Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
June
2021
,
pp.
2011
~
2018
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v11
i
3
.
pp2011
-
20
18
2011
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Des
i
gn a
nd
imp
lementatio
n of an I
-
V cur
vetracer d
edicated
to
charact
eriz
e PV
panels
Mansour Z
eg
rar
1
, M’
hame
d H
ouari Z
erhouni
2
, Moha
med Tarik
Be
nmessa
oud
3
,
Fat
im
a
Z
oh
r
a Z
erhoun
i
4
1
,2,4
LMSE Mic
ro
s
y
stems
and Em
bedde
d
S
y
stems
La
bora
tor
y
,
Alg
eri
a
1,2,
3,4
Depa
rtment
of
Elec
tron
ic
s,
U
nive
rsit
y
of
Sci
e
nce
and Technol
og
y
of
Oran
,
Mo
hamed
Boudia
f
(
US
TOMB),
BP
1505
Oran E
l
M’naoue
r
,
Or
a
n,
Alger
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
19, 202
0
Re
vised Dec
13
, 2
020
Accepte
d Dec
29
, 202
0
In
rec
en
t
y
e
ars,
solar
photovoltaic
ene
rg
y
is
bec
o
m
ing
ver
y
important
in
th
e
gene
ra
ti
on
of
gre
en
elec
tr
icit
y
.
Solar
photovol
t
ai
c
eff
ect
dire
c
t
l
y
conv
ert
s
solar
rad
i
at
ion
i
nto
elec
tr
icit
y
.
The
outpu
t
of
th
e
photovoltaic
m
odule
MP
V
depe
nds
on
seve
ral
factors
as
solar
irra
di
ation
an
d
ce
ll
t
empera
tu
re.
A
cur
ve
tra
c
er
is
a
s
y
st
e
m
used
to
ac
qu
i
re
the
PV
cur
re
nt
-
volt
ag
e
cha
ra
ct
er
isti
cs,
in
rea
l
ti
m
e,
in
an
e
ffi
ci
en
t
m
anner.
Th
e
shape
of
the
I
-
V
cu
rv
e
give
s
usefu
l
informati
on
abo
ut
the
poss
ibl
e
anomalies
of
a
PV
devi
c
e.
Thi
s
pap
er
desc
ribe
s
an
exp
eri
m
ent
a
l
s
y
st
e
m
deve
lope
d
to
m
ea
sure
the
cur
ren
t
–
voltage
cur
ve
of
a
MP
V
under
rea
l
cond
it
ions.
Th
e
m
ea
surem
ent
is
per
form
ed
in
an
aut
om
at
ed
wa
y
.
Thi
s
pre
sen
t
p
ap
er
pre
sen
ts
th
e
design,
and
the
construc
t
ion
of
I
-
V
si
m
ple
cur
ve
tra
c
er
for
photovol
taic
m
odule
s.
Thi
s
device
is
important
for
photovol
tai
c
(PV
)
per
form
anc
e
assess
me
nt
for
the
m
ea
surem
ent,
ext
ra
ct
ion
,
elab
ora
ti
on
and
d
iagnos
e
of
entire
cur
ren
t
-
vo
lt
ag
e
I
-
V
cur
ves
for
seve
r
al
phot
ovolt
aic
m
odules
.
Thi
s
s
y
st
em
per
m
it
s
to
sw
eep
the
en
ti
r
e
I
-
V
cur
ve,
in
sh
ort
ti
m
e,
with
d
iffe
ren
t
c
li
m
at
i
c
and
loa
ds
cond
it
ions.
An
expe
riment
al
tes
t
benc
h
is
desc
ribe
d
.
Thi
s
tra
c
er
is
sim
ple
and
the
expe
riment
al
res
ult
s
pre
se
nt
goo
d
per
form
anc
e
.
Sim
ula
ti
on
and
expe
riment
al
te
sts
have
be
en
carrie
d
ou
t.
Exp
eri
m
enta
l
result
s
pr
ese
nte
d
good
per
form
anc
e
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Cl
i
m
a
ti
c con
di
ti
on
s
Current
-
volt
ag
e
Ex
per
im
ental
cu
r
ve
trace
r
Re
al
o
pe
rati
ng
conditi
ons
So
la
r
p
a
nel
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ma
ns
our
Ze
gr
a
r
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
ro
nics
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f S
ci
ence a
nd Tec
hnology
of Ora
n
–
M
oham
ed
Boudiaf
(
US
T
O
-
MB)
BP 1505
, Ora
n El
M’
naouer
,
Alge
ria
Em
a
il
:
m
ansou
r.
ze
gr
a
r@un
i
v
-
us
to
.d
z
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
So
la
r
ph
otovo
l
ta
ic
energy
is
be
com
ing
fa
vor
ed
as
re
newabl
e
ene
rg
y.
S
olar
phot
ovoltai
c
(
PV
)
e
nergy
is
a
ren
e
wab
l
e
energy
sour
ce
that
is
avail
able
al
l
ov
er
the
w
or
ld
.
T
o
cha
racteri
ze
a
PV
de
vice
,
the
determ
inati
on
of
I
-
V
(c
urre
nt
ver
su
s
vo
lt
a
ge)
cu
r
ve
is
an
i
m
po
rta
nt
i
nfor
m
at
ion
to
know
the
el
ect
rical
per
form
ance
of
the
P
V
pa
nel
.
The
I
-
V
cha
r
act
erist
ic
s
of
phot
ovoltai
c
pa
nel
has
a
rem
ark
a
ble
sh
a
pe.
Disti
nct
curve
trace
rs
[1,
2]
exist
w
it
hin
the
li
te
ratur
e;
sepa
rati
ng
each
te
c
hniqu
e
a
re
diff
e
r
ences
in
c
os
t,
sp
ee
d,
com
plexity
.
T
her
e
ar
e
seve
ra
l
pap
ers
desc
ribing
dif
fer
e
nt
m
et
ho
ds
to
c
ha
racteri
ze
I
-
V
c
urves
of
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
pan
el
s
[
1,
2].
I
t
is
sh
own
that
these
m
et
ho
d
s
are
disti
nguis
hed
in
im
ple
m
entat
ion
.
T
he
diff
e
re
nt
m
et
ho
ds
as
for
e
xam
ple
capaci
ti
ve
loa
d,
el
ect
ro
nic
l
oad,
bi
po
la
r
powe
r
am
plifie
r,
f
our
-
qua
dr
a
nt
power
sup
ply;
D
C
-
DC
Converte
r
a
re
giv
e
n
i
n
[1
]
.
I
n
this
w
ork
,
a
porta
ble
a
nd
si
m
ple
photov
oltai
c
volt
age
ve
rs
us
cu
rr
e
nt
curve
tracer
is
discusse
d.
The
ai
m
of
t
his
pr
ese
nt
stud
y
is
t
o
int
rod
uce
a
nd
t
o
dev
el
op
a
sim
ple
an
d
a
us
e
f
ul
data
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
20
11
-
2018
2012
acqu
isi
ti
on
sys
tem
to
m
easur
e
I
-
V
cu
rv
e
s
in
sit
u,
to
ch
arac
te
rize
photov
oltai
c
pan
el
s.
S
om
e
info
rm
at
ion
su
c
h
as
the
m
axi
m
um
po
we
r
po
i
nt,
the
s
hort
-
ci
rc
uit
curre
nt
an
d
the
ope
n
ci
rc
uit
vo
lt
a
ge
can
be
ta
ke
n
fro
m
the
m
easur
em
ents.
2.
PROP
OSE
D MET
HO
D
F
OR
EL
E
CR
I
CA
L
M
ODEL
The
so
la
r
cel
l
is
a
no
nlinea
r
dev
ic
e
[
3
-
19]
and
ca
n
be
re
pr
ese
nted
as
a
cur
re
nt
sourc
e
m
od
el
,
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 1
.
Figure
1. Eq
ui
valent circ
uit o
f
the
sin
gle
-
diode m
od
el
Iph ≈
Icc : S
ho
rt
-
ci
rc
uit cu
rr
e
nt.
Id : Di
od
e
curr
ent.
Rs:
So
la
r
cell
intrinsic
series
r
esi
sta
nce wh
ose
v
al
ue
is
us
ual
ly
v
ery sm
al
l.
Rsh: E
qu
i
valen
t sh
un
t
resist
an
ce o
f
the
so
la
r c
el
l whose
val
ue
is
usual
ly
very
larg
e
.
Ipv=I :
Cu
rr
e
nt
outp
ut.
Vpv=
V
:
Vo
lt
a
ge ou
t
pu
t.
In
our
case
,
a
photov
oltai
c
pa
nel
is
c
onsti
tuted
of
36
s
olar
po
ly
cryst
al
li
ne
cel
ls
i
n
se
ries
(
Kyoce
r
a
LA
361
K
51)
ti
lt
ed
at
35°
a
ngle
faci
ng
s
ou
t
h.
PV
pa
nel
is
cha
racteri
zed
by
it
s
cu
rr
e
nt
-
vo
lt
age
(
I
-
V)
c
urve.
Diff
e
re
nt
m
odel
s
of
so
la
r
cel
ls
wer
e
prese
nted
in
li
te
ratur
e
[3
-
10]
.
The
re
la
ti
on
sh
i
p
of
current
–
volt
age
(I
-
V)
for
a
phot
ovoltai
c p
anel
is [1
1, 12]
:
=
(
−
)
+
2
−
(
1)
wh
e
re
V
oc
is t
he op
e
n
-
ci
rcu
it
volt
age, Icc is
the s
hort
-
ci
rc
ui
t current.
B an
d
C a
re c
onsta
nts
determ
i
ned b
y:
=
1
−
2
3
(
2)
=
1
1
−
2
2
3
(
3)
Tw
o po
i
nts of c
oor
di
nates
(I
1
-
V
1
)
, (I
2
-
V
2
)
ta
ken eit
her side
of the m
axi
m
um
p
ow
er
point.
1
=
1
1
(
−
2
−
2
)
(
4)
=
(5)
2
=
2
2
(
−
1
−
1
)
(
6)
3
=
1
1
2
2
(
2
−
1
)
(
7)
Con
sta
nts B a
nd C
de
pend o
n t
he
f
ollo
wing
pa
nel p
a
ram
et
ers:
a.
Shor
t ci
rc
uit c
urren
t
Icc;
b.
Op
e
n
ci
rcu
it
volt
age
V
OC
;
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd im
pleme
nta
ti
on
of
a
n I
-
V c
ur
vet
ra
cer
de
dicate
d
to
…
(
Ma
ns
our Ze
grar
)
2013
Stand
a
r
d
co
ndit
ion
s
are
ins
ulati
on
E
s=
1k
W
/m
2
,
cor
re
spondin
g
to
E
s=
1
sun,
a
nd
tem
per
at
ur
e
T=2
5
°C.
Fig
ure
2
sho
ws
f
or
o
ur
pa
nel
as
show
n
in
the
Ta
bl
e
1
the
I
-
V
c
urves
at
dif
fer
e
nt
le
vels
of
insul
at
ion
(at
T=25
°C
)
[5
-
10]
.
The
phot
ovoltai
c
pa
nel
char
act
e
risti
cs,
li
ke
any
oth
e
r
sem
ic
ondu
ct
or
c
om
po
nen
t
is
aff
ect
ed
b
y t
e
m
per
at
ur
e c
ha
ng
e
. I
-
V ob
ta
in
ed
c
har
act
e
risti
cs are
sho
wn re
sp
ect
ively
on Fi
gure
3 [3
-
10
]
.
Figure
2. Plots
of the
pro
pose
d functi
on (1
)
f
or increa
sin
g v
al
ues of
Es, T
=
25
°C
Table
1.
C
har
a
ct
erist
ic
s o
f
t
he
PV p
a
nel
Kyo
cera La
36
1 K
51
Variable
Valu
e
P
m
ax
51
W
Vo
c
2
1
.2
V
Icc
Vo
p
t
Iop
t
3
.25
A
16
.9
V
3
.02
A
Figure
3. Plots
of the
pro
pose
d functi
on (1
)
f
or increa
sin
g v
al
ues of
T, E
s=
1
s
un
3.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
It
is
im
po
rtant
to
m
easur
e
c
urre
nt
volt
age
c
urve
for
m
on
it
or
i
ng
the
perf
orm
ance
of
t
he
PV
pa
nels.
Re
centl
y, a con
cept f
or
fu
ll
y I
-
V
tracers
was
r
ep
or
te
d
[19
-
27]
.
O
ur
r
eal
iz
at
ion
is a p
ort
abl
e and
si
m
ple o
n
li
ne
I
-
V
trace
r.
It
works
in
real
tim
e.
This
m
eth
od
us
es
a
bi
pola
r
j
unct
io
n
tr
ansisto
r
as
t
he
load
c
onnecte
d
to
the
PV
pa
nel
as
sh
ow
n
in
the
Figure
4.
T
he
transist
or
act
s
as
a
var
ia
ble
resist
or
at
the
te
r
m
inal
of
t
he
P
V
pan
el
.
The
t
ransi
stor
base
c
u
r
r
ent
I
b
is
co
ntr
olled
s
o
that
th
e
colle
ct
or
c
urr
ent
scan
the
e
nt
ire
current
range
of
the
pa
nel.
T
he
con
t
ro
l
is
ens
ured
by
a
pr
ogr
essive
rise
of
t
he
base
c
urre
nt
I
b.
To
do
t
his,
we
us
e
d
a
c
ontrole
d
vo
lt
age
w
hich
var
ie
s
in
pro
portio
n
to
t
he
c
urren
t
(Ib).
By
this
cha
ng
i
ng
in
a
su
it
able
r
ang
e
,
the
m
easur
i
ng
po
i
nts
can
swe
ep
betwee
n
Ic
c
and
V
OC
.
T
hus,
this
volt
ag
e
evo
lve
s
in
ste
ps
f
ro
m
zero
,
up
to
the
m
axi
m
u
m
value
w
hic
h
ensures
the
sat
urat
ion
of
the
tr
ansisto
r.
He
nc
e,
we
ha
ve
the
sh
ort
ci
rcu
it
I
cc
of
the
ph
oto
volt
ai
c
pan
el
.
T
he
c
ollec
tor
c
urre
nt
Ic
,
in
tu
rn
increa
ses
a
nd
the
vo
lt
age
V
CE
decr
eas
es.
T
o
c
ontro
l
Ib,
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
20
11
-
2018
2014
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
or
a
f
unct
ion
g
ene
rato
r
ca
n
be
use
d
t
o
pro
vid
e
a ram
p
or
a
sinu
s
oid
w
a
ve
current
si
gn
a
l
to
the
base
of the t
ransi
stor.
The
Fig
ur
e
5 s
ho
ws
t
he
circuit
desig
ne
d
to
trace t
he I
-
V
c
urves f
or
photov
oltai
c pa
nel.
Figure
4. Bi
po
l
ar tra
ns
ist
or as
an
el
ect
r
on
ic
l
oad
connecte
d t
o p
ho
t
ovoltai
c p
a
nel
Figure
5. O
veral
l schem
atic d
ia
gr
am
o
f
th
e s
yst
e
m
reali
zed
T
h
e
s
c
a
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
I
-
V
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
n
e
l
i
s
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
t
a
ki
n
g
o
f
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
f
u
l
l
r
a
n
g
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
.
A
t
e
s
t
b
e
n
c
h
i
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
a
n
d
b
u
i
l
t
.
O
u
r
t
e
s
t
b
e
n
c
h,
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
e
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
l
y
o
f
:
Ci
rcu
it
of
c
on
trol
of
the
tra
ns
ist
or
(a
si
gnal
ge
ner
at
or
i
n
sta
irs)
an
d
powe
r
ci
rcu
it
f
or
am
plifyi
ng
the
con
t
ro
l
volt
age
to
a
dap
t t
o
t
he
pow
e
r
tra
ns
ist
or.
A
m
easur
em
ent card an
d
c
ondi
ti
on
ing o
f dif
f
eren
t a
nalo
g q
uan
ti
ti
es (
c
urre
nt, vo
lt
age
).
A
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
ol
le
r
16
F
877
in
a
serial
li
nk
with
the
PC
pro
vid
e
the
vol
ta
ge
and
c
urre
nt
acqu
i
red
f
r
o
m
sens
or
s
.
The
reali
zed
s
yst
e
m
,
al
lows
m
easur
em
ent
of
I
,V
a
nd
sa
ve
the
syst
em
resp
onse
(c
urre
nt,
volt
age
a
nd
therefo
re
pow
er)
.
T
o
s
umm
arize,
our
e
xp
erim
ental
te
st
be
nc
h
c
om
pr
ise
s
three
m
ain
par
ts:
powe
r
par
t,
com
m
and
pa
rt
and
acq
uisit
i
on
par
t.
The
con
t
ro
l
ci
rcu
it
is
a
sta
ir
sign
al
gen
e
rato
r
bu
il
t
around
NE
555
integrate
d
ci
rc
uit, 2 Sync
hro
nous 4
-
bit Co
unte
r
74LS
163 a
nd a
br
i
dg
e
of
resist
ances a
s s
een in Fig
ure
6.
Figure
6.
T
he
c
on
t
ro
l ci
rc
uit
of the
I
-
V
curve
tracer
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd im
pleme
nta
ti
on
of
a
n I
-
V c
ur
vet
ra
cer
de
dicate
d
to
…
(
Ma
ns
our Ze
grar
)
2015
The
outp
ut
of
th
is
syst
e
m
is
app
li
ed
t
o
the
input
of
a
CN
A
in
orde
r
to
ob
ta
in
a
sta
ir
sign
al
.
T
he
current
of
the
photov
oltai
c
pan
el
can
reac
h
up
to
3.2
5
A
.
The
m
axi
m
u
m
vo
lt
age
doe
s
no
t
e
xceed
21.
2
V
unde
r
sp
eci
al
c
onditi
ons (
Es =
1
00
0
w/m
2
, T
= 2
5
°C). The
po
te
ntial
ad
va
nt
age of
this el
ect
ronic load
is
a fast
scan
ning
of
th
e
equ
i
valent
lo
ad
resist
a
nce.
The
tra
ns
ist
or
us
e
d
as
the
va
r
ia
ble
load
m
us
t
be
able
to
dis
sipate
the
powe
r
ge
ne
rated
by
the
pan
el
durin
g
the
tim
e
of
m
e
asur
em
ents.
I
n
add
it
io
n,
an
a
ppreciable
gai
n
w
ou
l
d
sa
turate
the
tr
ansisto
r
f
r
om
a
low
base
cu
rr
e
nt.
T
he
am
plific
at
ion
of
the
base
vo
lt
a
ge
is
pro
vid
e
d
by
a
n
op
e
rati
onal
am
plifie
r
ty
pe
L
M324
as
seen
in
Figure
7
w
hich
has
as
en
try
,
the
CAN
ou
t
pu
t.
T
he
P
V
pa
nel
current
a
nd
vo
lt
age
I
an
d
V
resp
ect
ively
ar
e
us
e
d
a
nd
st
ored
for
treat
m
e
nt
in
PC,
a
s
se
en
in
Fi
gure
8.
The
ci
rcu
it
set
up is shown i
n
t
he Fi
gure
9.
Figure
7. The
a
m
pl
ific
at
ion
circuit
of
t
he I
-
V
curve
tracer
Figure
8. Syn
opti
c d
ia
gram
o
f
the ac
qu
isi
ti
on
car
d
Figure
9. The
c
ircuit
set u
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
20
11
-
2018
2016
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
S
The
Fig
ur
e
10
il
lustrate
s
the
sign
al
pro
vide
d
by
the
co
nt
ro
l
ci
rcu
it
,
in
the
pr
act
ic
al
te
sts.
The
Figure
11
il
lustrate
s
the
vo
lt
age
an
d
curre
nt
sign
al
ve
rsus
tim
e
pr
ovide
d
by
the
phot
ovoltai
c
pan
el
,
in
the
pr
act
ic
al
te
st.
The
Fi
gu
re
12
re
presents
the
I
-
V
e
xp
e
rim
ental
char
act
erist
ic
s
of
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
pa
ne
l.
For
evaluati
ng
our
m
et
ho
d,
we
ha
ve
pe
rfor
m
ed
sever
al
ex
pe
rim
ents,
in
di
ff
e
re
nt
tim
es
and
in
m
or
e
than
one
day
wh
ic
h gav
e
go
od r
es
ults.
Figure
10. E
xp
erim
ental
sign
al
p
r
ovide
d by the c
on
t
ro
l ci
rc
uit
Figure
11. E
xp
erim
ental
PV
cu
r
ren
t
sig
nal a
nd volt
age
sig
na
l ver
s
us t
i
m
e
Figure
12. I
–
V
e
xp
e
rim
enta
l characte
risti
c
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd im
pleme
nta
ti
on
of
a
n I
-
V c
ur
vet
ra
cer
de
dicate
d
to
…
(
Ma
ns
our Ze
grar
)
2017
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pro
posed
curve
tracer
i
s
an
autom
at
ized
proce
ss,
in
real
tim
e.
It
i
s
cl
ear
that
the
propos
e
d
syst
e
m
is
exp
l
ic
it
and
sim
ple.
It
has
so
m
e
ad
van
ta
ges:
l
ow
e
r
c
om
plexity
,
easy
pr
act
ic
al
i
m
ple
m
en
ta
ti
on
,
lowe
r
cost.
T
his
ex
per
im
ental
ben
ch
ca
n
be
us
e
d
for
acqu
i
re
I
V
char
act
e
risti
cs
in
var
ia
ble
cl
i
m
ati
c
conditi
ons,
f
or
diff
e
re
nt
pa
nels.
It
gi
ves
us
e
f
ul
inf
or
m
at
ion
about
the
po
s
sible
an
om
alies
of
a
P
V
pan
el
.
Thi
s
dev
ic
e
is
i
m
po
rta
nt
for
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
(PV)
pe
rfo
rm
ance
assessm
ent
fo
r
the
m
ea
su
rem
ent,
extr
act
ion
,
el
aborati
on and
diag
nose
of
e
ntire c
urren
t
-
volt
age
I
-
V
-
c
urves.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
au
t
hors
gr
at
efu
ll
y
acknolwedge
the
fina
ncial
su
pport
of
this
researc
h
by
the
Gen
e
ral
Director
at
e
of Scienti
fic R
esearch
and
Te
chnolo
gical
De
velo
pm
ent
of
Alge
ria.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Y.
Zhu
and
W
.
Xiao,
“
A
com
pr
ehe
ns
ive
r
evi
ew
of
to
polo
gies
fo
r
photov
ol
ta
ic
I
–
V
curv
e
tracer
,
”
S
ola
r
Energy
,
v
ol
.
19
6,
pp
.
346
–
357
,
Jan.
2020
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[2]
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Sarikh,
M.
Ra
oufi,
A.
Bennou
na,
A.
Ben
la
r
abi,
and
B.
Ikk
en,
“
Im
ple
m
entation
of
a
plug
an
d
play
I
-
V
c
urve
tracer
de
dicat
e
d
to
c
har
act
eri
zat
ion
an
d
diagnosis
of
P
V
m
od
ules
unde
r
real
op
e
rati
ng
co
ndit
ion
s
,
”
Ener
gy
C
on
ver
sion a
nd M
anageme
nt
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ct
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o
m
at
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ime
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t
aic
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i
ng,
”
Int
ernati
on
al
Journal
of
E
le
c
tric
al
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Ze
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a
r
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“Photovol
ta
i
c
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odule
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odel
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a
nd
expe
riment
al
power
cont
ro
l
us
ing
MP
PT,
”
Jou
rnal
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omati
on
and
Syst
ems
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ne
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M.
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gra
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rhouni,
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otovol
taic
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odule
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f
Au
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on
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d
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ms
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“
Modell
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poly
cr
istalli
n
photo
volt
aic
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using
design
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i
m
ent
s,”
Scienti
a Iranica
,
vo
l.
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oud,
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rh
ouni,
A.
Boudg
hene
,
M.
Ti
ours
i,
and
A
M
'
har
e
r,
“
A
Para
m
et
er
Optimization
o
f
Photovolt
aic
Sol
ar
Cell
and
Pan
el
Us
ing
Gene
tic
Algorit
hm
s
Strat
eg
y
,
”
Na
ture
-
Inspired
Computing:
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ogi
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Ze
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F.
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n
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“
Ph
ot
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c
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l
ar
ar
ray:
Mo
de
li
ng
a
nd
ou
t
put
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r op
ti
m
izati
on
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S.
Jenka
l
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M.
Kourchi
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fi,
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la
r
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.
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lha
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y
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m
oum
,
a
nd
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la
,
“
Deve
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o
f
a
photovol
t
ai
c
cha
ra
cteri
sti
cs
gene
ra
tor
base
d
on
m
at
hemati
ca
l
m
odel
s
for
four
PV
pane
l
te
chno
logi
es
,”
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te
rnational
Jo
urnal
of El
e
ct
ri
c
al
and
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ee
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J.
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ezie
,
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O.
Njok
,
M.
K.
Panjwani,
an
d
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K.
Pan
jwan
i,
“
The
impac
t
o
f
high
te
m
per
a
tu
re
and
irr
adi
an
ce
source
on
the
ef
fic
i
ency
of
pol
ycr
y
st
alline
photo
volt
aic
panel
in
a
cont
rol
le
d
env
ironment,
”
Int
er
nati
onal
Journal
of
E
le
c
tric
al
and
Computer
En
g
i
nee
ring,
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-
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[12]
A.
Loubna,
R
.
T
oufouti
,
and
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Mez
ia
n
e,
“
Standa
lone
photovolta
ic
arr
a
y
fed
indu
ct
ion
m
otor
driv
en
wat
er
pum
pin
g
s
y
stem,”
Int
ernati
onal Journal
o
f
Elec
tri
cal and Com
pute
r E
ngin
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ring,
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p.
4534
-
45
42,
2020
.
[13]
S.
S.
Raghuwa
nshi
and
V.
Khare
,
“
Siz
ing
a
nd
Im
ple
m
ent
ation
of
Photovol
ta
i
c
W
at
er
Pum
ping
S
y
stem
fo
r
Irri
gation,
”
Int
ernati
onal Journal
of Artifici
a
l
In
telli
gen
ce (
IJ
-
AI)
,
vo
l.
7,
no. 1,
pp. 5
4
-
62, 2
018
.
[14]
A.
O.
Njok,
F.
A.
Kam
gba,
M.
K.
Panjwani
,
an
d
F.
H.
Mangi,
“
The
infl
u
ence
of
solar
power
and
solar
flux
on
th
e
eff
iciency
of
pol
y
cr
y
st
alline
phot
ovolt
aics
insta
l
led
cl
ose
to
a
riv
e
r,
”
Indone
sian
J
ournal
of
El
ectri
cal
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
and
Compu
te
r S
ci
en
ce,
vo
l.
17,
no. 2, p
p.
988
-
996, 20
20
.
[15]
L.
Ardhen
ta
an
d
W
.
W
ij
ono,
“
Photovolt
ai
c
A
rra
y
Model
ing
under
Uniform
Irra
diation
and
Parti
al
Shading
Condit
ion,”
In
ter
nati
onal Journ
al
of
Applied
Pow
er
Engi
n
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ring
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F.
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e
ssao
ud
,
A.
B.
Stam
bo
uli,
an
d
A.
Mi
doun
,
“
Optimum
Loa
d
Matc
hing
b
y
an Arra
y
Re
conf
igu
rat
ion
in
Photov
olt
aic
Gen
erator
s,”
En
er
gy
&
Fu
el
s
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[17]
M.
Akbaba
,
“
Matc
h
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ph
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AC
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ds
to
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G
for
m
axi
m
um
power
tra
nsfer
using
an
enha
nce
d
ve
rsion
of
the
Akbab
a
m
od
el
and
doub
le
st
e
p
-
up
conve
r
te
r
,
”
Solar e
nergy
,
vo
l.
75
,
no
.
1
,
pp
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1
7
–
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[18]
N.
Goks
enl
i
a
nd
M.
Akbaba
,
“
Dev
el
opm
e
nt
of
a
ne
w
m
ic
ro
con
tr
oller
base
d
MPPT
m
et
ho
d
f
or
photov
oltai
c
gen
erat
or
s
us
in
g
A
kb
a
ba
m
od
el
with
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
and
si
m
ulati
on
,”
Solar
E
nergy
,
v
ol
.
136,
no
.
15
,
pp
.
622
–
628,
Oct
.
2
016.
[19]
P.
G
ue
rr
ie
r
o
,
P
.
Ce
nnam
o,
an
d
S.
Dali
ento
,
“
A
Tw
o
Le
gs
Dar
li
ngto
n
Ba
sed
Ci
rc
uit
for
on
Sit
e
Traci
ng
of So
la
r
Pa
nels
I
-
V
C
urve
,”
IE
EE Inte
rnati
on
al S
y
m
posiu
m on Ci
rcuits
and Systems
(IS
C
AS)
,
2018.
[20]
R.
B.
Mess
aoud,
“
Extracti
on
of
uncerta
in
pa
ram
et
ers
of
sin
gle
and
do
ub
le
diode
m
od
el
of
a
phot
ovoltai
c
pan
el
us
i
ng Sal
p
S
war
m
algor
it
h
m
,”
Me
asur
emen
t
,
vol
.
154
,
Mar. 2020.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
20
11
-
2018
2018
[21]
M.
Oulcaid,
H.
El
Fadi
l,
L.
Am
m
eh,
A.
Yah
y
a
,
and
F.
Giri
,
“
O
ne
s
ha
pe
pa
ra
m
et
er
-
base
d
e
xp
li
ci
t
m
od
el
fo
r
photov
oltai
c cel
l and
pa
nel
,
”
Sustai
nable E
ne
rg
y
,
Gri
ds
and N
et
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Mar
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2020
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[22]
C.
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y
a
,
A.
Tu
ran
,
an
d
C.
Abe
y
koo
n,
“
Ro
bu
st
c
ode
-
base
d
m
odel
ing
a
ppr
oac
h
f
or
a
dv
a
nc
ed
photov
oltai
cs
of the
futu
re
,
”
Solar
En
e
rg
y
,
v
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199
,
pp
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521
–
529,
Mar
.
2020
.
[23]
R.
Chenoua
rd
a
nd
R.
A.
El
-
Sehie
m
y
,
“
An
i
nterv
al
branc
h
a
nd
bo
und
gl
obal
op
ti
m
iz
ation
al
go
rithm
fo
r
par
am
et
er
est
im
at
ion
of
th
re
e
phot
ovoltai
c
m
od
el
s
,”
E
ner
gy
C
on
ver
sio
n
and
Ma
nage
men
t
,
vol
.
2
05
1,
2020
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[24]
H.
Am
iry
,
M.
B
enhmida,
R.
B
en
daoud,
C.
Ha
jj
a
j, a
nd
M.
Sidki,
“
Desig
n
an
d
i
m
plem
entat
ion
o
f
a p
hoto
volt
ai
c
I
-
V
c
urve
trac
er:
So
la
r
m
odules
cha
racteri
zat
ion
unde
r
r
eal
op
e
rati
ng
c
onditi
ons
,
”
E
ne
rg
y
C
on
ver
sion
and Ma
nage
m
ent
,
vo
l. 1691
p
p.
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216
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[25]
A.
Vega
,
V.
V
aliño,
E.
Cond
e,
A.
Ramos
,
and
P.
Rei
na
,
“
D
ouble
swee
p
trace
r
f
or
I
-
V
c
urves
c
har
act
erizat
i
on
and co
ntin
uous m
on
it
or
in
g of
photov
oltai
c
fa
ci
li
ti
es
,”
So
l
ar
Ener
gy
,
vol
.
19
0,
pp
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622
–
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,
Sep.
2019
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[26]
R.
S.
Am
een
and
R.
S.
Ba
log
,
“
Fle
xib
le
and
Scal
a
ble
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
Curve
Trace
r
,
”
In
te
r
nati
onal
Con
fe
re
nce
on
Ph
oto
v
oltaic
Sc
ie
nce an
d
Te
c
hnologies (
PV
Con
)
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2018.
[27]
Y.
Zh
u
,
“
An
Ad
a
ptive
I
-
V
Curve
Detect
ing
Me
th
od
f
or
Ph
ot
ovoltai
c
Module
s
,
”
IEE
E
In
te
rnati
on
al
Power Elec
tr
onic
s
and
A
ppli
cation C
onfe
re
nce
and Exp
os
i
ti
on
(PEAC
)
,
2
018.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.