Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
5653
~
5662
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
6
.
pp5653
-
56
62
5653
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Des
i
gn a
nd
i
mp
lementatio
n of
s
m
art
f
armin
g
s
yste
m for
f
i
g
usin
g
c
on
nected
-
a
rg
onom
ics
N.
Z
ain
al
1
,
N
. Mo
hamo
od
2
,
M.
F.
N
orman
3
, D
.
S
an
m
ut
h
am
4
1,3,4
Facul
t
y
of En
gine
er
ing
and
B
uil
t Envi
ronm
ent,
Univer
si
ti Keb
angsa
an
Ma
lay
si
a
(UK
M)
,
Mal
a
ysia
2
Facul
t
y
of Engi
nee
ring
T
ec
hnol
og
y
,
Univer
si
ti
Te
knik
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
Me
la
ka
(UT
e
M)
,
Malay
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
a
n
11
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
Ju
l
2
3
,
201
9
Accepte
d
J
ul
30
, 2
01
9
Thi
s
pape
r
prop
oses
a
design
an
d
implementa
ti
o
n
appr
oac
h
of
s
m
art
far
m
ing
s
y
stem
using
conne
cted
-
agr
ono
m
ic
s
te
chni
que
for
fig
far
m
appl
i
ca
t
ion
.
Now
aday
s,
fig
pla
nts
h
avi
ng
a
rap
id
growth
in
the
cur
r
ent
m
ar
ket
d
emand
due
to
it
s ri
ch
in nat
ura
l
health
be
nef
i
ti
ng
nu
trient
s,
ant
iox
ida
nts and vi
ta
m
ins
where
som
e
far
m
ing
sy
st
ems
h
ave
be
en
used
in
m
ai
nta
in
ing
fig
pla
nt’
s
envi
ronm
ent
a
l
resourc
es
to
grow
without
fai
l.
Sm
art
far
m
ing
is
a
sy
stem
appl
i
ed
to
provi
de
user
wi
th
re
al
ti
m
e
info
rm
at
io
n
and
pl
an
for
d
esire
d
p
la
nt
such
as
ti
m
e int
e
rva
ls f
or
wa
te
rin
g
s
y
stems
.
Th
ere a
re
two
m
aj
or
p
roble
m
s on
m
ai
nta
ini
ng
th
e
fig
fru
it
qu
al
i
t
y
;
wat
eri
ng
s
y
s
te
m
fail
during
emerge
n
c
y
bla
ckou
t
and
a
cont
agi
ous
dis
ea
se
known
as
le
af
rust
due
to
ext
ern
al
envi
ronm
ent
s.
T
he
s
y
st
em
impleme
nts
two
m
i
cro
cont
ro
ll
ers
,
t
he
Arduino
Uno
&
Raspber
ry
Pi
al
ong
with
sm
art
phone
Android
appl
i
ca
t
ion.
The
s
y
stem
per
form
anc
e
is
eva
lu
at
ed
base
d
on
the
req
u
irem
ent
spec
if
ic
a
tion,
irr
iga
t
ion
soil,
surrounding
te
m
per
a
ture
and
m
oisture
.
It
is
f
ound
tha
t
all
da
t
a
colle
ct
ed
b
y
th
e
sensors
ar
e
withi
n
the
op
tim
al
ran
ge
of
v
alues,
which
are
1
500
µS
/c
m
to
1599
µS
/c
m
f
or
the
EC
rea
din
g
of
the
fer
ti
l
iz
e
r
while
6.
0
to
6.
5
for
the
pH
val
ue
of
the
soil
.
Thi
s
prototy
pe
of
s
m
art
far
m
ing
was
well
deve
lope
d
and
ca
n
b
e appl
i
ed t
o
the fi
g
pla
n
ta
t
io
n
envi
ronm
ent.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Agron
om
ic
s
Fig
Mi
cro
co
ntr
oller
Sm
art
f
arm
ing
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Nashar
uddin B
Zainal
,
Faculty
of E
ngineerin
g
a
nd
B
uilt
Environm
ent,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Ke
ba
ngsaan
Mal
ay
sia
(UKM)
,
43600 B
an
gi
,
Sela
ngor
, Mal
a
ysi
a
.
Em
a
il
:
nash
ar
uddi
n.
zai
nal
@ukm
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Fig
f
r
uit
is
a
spe
ci
al
fr
uit
as
it
is
nu
t
riti
ou
s as w
el
l
as
an
im
p
or
ta
nt
r
ole
f
or g
oo
d
healt
h.
T
he
c
omm
on
fig
is
on
e
of
the
m
e
m
ber
s
of
the
genus
Fi
cus,
in
the
m
ulb
err
y
fam
il
y
[1
]
.
Figs
can
gro
w
in
any
tro
pical
-
cl
i
m
at
e
area;
hap
pe
ns
in
the
countries
that
li
e
on
the
Eq
ua
tor
of
Earth.
T
he
heig
ht
of
fi
g
trees
can
rea
ch
up
un
ti
l
7
-
10
cm
,
thu
s
far
m
ers
need
t
o
ha
ve
a
good
sche
duli
ng
syst
em
in
order
t
o
ta
ke
c
are
of
them
.
This
is
because
fig
t
r
ees
are
ve
ry
s
ensiti
ve
to
the
ir
exte
rn
al
fac
tor
of
e
nv
i
ron
m
ent
su
c
h
as
wa
te
r,
te
m
per
at
ur
e,
hu
m
idit
y and
m
any
m
or
e.
In
fact, a
fig
t
ree
con
ta
in
s lat
ex m
ay
aff
ect
hu
m
an
body
su
c
h as s
kin
i
rr
it
at
ion.
Trad
it
io
nally
,
f
igs
are
gro
wn
i
n
the
Me
diterr
anean
re
gion
s
uch
a
s
Tu
r
key,
Ir
a
n
an
d
E
gypt
as
well
as
oth
e
r
co
untrie
s
su
c
h
as
Portu
ga
l,
S
pain
an
d
Gr
eece
.
Accord
i
ng
t
o
[2
]
fi
g
has
now
bee
n
com
m
ercializ
ed
a
nd
dev
el
op
e
d
in
t
he
U
SA,
A
rg
e
ntina,
a
nd
A
ust
rali
a.
In
rece
nt
ye
ars,
the
f
ig
has
bee
n
c
ulti
vated
in
tr
op
ic
al
reg
i
on
s
i
nclu
di
ng
S
outh
Eas
t
Asia
countri
es
Ma
la
ysi
a,
Thail
an
d
an
d
Ind
on
esi
a.
Th
e
figs
tree
wa
s
first
culti
vated
i
n
Ma
la
ysi
a
and
r
ecei
ved
go
od
f
eedb
ac
ks
as
t
he
tree
nee
d
bo
t
h
s
unli
gh
t
a
nd
war
m
tem
per
at
ur
es
as
well
as
su
it
abl
e
to
be
planted
in
the
tr
op
ic
r
egio
n.
Fi
g
is
know
n
f
or
it
s
good
qu
al
it
y
producti
on
of
th
e
fruit
s
that i
s v
e
ry
hi
gh in
v
it
am
ins an
d m
inerals. T
hu
s
, t
he price
f
or a
kilogram
o
f
fi
gs
ca
n be
re
ached u
ntil
RM
2
00.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
Int
J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
56
5
3
-
56
6
2
5654
Ba
sed
on
thes
e
facts,
the
fi
gs
ha
ve
a
hu
ge
pote
ntial
to
be
m
ark
et
ed
c
omm
ercial
ly
a
nd
pr
ov
i
de
an
opport
un
it
y
f
or
fa
rm
ers
to
gain
pro
fits.
In
Ma
la
ysi
a,
rec
e
nt
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
fig
fa
rm
s
is
increasi
ng
ra
pid
ly
as
the
co
un
try
blessed
with
pro
per
weathe
r
en
vir
on
m
ent
that
the
fig
ne
eds.
High
nut
rient
fig
fruit
can
be
ob
ta
ine
d
us
i
ng
pr
ope
r
m
ai
ntenan
ce
as
the
tree
is
ver
y
sensiti
ve
to
en
vir
on
m
ent.
Acco
r
ding
to
pre
ci
si
on
agr
ic
ultur
e
[
3],
a
plant
nee
ds
wateri
ng
sys
tem
that
is
co
m
m
ensu
rate
w
it
h
the
gro
wth
sta
ge
a
nd
in
c
lud
es
a
va
riet
y
of
pa
ram
et
ers
includi
ng
s
oil
m
oi
sture,
s
urrou
ndin
g
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
sunli
ght.
Howe
ver,
t
her
e
is
a
need
for
sm
a
rt
agr
ic
ultur
e
a
ppr
oach,
as
7
0%
of
a
fa
rm
ing
tim
e
is
waste
d
just
f
or
m
on
it
or
in
g
an
d
m
anag
in
g
wh
ic
h
is
no
t
the
act
ual
need
f
or
fiel
d
w
ork
[
4].
The
ai
m
of
this
researc
h
pro
j
ect
has
ther
efore
bee
n
to
try
and
est
ablish
an
int
el
li
gen
t
syst
e
m
that
us
es
Ra
spber
ry
Pi
and
A
rduin
o
U
no
as
a
s
m
ar
t
far
m
s
yst
e
m
.
This
pr
oj
ec
t
seeks
t
o
ob
ta
i
n
data
wh
ic
h
wi
ll
help
t
o
a
ddre
ss
fi
g
fa
rm
er’
s
issues.
The
de
velo
pm
ent
of
a
n
a
uto
m
at
ed
syst
e
m
is desig
ne
d bas
ed on seve
ral s
pecifica
ti
on of
figs plant it
sel
f
. Over
al
l sy
ste
m
is equ
ip
pe
d wit
h
se
ver
al
ty
pes of
sens
or
s
w
hich
are
m
ai
nly
to
deliver
a
c
on
t
r
olli
ng
ta
s
ks
to
wards
im
po
rta
nt
facto
rs
w
hic
h
co
ntri
bu
te
f
or
figs
fruit
grows
qua
li
ty
. Besides, th
e a
uto
m
at
ed
syst
e
m
also w
il
l perf
or
m
it
s co
ntr
olli
ng
functi
on
al
it
y f
or
i
rr
i
gation
syst
e
m
;
dr
ip
i
rr
igati
on
ty
pe.
Mi
cro
c
on
t
r
oll
ers
hav
e
been
us
e
d
t
o
c
on
t
r
ol
s
uitable
dat
a
transm
issi
on
an
d
com
m
and
t
o
c
on
t
ro
l al
l
of spec
ific
f
unct
io
ns.
2.
LOCA
L
FIG
FARME
R CH
ALLE
NGES
Accor
ding
to
[
5],
ag
ricult
ure
is
an
art
a
nd
sc
ie
nce
of
gr
ow
i
ng
plants
m
ai
nly
fo
r
foo
ds
,
hum
an
need
s
as
well
as
for
e
conom
ic
gain.
Sens
it
ivit
y
to
the
exter
nal
fa
ct
or
of
en
vir
on
m
ent
is
the
m
o
st
com
m
on
iss
ue
f
or
fig
trees m
ai
ntenan
ce
w
hich
i
s n
ee
d
f
or
c
onti
nuous effo
rt an
d
c
omm
itm
en
t.
Like m
os
t plants, f
i
g
tree
ne
eds
to
hav
e
ef
fecti
ve
routine
sche
du
le
s
of
waterin
g
syst
em
.
Plants
us
e
m
uch
m
or
e
wate
r
if
co
m
par
ed
to
hu
m
as
or
anim
a
ls
as
the
y
are
co
ns
ist
in
g
of
90%
of
water
[6
]
.
Ma
t
ur
e
d
fig
tr
ee
oft
en
nee
ds
2
li
te
rs
wate
r
da
il
y
with
a
wateri
ng
sess
ion
of
five
ti
m
es
in
a
da
y.
M
os
t
waterin
g
sc
hedule
a
ppli
cat
ion
is
bei
ng
use
d
in
m
o
st
fig
far
m
s
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
based
on
w
eat
he
r
co
nd
it
io
n
r
efere
nce
in
a
ye
ar.
A
n
inef
f
ect
ive
waterin
g
sessio
n
syst
e
m
can
con
t
rib
ute
to
l
eaves
patches
of
r
us
t
w
hich
can
be
ob
s
er
ve
d
per
i
od
ic
al
ly
as
sho
wn
Fig
ure
1
.
T
his
for
m
s
m
a
y
aff
ect
the
gro
wth
of
the
tre
e
and
it
s
fruit
pr
od
uctio
n
w
hich
co
ntri
bu
t
e
to
low
qual
it
y
fr
uit
in
te
rm
of
sweetnes
s,
siz
e
and
oth
e
rs.
Figure
1
.
Fig
pl
ant lea
ves pat
ches
of rust
[7]
The othe
r
issue
that fig farm
er n
ee
ds
c
on
si
de
r
is t
he
s
oil p
H
v
al
ue o
f
the
pl
ant. T
rad
it
io
na
l
m
et
ho
d of
so
il
custo
dy,
pe
st
at
ta
ck,
diseases
and
s
oil
fati
gu
e
ha
ve
be
en
co
ntribute
d
to
irregular
s
oil
pH
value
[
8].
Id
eal
so
il
pH
r
eq
uire
d
by
m
os
t
plants
are
6.0
to
6.
5
f
or
b
et
te
r
ph
os
ph
orus
a
bs
or
ps
io
n
as
to p
r
om
ote
ro
ot
gro
wth
[
9].
An
e
ff
ect
i
ve
w
ay
to
supp
ly
th
e
w
at
er
a
nd
nu
trie
ns
to
plants
is
by
us
i
ng
s
ol
ub
le
nu
trie
nts
so
luti
on
that
m
ixed
tog
et
he
r
with
water
via
aut
om
at
ic
irrigati
on
syst
e
m
;
fer
tig
at
ion
m
et
ho
d
[10].
On
e
of
t
he
facto
rs
that
aff
ect
the
pH
value
of
the
s
oil
is
the
le
vel
of
dry
ness
of
the
su
r
rou
nd
i
ng
env
i
ronm
ent.
The
ideal
su
r
r
oundin
g
tem
per
at
ur
e
f
or
grow
i
ng
fi
gs
is
s
uggested
at
20
℃
–
45
℃
[11].
Ge
ne
rall
y,
the
wat
erin
g
syst
em
play
s
the
i
m
po
rtant
ro
le
to
co
ntr
ol
the
pH
valu
e
of
the
so
il
by
al
lowin
g
the
so
il
of
the
tre
es
to
be
water
ed
an
d
fer
ti
li
zed.
T
hu
s,
the
pH
valu
e
of
the
s
oil
can
be
m
ai
ntained
in
directl
y
a
nd
the
pH
val
ue
of
the
so
il
i
s
bei
ng
m
on
it
or
ed o
nc
e in a wee
k.
Fig
tree
al
so
needs
to
ha
ve
eff
ect
ive
an
d
pr
eci
se
fe
rtil
i
zer
sche
duli
ng
routine,
as
f
erti
li
zer
is
the
im
po
rtant
s
ource
of
pro
duci
ng
good
qu
al
it
y
of
figs.
Fig
s
are
natur
al
ly
slow
gro
wing
t
rees,
with
e
xce
ssive
fer
ti
li
zer
can
c
ause
gro
wth
s
purs
that
will
cause
in
tr
unks
and
br
a
nc
he
s
sp
li
ts
and
cr
acks
[
12
]
.
T
he
basic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
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&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
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8708
Desig
n a
nd im
pleme
nta
ti
on
of
sm
art
far
ming syste
m
fo
r fi
g usi
ng con
nected
-
argon
om
ic
s
(N
. Z
ai
na
l)
5655
nu
t
rient
fe
rtil
iz
ers,
w
hich
is
the
N
PK
(
N
-
Nitro
ge
n,
P
-
P
ho
s
phor
us
,
K
-
Po
ta
s
s
ium
)
fert
il
iz
ers
are
bei
ng
use
d
by
m
os
t
far
m
s
in
this
in
du
st
r
y.
A
fruit
-
producin
g
fig
tr
ee
needs
to
ha
ve
m
or
e
K
nu
trie
nt
w
hile
the
la
ck
of
it
m
ay
resu
lt
in
sm
a
ll
-
siz
ed
an
d
le
ss
s
weet
f
r
uits.
Nat
ur
al
ly
,
the
phe
nolo
gy
of
breedi
ng
s
easo
n
of
t
he
pl
ant
is
dete
rm
ined
by
seaso
nal cli
m
a
t
ic
f
act
ors a
nd interact
io
ns
with
fig was
p po
ll
inators
[
13
]
.
The
e
xisti
ng
w
at
ering
an
d
fert
il
iz
er
syst
e
m
us
es
a
n
a
ppr
oa
ch
that
is
cal
le
d
the
dri
p
irri
ga
ti
on
syst
em
.
Farm
ers
are
usi
ng
it
as
an
arti
fici
al
te
chn
ology
to
ease
the
wor
k
load
to
f
low
t
he
water
or
fe
rtil
i
zers
t
o
the
tree
[
14
]
c
omm
ercial
ly
.
In
fact,
t
his
syst
e
m
is
widely
bein
g
use
d
i
n
m
os
t
fig
fa
r
m
s
as
co
m
par
ing
t
o
the
sp
ri
nk
le
r
irrigati
on
syst
em
;
dr
ip
irrigati
on
syst
em
has
the
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of
87%
to
95
%
of
flo
wing
water
or
fe
rtil
iz
ers
to
th
e
trees
[
15
]
.
U
nd
e
rstan
ding
t
his
data
th
rou
gh
analy
sis
an
d
agro
no
m
ic
s
is
the
key
f
or
su
c
cess
in
seekin
g
the
op
portu
niti
es
in
t
he
c
onnected
f
ig
fa
rm
.
As
te
chnolo
gy
grows
in
ag
ricult
ural
fiel
ds
,
it
is
c
rut
ia
l
to
fig
ur
e
ou
t
how
these
ag
ron
om
ic
pu
zzl
es
can
de
velo
p
knowle
dge
as
w
el
l
as
the
unde
rst
and
i
ng
of
each
acre
in
each
fiel
d.
Co
m
bin
at
ion
s
of
te
chnolo
gy
a
nd
a
gro
no
m
y
un
de
rstan
ding
c
an
e
nsure
su
cc
ess
in
ad
opti
ng
th
ese
aspects
on f
i
g
f
arm
.
3.
PRO
JEC
T
ME
THODOL
O
GY
A
case
-
st
ud
y
a
ppr
oach
was
a
dopted
t
o
co
nduct
this
ex
plorat
or
y
pr
oj
ect
.
The
m
et
ho
do
l
og
y
use
d
in
this
pro
j
ect
is
the
Syst
em
Dev
el
opm
ent
Life
Cy
cl
e
Mod
el
(SDLC)
.
T
he
ph
a
ses
in
volve
d
in
t
he
S
DLC
are;
syst
e
m
plann
i
ng,
syst
em
req
uirem
ents
analy
sis,
syst
e
m
design,
co
ding
and
te
sti
ng
of
the
syst
em
.
Fi
gure
2
sh
ows
the
SD
L
C p
hases.
Figure
2.
S
DL
C
3.1.
Proj
ec
t
re
quir
ements
The
de
velo
pme
nt
of
this
fig
sm
art
far
m
ing
syst
e
m
is
design
e
d
base
d
on
sp
eci
fic
sp
eci
ficat
ion
s
an
d
requirem
ents.
Thro
ugh
t
his
syst
e
m
,
there
are
se
ns
ors
w
hich
a
re
bein
g
us
e
d
a
nd
co
nn
ect
e
d
to
the
m
a
in
con
t
ro
ll
er
syst
e
m
.
This
syst
e
m
dev
el
opm
e
nt
requires
t
he
us
e
of
two
m
od
ern
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
ers
whic
h
are
Ra
sp
be
rr
y
Pi
3
a
nd
A
rduin
o
U
no.
Eac
h
m
ic
ro
c
on
tr
oller
has
it
s
own
functi
on
in
orde
r
to
buil
d
this
sm
art
far
m
ing
syst
em
.
Ra
sp
ber
ry
Pi
act
s
as
t
he
m
ai
n
co
ntro
ll
e
r
that
is
co
nne
ct
ed
to
the
s
en
so
rs
w
hile
the
Ardu
i
no
Un
o
f
un
ct
io
n
is
to
be
the
c
on
t
ro
ll
in
g
syst
e
m
fo
r
dri
p
ir
rigati
on
syst
e
m
.
Hen
ce,
t
his
syst
e
m
will
be
m
or
e
eff
ic
ie
nt
a
nd
s
yst
e
m
atic
as
t
od
ay
th
ere
a
re
a
lot
of
te
ch
nolo
gies
that
use
the
m
ic
ro
syst
e
m
con
tr
oller
[
16
]
.
The bloc
k diag
ram
o
n
the
f
l
ow
of
t
his syste
m
b
ei
ng
instal
le
d
is s
how
n
a
s
in Figu
re
3.
Figure
3. Bl
oc
k
diag
ram
f
ig s
m
art far
m
ing
project
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IS
S
N
:
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-
8708
Int
J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
56
5
3
-
56
6
2
5656
3.2.
Contr
oller
s s
ystem
The
m
ai
n
con
tr
olli
ng
syst
em
wh
ic
h
is
the
Ra
spber
ry
Pi
3
ne
eds
to
be
i
ns
ta
ll
ed
with
re
quired
sen
sors.
In
this
pro
j
ect
,
the
se
nsor
s
for
thi
s
syst
em
hav
e
t
he
functi
ons
t
o
c
on
t
ro
l
t
he
e
xter
nal
e
nvir
on
m
ent
pa
ra
m
et
ers
su
c
h
as
fer
ti
li
zers
an
d
pH
va
lue
of
t
he
soi
l.
The
sens
ors
us
ed
i
n
this
pro
j
ect
are
the
pH
Se
nsor
K
it
and
Ele
ct
rical
Con
duct
ivit
y
(EC)
Sensor
K
it
.
Both
sens
or
s
ar
e
sel
ect
ed
because
b
ot
h
of
them
hav
e
the
sp
eci
ficat
i
on
s
t
hat
m
ee
t
the
process
requirem
ent
and
c
om
patible
with
the
Ra
sp
be
rr
y
Pi
3.
The
s
pecifica
ti
on
s
of t
hese s
e
ns
ors a
re a
s in
Table
1
a
nd Ta
ble 2.
Table
1.
pH se
ns
or s
pecifica
ti
on
Sp
ecif
icatio
n
s
Details
Ran
g
e
0
.00
1
–
1
4
.0
0
0
Accurac
y
+/
-
0
.00
2
Maxi
m
u
m
r
e
ad
in
g
r
ate
1
r
eadi
n
g
per seco
n
d
Calib
ration
1
,2,3
po
in
t
Data proto
co
l
UART
&
I2C
I2C
def
au
lt add
ress
9
9
(
0
x
6
3
)
Op
erating
vo
ltag
e
3
.3
–
5V
Data fo
r
m
at
ASCII
T
able
2.
EC
se
ns
or s
pecifica
ti
on
Sp
ecif
icatio
n
s
Details
Ran
g
e
0
.07
–
5
0
0
0
0
0
+
µS
/c
m
Accurac
y
+/
-
2%
Maxi
m
u
m
r
e
ad
in
g
r
ate
1
r
eadi
n
g
per seco
n
d
Calib
ration
1
or 2 p
o
in
t
Data proto
co
l
UART
&
I2C
I2C
def
au
lt add
ress
1
0
0
(
0
x
6
4
)
Op
erating
vo
ltag
e
3
.3
-
5V
Data fo
r
m
at
ASCII
By
us
in
g
the
I
2C
m
od
e
data
protoc
ol,
both
sens
or
s
are
co
nn
ect
e
d
in
seri
es
on
t
he
Ra
s
pber
r
y
Pi
as
i
n
Figure
4
.
Af
te
r
instal
li
ng
both
sens
ors
on
the
Ra
spber
ry
Pi,
the
m
on
it
or
co
nn
ect
in
g
with
the
Ra
spber
ry
Pi
sh
ows
the
Hex
value
of
both
sens
or
s
.
Both
pH
a
nd
EC
Se
ns
ors
in
dicat
e
He
x
values
are
63
an
d
64.
T
he
serial
connecti
on
f
or
bo
t
h
se
ns
ors
can
be
obser
ved
at
the
C
omm
and
P
rom
pt
set
up
on
the
Ra
spber
r
y
Pi
3.
This in
dicat
es t
hat both
se
ns
or
s ar
e
f
ully
f
unc
ti
on
in
g
a
nd c
om
pat
ible eve
n by co
nnect
in
g t
hem
tog
et
her
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
4.
a)
pH
sen
s
or w
i
rin
g diag
ram
, b
)
EC
sen
s
or w
i
rin
g diag
ram
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd im
pleme
nta
ti
on
of
sm
art
far
ming syste
m
fo
r fi
g usi
ng con
nected
-
argon
om
ic
s
(N
. Z
ai
na
l)
5657
3.3.
Data st
or
age
an
d
moni
t
orin
g
The
data
readi
ng
s
f
ro
m
the
sens
or
a
re
th
en
st
or
e
d
i
n
a
we
b
se
r
ver
a
pp
li
cat
io
n,
ph
pMyAdm
in
by
set
ti
ng
up
t
he
co
ntents
.
T
he
val
ue
f
ro
m
the
sens
ors
wil
l
be
rea
d
by
th
e
Ardu
i
no
U
no
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
syst
e
m
.
On
e
of
the
f
un
ct
ion
s
of
us
in
g
the
phpMyAd
m
in
web
ser
ve
r
is
to
con
tr
ol
the
value
of
the
read
in
gs
obta
ined
s
o
that
the
read
in
gs
al
ways
within
the
ra
ng
e
of
the
opti
m
al
value
set
.
Fo
r
EC
read
ing
of
the
fer
ti
li
zer
us
ed
,
the
optim
al
read
in
g
that
nee
ds
to
be
m
ai
nt
ai
ned
is
in
between
1500
µS
/cm
to
15
99
µ
S/c
m
.
Thu
s
,
w
hen
e
ve
r
the
read
i
ngs
obta
ined
by
the
EC
Sens
or
ar
e
beyo
nd
or
l
ess
then
the
s
et
op
ti
m
a
l
value,
the
Ard
uino
U
no
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
sys
tem
will
no
t
s
ta
rt
functi
onin
g.
In
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
the
pH
values
of
the
so
il
obta
ine
d
by
pH
Sensor
in
dicat
es that t
he
so
il
of the
p
l
a
nts ar
e
in
a
good c
on
diti
on
.
The
EC
se
ns
or
and
pH
se
nso
r
rea
dings
we
r
e
us
ed
as
t
he
m
on
it
or
i
ng
sys
tem
to
pr
ovide
good
water
syst
e
m
fo
r
so
il
thu
s
deliver
s
healt
hy
fig
pla
nt.
He
nce,
t
he
read
i
ng
s
obta
ined
by
both
s
ens
or
s
a
re
sho
wn
i
n
Table
3
an
d
Table
4
resp
e
ct
ively
.
The
EC
sens
or
will
be
trans
ferred
the
dig
it
al
sign
al
to
the
Ardu
i
no
Uno
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
sys
tem
com
bin
ed
with
t
he
e
xisti
ng
dri
p
ir
rigati
on
syst
em
.
This
com
bin
at
ion
is
set
up
by
a
na
ly
sing
the
ha
rdwar
e
us
e
d
in
the
dr
i
p
irri
gation
syst
e
m
as
well
a
s
in
the
A
r
du
i
no
U
no
syst
e
m
.
The
dr
ip
ir
rigati
on
syst
e
m
is recom
m
end
ed
t
o b
e u
se
d beca
us
e
the e
vapo
r
at
io
n rate
of
flo
w
of w
at
er
wo
uld be m
uch
lesse
r
[
17
]
.
Table
3.
EC
se
ns
or
res
ult i
n d
at
a stor
a
ge
ID
TI
M
E
READI
NG
4
0
6
:5
3
:
5
3
1539
5
0
6
:5
8
:
5
3
1522
6
0
7
:0
3
:
5
3
1509
7
0
7
:0
8
:
5
3
1528
8
0
7
:1
3
:
5
3
1577
9
0
7
:1
8
:
5
3
1563
10
0
7
:2
3
:
5
3
1517
Table
4.
pH
se
ns
or
res
ult i
n d
at
a stor
a
ge
ID
TI
M
E
READI
NG
1
0
7
:0
5
:
5
8
6
.3
2
0
7
:1
0
:
5
8
6
.2
3
0
7
:1
5
:
5
8
6
.2
4
0
7
:2
0
:
5
8
6
.1
5
0
7
:2
5
:
5
8
6
.2
6
0
7
:3
0
:
5
8
6
.3
7
0
7
:3
5
:
5
8
6
.2
3.4.
Power m
anagem
ent
The
co
nnect
io
n
betwee
n
tw
o
m
ai
n
con
trolli
ng
syst
em
s
wh
ic
h
are
the
Ra
sp
be
rr
y
Pi
an
d
the
Ard
uino
Uno
are
est
abl
ished
us
in
g
Pyt
hon
co
des
tha
t
con
trib
uted
t
o
sig
nal
trans
m
itted
betwee
n
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
ollers
connecte
d
with
th
e
US
B
ca
bl
e.
The
n,
5
V
r
el
ay
m
od
ule
i
s
us
e
d
t
o
tri
gg
e
r
fe
rtil
iz
er
irri
gation
op
e
rated
from
the tank
t
o
the
so
il
. Th
is ca
n
be
d
one b
y set
ti
ng
up the r
el
ay
u
sin
g
pro
gram
m
ing
codes set
in
the A
r
duin
o Uno
so
ft
war
e
syst
em
.
The
m
ai
n
pu
r
pose
of
us
in
g
th
e
relay
is
to
connect
it
to
th
e
12
V
s
olen
oid
val
ve
as
thes
e
are
so
m
e
el
ect
ro
nic
c
ompone
nts
op
e
rated
for
the
dri
p
irrigati
on
syst
e
m
.
Be
sides,
in
m
os
t
far
m
ing
s
yst
e
m
,
the
so
le
no
i
d
valve
is
com
m
on
ly
us
ed
to
flo
w
the
fe
rtil
iz
ers
or
wa
te
r
from
the
t
a
nk
t
o
the
s
oil
of
the
plant
s
[18
]
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
this
dr
i
p
ir
rigat
ion
syst
em
is
us
in
g
a
12
V
water
pum
p
m
otor
to
pr
ov
i
de
en
ough
pr
e
s
su
re
f
or
the f
e
rtil
iz
ers
to
flo
w
in
this
de
sign
e
d wate
ri
ng syst
em
.
3.5.
Sma
r
tp
h
on
e
appli
cat
i
on
Re
centl
y,
m
any
researc
her
s
dev
el
op
e
d
a
n
Androi
d
ap
plica
ti
on
sm
artphon
e
t
o
c
omm
u
nicat
e
wit
h
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
us
i
ng
se
ver
al
In
te
gr
at
e
d
D
e
velo
pm
ent
En
vir
on
m
ent
(ID
E).
T
he
m
os
t
popula
r
is
the
Ecl
ipse
ID
E
.
Howe
ver,
Ecl
ipse
I
DE
us
a
ge
be
gan
to
s
hr
in
k
at
t
he
en
d
of
20
15.
T
he
Android
Stu
dio
is
cu
r
ren
tl
y
the
m
os
t
popu
l
ar
I
DE
f
or
A
ndr
oid
de
velo
pm
ent
as
it
pro
vid
es
t
he
la
te
st
JA
VA
pro
gra
m
m
ing
too
ls
t
o
bu
il
d
app
li
cat
io
ns
,
a
nd
pro
vid
in
g
a
si
m
ple
way
of
data
in
j
e
ct
ion
on
cust
om
ty
pe
of
Androi
d
A
pp
l
ic
at
ion
Pr
og
ram
m
ing
In
te
r
face
(
AP
I
)
[
19]
an
d
pro
du
ce
the
best
qu
al
it
y
ap
p
wi
th
no
cost.
I
n
this
syst
em
An
dr
oid
app
li
cat
io
n
wa
s
buil
t
to
m
on
it
or
t
he
fig
plant’s
co
ndit
ion.
T
his
a
pp
will
disp
la
y
da
ta
visu
al
iz
at
ion
of
the p
a
ram
et
ers
of the
plant a
s
well
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
Int
J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
56
5
3
-
56
6
2
5658
3.6.
Analysis
and
eva
lu
ati
on
V
a
li
dation
a
nd
ver
ific
at
ion
process
of
the
pr
oj
ect
m
eet
s
the
req
ui
rem
ents
and
the
s
pec
ifi
cat
ion
s
that
decide
d
earli
er
.
S
ev
eral
te
sti
ng
m
echan
ism
s
hav
e
bee
n
a
pp
l
ie
d,
wh
ic
h
are
the
Re
quirem
e
nt
Ve
rificat
ion
a
nd
Perfo
rm
ance Testi
ng
.
a)
Re
qu
irem
ent
Ver
ific
at
io
n
:
The
ob
j
ect
ive
is
to
ensu
re
that
the
s
m
art
far
m
ing
syst
e
m
con
f
or
m
s
t
o
it
s
or
i
gin
al
s
pecifi
cat
ion
s as
a c
onnecte
d
-
a
gro
nom
ic
s ap
proac
h.
b)
Perfo
rm
ance
Test
ing
:
This
is
to
ens
ur
e
the
s
yst
e
m
is
du
ra
bl
e,
reli
able
and
do
es
no
t
e
xp
e
rience
any
rela
te
d
issues t
h
at
is af
fecti
ng the
fig
plant.
4.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
pr
oto
ty
pe
of
this
pro
j
e
ct
is
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
5.
Both
Ra
spbe
r
ry
Pi
3
an
d
Ardu
i
no
U
no
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
sys
tem
wer
e
inte
gr
at
e
d
s
o
t
hat
the
w
hole
project
can
be
pe
r
form
ed
well
.
The
SD
L
C
ste
ps
a
re
fo
ll
owe
d
as
in
the
Me
thod
ology
par
t
res
ults
in
bo
t
h
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
rs
co
ntro
ll
in
g
syst
e
m
beco
m
e
m
or
e
eff
ic
ie
nt,
syst
em
at
ic
an
d
strat
egic.
The
se
ns
ors
ke
ep
colle
ct
ing
da
ta
wh
e
nev
e
r
this
prot
otype
is
bein
g
tur
n
on,
s
o
that
it
s
eff
ect
ive
nes
s
rate
al
so
can
be
m
easur
ed
a
nd
te
ste
d.
Ta
ble
3
a
nd
Ta
ble
4
sh
ow
t
he
act
ua
l
read
i
ng
of
pH
value
of
t
he
s
oil
an
d
the EC
read
i
ng of the
f
e
rtil
iz
e
r
as i
n
the
ph
pM
yAdm
in w
eb
server
appli
cat
ion
.
4.1.
S
enso
r
s me
asure
ment
resul
ts
Ther
e
is
one
a
naly
sis
done
in
this
pro
j
ect
to
determ
ine
t
he
eff
ect
of
s
urrou
nd
i
ng
te
m
per
at
ur
e
to
the
fe
rtil
iz
er.
The
fer
ti
li
zer
us
e
d
in
t
his
pr
oj
ect
is
bei
ng
kep
t
i
n
tw
o
di
ff
e
ren
t
places
wh
ic
h
is
a
pla
ce
with
room
te
m
per
at
ur
e
and i
n
a c
ol
d
r
oom
w
it
h
a
tem
per
at
ur
e
of
4°
C.
Figure
5. Proto
ty
pe
fig
agro
no
m
ic
s
m
art far
m
ing
The
r
esult
of
this
ex
per
im
ent
sh
ows
t
hat
the
te
m
per
at
ure
of
sur
r
oundi
ng
a
ff
e
ct
s
the
qu
al
it
y
of
the
fer
ti
li
zer
in
the
fo
rm
of
EC
read
in
g.
As
in
Figure
6,
by
ref
er
rin
g
to
the
data
colle
ct
e
d
from
Table
5,
there
is
a
sli
gh
t
incr
e
m
ent
wh
e
n
e
m
pl
oying
the
f
erti
li
zer
in
the
cold
r
oom
.
Mean
w
hile,
the
f
e
rtil
iz
er
that
is
bein
g
kep
t
in
a
plac
e
with
a
roo
m
tem
per
at
ur
e
sh
ows
a
dec
r
easi
ng
value
of
EC
rea
ding
after
fou
r
we
eks
of
exp
e
rim
ent.
These
e
xpla
in
that
the
fe
rtil
iz
er
that
is
bein
g
us
ed
in
a
fi
g
fa
rm
sh
ould
ha
ve
a
pro
per
m
on
it
or
ing
sche
du
le
wee
k
by
week
as
it
m
a
y
aff
ect
th
e
gro
wth
of
th
e
trees
a
nd
the
qual
it
y
produ
ct
ion
of
fi
g
f
r
uits
if
the f
e
rtil
iz
er u
s
ed
a
re
no
t i
n
a
good c
onditi
on.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd im
pleme
nta
ti
on
of
sm
art
far
ming syste
m
fo
r fi
g usi
ng con
nected
-
argon
om
ic
s
(N
. Z
ai
na
l)
5659
Figure
6. Fertil
iz
er EC
vs
te
m
per
at
ur
e
grap
h
Table
5.
Fertil
iz
er EC
vs
te
m
per
at
ur
e
ana
ly
sis
W
E
EK
CONDI
TI
O
NS
ROOM
TE
MPE
R
ATURE
COLD RO
OM
(
4
º
C)
EC REA
DIN
G (
µ
S/c
m
)
EC REA
DIN
G (
µ
S/c
m
)
1
1539
1566
2
1521
1583
3
1501
1601
4
1481
1616
The
pa
ram
et
er
s
need
e
d
by
the
fig
trees
ar
e
al
so
con
tr
olled
an
d
the
m
on
it
ori
ng
proc
ess
op
e
rat
e
d
con
ti
nu
ously
t
o
i
m
pr
ove
the
eff
ect
ive
ness
of
the
whole
syst
e
m
.
In
dee
d,
the
data
colle
ct
ed
by
the
sens
or
s
a
r
e
within
the
op
ti
m
al
ran
ge
of
va
lues,
w
hich
a
r
e
1500
µ
S/cm
to
1599
µS/c
m
fo
r
t
he
EC
rea
ding
of
the
fe
rtil
iz
er
wh
il
e
6
.0
to
6.5
f
or
t
he
pH
value
of
the
s
oil.
Connect
ed
-
m
ulti
-
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
base
d
autom
at
ed
irrigati
on
syst
e
m
fo
r
optim
iz
e
watering
app
li
cat
ion
a
nd
fer
ti
li
zer
use
fo
r
a
gr
ic
ultu
ral
pur
po
se
c
om
par
e
with
ex
ist
ing
tradit
ion
al
ir
rigati
on
syst
e
m
[15
-
17]
.
The
s
yst
e
m
con
sist
s
of
distrib
uted
connecte
d
se
ns
or
netw
ork
of
s
oil
m
oistur
e,
an
d
tem
per
at
ur
e
se
ns
ors
placed
i
n
the
c
rop
fiel
d
with
wireles
s
co
nn
ect
e
d
m
ulti
-
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
br
i
ng
hi
gh
ef
fici
ent
data
t
ransm
issi
on
handl
ing
i
n
orde
r
to
i
m
ple
m
ent
in
real
tim
e
env
ir
on
m
ent
ap
plica
ti
on
[20].
To
ha
nd
le
the
senso
r
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
ne
twork
an
d
Re
stful
API
pro
tocol
ha
ve
be
en
us
e
d
an
d
con
t
ro
l
the
wate
r
qu
a
nt
it
y
pr
ogram
m
i
ng
usi
ng
a
n
al
gorithm
with
thres
hold
val
ue
s
of
t
he
se
nsor
s
to
a
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
for
ir
rigati
on s
yst
e
m
. Th
e sys
tem
has
bee
n p
ow
e
re
d
by s
ev
eral 1
2 V
batte
ry an
d wirele
ss
interne
t i
nter
f
ace for
data
insp
ect
io
n.
T
he
syst
em
is
low
cos
t
and
ene
rg
y
auto
no
m
y
us
efu
l
in
water
l
i
m
i
te
d
geogr
a
ph
ic
al
ly
isolat
ed
ar
eas
[
14
]
.
4.2.
Data v
is
ua
li
z
at
ions
and
notific
at
i
on
s
The
A
ndr
oid
a
pp
li
ca
ti
on
of
s
m
art
far
m
ing
syst
e
m
con
sist
s
of
th
ree
pa
rts.
The
first
pa
rt
will
disp
la
ys
the
indoor
te
m
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
hum
idity
read
in
gs
as
well
.
The
second
pa
rt
w
il
l
disp
la
ys
the
ou
td
oor
te
m
per
at
ur
e
and
hu
m
idit
y
read
i
ng
s
wh
il
e
the
third
pa
rt
will
disp
la
ys
the
so
il
m
oistur
e.
T
he
data
read
in
g
on
th
e
app
interface
will
c
hange
eve
ry
t
wo
m
inu
te
s
accor
ding
t
o
th
e
read
i
ng
s
f
r
om
the
se
ns
or.
Dat
a
dis
play
on
A
ndr
oid
app
li
cat
io
ns
will
be
acce
pt
ed
if
t
he
sm
artp
hone
is
c
onnected
to
the
sam
e
W
iF
i
netw
ork,
w
hich
is
the Rasp
be
rr
y
Pi 3, co
nnect
ed
. F
ig
ure
7
s
hows
th
e inter
fac
e of the
An
droid
a
pp
li
cat
io
n u
sed
i
n
this
pro
je
ct
.
The
e
-
m
ai
l
fu
nc
ti
on
on
a
Ra
s
pb
e
rr
y
Pi
ca
n
be
est
ablishe
d
wh
ic
h
SMTP
l
ibrar
y
m
us
t
be
dow
nlo
a
ded
and
need
e
d
to
be
config
ur
e
d.
Gm
ai
l
acco
un
t
to
be
op
e
ned
f
or
the
p
urp
os
e
of
em
ai
l
delivery
ho
we
ve
r
Ra
sp
be
rr
y
Pi
3
can
only
send
e
-
m
a
il
to
reci
pients
to
th
os
e
who
ha
ve
Gm
ai
l
accou
nt
onl
y.
Ap
a
rt
from
Gm
ail
account,
ot
her
m
ai
l
ing
acc
ou
nts
ca
nnot
be
us
e
d.
In
this
s
yst
e
m
,
the
e
-
m
ai
l
no
ti
ficat
io
n
will
al
erts
the
us
e
rs
.
If
t
he
read
i
ng
of
the
s
urr
oundin
g
te
m
per
at
ure
a
nd
hum
idity
of
the
e
nvir
onm
ent
is
highe
r
tha
n
t
he
th
re
sh
ol
d
value,
th
e
Ra
sp
be
rr
y
Pi
will
sen
d
e
-
m
ai
l
as
sh
own
i
n
Fig
ur
e
7
to
co
ns
um
ers
as
an
al
ert.
This
noti
fic
at
ion
syst
e
m
pr
ovid
ing
a
trig
ge
r
to
t
he
us
er
f
or
fig
pl
a
nt
sta
tus
a
wareness.
A
ddit
ion
al
ly
,
if
th
e
sens
ors
m
al
fu
nctio
ned
an
d
fail
ed
t
o
sen
d
data
t
o
the
data
base,
i
t
al
so
will
be
warne
d
an
d
noti
fied
by
the
em
a
il
delivery
of whi
ch
se
nsor
that i
s f
ai
l t
o f
un
ct
io
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
Int
J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
56
5
3
-
56
6
2
5660
(a)
(b)
Figure
7. (a
)
Fi
g
sm
art far
m
ing
sm
artphon
e
a
pp
li
cat
io
n,
(b) E
-
m
ail n
otific
a
ti
on
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
A
prototy
pe
of
sm
art
far
m
ing
syst
em
based
on
ag
rono
m
ic
s
app
r
oa
ch
has
been
app
li
ed
that
sign
ific
a
ntly
achieve
d
the
pr
oj
ect
re
quirem
ents
an
d
sp
eci
f
ic
at
ion
s.
By
incorp
or
at
in
g
m
i
cro
c
ontrolle
r
a
s
du
a
l
con
t
ro
l
syst
em
an
d
database
as
data
st
or
a
ge
for
data
visu
al
iz
at
ion
s
a
nd
no
ti
ficat
ion
s,
both
c
on
t
ro
ll
in
g
s
yst
e
m
beco
m
e
m
or
e
eff
ic
ie
nt,
syst
em
at
ic
and
strat
egic.
T
his
syst
e
m
dev
el
op
m
ent
re
quires
t
he
us
e
of
tw
o
m
od
e
r
n
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
rs
that
are
Ra
s
pb
e
rr
y
Pi
3
a
nd
Ard
uino
Uno.
Each
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er
has
it
s
sp
eci
fic
fun
ct
ion
s
bu
il
ds
in
this
sm
art
far
m
ing
syst
e
m
.
The
pa
ram
et
ers
needed
by
the
fi
g
trees
are
ef
fecti
vely
con
tr
olle
d
an
d
the
m
on
it
or
i
ng
proce
ss
opera
te
d
c
on
ti
nu
ou
s
ly
to
im
pr
ov
e
the
e
ff
ect
i
veness
of
t
he
w
hole
syst
em
.
In
fact
,
the
data
colle
c
te
d
by
the
sen
so
rs
are
within
t
he
op
ti
m
al
range
of
value
s,
wh
ic
h
a
re
1500
µ
S/cm
to
15
99
µS/cm
fo
r
the
EC
read
in
g
of
the
fer
ti
li
zer
w
hile
6.0
to
6.5
for
the
pH
val
ue
of
the
so
il
.
This
prot
otype
was
well
de
velo
pe
d
that
ca
n
be
im
ple
m
ented
and
ap
plied
to
the
fi
g
plantat
ion
en
vir
on
m
ent.
The
syst
em
consi
st
s
of
distri
bu
te
d
connecte
d
se
nsor
ne
tw
ork
of
so
il
m
oistur
e,
an
d
te
m
per
at
ur
e
se
ns
ors
pl
aced
i
n
th
e
c
r
op
fiel
d
with
wireless
connecte
d
c
apab
il
it
y
of
m
ul
ti
-
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller,
in
tu
rn
will
pro
vid
e
high
ef
fici
ent
data
transm
issi
on
a
nd
ha
ndli
ng
to
be
im
ple
m
ent
i
n
real
ti
m
e
envi
ronm
ent
app
li
cat
ion
.
The
syst
e
m
is
low
cost
an
d
energy a
utonom
y, wh
ic
h i
s
use
fu
l i
n wate
r
l
i
m
i
te
d
ge
ogra
phic
al
ly
isolat
ed
areas.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
auth
ors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
thank
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Keb
a
ngsaa
n
Ma
la
ysi
a
(U
KM)
fo
r
pr
ov
i
ding
the
su
pp
or
t
need
e
d
to
c
om
ple
te
the
w
ork
he
rein
via
Re
search
U
nive
rsity
gr
a
nt
nu
m
ber
:
GU
P
-
20
17
-
106
.
W
e
ar
e
al
s
o
gr
at
ef
ul
to
Sa
Fa
Fig
Farm
and
U
niv
e
rsiti
Tek
nik
al
Ma
la
ysi
a
Me
la
ka
(
UTeM)
t
hro
ugh
f
or
thei
r
ki
nd
an
d
hel
p
and g
i
ving th
ei
r
assist
ance
to c
om
plete
this project
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd im
pleme
nta
ti
on
of
sm
art
far
ming syste
m
fo
r fi
g usi
ng con
nected
-
argon
om
ic
s
(N
. Z
ai
na
l)
5661
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NCE
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e
ct
rica
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ot
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assific
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erms
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”
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e]
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du
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gg
ie
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art
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at
h
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e
rte
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ardene
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om
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t
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ertilizer
-
r
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ios
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M.
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m
an,
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,
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vel
opm
ent
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at
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g
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ss
for
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ert
ig
at
ion
S
y
s
tem
in
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Melon
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ivation
,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journ
al
of
Elec
tric
al
a
nd
Computer
En
gine
ering
(
IJE
C
E)
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13
-
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shm
an,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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Bo
tan
y
,
Horti
cul
tu
re,
and
Br
ee
d
ing
,”
Hor
ti
cul
tural
Revie
ws
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v
ol
.
34
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2
008
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[12]
J
.
Carr
oll
,
“
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ning
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ow.
W
hat
o
fee
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fee
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tre
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when
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o
fer
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”
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Avail
ab
le
:
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ps:
//
ww
w.ga
rde
nin
gknowhow
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bl
e/
frui
ts/fi
gs
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rt
il
i
zi
ng
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fig
-
tr
ee
s.ht
m
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P.
Pothasin,
et
al
.,
“
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y
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le
af
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on
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us
squam
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sa,
a
fig
tre
e
with
see
ds
dispersed
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r
,
”
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ONE
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vo
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201
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[14]
R.
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.
Alok
,
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a
l
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“
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g
ent
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ip
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ga
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y
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te
m
,
”
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ernati
o
nal
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of
I
nnovat
i
ve
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ese
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rch
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al
.,
“
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te
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si
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t
es
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gat
ion)
Di
D
esa
Besm
ara
k
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upat
en
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ik Si
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[16]
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.
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i
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.
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ta
h
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“
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te
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y
ir
aman
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m
at
ik
,
”
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ac
h
el
o
r
Degre
e
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si
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siti
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lay
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ka
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[17]
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.
Fathona
h
Bi
nti
Sali
m
,
“
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uh
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ana
m
an
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rh
adap
Pertumbuhan
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naman
Tomat
o
Yang
Dita
nam
Menggunaka
n
Si
stem T
itis
an
,
”
B
ac
he
lor
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ee
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sis,
Univ
ersi
ti
Ma
lay
sia
Saba
h,
2010
.
[18]
S
.
Norfilsha
Bint
i
Ishak
,
“
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art
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e
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n
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g
ation
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y
ste
m
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it
h
Raspbe
rr
y
Pi
,
”
Bac
h
el
o
r
De
gre
e
The
si
s
,
Univer
siti
Te
kno
logi
Ma
lay
sia
,
2
008.
[19]
Ja
y
a
raman,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Inte
rn
et
of
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ngs
Plat
form
for
Sm
art
Far
m
ing:
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rie
n
c
es
and
Le
ss
ons
Le
arn
t
,
”
Sensors
(
Swit
zerland)
,
vol.
16
,
pp
.
1
-
17
,
2016.
[20]
Robert
W
.
C.
,
et
al
.,
“
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ire
l
ess
sensor
net
work
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g
at
io
n
val
ve
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rol
,
”
Computers
and
El
e
ct
ronics
i
n
Agric
ult
ure
,
vo
l. 96, pp. 13
-
22,
2
013.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
N
ash
aru
dd
in
Z
ainal
rec
ei
ved
his
BEng
in
Com
pute
r
Sci
enc
e
from
Tok
y
o
Insti
tute
of
Te
chno
log
y
(Ja
pan)
,
in
1998,
MEng
in
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
and
Com
pute
r
Engi
nee
r
ing
from
Univer
siti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Mal
a
y
s
i
a
(UK
M),
Mal
a
y
sia
,
in
2003
,
a
nd
DrEng
degr
e
e
from
Tok
y
o
Instit
ute
of
Tech
nolog
y
(Ja
p
an)
i
n
2010.
He
is
cu
rre
ntly
an
As
soc
ia
t
e
Profess
or
at
the
Cent
r
e
of
Advanc
ed
El
e
ct
r
onic
and
Com
m
unic
a
ti
on
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersiti
Keba
ngsa
an
M
al
a
y
si
a,
B
angi,
Malay
s
ia.
His
m
ai
n
r
ese
arc
h
inte
rests
inc
lud
e
co
m
pute
r
engi
n
ee
ri
ng,
image
and
v
i
deo
proc
essing
a
nd
pa
tt
ern
re
co
gnit
ion
.
Nadz
ri
e
Mohamood
g
rad
uate
d
with
a
B
ac
h
el
or
Degr
ee
i
n
Elec
tron
ic
En
gine
er
ing
from
Univer
siti
Sains
Malay
si
a
(US
M),
in
2005,
and
just
fini
shed
his
Master
o
f
Engi
nee
r
ing
(
Com
m
unic
at
ion
&
Com
pute
r
)
f
rom
Univer
siti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
(UK
M),
i
n
recent
2018
.
He
is
cur
ren
tly
a
Senior
Teac
hi
ng
Engi
nee
r
at
t
a
che
d
to
Elec
tron
ic
and
Com
puter
Engi
nee
r
ing
Te
chno
log
y
D
ep
art
m
ent
,
Fa
cul
t
y
of
Engi
nee
r
ing Te
chno
log
y
,
UT
eM.
Previousl
y
,
he
worked
as
a
Product/
T
est
En
gine
er
in
T
exa
s
Instrum
ent
(M)
Sdn.
Bhd.
,
Fr
ees
ca
le
Sem
i
cond
uct
or
(M)
Sdn.
Bhd.
and
STATChipPA
C
(M)
S
dn.
Bhd,
with
worth
of
5
y
e
ars
of
industri
al
exp
e
rie
nc
es
prior
t
o
joi
ning
h
is c
urr
e
nt
rol
e as
an
aca
demici
an
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
Int
J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
56
5
3
-
56
6
2
5662
Muhammad
Fa
rhan
Norman
i
s
gra
duat
ed
fro
m
Univer
siti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Mal
a
ysia,
in
Ba
che
lo
r
of
Engi
nee
r
ing
with
Honour
(El
ectrical
and
E
lectr
oni
c
Engi
ne
er
ing),
in
2017.
He
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
at
t
endi
ng
the Pri
m
ar
y
ATC
cour
s
e
a
t
Ma
lay
sia
Av
ia
ti
n
Aca
d
em
y
(
MA
vA)
.
Diness
A/L
Sa
nmu
tham
is
gr
adua
t
ed
from
U
nive
rsiti
Keb
ang
saa
n
Malay
sia
,
in
Bac
he
lor
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
wit
h
Honour
(El
ectrical
and
El
e
ctronic
Engi
n
ee
r
i
ng),
in
2017.
He
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
working
in TPC
(M) Sdn.
Bhd
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.