Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
3
,
J
un
e
201
9
, pp.
1887
~
18
93
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
3
.
pp1887
-
18
93
1887
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
A cellula
r base st
atio
n
ant
enna con
figurati
on
for var
iable
covera
ge
Ab
d
ul
-
R
ahma
n S
h
ak
ee
b
,
K.
H.
Sayidm
ari
e
Depa
rtment
o
f
C
om
m
unic
at
ion
E
ngine
er
ing, Ninevah
Univer
si
t
y
,
I
raq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
7, 20
18
Re
vised Oct
12, 2
018
Accepte
d Nov
11, 201
8
The
f
ie
ld
cov
er
age
off
ere
d
b
y
the
b
ase
st
at
ion
antenna
in
GS
M
s
y
stems
infl
uen
ce
s
the
re
ce
pt
ion
and
in
te
r
fer
ence
per
form
anc
es.
The
coverage
c
an
b
e
var
ie
d
b
y
sc
ann
ing
the
m
ai
nbe
am
dire
ction
or
var
y
ing
the
sh
ape
of
the
rad
iation
pa
tter
n.
In
c
el
lu
la
r
s
y
stem
ap
p
li
c
at
i
ons,
a
sim
ple
t
ec
hniqu
e
is
desira
bl
e
to
ac
h
ie
ve
th
is
goal
.
A
sim
ple
te
chnique
to
var
y
the
cove
rag
e
of
ce
l
lul
ar
b
ase
st
a
ti
on
is
inv
esti
ga
te
d.
The
techni
que
uses
two
c
onvent
ion
al
ant
enn
as
ti
lted
by
a
c
ertain
angle
and
fed
b
y
th
e
sam
e
signal
but
at
var
i
able
amplit
udes.
It
is
demons
tra
te
d
tha
t
the
field
ac
r
oss
one
hal
f
of
the
cove
r
ed
sec
tor
ca
n
be
gr
adua
l
l
y
in
crease
d
while
tha
t
at
t
he
othe
r
hal
f
is
red
uce
d
b
y
var
y
ing
the
exc
i
t
at
ions
of
the
two
ant
enna
el
emen
ts.
Thi
s
ca
n
be
d
epl
o
y
ed
in
a
sim
ple
el
e
ct
r
onic
m
ea
ns
in
response
to
the
cha
nging
sce
n
ari
o
rat
h
e
r
rea
djust
ing
th
e
d
ire
c
ti
on
of
th
e
b
a
se
station
ant
enn
a.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Am
plit
ud
e
-
onl
y
scan
ning
Ba
se stat
ion
c
overa
ge
Mob
il
e syst
em
s
Re
config
ur
a
bl
e anten
nas
Scan
ned ar
rays
Sw
it
che
d beam
anten
nas
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
K
halil
H
a
ssan
Sayi
dm
arie
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f C
omm
un
ic
at
io
n
E
ngineeri
ng
,
Nine
vah Unive
rsity
,
Mosu
l,
Iraq
.
Em
a
il
:
kh
.sayi
dm
arie@uonin
evah.ed
u.
i
q
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Be
a
m
-
ste
ering
anten
nas
a
re
us
e
d
in
m
any
app
li
cat
io
ns
to
increase
t
he
st
rength
of
the
de
sired
si
gn
a
l
and
dec
rease
the
eff
e
ct
of
t
he
un
desire
d
inter
f
erin
g
sig
nal
le
ading
to
enh
a
ncem
ent
in
the
sign
al
-
to
-
i
nterference
rati
o
(
S
IR)
[1
]
.
T
he
ba
se
st
at
ion
ante
nn
a
is
one
of
the
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
w
hich
nee
ds
a
sm
art
te
chn
iq
ue
t
o
a
chieve
beam
-
ste
erin
g
to
im
pr
ov
e
t
he
perfor
m
ance
of
t
he
WL
AN
a
nd
ce
ll
ular
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
Su
c
h
im
pr
ove
m
ents
can
be
a
chieve
d
by
sca
nn
i
ng
or
m
od
if
yi
ng
the
ra
diati
on
patte
r
n
of
the
a
nten
na.
Va
rio
us
con
ce
pts
f
or
achievin
g
bea
m
ste
ering
ha
ve
bee
n
in
ves
ti
gated
s
uch
a
s
phase
-
only
scan
ning,
fr
e
quenc
y
scan
ning
[
2
]
,
[
3].
T
hese
m
e
thods
a
re
depend
e
nt
on
sup
plyi
ng
li
nea
r
ph
a
se
acr
os
s
the
ar
ray
el
em
ents
.
Ph
ase
sh
i
fters
hav
e
s
om
e
unwan
te
d
pro
pert
ie
s
su
ch
as
be
ing
bulky,
ha
ving
li
m
i
te
d
s
weep
ra
nge,
a
nd
th
e
eff
ect
of
t
he
operati
on
fr
e
quency
on
the
pe
rfor
m
ance.
T
he
dig
it
al
delay
li
nes
can
offe
r
bette
r
pe
rform
ance;
howe
ver,
they
are
fabrica
te
d
to
giv
e
fe
w
di
screte
ph
ase
values
th
us
re
su
lt
ing
in
disc
rete
scan
ning
ang
le
s
.
Var
i
ou
s
co
nfi
gurati
ons
of
bea
m
fo
rm
ing
networks
hav
e
be
en
pr
ese
nted
f
or
the
im
pr
ove
m
ent
of
base
s
ta
ti
on
cov
e
ra
ge
or
enh
a
ncin
g
the
perform
ance
of
the
m
ob
il
e
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
s
[4
]
,
[
5].
O
ptim
izati
on
al
gorithm
s
su
ch
as
the
par
ti
c
le
swar
m
te
chn
iq
ue
we
re
us
ed
f
or
beam
-
fo
rm
ing
in
ar
ra
y
antenn
a
s
use
d
by
m
ob
il
e
base
st
at
ion
s
[
6].
Su
c
h
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
us
ef
ul
at
the
design
sta
ge
,
but
it
wo
uld
be
diff
ic
ult
to
vary
the
rad
ia
ti
on
patte
r
n
acc
ordin
g
t
o t
he
w
orki
ng sc
enar
i
o.
The
fr
e
que
ncy
scann
in
g
m
ay
no
t
be
su
it
abl
e
in
cel
lular
sy
stem
s
wh
ere
stric
t
fr
eq
ue
ncies
hav
e
to
be
us
e
d
to
a
vo
i
d
interfe
ren
ce
s.
Anothe
r
te
ch
ni
qu
e
em
plo
ye
d
the
va
riat
ion
of
t
he
am
plit
ud
e
excit
at
io
ns
of
t
he
arr
ay
elem
ents, and
it
does
not nee
d
f
re
qu
e
nc
y sca
nn
i
ng, but
it
r
eq
uires
a
f
i
xed
phase
sh
ift
er [7
]
-
[
9].
In [7
]
the
idea
of
am
plitu
de
sca
nn
i
ng
t
echn
i
qu
e
was
inv
est
igate
d
usi
ng
a
3
-
el
em
e
nt
arr
ay
,
w
hile
in
[8
]
a
dev
e
lop
e
d
ver
si
on of t
he
t
echn
i
qu
e
w
a
s i
nv
e
sti
gated.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
208
8
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
201
9
:
1887
-
1893
1888
In
[
9]
we
pr
e
sented
tw
o
sim
il
ar
antenn
as
wh
ic
h
are
ti
lt
ed
by
a
certai
n
ang
le
from
a
co
m
m
on
base
-
li
ne
a
nd
f
ed
th
rou
gh
t
w
o
li
nes.
By
co
ntr
olli
ng
the
e
xcita
ti
on
s
of
t
he
tw
o
ante
nnas,
the
c
om
bin
ed
m
ai
n
beam
can
be
steered
fro
m
the
norm
al
to
on
e
anten
na
to
that
of the
oth
e
r
a
nt
enn
a
.
Scat
te
ring
s
urf
aces
wer
e
em
plo
ye
d
to
i
m
pr
ove
the
r
a
diati
on
patte
r
ns
of
the
base
-
sta
ti
on
antenn
a
s
o
that
the
eff
ic
ie
ncy
an
d
co
verage
qual
it
y
is
enh
a
nce
d.
T
he
ob
ta
ine
d
re
su
l
ts
wer
e
a
re
du
ct
ion
in
the
ba
ck
lo
be
le
vel and a
sli
ght i
m
pr
ov
em
ent in th
e
beam
sh
ape
[1
0]
.
A
du
al
beam
arr
ay
(D
B
A)
for
sect
or
iz
in
g
the
cel
lular
sit
e
was
pr
e
sented
i
n
[11].
The
D
B
A
com
pr
ise
s
a
m
ulti
-
colum
n
ar
ray
an
d
a
be
a
m
fo
rm
ing
ci
r
cuit,
w
hich
produces
t
wo
ov
erlap
ping
bea
m
s
with
adjusta
ble
bea
m
patte
rn
s.
T
he
a
rr
a
ng
em
ent
furn
is
hes
t
he
form
at
ion
of
two
overla
pp
i
ng
beam
s
whe
re
the
a
m
plit
ud
e
an
d
ph
a
se
excit
at
io
ns
are
im
ple
mented
t
hroug
h
the
fee
d
net
work.
The
ra
diati
on
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs
of
the
pro
posed
a
nten
na
we
re
in
vestigat
ed
by
si
m
ulati
on
an
d
exp
e
rim
ental
l
y.
Howe
ver
,
no
inf
orm
ation
about
the
cov
e
ra
ge
of
the
anten
na
was
gi
ven
[
11
]
.
A
m
et
ho
d
f
or
ca
pacit
y
and
co
ver
a
ge
opt
i
m
iz
ation
us
in
g
base
sta
ti
on
a
nten
na
el
ect
rical
ti
lt
i
n
m
ob
il
e
netw
orks
has
bee
n
r
ecentl
y
pro
po
s
ed
[
12]
.
Dev
el
op
m
ent
of
a
le
arn
i
ng
al
gorithm
fo
r
autom
at
ed
antenn
a
dow
n
ti
lt
in
g
was
util
iz
ed.
The
relat
ionshi
p
betwee
n
the
base
sta
t
ion
an
te
nn
a
dow
ntil
t
and
t
he
dow
nlin
k
netw
ork
capac
it
y
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
the
cov
e
rage
pr
oba
bili
ty
a
nd
the
area
s
pectral
eff
ic
ie
ncy
have
bee
n
in
vestigat
ed
recently
[13].
T
he
ve
rtic
al
ang
le
a
nd
ho
rizo
ntal
ang
le
of
base
s
ta
ti
on
anten
na
ba
sed
on
t
wo
-
dim
ensio
nal
el
ec
tric
al
ly
adj
us
ta
ble
te
chnolo
gy
was
prese
nted
to
rem
ote
con
tr
ol
th
e
cov
e
ra
ge
area
of
the
e
ntire
ba
se
sta
ti
on
net
work.
H
oweve
r,
the
ante
nna
ti
lt
and
ro
ta
ti
on
are
i
m
ple
m
ent
ed
by
m
oto
rs
dri
ve
n
t
hro
ugh
s
of
t
ware r
ou
ti
nes
[1
4].
In[15]
Jai
n,
M
ay
ank
,
an
d
R.
P.
A
ga
rw
al
s
howe
d
t
he
ben
e
f
it
s
of
u
sin
g
m
ulti
ple
beam
s
and
d
iffe
ren
tl
y
sh
a
ped
beam
s
to
im
pr
ov
e
the
c
ov
e
ra
ge
&
capaci
ty
in
a
cel
l
area
with
the
m
ai
n
te
nan
ce
of
s
ubscri
ber
m
anag
em
ent
within
a
cel
l
s
ect
or
f
or
wirel
ess
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
A
n
al
te
r
native
m
et
ho
d
to
var
y
the
a
nten
na
patte
rn
of
the
ba
se stat
ion
an
te
nn
a ca
n
be by placi
ng
a
nu
ll
in
the r
a
diati
on
patte
rn. Th
e
null
h
as to b
e d
ir
ect
e
d
towa
rd
s the in
t
erf
e
rin
g
source
o
r
a ref
le
ct
in
g
reg
i
on. Th
e int
rod
uced
nu
ll
in
the p
at
te
rn
ca
n
be
ste
ere
d
to
wards
the
desire
d
di
recti
on
by
var
yi
ng
the
exc
it
at
ion
of
the
two
side
el
em
ents
in
the
anten
na
arr
ay
[1
6]
.
Su
c
h
m
et
ho
d
was
s
how
n
to
pro
vid
e
a
wide
nu
ll
w
it
h
low
se
ns
it
ivit
y
to
fr
eq
ue
ncy
va
riat
ion
[17].
This
te
ch
nique
is
interest
in
g
as
it
on
ly
re
quires
va
ryi
ng
th
e
excit
at
ion
s
of
t
w
o
el
em
ents
instea
d
of
c
ha
ng
i
ng
the ex
ci
ta
ti
ons
of all
the a
rr
ay
el
e
m
ents
.
In
this
co
ntri
buti
on,
the
co
ve
rag
e
on
the
l
and
le
vel
ac
hieved
by
the
pro
posed
a
nten
nas
in
[
9]
is
inv
est
igate
d
a
nd
ho
w
t
he
c
overa
ge
m
ap
ca
n
be
m
od
ifie
d
util
iz
ing
t
he
pro
po
se
d
am
plit
u
de
beam
scann
i
ng
m
et
ho
d.
The
pro
posed
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
offe
rs
lo
w
com
plexity
a
nd
c
os
t
f
or
be
a
m
ste
ering
si
nce
the
var
ia
ti
on
of
m
agn
it
ud
e
is
e
asi
er
than
th
e
var
ia
ti
on
of
phase
or
f
reque
ncy.
Mo
reover
,
it
util
iz
es
the
conve
ntion
al
arr
a
y
anten
nas
t
hat a
re alrea
dy in
use
in
the
b
a
se st
at
ion
s.
2.
THE
PR
I
N
CI
PLE
OF AM
P
LIT
UD
E
SCA
NN
I
NG
The
id
ea
of
am
plit
ud
e
scan
ning
[
9]
is
il
lustra
te
d
in
Fig
ur
e
1
w
her
e
t
wo
ide
ntica
l
anten
nas
are
placed
in
a
sing
le
plane
an
d
each
is
ti
lt
ed
by
an
ang
le
ψ
from
the
com
m
on
base
l
ine
(X
-
axis
).
T
he
idea
of
am
plit
ud
e
scan
ning
is
to
su
pply
va
riabl
e
am
pli
tud
es
t
o
the
to
t
he
t
wo
ante
nn
a
s
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
1.
O
ne
sc
he
m
e
is
to
increase
the
ex
ci
ta
ti
on
of
a
nte
nn
a
1
by
a
cert
ai
n
am
ou
nt
w
hi
le
that
gi
ven
to
a
nten
na
2
is
r
edu
ce
d
by
t
he
sam
e
a
m
ou
nt.
T
hu
s
the am
plit
u
de
e
xcita
ti
on
s
of th
e two ante
nn
a
s
can
be
a
rr
a
nge
d
as:
a
1
=1+
(1
-
a)
a
2
=1
-
(1
-
b)
The radiat
io
n p
at
te
rn
fu
nctio
n of t
he
t
wo an
te
nn
a
s ca
n be
giv
en
b
y
AF
(
ϕ)
=
a
1
F
(ϕ
-
ψ) + a
2
F (ϕ
+ ψ)
(2)
Wh
e
re
F(
ϕ
)
is t
he
am
plit
ud
e
pa
tt
ern
fu
nctio
n of t
he
t
wo sim
i
la
r
ante
nn
as
.
The
ab
ove
ass
um
ption
can be
reali
zed
by
usi
ng
a p
owe
r
or
am
plit
ud
e
divi
der
s
f
or
tran
s
m
itti
ng
arr
ay
,
or
va
riable
at
te
nu
at
or
s
f
or
rec
ei
vin
g
ar
rays.
Wh
e
n
t
he
am
plit
ud
e
ex
ci
ta
ti
on
of
ante
nn
a
1
i
s
increa
sed
,
a
nd
that
of
a
nte
nn
a
2
is
reduce
d
by
the
sam
e
a
m
ou
nt,
th
e
m
ai
n
bea
m
of
the
ra
diati
on
patte
r
n
wil
l
be
directed
t
owar
ds
the
norm
al
to
anten
na1
si
nce
it
is
su
pp
li
ed
by
la
rg
e
r
excit
at
ion
.
T
hus,
th
e
m
ai
n
bea
m
c
an
be
sca
nned
as
the
factor
is va
ri
ed.
In
a
pr
act
ic
al
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
into
m
ob
il
e
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
yst
e
m
s,
t
he
ba
s
e
sta
ti
on
ante
nna
will
be
a
pair
of
anten
na
s
(an
te
nna
1
an
d
anten
na
2)
th
at
are
fed
by
sign
al
s
pro
porti
on
al
to
a
1
an
d
a
2
.
The
arr
a
ng
e
m
ent
can
be
in
the
ge
om
et
ry
sh
own
in
Fig
ur
e
2.
The
baseli
ne
of
the
t
wo
ante
nnas
is
placed
pa
rall
el
to
the
gro
und
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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p
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8708
A cel
lular
base
statio
n an
te
nna
c
on
fi
gur
atio
n
fo
r v
ar
ia
ble
cover
ag
e
(
Ab
dul
-
R
ahm
an Sh
akeeb
)
1889
su
r
fac
e,
w
he
re
beam
scann
ing
is
req
uested
to
be
in
the
horizon
ta
l
plane
.
Ea
ch
of
the
tw
o
a
nten
nas
will
be
the
conve
ntion
al
li
near
ar
ray
that
is
place
d
in
t
he
ve
rtic
al
direc
ti
on
.
The
ti
lt
ang
le
ca
n
be
fix
ed
at
the
instal
la
ti
on
sta
ge wh
il
e a
1
and a
2
are
v
a
ri
ed dur
in
g
t
he o
per
at
io
n
t
o
ac
hi
eve sca
nn
i
ng in
the
ho
rizo
ntal direct
io
n.
Figure
1.
Ge
om
et
ry o
f
the
ar
ray f
or
m
ed
of t
wo
anten
nas ro
ta
te
d by an
angle
ψ
Figure
2
.
The
geo
m
et
ry f
or
be
a
m
scann
i
ng in
the
XY
-
pla
ne
3.
SIMUL
ATIO
N
O
F THE
C
OVERA
GE
In
order
t
o
stu
dy
the
distri
buti
on
of
the
si
gnal
le
vel
acr
oss
the
co
ver
a
ge
area
due
to
th
e
propose
d
anten
nas,
the
cov
e
re
d
ar
ea
on
a
re
pr
ese
ntati
ve
la
nd
was
r
epr
ese
nted
by
a
gri
d
of
3321
points
i
n
the
(x
-
y)
plane
as
sho
w
n
in
Fig
ur
e
3.
A
s
pacin
g
bet
ween
a
djace
nt
po
i
nts
of
50
m
and
a
n
a
nten
na
heig
ht
of
40m
wer
e
assum
ed.
Co
nc
ern
i
ng
Fig
ure
3,
the
ra
ng
e
of
x
was
co
ns
ide
red
t
o
be
from
–
20
00
m
to
2000
m
,
wh
il
e
that
f
or
y
was
c
onside
r
ed
to
be
f
r
om
0
to
2000m
.
Thu
s
,
t
he
a
nten
na
is
a
ssu
m
ed
to
ha
ve
ra
diati
on
acr
os
s
hal
f
plane
wh
ic
h
is a
ty
pical
case f
or b
as
e stat
ion
s
scen
arios.
Figure
3
.
The
geo
m
et
ry f
or a
base s
ta
ti
on
a
nt
enn
a a
nd c
ove
rag
e
area
As
sho
wn
in
F
ig
ure
3,
the
distance
betwee
n
the
anten
na
and
a
ty
pical
po
i
nt
p(x,
y)
on
the
co
ver
e
d
gro
und
is
.
R=
√
2
+
2
+
ℎ
2
(3)
The
f
ree
spa
c
e
prop
a
gatio
n
loss
in
the
r
adiat
ed
sig
nal
var
ie
s
in
vers
el
y
with
the
distance
R.
This
var
ia
ti
on
will
be
accoun
te
d
for
thr
ough
the
rati
o
h/R,
wh
e
re
h
is
the
heig
ht
of
the
ba
se
sta
ti
on
antenn
a
ov
e
r
the
gro
un
d
pla
ne.
T
he
te
st
po
i
nt
p
(x,
y)
can
a
ls
o
be
de
fine
d
by
th
e
a
ng
le
s;
θ
is
t
he
dow
n
lo
ok
f
rom
the
norm
al
to
the a
nten
na plane
, a
nd ϕ
is t
he
azi
m
uth
an
gle.
The t
wo angle
s ca
n be
giv
e
n by
:
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208
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In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
201
9
:
1887
-
1893
1890
Θ=tan
-
1
√
2
+
2
ℎ
(4)
ϕ= tan
-
1
(y/
x)
(5)
To
in
vestigat
e
the
ef
fect
of
sc
ann
i
ng
the
rad
i
at
ion
patte
rn
on
the
co
ver
a
ge,
the
re
flect
ed
s
ign
al
s
from
the
gro
und
an
d
nearby
obj
ect
s
wer
e
not
co
nsi
der
e
d
in
the
fo
ll
owin
g
sim
ulati
on
s
.
H
ow
e
ver,
these
ref
le
ct
ion
s
can
be
incl
uded
in
the
sim
ulati
on
s
if
the
obj
ect
s
an
d
bu
il
di
ngs
in
the
co
ver
e
d
ar
ea
are
sp
eci
fi
ed
f
or
a
giv
e
n
sit
e.
4.
RESU
LT
S
O
F COMP
UTE
R
SI
M
ULATI
ONS
4.1.
The anten
na
w
ith t
w
o h
alf
-
w
av
e
dipoles
The
pro
po
se
d
idea
was
in
ves
ti
gated
by
us
i
ng
tw
o
half
-
wa
ve
dipoles.
T
hi
s
cho
ic
e
is
in
accor
da
nce
with
the
co
nventional
ante
nnas
us
e
d
in
m
ob
il
e
base
sta
ti
on
s
w
he
re
arra
ys
of
half
wa
velen
gth
di
po
l
es
ar
e
e
m
plo
ye
d.
E
ac
h
half
-
wa
ve
di
po
le
is
or
ie
nte
d
par
al
le
l
to
th
e
gro
und
plane
as
sho
wn
i
n
2
.
The
first
case
in
the
com
pu
te
r
sim
ulati
on
s
ass
um
e
d
e
qu
al
excit
at
ion
s
f
or
the
t
w
o
dipoles
a
nd
t
he
ti
lt
an
gle
ψ
was
var
ie
d
fro
m
zero
to
60°
t
o
e
xp
l
or
e
t
he
e
ff
ect
of
t
his
a
ng
le
on
the
res
ulti
ng
rad
ia
ti
on
patte
rn.
T
he
ob
ta
i
ned
r
es
ults
f
or
var
i
ous
values
of
the
t
il
t
ang
le
are
norm
al
iz
ed
to
t
he
m
axi
m
u
m
fo
r
the
case
ψ
=0
o
.
Fig
ur
e
4
s
hows
a
sam
ple
of
the
ob
ta
ine
d
co
ve
r
age
w
hen
the
anten
na
el
e
m
e
nts
are
eq
ually
excit
ed
and
th
e
ti
l
t
ang
le
ψ
=30
o
.
The
co
ve
rag
e
is
sy
m
m
e
tric
al
with
res
pect
to
the
norm
al
to
the
a
nten
na
bas
e
li
ne,
or
in
ot
her
w
ords
,
it
is
sym
m
et
rical
acros
s
the
cov
e
re
d
sect
or
.
It
was
f
ound
that
as
the
ti
l
t
ang
le
(ψ
)
is
increased
f
r
om
0
o
to
60
o
the
co
ver
a
ge
be
com
es
wide
r
a
nd
bo
t
h
sides
acq
uire
a
hi
gh
le
vel
of
receive
d
si
gn
al
.
It
can
be
see
n
that
ac
ro
s
s
m
os
t
of
the
s
how
n
area
the
sig
nal
le
ve
l
is
between
-
25
to
-
50
dB
(these
are
relat
ive
to
t
he
m
axi
m
u
m
of
0
dB
at
ψ=0
o
)
.
T
he
area
i
n
fron
t a
nd
near t
o
the
b
a
se stat
ion ante
nn
a
h
a
s
the
highest si
gnal
levels.
It
sh
ould
be
no
te
d
that
f
or
equ
al
excit
at
ion
s
a
nd
zer
o
ti
lt
ang
le
(ψ
)
the
two
a
nten
nas
f
or
m
a
conve
ntion
al
2
-
el
em
ent arr
ay
, who
se
HPB
W
is sm
aller th
an
that of a si
ng
l
e anten
na. I
ntr
oducin
g
t
he
ti
lt
angle
(ψ)
res
ults
in
a
br
oa
de
r
cov
e
r
age.
The
c
ho
ic
e
of
ti
lt
ang
le
(ψ
)
can
help
in
t
he
desig
n
sta
ge
to
ob
ta
in
a
su
it
able
width
of
c
ov
e
r
age.
H
oweve
r,
a
sing
le
antenn
a
with
la
rg
e
r
HP
B
W
ca
n
be
em
plo
ye
d
wh
e
n
sca
nn
i
ng
is
no
t
require
d
.
Figure
4
.
Co
ve
rag
e
in
t
he XY
p
la
ne
at ti
lt
angle=
30
o
an
d
e
qual
ex
ci
ta
ti
ons
(a
1
=a
2
).
Figure
5
dem
on
st
rates
how
the
c
overa
ge
can
be
scan
ne
d
from
the
norm
al
directi
on
(sym
m
et
ric
cov
e
ra
ge)
to
c
lock
wise
and,
countercl
ockw
ise
directi
on
s
.
Var
i
ou
s
values
of
for
the
ex
ci
ta
ti
on
s
(a
1
and
a
2
)
wer
e
c
on
si
der
e
d
w
hile
the
ti
lt
ang
le
was
fi
xe
d
at
(30
o
)
.
It
can
be
see
n
from
the
resu
lt
s
that
the
cov
e
ra
ge
can
be
sh
ifte
d
fro
m
the
no
rm
al
t
o
the
ante
nn
a
(
wh
e
n
a
1
=a
2
)
to
ei
ther
of
the
l
eft
or
ri
gh
t
di
r
ect
ion
s.
F
or
e
xam
ple,
wh
e
n
a
1
>a
2
t
he
n
the
cove
rag
e
is shifte
d
to
the
r
ig
ht
half of
th
e co
ver
e
d
sect
or
as s
how
n
i
n
Figure
5©
.
Fo
r
a
giv
e
n
ti
lt
angle, the
f
ie
l
d
at
the
left
part
o
f
the c
overa
ge
a
rea inc
reas
es as c
om
par
ed
to
that
of
the r
i
gh
t
par
t
a
s the am
plit
ud
e
ex
ci
ta
ti
on of t
he
le
ft
dipole i
s r
e
du
ce
d
a
nd t
he
am
plit
ud
e e
xcita
ti
on
of the
r
ig
ht
dipole i
s inc
rea
sed
as
sho
wn i
n
F
ig
ure
6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A cel
lular
base
statio
n an
te
nna
c
on
fi
gur
atio
n
fo
r v
ar
ia
ble
cover
ag
e
(
Ab
dul
-
R
ahm
an Sh
akeeb
)
1891
Figure
5
.
Co
ve
rag
e
at the
X
Y plane
f
or
va
rio
us
values
of t
he
am
plit
ud
e ex
ci
ta
ti
on
w
it
h t
il
t ang
le
(Φ
)
=
30˚
Figure
6
.
Co
ve
rag
e
in
t
he XY
p
la
ne
at ti
lt
angle=
30
o
an
d u
ne
qu
al
e
xcita
ti
ons
(a
1
≠a
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
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:
208
8
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
201
9
:
1887
-
1893
1892
The
res
ults
of
Fig
ure
4,
Fi
gure
5,
an
d
Fig
ure
6
sh
ow
that
the
ti
lt
ang
le
ca
n
be
ch
os
e
n
at
the
desig
n
sta
ge
or
the
a
nten
na
de
plo
y
m
ent
to
ob
ta
i
n
a
patte
r
n
of
desire
d
beam
width
a
nd
co
ver
a
ge.
T
he
r
el
at
ive
excit
at
ion
ca
n
ei
ther
be
ch
os
e
n
at
that
sta
ge
or
m
ay
be
va
ried
durin
g
the
operati
on
to
va
r
y
the
co
ver
a
ge
to
be
m
or
e su
it
able t
o
the
ch
a
ngin
g sce
nar
i
o.
4.2.
The anten
na
w
ith t
w
o mi
cr
os
trip
elem
ent
s
The
pro
pose
d
anten
na
was
i
m
ple
m
ented
in f
ur
t
her
sim
ulati
on
s where
it
s
two
el
em
ents
wer
e ass
um
ed
as
m
ic
ro
strip
a
nten
nas.
Fig
ure
7
s
hows
t
he
cov
e
ra
ge
area
for
the
dif
fer
e
nt
val
ues
of
th
e
ti
lt
ang
le
s
(
ψ)
f
or
un
e
qual
am
pli
t
ud
e
e
xcita
ti
on
of
the
t
wo
m
i
cro
st
rip
ante
nn
as.
The
fig
ur
e
sh
ows
that
th
e
patte
rn
is
sc
anne
d
towa
rd
s
the
le
f
t
as
the
ti
lt
angl
e
(ψ)
is
increa
sed.
The
sig
nal
le
vels
on
the
le
ft
pa
rt
a
re
see
n
to
inc
rea
se
wh
il
e
tho
se
at the
rig
ht p
a
rt
decr
eas
e at t
il
t ang
le
is
incr
ease
d.
Figure
7
.
Co
ve
rag
e
in
t
he XY
p
la
ne
at ti
lt
angle:
a=3
0
o
, b=
60
o
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
of
am
plit
ud
e
scann
i
ng
of
t
he
rad
ia
ti
on
patte
r
n
is
im
ple
m
ent
ed
to
va
ry
the
cov
e
ra
ge
of
the
base
sta
ti
on
ante
nn
a
i
n
the
m
ob
il
e
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
yst
e
m
.
The
co
ver
a
ge
of
the
pro
po
se
d
a
ntenn
a
was
inv
est
igate
d,
a
nd
the
e
ffec
t
of
tw
o
par
am
et
ers
(til
t
a
ngle
a
nd
relat
ive
e
xc
it
at
ion
s)
wer
e
exp
l
or
e
d.
It
ha
s
bee
n
dem
on
strat
ed
that
the
c
ov
e
r
age
of
t
he
ba
se
sta
ti
on
a
nt
enn
a
can
be
var
ie
d
in
a
si
m
ple
el
ec
tron
i
c
way.
The
pro
po
se
d
t
echn
i
qu
e
offe
r
s
low
com
plex
it
y
and
c
os
t
f
or
beam
ste
ering
since
the
va
riat
ion
of
m
agn
it
ud
e
is
easi
er
tha
n
t
he
va
riat
ion
of
phase
or
fr
e
qu
e
ncy.
It
was
de
m
on
strat
ed
tha
t
the
sym
m
e
tric
al
ly
distribu
te
d
fiel
d
acro
s
s
the
co
ve
rag
e
re
gi
on
c
ou
l
d
be
easi
ly
m
od
ifie
d
to
an
un
sym
m
e
tric
al
cov
era
ge.
T
he
fiel
d
acro
s
s
one
half
of
t
he
c
overe
d
sect
or
can
be
gr
a
dual
ly
inc
reased
w
hile
that
at
the
othe
r
ha
lf
is
redu
ced
by
va
ryi
ng
th
e
excit
at
ion
s
of
t
he
tw
o
ante
nn
a
el
e
m
ents.
The
change
in
the
cov
e
ra
ge
can
be
achieve
d
thr
ough
beam
scann
i
ng
wh
e
re
t
he
patte
rn
a
nd
m
ai
n
beam
alm
os
t
kee
p
thei
r
s
ha
pe.
Alte
r
nativel
y,
patte
r
n
sh
a
ping
ca
n
a
lso
be
consi
der
e
d
as
a
m
et
ho
d
to
va
ry
the
ante
nna
cov
e
ra
ge.
A
lso,
sig
nifica
nt
i
m
pr
ovem
ent
s
in
the
ra
nge
an
d
capaci
ty
are us
ually
o
btai
ned
by u
si
ng
beam
ste
ering te
ch
ni
qu
e
in base
stat
ion
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A cel
lular
base
statio
n an
te
nna
c
on
fi
gur
atio
n
fo
r v
ar
ia
ble
cover
ag
e
(
Ab
dul
-
R
ahm
an Sh
akeeb
)
1893
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NCE
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Kao
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ng,
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J.
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wards,"
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ime
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it
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ess
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unicati
ons:
a
pr
actical
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to
d
esign
a
nd
anal
y
s
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n
a
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y
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on
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xt
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sh
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al
a
veni
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t
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m
form
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ion
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enn
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rnational
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nfe
renc
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ectronic
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ms
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n
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ia
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cro
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m
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orm
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for
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te
lligent
Tr
ansporta
ti
on
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y
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ems
,
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r
in
th
e
Book
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te
l
li
g
ent
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rtati
on
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ms
,
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Z.
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Za
h
ari
s,"
Radi
ation
p
at
t
er
n
shaping
of
a
m
obil
e
base
statio
n
antenna
arr
a
y
using a
p
article
s
warm
opti
m
iz
ation
b
ase
d
t
ec
hniq
ue
,
"
E
le
c
tric
al
Engi
n
e
ering
,
v
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l. 90
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4
)
,
PP
.
301
–
311,
20
08.
[7]
Sa
y
idmari
e
K.
H.,
and
Bae
d
aa
JM
Jasem
,
"A
m
pli
tude
-
onl
y
b
ea
m
sca
nning
in
li
nea
r
ant
enn
a
arr
a
y
s
,
"
IEEE
7
th
Inte
rnatio
nal
M
ult
i
-
Conf
ere
nc
e on Sy
stems Si
gn
als an
d
Dev
ices,
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2010
,
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[8]
Sa
y
idmari
e
K.
H.,
and
M.N.
Saghurc
h
y
,
"A
rra
y
be
am
Scanni
ng
b
y
Vari
a
tion
of
El
ements
Am
pli
tude
-
On
l
y
Exc
itat
ions
,
"
IE
EE
4th
In
te
rnati
onal
Symposium
on
Mic
rowave
,
Ant
enna
,
Propa
gati
on,
and
E
M
C
Technol
ogi
es
f
or
Wirel
ess,
M
APE
2011
,
PP
.
749
-
7
53
,
nov
2011
.
[9]
Sa
y
idmari
e
K
.
H.
,
and
Abdul
-
Rah
m
an
Shakee
b
,
"
Arra
y
Bea
m
Sc
a
nning
and
Sw
it
c
hing
b
y
Var
iatio
n
of
Am
pli
tude
-
Onl
y
Excitations
",
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Elec
t
rom
agnet
ic
s and
Applications
,
v
o
l.
7
(
2
)
,
PP
.
25
-
30
,
2017
.
[10]
Cheng
-
Hs
iung
W
u,
Chang
-
Fa
Yang,
Te
-
Shun
W
ang,
Kuan
-
Chi
Li
ao
,
Yen
-
Ming
Chen,
"A
Met
hod
to
Im
prove
t
h
e
Radi
ation
Patte
rns
of
the
Base
-
Stat
ion
Se
ct
or
Antenna
for
Mobile
Com
m
u
nic
a
ti
ons
b
y
A
dding
Scat
t
eri
n
g
Struct
ure
s
on
t
h
e
Front
Panel
of
t
he
Ant
enna
,
"
I
EE
E
Ant
ennas
a
nd
Propagati
on
Soci
e
ty
Int
ernational
Symposium,
Al
buquerque
,
N
M,
USA
,
PP.
435
7
-
4360
,
Jul
y
200
6.
[11]
Sengle
e
Foo,
B
il
l
Vass
il
ak
is,
"A
djusta
ble
Mult
i
-
Sect
or
Ce
ll
ul
ar
Base
Stat
ion
A
nte
nna
,
"
Inte
rna
ti
onal
Journal
o
n
Adv
anc
es
in
Networ
k
s and
Serv
i
ce
s
,
v
o
l. 2
(
1
)
,
P
P.
25
-
41,
2009.
[12]
Nikolay
Dand
an
ov,
Hus
sein
Al
-
Shatri
,
Anja
Kl
e
in,
Vl
adi
m
ir
Pou
lkov,
"D
y
namic
Self
-
Optimizatio
n
of
the
Antenn
a
Ti
lt
for
Best
Tr
a
de
-
off
Be
twee
n
Covera
ge
and
C
apa
c
ity
in
Mobil
e
Networks
,
"
Wi
rele
ss
Pe
rs
onal
Comm
unic
ati
ons
,
v
ol.
92
(
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)
,
PP
.
2
51
–
278,
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201
7.
[13]
Junnan
Yang,
Ming
Ding,
Gu
oqia
ng
Mao,
Zihuai
Li
n
,
De
-
ga
n
Zha
ng,
Tom
Hao
Lua
n,
"O
pti
m
al
Base
Stat
i
on
Antenna
Dow
nti
lt
in
Dow
nli
n
k
Cel
lul
a
r
Net
works
,
"
Compu
ti
ng
Re
search
Re
pository
,
arXiv
:1802.
07479
v1
,
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2018.
[14]
Xi
-
W
ang
Dai,
Zhe
n
-
Ye
W
ang,
Cheng
-
Bin
Zha
n
g,
and
Hui
Chen,
"Rem
ote
cont
r
ol
of
base
stat
ion
ant
enna
s
y
st
e
m
s
base
d
o
n
two
-
dimensional
e
le
c
tri
c
al
l
y
ad
ju
stabl
e
technolo
g
y
,
"
7
th
Inte
rnational
ICST
Confe
renc
e
on
Comm
unic
ati
ons and
Ne
tworki
ng
in
Ch
ina
(
CHINACOM)
,
PP
.
673
-
675
,
Aug.
2012.
[15]
Jain,
Ma
y
a
nk,
a
nd
R.
P.
Agarw
al
.
"C
apa
c
ity
&
cove
rag
e
enhance
m
ent
of
wir
el
ess
comm
unic
at
io
n
using
sm
a
rt
ant
enn
a
s
y
stem
,
"
In
Adv
ance
s
in
El
ectric
al
,
El
ectronics,
I
nformation,
Comm
unic
ati
on
and
Bi
o
-
Informatics
(
AE
EICB
)
,
2016
2nd
Int
ernati
on
al
Conf
ere
nce o
n
,
IE
EE
,
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.
310
-
313,
2016
.
[16]
Jafa
r
R.
Moha
m
m
ed,
and
K.
H.
Sa
y
idmari
e
,
"A
null
stee
r
ing
m
et
hod
b
y
cont
rol
li
ng
two
el
emen
ts
,
"
I
ET
Mic
rowaves, An
t
ennas
&
P
ropag
ati
on,
v
ol. 8
(
15
)
,
PP
.
1348
-
1355,
Dec
.
2014.
[17]
Sa
y
idmari
e
K.H.
,
and
Jafa
r
R
.
Moham
m
ed,
"P
erf
orm
anc
e
of
a
wi
de
angle
and
wid
e
band
nulling method
for
phase
d
arr
a
y
s
,
"
Progress
In
Elec
tromagnetics
Re
sear
ch M
,
v
ol
.
33
,
pp
.
2
39
-
249,
2013
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Ab
d
ul
-
Rah
man
Sh
akeeb
rec
ei
ved
the
B.
Sc
.
degr
ee
Com
m
unic
a
ti
on
Engi
n
e
eri
ng
from
the
Coll
ege
of
El
e
ct
roni
c
Engi
n
eering/
Mos
ul
Univer
sit
y
,
Ir
aq,
i
n
2012,
and
M.Sc.
Degre
e
in
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
the
Coll
ege
of
El
ectroni
c
Eng
i
nee
ring
/Mosul
Univer
sit
y
,
Ir
aq
i
n
2017.
His
ex
per
i
enc
e
is
in
m
obil
e
comm
unic
at
ion
s
y
stems
.
Pr
of
Khali
l
Say
idmar
ie
re
ce
i
ved
the
B.
Sc.
degr
ee
with
fir
st
cl
ass
honors
in
El
ec
tron
ic
&
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Mo
sul
Univer
sit
y
,
Ira
q,
in
197
6,
and
Ph.D.
Degre
e
in
Antenna
s
&
Propaga
ti
on
fr
om
Sheffie
ld
Un
ive
rsit
y
/
U.K.
in 1981.
Th
en
h
e
jo
ine
d
th
e
Co
ll
eg
e of
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
at
Mos
ul
Univer
sit
y
in
1983,
an
d
was
prom
ote
d
to
full
profe
ss
or
on
1992.
He
w
orke
d
as
he
ad
of
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
engi
n
e
eri
ng
dep
art
m
en
t
for
9
y
ea
rs.
H
e
was
a
cof
oun
der
of
the
Col
lege
of
El
e
ct
ron
i
c
Engi
ne
eri
ng
a
t
Mos
ul
Univer
sity
.
He
has
be
en
Profess
or
of
comm
unic
at
ion
en
gine
er
ing
at
that
col
l
ege
.
Sa
y
idmarie
serve
d
as
Prof.
of
comm
unic
at
ion
engi
n
ee
rin
g
at
the
Co
ll
eg
e
of
Engi
n
ee
r
ing/
Univer
sit
y
of
Am
m
an
Al
-
Ahli
y
y
a
/
Jordan
fro
m
Oct
2006
to
Sept.
2009.
He
is
prof
essor
of
comm
unic
at
ion
engi
ne
eri
ng
at
th
e
Coll
ege
of
El
e
ct
roni
c
Engi
n
ee
r
ing/
Ninev
ah
Univer
sit
y
.
He
ha
s
supervise
d
38
MS
c
and
PhD
the
s
es
and
pub
li
shed
m
ore
th
an
120
p
ape
rs.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.