
ff
ect
s
.
It
is
the docto
r
t
o
as
sess the
appr
op
riat
eness of
the
drug c
om
bin
at
ion
.
2
.
2.
1.
Ph
arm
aco
l
og
ic
al Co
nsequenc
es
of
Dru
g
I
n
ter
acti
on
s
The
ph
a
rm
acolog
ic
al
ef
fects
of
dru
g
i
ntera
ct
ion
s
a
re
qua
ntit
at
ive
chang
es
of
one
or
m
or
e
eff
ect
s
(ther
a
pe
utic
or
undesi
rab
le
)
of
one
or
m
ore
dru
gs
in
the
com
bin
at
ion
.
If
we
c
onsider
a
giv
e
n
e
ff
ect
,
dru
g
interact
ions
af
fect
ei
ther
int
ensity
or
du
ra
ti
on
,
or
bo
t
h
par
am
et
ers
sim
u
l
ta
neo
usl
y.
W
e
can
c
ount
three
conseq
ue
nces:
a.
Syner
gy:
The
act
ion
of
a
dru
g
can
be
increase
d
in
s
peed,
inte
ns
it
y,
durati
on,
a
nd
sim
ultaneous
adm
inist
rati
on
of
a
no
t
her
dr
ug
with
a
phar
m
acolog
ic
al
act
ivit
y
qu
al
it
at
i
vely
si
m
i
la
r.
Figure
2
de
picts
the
syner
gy
m
echan
ism
.
Ther
e
ar
e
three
ty
pes
of
syne
rg
y:
(
i)
Fu
ll
a
ddit
ive
syner
gy:
the
obser
ve
d
act
io
n
is
equ
al
to
the
sum
of
two
par
ti
al
act
ion
s,
(
ii
)
Partia
l
synerg
y
:
the
ob
ser
ve
d
act
ion
is
le
ss
t
han
the
s
um
of
the
two
pa
rtia
l
act
i
on
s
,
(
ii
i)
The
pote
ntiat
ing
syn
erg
y:
the
obse
r
ved
act
io
n
is
great
er
tha
n
the
su
m
of
the
two
par
ti
al
acti
ons.
The
sy
nergist
ic
dru
g
i
nteract
ion
s
are
fr
e
que
ntly
obser
ved.
Fo
r
e
xam
ple,
they
are
obse
rved:
(
i)
Wh
e
n
we
pr
esc
ribe
t
wo
antihype
rtensi
ve
dr
ug
s
,
the
risk
of
ort
hosta
ti
c
hypo
te
ns
ion
is
natu
rall
y
m
or
e
fr
e
que
nt
,
(
ii
)
Bl
ood p
res
su
re
lo
wer
i
ng
with a
n
a
ntide
pr
ess
ant; t
he
r
i
sk
of orth
os
ta
ti
c h
yp
oten
sio
n
i
s incr
ea
sed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
5371
-
5380
5374
Figure
2. Syne
rg
y m
echan
ism
b.
Po
te
ntiat
io
n: T
he
s
um
o
f
the
e
ff
ect
s
of the t
w
o dru
gs
is
gr
eat
er th
a
n
t
heir
si
m
ple ad
diti
on
.
c.
An
ta
gonism
:
An
inte
racti
on
betwee
n
two
s
ub
sta
nces
of
th
e
sa
m
e
or
diff
e
ren
t
pharm
acolog
ic
al
act
ivit
y
i
n
wh
ic
h
one
s
ub
sta
nce
pa
rtia
ll
y
or
c
om
plete
l
y
inh
ibit
s
or
c
ounteracts
t
he
eff
ect
s
of
t
he
oth
e
r.
An
ta
goni
s
m
can
be
total
or
par
ti
al
. F
i
gure
3
il
lustrate
s t
he
an
ta
go
nism
m
echan
ism
.
Figure
3.
A
nta
gonism
m
echan
ism
d.
Total
an
ta
goni
sm
: Total
an
ta
gonism
o
ccurs
wh
e
n
t
he
e
ff
ec
ts of the t
wo s
ubsta
nces
v
a
nis
h
c
om
plete
ly
.
e.
Partia
l
antagon
is
m
:
Partia
l
antagonism
occu
r
s
wh
e
n
the
gl
obal
eff
ect
of
th
e
com
bin
at
ion
is
le
ss
than
each
of the t
wo co
m
pone
nts take
n
separ
at
el
y [
12]
.
Fixin
g
the
M1
on
the
recei
ve
r
causes
the
release
of
neuro
m
ediat
or
.
M
1
can
no
t
bind
to
the
recept
or
occupied
b
y M
2; the
re is
no re
le
ase of n
e
uro
transm
itter.
2.2
.
2.
Ty
pes
of
D
rug In
ter
ac
tion
s
The
m
echan
is
m
s
of
dru
g
i
nt
eracti
on
s
are
nu
m
erou
s,
but
they
ca
n
be
cl
assifi
ed
int
o
two
gr
oups
:
ph
a
rm
acok
inet
ic
interact
ion
s
and
ph
a
rm
ac
od
y
nam
ic
interact
ion
s
.
P
harm
acok
ineti
c
interact
io
ns
:
It
is
the
m
od
ific
at
ion
of
the
relat
ionsh
ip
bet
ween
dos
e
an
d
c
on
ce
ntr
at
ion
of
t
he
act
ive
dr
ug.
P
harm
acok
ineti
c
ai
m
s
t
o
stud
y
th
e
f
utur
e
of
a
dru
g
in
t
he
body.
Ph
a
r
m
acok
ineti
c
in
te
racti
on
s
occ
ur
w
he
n
on
e
dr
ug
al
te
rs
t
he
ha
nd
li
ng
of
an
othe
r
by
al
te
ring
it
s
abs
orptio
n,
distri
buti
on,
m
e
ta
bo
li
s
m
or
excr
et
ion.
Ph
a
rm
acody
nam
ic
interact
ion
s:
Ph
a
rm
acod
yna
m
ic
interact
ions
occur
wh
e
n
two
drugs
act
on
the
sam
e
dr
ug
ta
rg
et
(e.
g.
c
el
l
su
rf
ace
rec
epto
r,
enzym
e)
or
physi
ologica
l
s
yst
e
m
(e.g
.
bl
ood
cl
otti
ng
,
blood
press
ure,
cent
ral
ne
r
vous
syst
e
m
,
plasm
a
el
ect
ro
ly
te
co
nc
entrati
on)
[9].
3.
AND
ROID S
YS
TE
M
Sm
artph
ones
and
oth
er
sm
art
m
ob
il
e
dev
ic
es
(tablet
s,
wa
tc
hes,
te
le
visio
n)
use
dif
fer
e
nt
op
erati
ng
syst
e
m
s.
The
m
ai
n
po
pula
r
op
e
rati
ng
syst
e
m
s
us
ed
in
the
w
or
l
d
are
Androi
d,
W
i
ndows
P
hone,
i
OS
an
d
Apple
(iP
hone
OS
)
et
c.
T
he
m
ob
il
e
op
erati
ng
syst
em
cl
ea
rly
has
a
sign
i
ficant
i
m
pact
on
th
e
phon
e
m
ark
et
wh
e
re
t
he
pr
es
ence
of
the
gia
nts
of
t
he
c
ompu
te
r
in
dustry
li
kes
G
oogle
a
nd
A
pple
.
Eac
h
of
them
dev
e
lop
s
it
s
own o
per
at
in
g sy
stem
, A
ndr
oi
d for
Goo
gle a
nd iOS
for A
pple
.
Androi
d
is
a
n
op
e
n
source
operati
ng
syst
e
m
and
is
ba
sed
on
Li
nux.
A
ndr
oid
is
de
sig
ne
d
for
m
ob
il
e
dev
ic
es
.
N
ot
restrict
ed
to
t
he
phones
it
op
e
ns
up
ot
her
po
s
sibil
it
i
es
of
usi
ng
ta
blets,
la
ptops
,
an
d
sm
artwatches.
To
prom
ote
this
new
ope
n
operati
ng
syst
e
m
,
G
oogle
has
fed
e
rated
ar
ound
it
a
c
onsor
ti
u
m
of
thirty
com
pan
ie
s:
the
Op
e
n
H
andset
Alli
anc
e
(OHA)
f
or
m
al
ly
est
ablished
on
N
ovem
ber
5,
2007.
All
of
the
se
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Detect
ion
of
D
ru
g I
nter
actions vi
a
A
ndr
oid
Smart
phone
:
De
sign
an
d
I
m
plemen
t
ation
(
Mo
ur
ad
H
ad
ji
la
)
5375
com
pan
ie
s
are
involve
d,
m
or
e
or
le
ss
di
rectl
y,
in
the
m
arket
of
m
ob
il
e
telephon
y
acc
ounting
for
te
le
phon
e
op
e
rato
rs, sem
i
cond
ucto
r
m
anu
fact
ur
e
rs,
m
ob
il
e d
e
vices, a
nd softwa
re.
Their
m
ai
n
ob
j
ect
ive
was
t
o
dev
el
op
ope
n
sta
nd
a
rds
f
or
m
ob
il
e
dev
ic
es
in
order
to
fi
nd
a
reli
able
so
luti
on
to
c
om
pete
with
Ap
ple
iO
S,
Mi
cro
s
of
t
a
nd
N
okia
with
W
i
ndows
Mo
bile
an
d
Re
searc
h
I
n
Moti
on
with
Bl
ackb
e
rry
OS
.
In
Oct
ober
20
08,
ap
pe
ars
the
first
ve
rsion
of
Andro
id
that
did
not
receive
nam
e.
This
ver
si
on h
a
s
pro
ven to
be
t
he b
et
a v
ersi
on of t
he
syst
em
.
Im
ple
m
ented
in
a
m
ob
il
e
te
r
m
inal,
And
ro
i
d
e
xp
l
oits
the
featu
res
of
th
e
la
tt
er
us
i
n
g
dow
nlo
a
ded
app
li
cat
io
ns
in
a
platfor
m
called
Goo
gle
Sto
re.
The
OS
off
ers
a
un
i
fied
a
ppr
oach
to
a
ppli
cat
ion
dev
el
opm
ent
for
m
ob
il
e
devi
ces,
wh
ic
h
m
eans
that
de
ve
lop
e
rs
m
us
t
on
ly
dev
el
op
un
der
Android
,
a
nd
thei
r
ap
plica
ti
on
s
sh
oul
d
be
a
ble
to
run
on
dif
f
er
ent
dev
ic
es
op
e
rati
ng
by
Androi
d.
T
he
so
urce
c
od
e
for
A
ndr
oid
is
a
vaila
ble
unde
r
li
cense
of
fr
ee
a
nd
ope
n
so
ft
war
e.
O
ne
of
the
oth
e
r
a
dv
a
ntage
s
of
A
ndr
oid
is
that
it
is
custom
iz
ab
le
by
m
anu
fact
ur
e
rs
an
d
m
ob
il
e
operat
or
s
.
Wh
il
e
unde
r
go
i
ng
sever
al
c
ha
nge
s,
t
he
hea
rt
of
the
syst
em
rem
ai
ns
com
m
on
en
a
bling
a
ppli
cat
ion i
nter
op
e
rab
il
it
y.
3.1.
A
ndr
oid
Ap
ps
and
Dive
rsi
ty
of
D
epl
oyment
Androi
d
ap
plica
ti
on
s
are
ge
ne
rall
y
dev
el
ope
d
in
ja
va
us
in
g
a
sp
eci
fic
de
ve
lop
m
ent
kit
with
it
.
This
is
a
pr
ogram
that
is
loa
ded
on
the
m
ob
il
e
us
e
r,
ha
ving
pr
e
vi
ou
sly
bee
n
do
wn
l
oad
e
d
or
w
it
ho
ut
paym
ent
at
the
op
ti
on
of
the
publis
her
w
ho
create
d
it
.
On
ce
down
l
oad
e
d,
t
he
ap
plica
ti
on
is
rep
rese
nted
as
a
s
m
all
ic
on
that
app
ea
rs
on
the
s
m
artph
one
s
creen
.
It
then
us
es
the
reafter
by
si
m
ply
pr
essing
the
ic
on
in
qu
e
sti
on,
vi
a
the
tou
c
h
sc
reen.
An
a
pp
li
cat
ion,
as
it
s
na
m
e
s
uggests,
perfor
m
s
a
fu
nction,
a
sp
eci
fic
utilit
y
can
be
very
var
ie
d.
It
offer
s
a
m
ultit
ud
e
of
di
ff
e
rent
us
es
from
the
gam
e
through
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
purc
hasin
g,
rese
rv
at
io
ns
,
li
ste
n
ing
to
m
us
ic
and
so
on.
T
heirs
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
are
avail
able
at
a
platfo
rm
called
G
oogle
Pl
ay
Stor
e
a
nd
can
be
up
l
oad
e
d
by
any
A
ndro
i
d
us
er
just
ha
ving
a
Gm
ail
accou
nt.
T
his
op
e
r
at
ion
is
pe
rform
ed
in
a
dow
nlink,
oth
e
rw
ise
w
he
re
will
a
de
vel
op
e
r
w
ho
wa
nt
s
to
c
ha
rg
e
it
s
app
li
cat
io
n
on
this
platf
or
m
,
on
ce
de
vel
op
e
d,
t
his
app
li
cat
io
n
ca
n
be
s
old
or
offe
red
acco
rd
i
ng
to
t
he
wishe
s
of
his
publisher
on
platf
orm
s.
W
it
h
ha
r
dw
a
re
capab
il
it
ie
s
inc
orp
or
at
ed
int
o
te
rm
inals
(cam
era,
GPS,
et
c.
),
sm
artph
ones
a
nd
ta
blet
a
pp
li
c
at
ion
s
ca
n
i
nt
egr
at
e
sp
eci
fic
feat
ures
and
de
dicat
ed
to
use
rs
,
an
d
to
en
rich
th
e
functi
on
al
s
pe
ct
ru
m
and
us
es
i
m
agine
no
t
c
ov
e
re
d
so
far. T
hese a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
a
re
pr
ese
nt in
m
any areas,
e
voki
ng a
daily
or
pro
fessio
nal fu
nctionalit
y.
We w
il
l
m
entio
n
a fe
w
tha
t h
ave r
ev
ol
ution
i
zed th
e world of
An
droid
an
d especi
al
ly
the h
eal
th f
ie
ld:
in
[13],
auth
ors
desig
n
and
i
m
ple
m
ent
a
h
eal
th
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
em
capab
le
of
detect
ing,
m
on
it
or
in
g
and
transm
itti
ng
subj
ect
’s
physi
ol
og
ic
al
pa
ram
eter
s
su
c
h
as
ECG,
bl
ood
press
ur
e
,
b
lo
od
oxygenati
on,
resp
i
rati
on
and
te
m
per
at
ure.
T
he
m
on
ito
ri
ng
syst
em
i
s
s
m
al
l,
po
rtab
le
,
low
-
c
os
t,
a
nd
easy
-
to
-
us
e
without
the
li
m
it
of
tim
e
and
place
s.
The
us
e
of
Bl
uetoo
t
h
sta
ndar
d
c
omm
un
i
cat
ion
protoc
ol
for
data
tra
nsm
issi
on
an
d
A
ndr
oi
d
op
e
rati
ng syst
e
m
fo
r
s
of
twa
re
dev
el
op
m
ent
m
ake th
e m
on
i
tori
ng syst
em
m
or
e intercha
ngeable.
Z.
Pira
ni
[
14
]
bu
il
d
a
n
a
ppli
cat
ion
that
cou
l
d
ease
the
ever
y
day
li
fe
of
a
perso
n
aff
ect
ed
by
Alzheim
ers
disease.
T
his
ap
plica
ti
on
prov
i
des
var
io
us
functi
on
al
it
ie
s
s
uch
a
s
tracki
ng
m
ov
em
ents
of
t
he
patie
nt
th
rou
gh
G
PS,
pro
vidi
ng
m
edici
ne
and
f
ood
ti
m
i
ng
noti
ficat
ions,
daily
r
ou
ti
ne
tracke
r
a
nd
qu
iz
t
o
increase
co
gnit
ive
f
un
ct
i
on
i
ng
of
the
patie
nt.
In
[
15]
,
a
ut
hors
pr
e
sent
a
com
pr
ehe
ns
i
ve
discu
ssio
n
of
the
var
i
ou
s
a
pp
li
c
at
ion
s
util
iz
i
ng
sm
artph
one
-
ba
sed
te
c
hnolog
ie
s
in
ca
rd
i
ology.
T
he
pro
j
ec
t
pr
es
ente
d
in
[16]
sh
ows
the
pati
ent’s
vital
pa
ra
m
et
ers
su
c
h
as
ECG,
he
art
ra
te
,
Sp0
2,
pulse
rate
a
nd
te
m
per
at
ur
e
are
m
e
asur
e
d
us
in
g
a
patie
nt
m
on
it
or
ing
syst
e
m
.
These
val
ues
are
sto
red
i
nto
a
data
base
and
a
re
up
l
oaded
into
a
we
b
-
base
d
serv
e
r
m
anu
al
ly
.
The
entire
detai
ls
of
the
patie
nt
su
fferin
g
from
va
rio
us
chro
nic
diseases
li
ke
cance
r
,
Alzheim
er’
s
et
c.
can
be
se
nt
to
a
doct
or
s
it
ti
ng
abroa
d
i
n
or
der
t
o
ana
ly
ze
and
re
co
m
m
end
the
ty
pe
of
treatm
ent a
nd
m
edici
nes
f
or the
diag
nosis o
f
the
disease.
4.
QR CO
DE
R
EVOLUTI
ON
The
ba
rcode
is
a
re
presentat
i
on
of
a
di
gital
or
al
phan
um
eric
data
i
n
the
f
orm
of
a
sym
bol
consi
sti
ng
of
bars
an
d
s
pa
ces
that
va
ry
in
thick
ness
de
pendin
g
on
t
he
sy
m
bo
lo
gy
use
d
(tra
nsp
os
it
ion
syst
e
m
between
a
te
xt
and
a
ba
r
cod
e
by
co
ding)
a
nd
the
e
nc
od
e
d
data
to
f
a
ci
li
ta
te
acce
ss
to
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
W
e
disti
nguis
h
one
-
dim
ension
al
ba
rcode,
w
hich
are
re
present
ed
by
ve
rtic
al
bar
s
as
it
is
il
lustrate
d
in
Fig
ur
e
4
(lef
t).
T
he
increase
d
d
em
and
for
m
or
e
inform
at
ion
gu
i
ded
t
heir
e
vo
l
uti
on
i
n
two
-
dim
ensional
bar
co
des
F
igure
4
rig
ht p
a
rt
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
5371
-
5380
5376
Figure
4. Ba
re
cod
e
(
le
ft
)
a
nd
QR c
od
e
(rig
ht)
4
.
1.
Presen
t
ati
on
of t
he
Q
R C
ode
The
QR
c
ode
[
17,
18
]
is
a
ba
rcode
i
n
t
wo
dim
ension
s
m
ea
ns
t
hat
it
is
sc
ann
e
d
in
both
ver
ti
cal
a
nd
horizo
ntal
dire
ct
ion
s.
It
was
create
d
a
nd
protect
ed
by
D
e
ns
oWa
ve
Ja
pa
nese
com
pan
y
in
1994
an
d
la
te
r
in
2000
it
was
rec
ognized
a
nd
de
fine
d
by
the
in
du
st
ry
sta
ndar
d
ISO/IEC
18004.
QR
sta
nd
s
for
Qu
ic
k
Re
s
pons
e
,
wh
ic
h
em
ph
asi
zes it
s ab
il
it
y t
o read
and
dec
od
e
at hi
gh s
pe
ed.
It is cal
le
d
as Flash
Co
de [1
9].
4
.
2.
C
ha
r
ac
te
ri
stics of Q
R C
ode
a.
Ca
pacit
y:
The
QR
co
de
can
c
on
ta
in
a
l
ot
of
inform
at
ion
:
7089
num
eric
char
act
e
rs
42
96
al
phan
um
eric
char
act
e
rs,
w
hile t
he
no
rm
al
b
arcodes ca
n o
nl
y
store 10 t
o 1
3
c
har
act
e
rs or
2953
byte
s.
b.
Cod
e
str
uctur
e
:
As
pr
e
viousl
y
repor
te
d
the
QR
co
de
is
tw
o
-
dim
ension
al
,
it
consi
sts
of
a
black
an
d
w
hite
assem
bly squ
ar
es.
4.3
.
Su
b
sec
tion
2
The
QR
c
od
e
i
s
us
e
d
to
enc
ode
a
URL
s
uc
h
as
that
of
a
bl
og,
a
pro
du
ct
,
S
MS,
em
ai
l
to
sen
d,
c
on
ta
ct
(n
am
e,
ad
dr
ess
,
te
le
phone
nu
m
ber
of
a
per
s
on
to
rec
ord
it
quic
kly
in
the
co
ntact
li
st
af
te
r
ha
ve
scan
ne
d
the
QR
co
de
thr
ou
gh
the
m
ob
il
e’
s
ca
m
era),
et
c.
In
vie
w
of
th
e
proliferati
on
of
sm
artph
on
es,
the
QR
co
de
has
been
lo
os
el
y
sp
r
ea
d
in
dif
fere
nt
areas
of
e
xperti
se
inclu
de
d:
i)
In
ad
ver
ti
sing
fiel
d
by
di
recti
ng
the
rea
der
to
the
sit
e
of
their
pro
du
ct
,
ii
)
As
a
m
et
ho
d
of
paym
ent,
exclusively
in
Jap
an,
ii
i)
Op
e
rati
on
s
of
rec
ords:
Visas,
trai
n
ti
ckets
or
op
e
n d
oors.
5.
APPLI
CA
TI
ON
DEVEL
O
PMENT
Ther
e
a
re
va
ri
ou
s
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
and
a
ppr
oaches
to
de
velo
p
an
ap
plica
ti
on
in
ge
ner
al
.
It
i
s
pr
e
ferred
t
o
consi
der
the
c
onditi
ons
belie
ve
d
to
be
t
he
m
os
t
di
ff
ic
ult.
T
hu
s
,
it
has
a
cl
ear
vie
w
of
w
he
ther
it
is
possi
ble
to
com
plete
the
s
ta
keholde
r
of
our
ap
plica
ti
on;
it
s
su
ccess
will
giv
e
an
advance
m
o
m
entum
fo
r
de
velo
pm
ent.
The
dif
ficult
chall
enges
of
our
ap
plica
ti
on
fo
c
us
ar
ound
the
exp
l
oitat
ion
of
QR
co
de
read
e
r
intr
oduce
d
pr
e
viously
an
d
inte
racti
ons
with
dif
fer
e
nt
data
bases
within
t
he
a
ppli
cat
ion
[
20]
.
The
com
plexity
of
integrati
on
a
nd
the
pile
of
ob
sta
cl
es
bypasse
d
do
not
al
lo
w
us
t
o
m
ention
al
l
the
ste
ps
a
nd
m
aneu
ve
rs
of
t
he
dev
el
op
m
ent
proces
s.
Howe
ve
r,
we
will
pre
sent
them
br
ie
f
ly
into
three
pa
rts:
1)
In
te
gr
at
i
ng
QR
c
od
e
re
ader,
2) Creat
e, im
po
r
t a
nd
us
e
of
databases
, 3)
GUI De
velo
pm
e
nt w
it
h ex
pla
na
ti
on
by d
i
ff
e
r
ent sce
nar
io
s.
5
.
1.
In
teg
r
ati
ng
QR C
od
e
Reader
Ther
e
a
re
va
riou
s
a
ppli
cat
ions
us
in
g
this
fea
ture.
Our
ap
plica
ti
on
is
ch
os
e
n
to
be
”st
a
nd
a
lon
e”
i.e
it
can
rea
d
a
nd
i
nter
pr
et
a
QR
cod
e
wi
th
out
the
nee
d
for
a
nothe
r
ap
plica
ti
on
or
ser
vice
a
lready
avail
abl
e
on
t
he
dev
ic
e.
Its
real
iz
at
ion
wa
s
not
easy
,
due
to
the
co
untl
ess
c
om
patibil
ity
con
st
raints
of
di
ff
ere
nt
syst
em
s
an
d
AP
I
s (A
ndr
oid Packa
ge I
nd
e
x).
The
QR
co
de
r
eader
m
odule
we
c
ho
se
is
th
e
”Zeb
ra
Cr
os
s
ing
”
or
”ZXi
ng
Co
de
Re
a
der”
due
to
t
he
flexibili
ty
of
it
s
source
co
de,
it
s
con
ti
nu
ou
s
updatin
g
a
nd
vi
abili
ty
of
the
s
erv
ic
e
w
hile
suppo
rting
t
he
form
er
-
dim
ension
al
ba
r
co
de.
T
he
integrati
on
of
the
QR
c
od
e
read
e
r
be
gins
by
i
m
po
rtin
g
so
urce
c
od
e
nam
ed
”cor
e
.j
a
r”
by
Ma
ven
Re
posi
tory.
T
he
n
we
create
a
n
a
ppli
cat
ion
f
old
e
r
that
ca
n
be
c
on
si
der
e
d
a
s
a
sub
-
app
li
cat
io
n
cal
le
d
”C
apt
ur
e
A
ct
ivit
y”
wh
ic
h
will
con
ta
in
th
e
el
e
m
ents
of
the
Z
Xing
a
nd
will
deal
excl
usi
vely
ens
ur
e
the
rea
ding
an
d
inte
r
pr
et
at
io
n
se
r
vi
ce
QR
co
de.
Figures
5
sho
w
the
sca
n
of
two
drugs
co
ntainin
g
resp
ect
ively
a
QR
co
de
an
d
a
one
-
dim
e
ns
io
nal
ba
rcod
e.
N
ote
that
the
inter
pr
et
at
i
on
of
QR
c
ode
of
te
n
requires
Inter
ne
t connect
io
n
i
n order
to
e
xtra
ct
ad
diti
onal
in
form
ation
a
nd
disp
la
y t
he
r
es
ul
ts i
n fu
ll
.
5
.
2.
Cre
ate, I
mpo
r
t and
U
s
e of
D
ata
ba
s
es
The
ty
pe
of
da
ta
base
use
d
i
s
SQ
Lit
e.
Thi
s
ch
oice
is
ob
vious
giv
e
n
th
e
ease
of
handling
in
th
e
Androi
d
syst
em
and
sp
eed
of
treatm
ent.
In
ou
r
work,
we
create
two
separ
at
e
data
bas
es:
on
e
de
dicat
ed
for
pro
cessi
ng profil
es an
d
a
no
t
he
r
f
or intera
ct
ion
s
bet
wee
n drug
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Detect
ion
of
D
ru
g I
nter
actions vi
a
A
ndr
oid
Smart
phone
:
De
sign
an
d
I
m
plemen
t
ation
(
Mo
ur
ad
H
ad
ji
la
)
5377
Figure
5. QR c
od
e
and
ba
recode sca
n
m
ediat
ion
5
.
2.
1.
D
ataba
se
Proce
ssing
Prof
il
es
This
data
base
will
con
ta
in
record
s
of
va
r
iou
s
treat
m
ents
entere
d
by
the
us
e
r
to
fa
ci
li
ta
te
th
e
exp
l
oitat
ion
of
these
data
(which
a
re
ot
her
than
t
he
m
edic
at
ion
li
st
in
a
sing
le
treat
m
e
nt).
T
he
datab
ase
i
s
create
d
in
the
“
SQ
Lit
e
Dat
abase
Br
ow
s
er
”
and
c
on
ta
in
s
three
ta
bles:
(
i)
The
fi
rst
ta
ble
con
ta
in
s
basic
inf
or
m
at
ion
suc
h
as:
id
,
nam
e,
an
d
m
edicat
i
on
li
st,
(
ii)
T
he
seco
nd
ta
ble
c
on
ta
in
s
the
ve
r
sion
of
the
dat
abase
require
d
f
or
th
e
update,
(
ii
i)
The
thir
d
ta
ble
is
autom
a
ti
cally
gen
erated
for
dr
a
wing
li
nes
.
Althou
gh
th
e
re
has
been
c
onte
nt
to
record
i
nfo
rm
at
ion
in
t
he
fiel
d
an
d
a
vo
i
d
th
e
database
,
ou
r
m
et
ho
d
has
se
ver
al
a
dv
a
ntag
es:
(
i)
Gr
eat
ly
opti
m
i
ze
res
ources b
e
cause
t
he
in
for
m
at
ion
is
sto
re
d
in
a
file
a
nd n
ot
i
n
RAM
,
(
i
i)
The
abili
ty
to h
ave
diff
e
re
nt
treat
m
ents
reco
r
de
d
at
a
tim
e
an
d
dis
play
them
in
an
ergo
nom
ic
li
st,
i
ii
)
The
s
peed
of
acce
ss
to
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
5
.2
.2
.
In
tera
c
tion
s
D
atabas
e
This
is
the
m
os
t
sensiti
ve
pa
rt
in
our
w
ork.
S
o
far,
ther
e
is
no
t
a
un
iversal
data
bas
e
of
al
l
dru
g
interact
ions
of
each
tra
de
na
m
e.
Give
n
the
com
plexity
a
nd
t
he
la
r
ge
num
ber
of
thes
e
interact
io
ns
,
it
is
diff
ic
ult t
o
aut
om
at
e
th
e w
ho
le
p
r
ocess.
T
ha
t’s why we star
te
d
first
by interact
ion
s
D
rug
-
to
-
Dru
g
(a
dru
g wit
h
ano
t
her)
base
d
on
“
Thesa
uru
s
dru
g
interact
ion
s”
m
ade
by
A
NS
M
(
Nati
on
al
A
ge
ncy
of
D
rug
Safet
y
an
d
pro
du
c
ts
healt
h)
with
the
ve
r
sion
of
“
Ja
nua
ry
20
16
”
to
e
sta
blish
our
own
databa
se.
I
n
t
he
foregr
ound,
it
will
com
par
e
two
dru
gs
by
their
I
NN
(Inter
natio
nal
Non
pro
pr
ie
ta
ry
Nam
e
or
nam
e
of
the
parent
m
olecule).
These
databases
will
be
in
file
s
that
m
us
t
i
m
po
rt
into
our
ap
plica
ti
on
that
will
be
com
piled
into
the
“
APK
”
file
(Andr
o
id
Pac
ka
ge
Kit),
w
hic
h
will
then
be
cop
ie
d
to
the
Androi
d
m
ob
il
e.
The
fi
le
s
are
first
deposite
d
in
the
“
Assets”
fo
l
de
r
to
ha
ve
acce
ss
to
Ja
va
cl
asses.
T
he
im
po
r
t
of
these
data
bases
will
be
done
t
hro
ugh
a
cl
ass
,
wh
ic
h
c
on
ta
i
ns t
he diffe
re
nt im
po
rt and
ver
i
f
ic
at
ion
proce
dures
and m
et
hods
of access t
o data.
5.
3
.
G
UI
De
ve
lopmen
t and
Explan
ati
on o
f
Di
ff
ere
nt
Sc
enario
s
The
GUI
is
the
gr
a
phic
al
interface
t
hroug
h
wh
ic
h
the
us
e
r
will
interact
.
Seve
ral
sta
nda
rd
s
a
nd
r
ules
are
needed
to
ergo
no
m
ic
s
and
ease
of
use
.
F
or
this
,
we
tr
ie
d
to
m
ake
an
interface
as
intuit
ive
as
possible
wh
il
e
m
ai
ntain
ing
a
pleasa
nt
aest
hetic
and
not
crow
ded.
T
he
desi
gn
of
th
e
GUI
can
be
ver
y
com
plex
if
yo
u
wan
t
to
m
ake
an
at
tract
ive
in
te
rf
ace,
w
hich
m
akes
it
a
sp
e
ci
al
ty
in
it
sel
f
since
we
us
e
d
exter
nal
pro
gr
a
m
s.
In
our
a
ppli
cat
ion, the
de
velo
pme
nt of t
he GU
I was
done
in
t
w
o parts:
1.
The
desig
n
of
the
butt
ons,
i
m
ages
an
d
f
un
ds
by
A
dobe
I
ll
us
trat
or
t
hen
deposit
im
ages
into
the
f
old
e
r”
Dr
a
wa
ble
”
2.
The
c
reati
on a
nd sett
ing XM
L lay
ou
ts.
The
la
un
c
h
of
t
he
ap
plica
ti
on
disp
la
y
the
m
ai
n
inter
face
c
orres
pondin
g
t
o
“
Ma
in
Acti
vity
”.
Fig
ur
e
6
sh
ows
the
a
ppli
cat
ion
ho
m
e
pa
ge.
This
inter
f
ace
co
ntains
t
hree
bu
tt
ons
an
d
each
butt
on
open
s
the
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
interface
.
The
interface
al
lo
w
s
us
to
see
t
he
prof
il
e
of
trea
t
m
ent,
check
i
f
there
is
inte
r
act
ion
bet
wee
n
two
dru
gs
or
a
drug scan
ner th
rou
gh it
s Q
R c
ode
.
First,
we
pr
e
se
nt
an
e
xam
ple
of
treat
m
ent
that
will
te
st
wit
h
a
dru
g:
treat
m
ent
against
ton
sil
li
ti
s
and
fev
e
r.
T
he
r
ecom
m
end
e
d
drug
s
a
re:
aspirin
(as
peg
ic
),
a
ntibi
otics
(Clam
ox
yl
)
Rhinathi
ol
syru
p
(P
r
om
et
hazine)
.
Af
te
r
a
hype
rtensio
n
[
21
]
the
do
ct
or
pr
escribes
to
t
he
sam
e
patie
nt
an
a
ntihype
rt
ensive
(A
ta
bek).
P
res
sing
t
h
e
key
“
t
reatm
ent
pr
of
il
e”
disp
la
ys
in
a
li
stview
the
l
ist
of
prof
il
es
r
ecorde
d
with
a
bu
tt
on
to
ad
d
oth
e
rs
t
hat
will
guid
e u
s
t
o
a
n
inter
fa
ce
to
c
om
plete
and
rec
orde
d
a
ne
w
treat
m
e
nt
spott
ed
by
it
s p
r
of
il
e
nam
e as sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
gure
7.
Pr
ofi
le
nam
es
are
extracte
d
from
the
databas
e
processi
ng
pr
of
il
es
an
d
dis
play
ed
in
a
“
List
View”
tha
t
can
dr
a
g
a
nd
c
li
ck
on
co
ntent
.
This
is
e
nsur
ed
by
seve
ral
a
dd
it
io
nal
cl
ass
es
an
d
la
yo
uts
cal
le
d
the
“
Adapter”
with
the
so
le
r
ole
of
a
dap
ti
ng
the
c
on
te
nt
to
the
disp
la
y.
S
ub
s
eq
ue
ntly
,
after
a
rec
ordin
g
is
m
ade,
the
prof
il
e
nam
e w
il
l be a
dd
e
d
t
o
the
li
st o
f profile
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
5371
-
5380
5378
Figure
6. A
ppli
cat
ion
disp
la
ys
Figure
7. List
of profi
le
s
The
butt
on
s
be
hind
eac
h
“T
extFiel
d”
a
re
us
e
d
to
a
ut
oma
ti
cal
ly
enter
the
I
N
N
of
m
e
dicam
ent
by
op
e
ning
t
he
“
Scan
ner
”
but
giv
e
n
th
e
non
-
sta
nd
a
rd
iz
at
io
n
of
the
QR
co
de
form
at
;
i
t
i
s
ve
ry
di
ff
ic
ult
at
th
e
m
o
m
ent
to
ext
ract
the
INN
with
a
si
ngle
scan.
Fig
ur
e
8
show
s
a
dd
tr
eatm
e
nt
and
F
igure
9
s
hows
c
hec
k
betwee
n prof
il
e an
d dru
gs
.
Figure
8. A
dd t
reatm
ent
Figure
9. Chec
k betwee
n profi
le
an
d d
rugs
By
cl
ic
kin
g
on
a
pro
file
nam
e
in
the
List
Vi
ew,
t
he
ass
oci
at
ed
inter
face
will
be
disp
la
ye
d
with
the
dru
g
fiel
d
to
be
check
e
d
in
wh
ic
h
the
I
NN
Atabek
is
e
ntered
(t
he
I
NN
is
ob
ta
ine
d
fro
m
the
exa
m
ple
of
th
e
scan
perform
e
d
p
re
viously
).
The
n,
cl
ic
king
the
“
Chec
k”
bu
tt
on
disp
la
y
s
the
inter
face
giv
e
n
by
Fig
ur
e
10.
Inform
at
ion
s of the res
ult are
ob
ta
ine
d
a
fter
processi
ng
t
he i
nteracti
ons d
at
abase. Det
ai
ls
of
t
he
inte
racti
on are
no
t
avail
able
f
or
al
l,
but
i
n
t
he
fore
groun
d,
we
dis
play
it
s
seve
rity
with
interact
ing
I
N
N.
I
n
a
no
t
her
s
cenari
o
wh
e
re
we
wa
nt
to
c
hec
k
the
t
wo
dr
ug
s
,
t
he
op
e
rati
on
is
fai
rly
li
near
a
nd
do
e
s
no
t
re
qu
ir
e
the
i
nvolv
em
ent
of
the
database
proces
sin
g
profi
le
s.
By
cl
ic
ki
ng
the
sec
ond
bu
tt
on
in
the
m
ai
n
wind
ow,
the
n
enteri
ng
t
he
releva
nt drugs
and v
al
idati
ng
the corre
spo
nding
res
ult i
s
ob
ta
ined
as
sho
w
n
in
Fig
ure
11.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Detect
ion
of
D
ru
g I
nter
actions vi
a
A
ndr
oid
Smart
phone
:
De
sign
an
d
I
m
plemen
t
ation
(
Mo
ur
ad
H
ad
ji
la
)
5379
Figure
10. N
o
i
nteracti
on
Figure
11. C
he
ck betwee
n
tw
o dru
gs
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
work
pres
ented
i
n
this
pa
per
is
base
d
on
the
de
velo
pm
ent
of
a
pro
gram
fo
r
m
ob
il
e
dev
ic
es
su
c
h
as
sm
artph
one,
ta
blet,
et
c.
al
lowi
ng
a
pe
rson
al
rea
dy
fo
ll
owin
g
a
s
pecific
m
edical
treat
m
ent
to
evalua
te
the
le
vel
of
t
he
drug
interact
io
n
if
this
patie
nt
add
e
d
one
dru
g
a
nd
a
no
t
her
m
edicat
ion
to
his
treat
m
ent.
So
,
this
app
li
cat
io
n
can
m
anag
e
var
iou
s
the
ra
pies
f
ollow
e
d
by
th
e
patie
nt
based
on
the
m
edicat
ion
he
ta
ke
s.
This
app
li
cat
io
n
is a
lso
ben
e
fici
al
for pati
ents a
nd
for
the
m
edical professio
n (
doct
or
,
pharm
a
ci
st).
The
ap
plica
ti
on
aim
s
to
pr
ov
ide
a
si
m
ple
a
nd
er
gonom
ic
interface
,
un
ti
e
d
of
a
ny
com
plexity
and
unnecessa
ry
de
ta
il
,
wh
ic
h
will
al
low
a
patie
nt
with
li
ttle
kn
ow
le
dg
e
to
know
the
risks
of
interact
ion
s
be
tween
a
dru
g
a
nd
a
nothe
r.
It
will
there
fore
t
ran
sl
at
e
the
raw
in
f
or
m
at
ion
an
d
extract
it
as
ne
cessary
to
ga
ug
e
the
sever
it
y
of
i
nteracti
on.
Give
n
the
de
plo
ym
ent
of
t
he
ne
w
QR
co
de
i
n
the
new
e
st
dru
gs
,
the
us
e
of
t
he
app
li
cat
io
n
wi
ll
be
fu
ll
y
autom
at
ed
with
a
si
m
ple
scan
of
the
dru
g
by
the
ca
m
era
and
giv
e
sim
ple
and
interp
retable
r
esults
to
e
very
body.
As
a
n
extensi
on
to
this
w
ork,
po
ssible
pe
rs
pecti
ves
are
nee
de
d:
(
i
)
Enr
ic
hing
the
database
wit
h
m
or
e
interact
ion
s,
(
ii
)
Add
interact
io
ns
with
substan
ces,
(
ii
i)
Final
iz
e
the
autom
at
ic
entry
of
drugs
Q
R
cod
e
scans
,
(
iv)
A
dd
a
r
e
m
ind
er
of
th
e
tim
e
ta
ken
t
o
dru
gs
re
gistered
in
treatm
ent.
REFERE
NCE
S
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BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Mourad
Hadji
la
rec
e
ive
d
his
eng
ine
er
degr
ee
s
in
1994,
his
M.S.
d
egr
ee
s
in
signal
s
and
sy
st
ems
in
1999,
and
his
Ph.
D.
In
T
el
e
co
m
m
unic
at
ions i
n
2014
from
th
e University
of
T
l
emce
n,
Alger
i
a.
Since
2002
h
e
h
as
bee
n
assistant
profe
ss
or
of
T
elec
om
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng
.
M
ember
of
STIC
la
bora
tor
y
in
the
Univer
sit
y
of
T
le
m
ce
n.
H
is
rese
arc
h
intere
st
is
i
n
te
lecom
m
unic
at
ion
s
y
s
te
m
s
and
m
obil
e
ne
tworks.
Rac
hid
Mer
zo
ugui
recei
ved
the
Dr.
En
g.
degr
e
e
in
Sy
st
ems
and
Networks
of
Te
l
ec
om
m
unic
ations
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Tl
emce
n
(Al
ger
ia
)
in
2006
,
his
PhD
in
Te
l
ec
om
m
unic
ation
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Tl
em
ce
n
(Alge
r
ia
)
in
2011.
Since
201
3,
he
has
be
en
As
sistant
Profes
sor
of
Co
m
m
uni
ca
t
ion
Engi
ne
ering
and
Te
lecom
m
unic
at
ion
Net
works
.
He
has
serve
d
on
th
e
Sc
ie
nti
f
ic
Com
m
it
t
ee
s
of
th
e
Elec
tr
onic
s
and
T
elec
om
m
unic
at
ion
Depa
rtments
of
th
e
Univ
ersity
o
f
Tlem
ce
n.
His
rese
arc
h
in
te
rest
now
is
d
eve
lop
pm
ent
of
m
obil
e
appl
icat
ions
net
works
and
ser
vic
es.
Sidi
Moham
m
ed
Hadj
Irid
re
ce
iv
ed
Eng
ine
e
r
and
Magist
er
degr
e
es
in
elec
tron
ic
and
comm
unic
at
ion
engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Tl
emce
n
unive
rsit
y
,
Alg
er
ia,
i
n
1996
and
200
0
respe
ct
iv
ely
.
The
n
h
e
stud
ie
d
digi
tal
comm
unic
ation
in
Val
encie
nnes
Univ
ersity
,
Franc
e
in
200
1.
He
has
b
ee
n
a
net
work
supervisor
at
IBM
M
ontre
a
l,
Cana
d
a,
the
n
a
proje
ct
m
ana
ger
at
Ora
scom
Te
le
com
Alger
ia.
Sin
ce
2
008,
he
is
lectur
er
a
t
un
ive
rsit
y
o
f
Tlem
ce
n.
His
r
ese
arc
h
in
te
rests
are
in
the
ar
ea
of
digital a
nd
arr
a
y
signa
l
pro
ce
s
sing.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.