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No
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ictio
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ter
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le
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h
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tec
h
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lo
g
ical
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
o
n
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics
[
1
,
2
]
.
Vo
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
(
VS
C
)
tech
n
o
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y
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s
p
ec
iall
y
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ec
o
g
n
ized
f
o
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h
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o
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e
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ar
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is
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h
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w
b
et
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
[
2
,
3
]
,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
s
tan
t
l
y
ch
an
g
e
o
n
d
ir
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f
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r
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av
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t
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p
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to
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m
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5
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an
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m
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h
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h
v
o
lta
g
e
a
lter
n
ati
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t (
HV
AC
)
[
2
,
4
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
n
e
w
s
c
h
e
m
es
o
f
HVDC
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
h
a
s
b
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n
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
in
o
r
d
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to
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ter
co
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n
ec
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d
is
ta
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t
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p
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w
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s
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m
s
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as
is
la
n
d
s
;
an
d
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en
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w
ab
le
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g
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s
o
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ce
s
(
w
i
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d
an
d
p
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to
v
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ltaic
en
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g
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)
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
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ar
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ch
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m
es li
k
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m
u
lti
-
ter
m
in
al
D
C
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
2
,
5
]
an
d
HVDC g
r
id
s
[
2
,
4
]
.
I
t m
a
y
s
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m
h
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to
b
eliev
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b
u
t in
t
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21
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till
a
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f
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s
t
h
at
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is
o
lated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
ai
n
e
lectr
ical
g
r
id
s
[
6
]
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
ti
m
e,
th
i
s
i
s
s
y
n
o
n
y
m
o
f
p
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o
r
elec
tr
ical
r
eliab
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,
h
ig
h
elec
tr
icit
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p
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(
f
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o
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s
to
elec
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at
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T
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ev
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f
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r
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:
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to
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clo
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co
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n
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tio
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p
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if
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lt
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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I
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d
th
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lo
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x
p
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s
io
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p
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t
en
tial
[
7
]
.
W
h
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s
e
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ar
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alid
f
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ca
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w
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r
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io
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s
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n
is
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lated
d
u
e
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p
o
liti
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l
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d
s
o
cial
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to
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s
.
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h
u
s
,
s
o
m
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a
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th
o
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p
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p
o
s
e
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
[
8
]
o
r
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
to
p
r
o
v
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th
e
p
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w
er
s
u
p
p
l
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f
o
r
is
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lated
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; h
o
w
e
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,
th
ese
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ar
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u
n
d
1
0
MV
A
[
9
]
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
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p
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s
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n
b
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n
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T
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ap
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li
n
k
[
1
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MW
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r
o
u
g
h
a
9
5
0
k
m
m
o
n
o
p
o
le
o
v
er
h
ea
d
lin
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
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e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
in
to
a
6
0
0
MW
b
ip
o
lar
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
li
n
k
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ts
to
w
ea
k
AC
g
r
id
s
,
th
e
id
ea
o
f
an
o
v
er
h
ea
d
m
o
n
o
p
o
le
lin
k
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
is
o
lated
ar
ea
s
w
it
h
n
o
n
e
g
li
g
ib
le
d
em
an
d
a
n
d
p
o
ten
tial
ex
p
an
s
io
n
.
Oth
er
alter
n
ati
v
e
is
to
m
a
k
e
l
o
n
g
AC
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
u
s
i
n
g
s
er
ie
s
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
F
AC
T
S
d
ev
ices,
s
u
c
h
a
s
T
C
SC
o
r
S
SS
C
[
1
1
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
ese
li
n
k
s
n
o
r
m
all
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
t
w
o
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
A
C
li
n
es
d
em
a
n
d
i
n
g
a
b
ig
R
OW
an
d
th
e
A
C
s
y
s
te
m
co
u
ld
h
a
v
e
s
t
ab
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
o
r
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
i
s
o
lated
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
ev
al
u
ati
n
g
th
e
tech
n
ical
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
iab
il
it
y
o
f
s
y
m
m
etr
ica
l
m
o
n
o
p
o
le
HVDC
-
V
SC
li
n
k
s
b
et
w
ee
n
m
ai
n
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
s
an
d
is
o
lated
ar
ea
s
w
ith
a
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
an
d
.
Sectio
n
2
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
ev
al
u
ate
s
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
u
n
d
er
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
m
i
x
ed
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
a
tec
h
n
i
ca
l
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
s
ta
n
d
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
1
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
to
ev
al
u
at
e
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
a
m
o
n
o
p
o
lar
HVDC
li
n
k
b
ased
o
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
D
C
d
esig
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
n
es.
Sec
tio
n
2
.
2
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
esti
m
ate
u
n
d
er
g
r
o
u
n
d
HV
D
C
ca
b
les
f
o
r
m
o
n
o
p
o
lar
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
Sectio
n
2
.
3
s
h
o
w
s
a
m
o
d
el
to
esti
m
ate
V
SC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
tat
i
o
n
co
s
ts
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
co
s
t
esti
m
ato
r
s
,
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
4
p
r
o
p
o
s
es a
n
in
teg
r
ated
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
co
s
t e
s
ti
m
at
io
n
o
f
a
n
HVDC
-
VS
C
m
o
n
o
p
o
lar
lin
k
.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
b
tain
ed
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
w
as
ap
p
lied
to
a
p
r
ac
tical
ca
s
e
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
is
ca
s
e
o
f
s
t
u
d
y
is
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
ted
6
3
1
k
m
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
Mo
y
o
b
a
m
b
a
an
d
I
q
u
ito
s
,
at
P
e
r
u
.
I
q
u
ito
s
is
an
is
o
lated
ar
ea
o
f
t
h
e
P
er
u
v
ian
Am
az
o
n
ia
t
h
at
h
a
s
an
ac
tu
al
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
f
n
ea
r
l
y
1
0
0
M
W
ex
p
ec
ted
to
d
o
u
b
le
in
th
e
n
ex
t
t
w
en
t
y
y
ea
r
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
er
e
is
a
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
p
r
o
j
ec
t
o
f
ab
o
u
t
5
5
0
MW
n
ea
r
to
I
q
u
ito
s
th
at
w
o
u
ld
g
e
n
er
ate
m
o
r
e
p
o
w
er
th
a
n
o
w
n
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
o
f
I
q
u
ito
s
,
s
o
t
h
is
e
x
ce
s
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
s
o
m
e
h
o
w
to
t
h
e
n
at
io
n
al
g
r
id
[
1
2
,
1
3
]
.
Fin
all
y
,
s
ec
tio
n
4
d
is
cu
s
s
es t
h
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
es f
u
r
t
h
er
w
o
r
k
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
T
ec
hn
ica
l a
nd
ec
o
no
m
ic
a
l e
v
a
lua
t
io
n o
f
H
VDC
-
VSC
o
v
er
hea
d link
s
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
to
ev
alu
ate
t
h
e
tech
n
ical
asp
ec
t
s
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
lin
e
i
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
C
I
G
R
E
b
r
o
ch
u
r
e
3
8
8
[
1
4
]
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
r
o
ch
u
r
e
p
r
esen
t
s
a
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
a
b
ip
o
lar
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
it
ca
n
al
s
o
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
s
a
m
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
a
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
m
o
n
o
p
o
le
g
iv
e
n
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
it
also
h
as
t
w
o
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
i
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
w
i
th
+/
-
s
o
m
e
v
o
ltag
e,
a
s
it
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
o
n
l
y
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
is
t
w
o
is
o
v
er
th
e
s
tatio
n
s
b
u
t t
h
e
b
r
o
ch
u
r
e
o
n
l
y
s
t
u
d
ies t
h
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
lin
e
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
o
m
itti
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
Af
ter
ch
o
o
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
al
ter
n
ati
v
es
(
p
o
s
s
ib
le
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
lev
el
s
[
1
5
]
)
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
th
i
n
g
to
d
o
is
to
ev
alu
a
te
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
u
cto
r
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
o
a
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
u
b
co
n
d
u
c
to
r
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
a
g
i
v
en
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
is
ca
lcu
latio
n
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
[
1
6
]
th
at
p
r
ese
n
ts
eq
u
at
io
n
s
m
o
d
elin
g
th
e
th
er
m
a
l
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
.
T
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
co
n
d
u
cto
r
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
b
y
t
h
e
b
r
o
ch
u
r
e
is
A
C
SR
.
T
h
en
,
it
is
ca
lcu
lated
t
h
e
h
ei
g
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
o
le
s
p
ac
in
g
in
o
r
d
er
to
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
g
r
ad
ien
t
,
w
h
ich
is
also
u
s
ed
as
a
r
estrictio
n
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
.
A
th
ir
d
r
estrictio
n
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
w
a
s
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
th
i
s
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
W
ith
th
ese
th
r
ee
r
estrictio
n
s
,
t
h
e
f
in
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
p
er
alter
n
ati
v
e
is
ch
o
s
e
n
.
Hav
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
p
er
alter
n
ati
v
e
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
p
o
le
s
p
ac
in
g
,
th
e
h
eig
h
t a
n
d
t
h
e
r
ig
h
t
-
of
-
w
a
y
(
R
OW
)
,
g
iv
e
n
b
y
:
=
[
(
+
+
)
s
in
(
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w
h
er
e
R
i
s
t
h
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
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th
e
co
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u
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r
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b
u
n
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le,
L
i
s
t
h
e
l
en
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
s
u
lato
r
s
ch
ai
n
,
S
is
t
h
e
s
ag
o
f
t
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co
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w
in
d
co
n
d
itio
n
.
is
th
e
co
s
t o
f
th
e
R
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lan
d
.
I
t is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
m
e
n
tio
n
th
at
t
h
e
R
OW
in
HVD
C
is
lo
w
er
t
h
an
th
e
R
OW
f
o
r
HV
AC
li
n
es
u
s
ed
to
tr
an
s
m
it
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
o
w
er
[
2
]
.
Af
ter
h
a
v
i
n
g
th
e
d
i
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n
s
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it i
s
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late
J
o
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a
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ated
f
r
o
m
an
e
m
p
ir
ical
eq
u
ati
o
n
g
i
v
e
n
[
1
4
]
,
in
th
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eq
u
atio
n
an
d
ar
e
r
ef
er
to
c
o
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o
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as f
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:
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I
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I
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e
J
o
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Rev
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p
.
5
3
0
-
5
5
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
]
M
.
A
.
El
izo
n
d
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
tera
re
a
Os
c
il
latio
n
Da
m
p
in
g
Co
n
tro
l
Us
in
g
Hig
h
-
V
o
lt
a
g
e
DC
T
ra
n
s
m
issi
o
n
:
A
S
u
rv
e
y
,
”
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
6
9
1
5
-
6
9
2
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[4
]
J.
S
u
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
b
y
HV
DC
a
c
ro
ss
th
e
Co
n
ti
n
e
n
t:
S
y
ste
m
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
Op
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies
,
”
CS
E
E
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
3
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
5
3
-
3
6
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[5
]
F.
A
.
Ac
e
ro
a
n
d
M.
A
.
Rio
s,
“
P
l
a
n
n
in
g
M
T
DC
G
rid
s
b
a
se
d
G
ra
p
h
s
T
h
e
o
r
y
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
7
-
4
6
,
2
0
2
1
.
[6
]
F.
Z.
El
-
M
a
z
o
u
ri,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
E
L
ECT
RE
III
M
e
th
o
d
a
t
th
e
M
o
r
o
c
c
a
n
Ru
ra
l
El
e
c
tri
f
ica
ti
o
n
P
ro
g
ra
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
2
8
5
-
3
2
9
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
1
0
0
2
-
1010
1010
[7
]
I.
Ro
z
ic,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
e
n
e
rg
y
s
u
sta
in
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
th
e
s
m
a
ll
a
g
ric
u
lt
u
ra
l
f
a
rm
s
iso
late
d
o
f
e
le
c
tri
c
p
o
w
e
r
g
rid
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Rev
iew o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IRE
E)
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
2
9
-
2
3
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[8
]
E.
Ba
n
g
u
e
ro
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
m
icro
g
rid
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
re
su
lt
s
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
RE
T
S
c
re
e
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
2
3
-
7
3
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[9
]
M
.
A
sa
d
u
z
-
Za
m
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
o
rd
i
n
a
ted
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
In
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
M
icro
g
rid
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
S
to
ra
g
e
S
y
st
e
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
7
8
1
-
4
7
8
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
0
]
T.
G
.
M
a
g
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ca
p
riv
i
L
in
k
HV
DC
In
terc
o
n
n
e
c
to
r:
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
e
n
e
rg
ize
d
s
y
ste
m
t
e
stin
g
a
n
d
re
a
l
ti
m
e
si
m
u
lato
r
tes
ti
n
g
,
”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
CIGRE
S
e
ss
io
n
2
0
1
2
,
P
a
p
e
r
B4
1
0
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
1
]
M.
Y.
S
u
li
m
a
n
,
“
A
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
re
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
lo
w
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
tra
n
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
s
u
si
n
g
sta
ti
c
se
ries
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
(S
S
C)
w
it
h
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
5
9
8
-
4
6
0
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
2
]
Ce
se
l
In
g
e
n
iero
s
,
“
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
v
iab
il
it
y
stu
d
ies
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
tran
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
M
o
y
o
b
a
m
b
a
-
Yu
ti
m
a
g
u
a
s
-
Na
u
ta
-
Iq
u
it
o
s
a
t
2
2
0
k
V
(In
S
p
a
n
ish
)
,”
S
e
c
o
n
d
re
p
o
rt:
d
e
sc
rip
ti
v
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
s.l.
,
P
riv
a
te
In
v
e
st
m
e
n
t
P
r
o
m
o
ti
o
n
A
g
e
n
c
y
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
3
]
P
r
o
in
v
e
rsió
n
,
“
Co
n
c
e
ss
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
ro
jec
t:
M
o
y
o
b
a
m
b
a
-
Iq
u
it
o
s
tran
sm
is
sio
n
li
n
e
a
t
2
2
0
k
V
a
n
d
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
su
b
sta
ti
o
n
s (In
S
p
a
n
ish
)
,”
F
in
a
l
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
CIG
RE
Jo
in
t
W
o
rk
in
g
G
ro
u
p
B2
/B4
/C1
.
1
7
,
“
Bro
c
h
u
re
3
8
8
:
Im
p
a
c
ts
o
f
HV
DC
li
n
e
s
o
n
th
e
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
s
o
f
HV
DC
p
ro
jec
ts,
”
P
a
ris:
CIG
RÉ,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
5
]
CIG
RE
J
o
in
W
o
rk
in
g
G
ro
u
p
B2
/
B4
/C1
.
1
7
,
“
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
V
o
l
tag
e
s
f
o
r
HV
DC G
rid
s,
”
P
a
ris:
CIG
RE,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
6
]
CIG
RE
Jo
in
t
W
o
rk
in
g
G
ro
u
p
2
2
.
1
2
,
“
Bro
c
h
u
re
2
0
7
:
T
h
e
rm
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
o
v
e
rh
e
a
d
c
o
n
d
u
c
to
rs,
”
P
a
ris:
CIG
RÉ,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
7
]
D.
P
a
rra
,
“
T
e
n
sio
n
lev
e
l
o
p
t
im
i
z
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
b
e
twe
e
n
Co
lec
to
ra
2
a
n
d
Ce
rr
o
m
a
to
so
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
HV
DC
-
VSC
li
n
k
(In
S
p
a
n
is
h
)
,”
Bo
g
o
tá.
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
T
h
e
sis,
Un
iv
e
rsid
a
d
d
e
lo
s A
n
d
e
s
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
A
.
Ra
z
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Eco
n
o
m
ic
a
n
a
l
y
sis
f
o
r
HV
DC
tran
sm
is
sio
n
sy
st
e
m
in
P
a
k
istan
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
nal
o
f
Co
n
t
ro
l
and
Au
to
ma
ti
o
n
(
IJ
CA)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
9
-
3
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
9
]
L
.
Co
ro
n
a
d
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
INEL
F
E:
m
a
in
d
e
sc
rip
ti
o
n
a
n
d
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
o
v
e
r
th
re
e
y
e
a
rs
in
se
rv
ice
,
”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
2
0
1
9
AE
IT
HVDC
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
F
lo
re
n
c
e
,
Ital
y
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
0
]
N
.
M
a
c
Leo
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
2
0
0
0
M
W
HV
DC
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
to
r
b
e
tw
e
e
n
Gre
a
t
Brit
a
in
a
n
d
F
ra
n
c
e
,
”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
1
5
th
I
ET
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
AC
a
n
d
DC
Po
we
r
T
r
a
n
sm
issio
n
(
ACDC
2
0
1
9
)
,
Co
v
e
n
try
,
UK
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
1
]
T
.
V
ra
n
a
a
n
d
P
.
Hä
rtel,
“
Esti
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f
in
v
e
st
m
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
l
c
o
st
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
f
o
r
V
S
C
HV
DC
tran
s
m
issio
n
in
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
,
”
El
e
c
tric P
o
we
r S
y
ste
ms
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
6
0
,
p
p
.
9
9
-
1
0
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
2
]
D.
P
a
e
z
a
n
d
M.
A
.
Rio
s,
“
Co
st
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
a
n
M
T
DC
f
o
r
in
t
e
rc
o
n
n
e
c
t
io
n
G
u
a
ji
ra
-
Ce
rro
m
a
to
s
o
-
P
a
n
a
m
a
,
”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
FI
S
E/
IE
EE
-
CIGR
E
2
0
1
9
,
M
e
d
e
ll
in
,
Co
l
o
m
b
ia,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
3
]
A
.
L
’
A
b
b
a
te
,
“
Dra
f
t
d
e
li
v
e
ra
b
le
d
3
.
3
.
2
.
Re
v
iew
o
f
c
o
st
o
f
tran
sm
is
sio
n
o
f
in
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
s,
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
c
ro
ss
b
o
r
d
e
r
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
s
,
”
i
n
Rea
l
ise
Gr
id
,
pp
.
16
-
19
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
4
]
D.
V
e
las
c
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
tran
s
m
issio
n
in
d
irec
t
c
u
rre
n
t.
F
u
t
u
re
e
x
p
e
c
t
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
Co
lo
m
b
ia,”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
5
9
-
7
6
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
5
]
M.
E.
El
g
e
z
ir
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
En
h
a
n
c
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m
e
n
t
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f
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rid
-
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n
n
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c
ted
W
in
d
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a
rm
s
Us
in
g
HV
DC
S
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s
tem
s:
Eg
y
p
t
ian
Ne
tw
o
rk
Ca
se
S
tu
d
y
,
”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
2
0
1
9
2
1
st
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
M
id
d
le
Ea
st
P
o
we
r
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y
ste
ms
Co
n
fer
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n
c
e
(
M
EP
CON)
,
Eg
y
p
t,
2
0
1
9
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
J
u
a
n
A
n
d
r
é
s
Va
r
e
l
a
re
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v
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d
a
d
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g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
2
0
2
0
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsid
a
d
d
e
lo
s
A
n
d
e
s,
Bo
g
o
ta.
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o
l
o
m
b
ia.
He
jo
i
n
e
d
USA
ENE
h
a
s
c
o
n
s
u
lt
a
n
t
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
f
o
r
tran
sm
issio
n
a
n
d
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
stu
d
ies
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
.
T
h
e
n
,
h
e
j
o
in
e
d
IS
A
(In
terc
o
n
e
x
ió
n
El
é
c
tri
c
a
S
.
A
.
)
.
M
a
r
io
Alb
e
r
to
Rí
o
s
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
a
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
1
9
9
1
a
n
d
a
M
.
S
c
.
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g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
1
9
9
2
,
b
o
t
h
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsid
a
d
d
e
lo
s
A
n
d
e
s,
Bo
g
o
tá,
Co
lo
m
b
ia.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tr
ica
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
INP
G
-
L
E
G
,
Gre
n
o
b
le,
F
ra
n
c
e
,
in
1
9
9
8
,
a
n
d
a
Do
c
to
ra
l
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
r
sid
a
d
d
e
lo
s
A
n
d
e
s,
in
1
9
9
8
.
He
w
o
rk
e
d
a
s
a
c
o
n
su
lt
a
n
t
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
i
n
C
o
n
C
o
l
(
n
o
w
W
S
P
),
Bo
g
o
tá,
Co
lo
m
b
ia,
d
u
rin
g
1
2
y
e
a
rs.
A
lso
,
h
e
w
a
s
a
Re
se
a
rc
h
A
ss
o
c
iat
e
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
M
a
n
c
h
e
ste
r
(
f
o
r
m
e
rl
y
,
U
M
IS
T
).
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
F
u
ll
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
a
t
t
h
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsid
a
d
d
e
lo
s A
n
d
e
s,
Bo
g
o
tá,
a
n
d
d
irec
to
r
o
f
th
e
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
G
ro
u
p
o
f
th
is
u
n
iv
e
rsity
.
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