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[
4
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Ma
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[
4
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First,
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p
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f
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co
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[
5
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
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p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
7
8
1
–
1787
1782
Seco
n
d
,
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[
6
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-
[
8
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I
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[
9
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co
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in
Ger
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[
1
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th
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[
1
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a
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in
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1
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2
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m
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s
[
2
6
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SD
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ap
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[
2
7
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C
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es [
2
6
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,
[
2
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.
T
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[
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Nex
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Mo
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0
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201
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3.
RE
SU
L
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Fo
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in
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it
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x
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en
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in
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g
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co
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w
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ce
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tai
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i
n
t
h
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:
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ter
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tes cle
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
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&
C
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m
p
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I
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N:
2088
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
7
8
1
–
1787
1786
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B
o
g
o
ta.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
i
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
2
,
3
an
d
4
th
er
e
is
a
g
r
ea
t
g
r
o
w
th
i
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
eh
icles
d
u
e
to
th
e
lac
k
o
f
an
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
licy
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
(
"o
p
tim
i
s
tic"
s
ce
n
ar
io
)
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
lic
y
lead
s
to
g
r
ea
ter
u
s
e
o
f
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
f
e
w
e
r
v
eh
icles.
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
in
th
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
s
ec
to
r
in
B
o
g
o
ta.
B
ec
au
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
2
an
d
4
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
lic
y
,
th
er
e
is
a
f
a
s
ter
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
t
is
e
o
n
th
e
v
eh
icle
f
leet
a
n
d
th
e
lo
w
er
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
etr
o
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
1
an
d
3
d
o
co
n
s
id
er
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
o
lic
y
.
Un
d
er
th
ese
s
c
en
ar
io
s
,
i
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
em
i
s
s
io
n
s
g
r
o
w
les
s
th
an
i
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
3
.
I
n
ad
d
iti
o
n
,
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
s
h
o
w
s
g
r
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
er
io
d
an
d
th
e
n
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
d
ec
lin
e
i
s
d
u
e
to
a
g
r
ea
ter
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
etr
o
w
h
ic
h
i
s
a
clea
n
m
ea
n
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t.
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
s
ec
to
r
in
t
h
e
to
tal
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
cit
y
o
f
B
o
g
o
ta.
I
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
2
an
d
4
an
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
lic
y
is
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
ec
to
r
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
l
e
f
o
r
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
cit
y
o
f
B
o
g
o
ta.
Un
d
er
s
ce
n
ar
io
3
,
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
ec
to
r
s
h
o
w
a
g
r
o
w
in
g
tr
en
d
.
Fin
all
y
,
i
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
(
o
p
tim
i
s
tic
s
ce
n
ar
io
)
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
ec
to
r
,
alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
is
lo
w
er
th
a
n
in
th
e
o
th
er
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
NS
T
h
is
ar
ticle
u
s
e
s
a
n
SD
m
o
d
el
to
lear
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
p
o
licies
ai
m
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
e
m
is
s
i
o
n
s
i
n
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
ec
to
r
.
Sev
er
al
less
o
n
s
ar
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
ie
w
o
f
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
p
lan
n
in
g
o
f
cities.
I
n
p
ar
tic
u
lar
,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
r
b
an
izatio
n
p
o
lic
y
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
r
ed
u
ce
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
ec
to
r
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
p
o
lic
y
i
m
p
lie
s
t
h
e
co
ex
is
te
n
ce
o
f
a
p
o
lic
y
f
o
r
u
r
b
an
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
lic
y
.
T
h
e
u
r
b
an
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
o
licy
f
ac
i
litate
s
th
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
cit
y
,
k
ee
p
i
n
g
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
s
ec
to
r
u
n
d
er
ac
c
ep
tab
le
lev
el
s
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
t
h
is
p
o
lic
y
is
a
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
to
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
licy
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
v
ar
iab
le
i
n
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
n
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
licy
is
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
o
f
a
m
etr
o
in
th
e
ci
t
y
o
f
B
o
g
o
ta,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
w
o
u
ld
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
r
ed
u
ce
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
,
as i
n
d
icate
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
.
T
h
e
SD
m
o
d
el
b
u
ilt
f
o
r
th
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
co
m
p
lie
s
w
it
h
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
w
h
ic
h
it
w
as d
esi
g
n
e
d
,
th
at
is
,
it
allo
w
s
to
an
al
y
ze
th
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
th
e
v
e
h
icle
f
leet
a
n
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
licies
o
n
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
ec
to
r
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
ec
to
r
is
cr
u
cial,
s
i
n
ce
t
h
is
is
th
e
s
ec
to
r
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
s
h
ar
e
o
f
to
tal
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
clea
r
p
o
licies th
at
h
elp
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e,
o
th
er
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
m
o
b
ili
t
y
,
s
u
c
h
as e
lectr
ic
m
o
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
ic
y
cle
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
th
a
n
k
s
to
th
e
f
in
a
n
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
“
Si
m
u
lació
n
d
el
Me
tab
o
lis
m
o
d
e
B
o
g
o
tá
p
ar
a
s
u
Desar
r
o
llo
So
s
te
n
ib
le”
b
e
t
w
ee
n
C
o
lcie
n
cias
a
n
d
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
id
ad
Nac
io
n
al
d
e
C
o
lo
m
b
ia.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
P
e
tr
o
F
,
K
o
n
e
c
n
y
V
,
“
Ca
lcu
lati
o
n
o
f
e
m
issio
n
s
f
ro
m
tran
sp
o
rt
se
rv
ice
s
a
n
d
th
e
ir
u
se
f
o
r
th
e
in
tern
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
ex
tern
a
l
c
o
sts in
ro
a
d
tran
s
p
o
rt”,
P
ro
c
e
d
ia
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
1
9
2
(2
0
1
7
),
p
p
.
6
7
7
-
6
8
2
.
[2
]
F
a
n
F
,
L
e
i
Y,
2
0
1
6
,
“
De
c
o
m
p
o
siti
o
n
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
-
re
late
d
c
a
rb
o
n
e
m
is
sio
n
s
f
ro
m
th
e
t
ra
n
sp
o
rtatio
n
se
c
to
r
i
n
Be
ij
in
g
”
,
T
ra
n
sp
.
Re
s
D
-
T
ra
n
sp
.
En
v
iro
n
,
4
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
5
-
1
4
5
.
[3
]
F
a
n
J.L
.
,
W
a
n
g
J.X
.
,
L
i
F
.
,
Yu
H.
a
n
d
Z
h
a
n
g
X,
“
En
e
rg
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
a
n
d
g
re
e
n
h
o
u
se
g
a
s
e
m
issio
n
s
o
f
u
rb
a
n
p
a
ss
e
n
g
e
r
tran
sp
o
rt
in
th
e
i
n
tern
e
t
e
ra
:
A
c
a
s
e
stu
d
y
o
f
Be
ij
in
”
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Cle
a
n
e
r P
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
,
1
6
5
(2
0
1
7
),
pp.
177
-
1
8
9
.
[4
]
UN
(Un
it
e
d
Na
ti
o
n
s),
2
0
1
6
,
W
ORL
D
CI
T
IES
RE
P
ORT
2
0
1
6
U
rb
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t:
Eme
rg
in
g
F
u
tu
re
s
f
ro
m
:
h
tt
p
:/
/w
c
r.
u
n
h
a
b
it
a
t.
o
rg
,
(A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
o
n
5
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
)
.
[5
]
IEA
(In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
En
e
rg
y
Ag
e
n
c
y
),
2
0
1
6
.
W
o
rld
En
e
rg
y
Ou
tl
o
o
k
2
0
1
6
f
ro
m
:
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w
.
iea
.
o
rg
/n
e
ws
ro
o
m
/n
e
w
s/2
0
1
6
/n
o
v
e
m
b
e
r/
w
o
rld
-
e
n
e
rg
y
-
o
u
tl
o
o
k
-
2
0
1
6
.
(A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
o
n
5
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
)
.
[6
]
M
e
n
g
,
M
.
,
Jin
g
,
K.,
M
a
n
d
e
r,
S
.
,
2
0
1
7
,
“
S
c
e
n
a
rio
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
CO2
e
m
issio
n
s
f
ro
m
Ch
i
n
a
’s
e
lec
tri
c
p
o
w
e
r
in
d
u
stry
”
,
J
.
Clea
n
.
Pro
d
.
,
1
4
2
,
p
p
.
3
1
0
1
-
3
1
0
8
.
[7
]
M
i,
Z
.
,
W
e
i,
Y.
-
M
.
,
W
a
n
g
,
B.
,
M
e
n
g
,
J.,
L
iu
,
Z.
,
S
h
a
n
,
Y.
,
L
iu
,
J.,
G
u
a
n
,
D
.
,
2
0
1
6
,
“
S
o
c
io
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
im
p
a
c
t
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
Ch
in
a
’s C
O2
e
m
iss
io
n
s
p
e
a
k
p
rio
r
t
o
2
0
3
0
”
,
J
.
Clea
n
.
Pro
d
.
,
1
4
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
2
7
-
2
2
3
6
.
[8
]
S
e
n
,
P
.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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4
]
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A
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,
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S
.
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.
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5
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.
a
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d
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6
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rler
V
.
C.
,
Bru
c
k
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a
n
n
D.,
Ch
e
n
M
.
,
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ra
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J.,
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P
.
,
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,
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u
e
n
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ro
w
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i
M
.
,
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e
id
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l
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.
a
n
d
V
ierth
I.
,
“
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h
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7
]
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a
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i
B,
“
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d
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.
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8
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,
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a
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a
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a
n
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l
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.
,
“
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,
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.
[1
9
]
Do
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k
o
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.
,
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,
Ru
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i
A
.
,
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rish
e
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.
,
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ro
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a
n
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M
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in
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.
,
“
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m
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0
]
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o
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.
,
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o
M
.
a
n
d
F
e
n
g
C.
C.
,
“
In
d
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o
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issio
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th
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t:
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.
[2
1
]
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.
N
y
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o
v
,
A
.
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.
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.
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,
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m
M
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”,
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ter
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.
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p
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8
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8
2
.
[2
2
]
Y.
Be
e
h
a
rr
y
,
T
.
P
.
F
o
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u
r,
V
.
H
u
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n
g
s,
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.
Ba
ss
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V.
Ra
m
n
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ra
in
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S
e
e
to
h
u
l,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sin
g
T
ra
n
sp
o
rtat
io
n
Da
ta
w
it
h
Op
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S
o
u
rc
e
Big
Da
ta
A
n
a
ly
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c
T
o
o
ls”
,
In
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
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a
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o
f
El
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c
trica
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E
n
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e
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rin
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n
d
In
f
o
rm
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s
,
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l.
5
,
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o
.
2
,
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u
n
e
2
0
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7
,
p
p
.
1
7
4
-
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8
4
.
[2
3
]
Bo
u
m
e
d
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e
n
e
S
e
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m
a
a
n
d
S
a
m
ira
Ch
o
u
ra
q
u
i,
“
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
tw
o
rk
Na
v
ig
a
ti
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e
c
h
n
iq
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e
f
o
r
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m
a
n
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e
d
V
e
h
icle
”
,
Bu
ll
e
ti
n
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
t
ics
,
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o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
S
e
p
tem
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e
r
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
9
5
-
2
0
0
.
[2
4
]
Zh
o
u
Yu
a
n
a
n
d
M
iao
Ya
o
F
e
n
g
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
In
telli
g
e
n
t
T
r
a
n
sp
o
rtati
o
n
S
y
ste
m
Ba
se
d
o
n
th
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
”
,
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
(T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
n
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l)
, v
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l
.
1
4
,
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o
.
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A
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
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8
0
-
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8
8
.
[2
5
]
L
i
S
h
a
o
w
e
i
a
n
d
Ch
e
n
Yo
n
g
sh
e
n
g
,
“
P
a
ss
e
n
g
e
r
F
lo
w
F
o
re
c
a
st
A
l
g
o
rit
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m
f
o
r
Urb
a
n
Ra
il
T
r
a
n
sit.
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
(
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
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tro
l)
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
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o
.
2
,
F
e
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r
u
a
ry
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
1
-
1
4
7
9
.
[2
6
]
J.
D.
S
term
a
n
,
“
Bu
sin
e
ss
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
s:
s
y
ste
m
s
th
in
k
in
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a
n
d
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
f
o
r
a
c
o
m
p
lex
w
o
rld
”
,
Bo
sto
n
:
Irw
in
/M
c
G
r
a
w
-
Hill
.
,
2
0
0
0
.
[2
7
]
H.
Ra
h
m
a
n
d
a
d
,
&
J.
S
term
a
n
,
“
He
tero
g
e
n
e
it
y
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
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stru
c
tu
re
in
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
s
o
f
d
iff
u
s
io
n
:
C
o
m
p
a
rin
g
a
g
e
n
t
-
b
a
se
d
a
n
d
d
if
fe
re
n
ti
a
l
e
q
u
a
t
io
n
m
o
d
e
ls”
,
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l
5
4
,
p
p
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