Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
5
,
Octo
ber
201
9
, pp.
3333
~
33
43
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
5
.
pp3333
-
33
43
3333
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Modellin
g of sens
ored sp
eed c
ont
rol
of
BL
DC mot
or using
MATLAB
/SIMU
LINK
Basim Als
ayid
, Wael
A. S
alah,
Ya
z
eed
Alaw
neh
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering,
Co
ll
eg
e
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
and
Technol
og
y
,
Pale
stine T
ec
hn
i
ca
l
Univer
sit
y
-
K
adoor
ie (PTUK),
Pale
st
ine
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
1
9
, 201
8
Re
vised
Ma
r
2
7
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Apr
9
, 2
01
9
Rec
en
t
dev
el
op
m
ent
s
in
the
fie
ld
o
f
m
agn
et
i
c
m
at
er
ia
ls
and
power
el
e
ct
roni
cs,
a
lon
g
with
the
avail
abi
lit
y
of
ch
ea
p
powerful
proc
e
ss
ors,
have
inc
re
ase
d
th
e
ad
opti
on
of
b
rushless
dire
c
t
cur
ren
t
(BLDC)
m
otor
s
for
var
ious
appl
i
ca
t
ions,
suc
h
as
in
hom
e
appl
ia
n
ce
s
as
well
as
in
aut
om
oti
ve
,
ae
rospa
ce,
and
m
edi
ca
l
ind
ustrie
s.
The
wid
e
adopt
ion
of
th
is
m
otor
is
due
to
it
s
m
an
y
adva
nt
age
s
over
othe
r
t
y
p
es
of
m
otors,
such
as
hi
gh
eff
icienc
y
,
hi
gh
d
y
nami
c
response,
long
oper
ating
life,
r
el
a
ti
ve
l
y
qui
et
oper
ation,
and
highe
r
spe
ed
ran
ges.
Th
is
pape
r
pre
sen
ts
a
sim
ula
ti
on
of
digi
tal
sensor
cont
rol
o
f
per
m
ane
nt
m
ag
net
BLDC
m
ot
or
spee
d
using
the
MA
TL
AB/
SIM
ULINK
envi
ronm
ent
.
A
cl
osed
loop
spee
d
cont
ro
l
was
de
vel
oped
,
and
dif
fer
ent
te
st
s
were
conduc
t
ed
to
eva
luate
the
val
idi
t
y
of
the
cont
rol
al
gor
it
h
m
s.
Result
s
conf
irm t
he
sat
isf
ac
tor
y
oper
at
io
n
of
th
e
propose
d
cont
ro
l al
gori
t
hm
s.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
BLDC
m
oto
rs
Hall
s
ens
ors
Mod
el
li
ng
Sp
ee
d
c
on
t
ro
l
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Wael A
. S
al
a
h,
Dep
a
rt
m
ent
of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng,
Coll
ege
of
En
gi
neer
in
g
a
nd T
echnolo
gy
,
P
al
est
ine Tec
hnic
al
Unive
rsity
-
Ka
door
ie
(PTUK
),
P.O. Bo
x:
7, Y
afa Street,
T
ulk
arm
, P
al
est
in
e
.
Em
a
il
: waelsa
l
ah.dr
@g
m
ai
l.com
, w
ael
.salah
@p
t
uk.edu.
ps
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Brushle
ss
dire
ct
current
(B
LDC)
va
riable
sp
ee
d
dr
i
ves
are
i
ncr
easi
ngly
ap
plied
i
n
m
any
new
industrial
app
li
cat
ion
s.
Re
ce
nt
dev
el
opm
ents
in
power
el
ect
ronics
an
d
sem
ic
ondu
ct
or
te
c
hnology
ha
ve
le
d
to
their
wi
despre
ad
use
[
1]
.
T
his
ty
pe
of
m
otor
is
now
m
or
e
popu
la
r
in
ap
plica
ti
on
s
,
su
c
h
as
for
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
s,
due
to
it
s
e
nergy
-
e
f
ficent
c
onsu
m
ption
[
2]
.
Furtherm
or
e,
the
BLDC
m
oto
r
has
m
any
ad
va
ntage
s
ov
e
r
the
in
duct
ion
m
oto
r
a
nd
brus
hed
DC
m
otor,
incl
ud
i
ng
bette
r
ef
fici
en
cy
,
power
fact
or,
l
ess
m
a
intenance
,
longer
li
fe
,
an
d
le
ss
r
ot
or
i
ne
rtia
.
BLDC
m
oto
r
is
al
so
easi
er
to
c
on
t
r
ol
with
it
s
tra
pezo
i
dal
co
nfi
gurati
on.
This
stu
dy
util
iz
es
a
three
-
pha
se
BLDC
m
oto
r
with
tra
pez
oid
al
bac
k
EMF
[3]
.
T
he
br
us
he
s
an
d
c
omm
ut
at
ors
hav
e
bee
n
el
im
inate
d,
a
nd
the
wi
nd
i
ngs
are
c
onnected
to
the
co
ntr
ol
ci
rc
uits.
C
omm
uta
ti
on
is
done
el
ect
ro
nical
ly
instea
d
of
us
i
ng
br
us
he
s
[
4]
.
Be
cause
s
uch
m
oto
rs
ha
ve
no
br
us
he
s,
the
y
need
a
so
li
d
sta
te
com
m
utatio
n
ci
rcu
it
in
order
to
supp
ly
the
sta
tor
windin
gs
accor
ding
to
th
e
ro
to
r
p
os
it
io
n
[5]
.
R
oto
r
posit
ion
can
be ob
ta
i
ne
d by ei
ther
a s
ha
ft en
c
oder
or,
m
or
e o
ften
, by
Hall
Effect
se
nsors
[
6]
.
The
dynam
ic
featur
e
s
an
d
di
gital
con
tr
ol
of
t
he
BLDC
m
oto
r
furthe
r
ed
it
s
wide
ut
il
iz
at
ion
in
diff
e
re
nt
hi
gh
and
lo
w
powe
r
a
pp
li
cat
ions,
com
par
ed
wit
h
oth
e
r
t
ypes
of
m
oto
rs.
M
oreo
ver,
t
hese
m
oto
rs
becam
e
on
e
of
the
m
ajo
r
c
om
po
ne
nts
use
d
to
dev
el
op
3D
pr
i
nters
du
e
t
o
it
s
co
m
pat
ibil
it
y
an
d
eas
y
integrati
on
wi
th
us
e
d
dig
it
a
l
con
tr
ollers
[
7]
,
w
hich
are
dig
it
al
ly
con
trolle
d
th
rou
gh
powe
r
el
ect
ronic
conve
rters
i
nte
gr
at
e
d
with
hi
gh
s
peed
m
ic
r
ocontr
oller.
T
he
us
e
of
su
c
h
dev
ic
es
ena
ble
d
a
n
ea
sy
ada
pt
ion
of
BLDC
m
oto
rs
in
3D
pr
i
nter
s
an
d
I
nter
net
of
Thi
ngs
(
IoT)
dev
ic
es
[
8]
.
N
owadays,
r
eal
-
tim
e
con
ne
ct
ion
te
chnolo
gies,
ei
ther
at
the
r
esi
den
ti
al
or
i
ndus
tria
l
le
vel
,
is
co
ns
i
der
e
d
as
t
he
pr
im
ary
te
ch
no
l
ogy
that
est
ablished
a
w
ide r
a
nge
of
I
oT
appli
cat
ion
s
,
su
c
h
as
sm
art h
om
es an
d
a
uto
m
at
ed
industr
ia
l app
li
cat
ion
s
[
9]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
3
333
-
3344
3334
A
re
view
of
the
va
riet
y
of
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
-
base
d
ap
plica
ti
on
s
sho
ws
the
ra
pid
de
vel
op
m
ents
in
sci
ence
an
d
te
chnolo
gy.
T
he
adv
a
ntage
s
in
de
velo
ping
e
m
bed
de
d
m
ic
ro
c
on
tr
ollers
in
m
any
industrial
app
li
cat
io
ns
re
al
iz
ed
rem
ote
m
on
it
or
in
g
a
nd
usi
ng
wire
le
ss/wired
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
of
dif
fer
e
nt
syst
em
s
[
10
]
.
A
BLDC
m
ot
or
dr
ive
ca
n
be
co
ns
ide
red
a
dig
it
al
ly
c
on
t
r
olled
dr
i
ve
syst
e
m
.
Ther
ef
or
e
,
sens
ors
are
i
m
ple
m
ented
to
reali
ze
c
ontr
ol
an
d
dri
ve
syst
em
[11]
.
T
his
is
m
ai
n
ly
req
ui
r
ed
for
ro
t
or
po
sit
io
n.
The
c
omm
utatio
n
pr
ocess
was
accom
plished
us
in
g
a
di
gital
ly
con
t
ro
ll
ed
in
ver
te
r
based
on
Hall
-
e
ff
ec
t
se
ns
ors
sign
al
s.
T
he
B
LDC
m
oto
rs
a
re
c
har
act
erize
d
by
their
rect
angular
cu
rr
e
nt
,
w
hich
nee
ds
six
discrete
r
otor
po
sit
io
ns
[
7]
.
Perm
anen
t
m
a
gn
et
s
create
th
e
ro
to
r
flu
x,
a
nd
the
en
er
gized
sta
tor
wind
ing
s
create
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
po
le
s
.
By
us
in
g
the
a
ppr
opriat
e
sequ
e
nc
e
t
o
sup
ply
the
sta
tor
ph
ase
s,
a
ro
ta
ti
ng
fiel
d
on
the
sta
to
r
is
create
d
and
m
ai
ntained.
Acc
ordin
g
to
the
ro
t
or
pos
it
ion
,
the
phas
e
wind
i
ng
s
a
re
switc
hed
in
a
seq
uen
ce
to
ob
ta
in
the
ro
ta
ti
on
[4]
.
T
he
sp
ee
d
of
a
m
oto
r
can
be
con
tr
olled
usi
ng
op
e
n
lo
op
con
t
ro
l.
Howe
ver,
accur
at
e
sp
ee
d
con
t
ro
l
is
nece
ss
ary
in
va
rio
us
app
li
cat
io
ns
,
wh
ic
h
can
only
be
achieve
d
by
cl
os
e
d
lo
op
sp
eed
c
ontr
ol
[12]
.
The
tor
que pro
du
ce
d
in a BL
DC m
oto
r
with trap
ezoi
dal b
a
ck
el
ect
ro
m
oti
ve
f
or
ce (BEM
F)
is n
ot const
ant d
ue
to
tor
qu
e
ri
pp
l
es
that
app
ear
on
the
delive
red
ou
t
pu
t
tor
qu
e
.
These
to
r
qu
e
rip
ples
ar
e
an
issue
that
co
ul
d
highly
af
fect
the
BL
DC
dr
i
ve
syst
em
per
form
ance
[7
,
11]
.
I
n
t
his
pap
e
r,
di
gital
cl
os
ed
loop
s
pee
d
c
on
trol
is
us
e
d by im
ple
m
enting
c
ontro
l al
gorithm
s in
MATLAB/S
I
MULI
NK
[
13]
.
The
pe
rfo
rm
a
nce
of
a
BLD
C
m
oto
r
co
ntr
ol
base
d
on
a
sing
le
sen
sor
for
posit
ion
detect
ion
is
pr
ese
nted
[
14]
.
The
pro
pose
d
desig
n,
wh
i
ch
rep
la
ces
th
e
three
conve
ntion
al
se
ns
or
s
with
a
sing
le
on
e
,
reduces
c
os
t
a
nd
c
om
plexity
.
In
a
ddit
ion
,
the
pr
opos
e
d
dri
ve
syst
em
wil
l
be
po
wer
e
d
directl
y
from
t
he
P
V
syst
e
m
,
based
on
t
he
desig
ne
d
hi
gh
volt
age
-
gain
DC
-
DC
c
onve
rter
.
M
AT
LAB/SIM
ULINK
res
ults
sho
wed
a
pro
per
op
e
rati
on
of
BL
DC
m
oto
r
f
or
va
riable
ram
ped
up
a
nd
do
wn
s
pee
ds
with
fixe
d
to
rqu
e
[14]
.
Anothe
r
stu
dy
pr
ese
nted
the
s
peed
co
ntr
ol
of
BLDC
m
oto
r
con
t
ro
l
us
in
g
S
ing
le
I
nput
F
uz
zy
PI
Co
ntr
oller
as
a
rep
la
cem
ent
for
th
e
c
omm
o
nly
us
ed
c
onve
ntion
al
li
nea
r
c
on
t
ro
ll
er.
The
adv
a
ntage
s
of
the
pro
pose
d
syst
e
m
include
a
sing
le
c
on
t
ro
l
config
ur
at
i
on
w
hich
c
om
bin
es
the
pe
r
form
ance
of
dif
fer
e
nt
syst
e
m
s.
The
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
the
propose
d
syst
em
,
co
m
par
ed
with
the
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
syst
e
m
,
sh
ow
e
d
a
bette
r
dynam
ic
r
esponse
[
15]
.
2.
CONSTR
U
C
TION
A
ND O
PERATI
ON P
RINCIPLE
2.1.
Mot
or
c
on
s
tr
uctio
n
The
BLDC
m
otor
is
an
AC
synch
ron
ou
s
m
oto
r.
It
is
ba
sic
al
ly
inside
-
ou
t
DC
m
oto
r
as
it
has
the
windin
gs
on
th
e
sta
tor
a
nd
th
e
ro
t
or
is
a
perm
anen
t
m
agn
et
,
as
s
how
n
in
Figure
1
[16]
.
The
m
ai
n
func
ti
on
of
the
br
us
he
s
i
n
the
DC
m
oto
r
is
t
o
rev
e
rse
the
pola
rit
y
of
the
el
ect
ric
cu
rr
e
nt
usi
ng
t
he
m
echan
ic
al
com
m
utator.
T
his
process
res
ults
in
he
at
in
g
an
d
s
parks
du
rin
g
the
m
oto
r
operati
on,
in
add
it
io
n
t
o
el
e
ct
rical
losses,
w
hic
h
in
retu
rn
requir
e
per
io
dic
m
a
i
ntena
nce.
T
he
issue
with
cu
rrent
com
m
utati
on
ca
n
be
ove
r
com
e
us
in
g
el
ect
ron
ic
co
m
m
utati
o
n.
T
he
pola
rity
rev
ersal
in
the
brus
hless
DC
m
oto
r
is
per
f
orm
ed
by
the
sem
ic
on
duct
or
po
w
er
switc
he
s.
A
gro
up
of
hall
-
ef
fect
sensors
is
us
ed
to
synch
ronize
the
switc
hin
g
with
instanta
ne
ous
r
otor
po
sit
io
n.
The
m
os
t
com
m
on
ly
us
ed
se
ns
or
c
ontr
ol
is
the
si
x
ste
p
c
on
t
ro
l.
This
co
ntr
ol
is
base
d
on
capt
uri
ng
the
r
ot
or
posit
ion
at
six
a
ng
le
s
us
i
ng
the
hall
se
nsors
.
T
he
se
nsor
sig
na
l
is
nee
ded
to
al
ign
the
ap
plied
volt
age
with
the
m
oto
r
back
-
E
MF.
T
o
valida
te
this
ty
pe
of
con
t
ro
l,
a
po
w
er
co
nverte
r,
with
th
e
con
t
ro
l
ba
sed
on
ro
t
or
po
sit
ion
m
easur
em
e
nt,
is
require
d.
The
extra
c
os
t
fo
r
powe
r
co
nverter
is
com
pe
ns
at
ed
by
the
a
dvanta
ge
the
BLDC
dr
i
ve
syst
em
of
fe
rs
ov
e
r
DC
m
oto
rs,
an
d
al
so
by
the
dec
re
asi
ng
pri
ces
of
powe
r
com
po
ne
nts
a
nd
c
on
t
ro
l
ci
rc
ui
ts.
Othe
r
a
dv
a
ntages
inclu
de
excell
ent
perform
ance
and
hi
gh
e
r
reli
abili
ty
wi
t
h
low
m
ai
ntenance
r
e
qu
irem
ent
[
17
]
. Fi
gure
2
sh
ows
the m
oto
r
circuit a
nd it
s con
necti
on to
the inve
rter.
Figure
1
.
Str
uc
ture of
BLDC
m
oto
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Mo
delli
ng
of s
ens
or
ed
spe
ed
con
tr
ol
of BL
D
C mo
t
or
us
i
ng
MATLAB/
SI
M
UL
INK (
B
as
im
Alsayid)
3335
Figure
2
.
Moto
r
c
onnecti
on to
the inve
rter
Exclu
ding t
he m
utu
al
ind
ucta
nce
betwee
n p
hase
windin
gs
,
the m
oto
r
e
qu
at
ion
s ca
n be e
xpresse
d
as:
=
+ L
d
/dt+
=
+ L
d
/dt+
=
+ L
d
/dt+
Te=1/ωm
(
eai
a+ebib+eci
c)
2.2.
Mot
or oper
at
i
on
and c
on
tr
ol
The
BL
DC
m
otor
detect
s
th
e
posit
ion
of
t
he
r
otor
us
in
g
Hall
sens
or
s
.
Thr
ee
sens
ors,
HA,
HB
,
an
d
HC
are
re
qu
i
r
ed
f
or
po
sit
io
n
in
form
at
ion
.
W
it
h
t
hr
ee
se
ns
ors,
six
pos
sible
valid
co
m
m
utati
on
seq
uen
ce
s
cou
l
d
be
obta
ined
.
Eve
ry
60
el
ect
rical
deg
r
ees
of
r
otati
on,
on
e
of
the
Ha
ll
se
ns
or
s
c
hanges
sta
te
.
Therefo
re
,
it
ta
kes
six
step
s
to
com
plete
an
el
ect
rical
c
yc
le
[18]
.
Tabl
e
1
sh
ows
the
switc
hing
seq
ue
nce
us
e
d
to
r
un
the
m
oto
r
in
the
clo
ck
wise
direct
ion
.
Fi
gure
3
s
hows
the
Hall
sens
or
sig
nals
with
res
pect
to
back
EMF
a
nd
the
ph
a
se c
urren
ts
[
3,
19
,
20]
.
Table
1
.
Seque
nce
for rotat
in
g
the
m
oto
r
in
cl
ockwise
dire
ct
ion
Seq
u
en
ce
Hall sen
so
r
A (
H
A)
Hall sen
so
r
B (HB)
Hall sen
so
r
C (HC)
Activ
e
Switch
es
Ph
ase
Cu
rr
en
t A
Ph
ase
Cu
rr
en
t B
Ph
ase
Cu
rr
en
t C
1
1
1
0
S3
,S2
0
+1
-
1
2
1
0
0
S1
,S2
+1
0
-
1
3
1
0
1
S1
,S6
+1
-
1
0
4
0
0
1
S5
,S6
0
-
1
+1
5
0
1
1
S5
,S4
-
1
0
+1
6
0
1
0
S3
,S4
-
1
+1
0
Accor
ding
to
Table
1
a
nd
F
igure
3,
for
se
qu
e
nce
1,
S
3
and
S2
a
re
sw
it
ched
on,
a
nd
accor
dingly
,
Ph
ase
B
c
urre
nt
is
po
sit
ive
,
P
hase
C
c
urre
nt
is
neg
at
i
ve,
a
nd
P
hase
A
c
urr
ent
is
zer
o.
I
n
Figure
4,
we
c
an
see
the
ene
r
gized
windin
gs
a
nd
t
he
sta
to
r
el
ect
r
om
agn
e
ti
c
fiel
d
(
ST)
resu
lt
ing
f
ro
m
this
sit
uation.
I
n
t
he
sam
e
fig
ur
e,
we
can
see
the
rot
or
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
(
R)
fo
rm
ing
120
el
ect
rical
deg
r
ees
with
the
sta
tor
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d.
F
or
se
qu
e
nce
2,
S
1
and
S2
a
re
s
witc
hed
on,
a
nd
acc
ordin
gl
y,
Ph
ase
A
cu
rr
e
nt
is
po
sit
ive
,
Ph
ase
C
cur
ren
t
is
neg
at
ive
,
an
d
Ph
ase
B
curre
nt
is
zero
.
I
n
Figure
5,
we
can
see
the
ene
rg
iz
e
d
windin
gs
a
nd
t
he
sta
tor
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
(
ST)
res
ulti
ng
from
this
sit
uation.
I
n
the
sam
e
figu
re
w
e
can
see
the
r
otor
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
(
R)
form
in
g
120
el
ect
rica
l
de
gr
ees
with
th
e
sta
t
or
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
f
ie
ld.
Fo
r
se
qu
e
nce
3,
S1
an
d
S
6
a
re
s
witc
hed
on
,
an
d
acc
ordin
gly,
P
hase
A
c
urren
t
is
posit
ive,
Ph
ase
B
c
urre
nt
is
neg
at
ive
, a
nd P
hase C c
urre
nt
is zero
.
In
Fig
ur
e
6,
w
e
can
see
the
e
nergized
wi
nd
i
ng
s
an
d
t
he
sta
tor
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
(
ST)
re
su
lt
in
g
from
this
sit
uation.
I
n
the
s
a
m
e
figu
re
,
w
e
can
see
the
ro
t
or
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
(
R)
form
ing
120
el
ect
rical
degrees
with
th
e
sta
tor
el
ect
rom
agn
et
ic
fiel
d.
Fo
r
s
eq
ue
nce
4,
S
5
a
nd
S
6
a
r
e
switc
he
d
on
.
Accor
dingly
,
P
hase
C
curre
nt
is
posit
ive,
Ph
ase
B
curre
nt
is
ne
gative,
an
d
Phase
A
cu
rr
e
nt
i
s
zer
o.
I
n
Fi
gure
7,
we
ca
n
s
ee
the
energize
d
windin
gs
an
d
the
sta
tor
el
ect
rom
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
(
ST)
resu
lt
ing
from
this
s
it
uation.
I
n
th
e
sa
m
e
fig
ur
e,
we
can
see
th
e
rot
or
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
(
R)
fo
rm
ing
120
el
ect
rical
deg
r
ees
with
the
sta
tor
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d.
For
se
qu
e
nce
5,
S
5
and
S
4
are
s
witc
hed
on.
Acc
ordi
ng
ly
,
P
hase
C
cur
re
nt
is
posit
ive,
Ph
ase
A
cu
rr
e
nt
is n
e
gative, a
nd P
hase B c
ur
ren
t i
s ze
r
o.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
3
333
-
3344
3336
Figure
3
.
W
a
ve
for
m
s o
f Hal
l sens
ors, BEM
F,
to
r
qu
e
and
phase c
urre
nts
Figure
4
.
S
e
quence
1
Figure
5
.
S
e
quence
2
Figure
6
.
S
e
quence
3
Figure
7
.
S
e
quence
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Mo
delli
ng
of s
ens
or
ed
spe
ed
con
tr
ol
of BL
D
C mo
t
or
us
i
ng
MATLAB/
SI
M
UL
INK (
B
as
im
Alsayid)
3337
In
Fig
ure
8,
w
e
can
see
t
he
e
nergized
wi
nd
i
ng
s
a
nd
the
sta
tor
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
(
ST)
res
ulti
ng
from
this
sit
uation.
I
n
the
s
a
m
e
figu
re
,
w
e
can
see
the
ro
t
or
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
(
R)
form
ing
120
el
ect
rical
degrees
wit
h
the
sta
tor
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
fiel
d.
F
or
se
quenc
e
6,
S
3
an
d
S4
are
switc
he
d
on,
an
d
acco
r
di
ng
ly
,
Ph
ase
B
c
urre
nt
is
po
sit
ive
,
P
hase
A
c
urren
t
is
ne
gative,
a
nd
P
hase
C
c
urr
ent
is
zer
o.
I
n
Figure
9,
we
c
an
see
the
ene
r
gized
windin
gs
a
nd
t
he
sta
to
r
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
(
ST)
resu
lt
ing
f
ro
m
this
sit
uation.
I
n
t
he
sam
e
fig
ur
e,
we
can
see
the
rot
or
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
(
R)
fo
rm
ing
120
el
ect
rical
deg
r
ees
with
the
sta
tor
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
[21]
.
F
ro
m
the
above
con
si
der
at
io
ns,
we
can
see
that
the
relat
i
ve
posit
ion
be
tween
sta
tor
a
nd roto
r
m
agn
et
ic
f
ie
lds at the
be
ginning o
f
al
l t
he
si
x
se
quences
is
120
el
ect
rical
degrees.
Figure
8
.
S
e
quence
5
Figure
9
.
S
e
quence
6
If
ret
urned
bac
k
to
seq
ue
nce
1,
at
the
beg
i
nnin
g
of
the
sequ
e
nce,
the
relat
ive
po
sit
io
n
betwee
n
th
e
sta
tor
an
d
r
ot
or
fiel
ds
is
120
el
ect
rical
degrees,
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
10.
Assum
ing
that
after
30
el
ect
rical
degrees
the
r
ot
or
posit
io
n
bec
om
e
as
sh
own
in
Fi
gu
re
11,
this
m
eans
that
the
sta
tor
m
a
gn
et
ic
fiel
d
an
d
the
ro
t
or
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
are
no
w
perpe
nd
ic
ular.
If
the
sam
e
con
side
rati
ons
ar
e
m
ade
at
the
end
of
se
quenc
e
1
an
d
befor
e
t
he
be
gi
nn
in
g
of
se
qu
ence
2,
the
n
we
sti
ll
hav
e
t
he
sam
e
sta
tor
fiel
d,
wh
e
rea
s
th
e
r
otor
fiel
d
has
m
ov
ed
by
a
not
her
30
el
ect
ric
al
degrees
in
c
lock
wise,
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
12.
The
an
gl
e
betwee
n
sta
tor
an
d
ro
t
or
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
ds
is
60 ele
ct
rical
d
eg
rees.
By
stud
yi
ng
t
he
relat
ive
posit
ion
b
et
wee
n
sta
tor
a
nd
r
ot
or
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
ds
durin
g
al
l
the
6
seq
ue
nces,
it
is
found
that
it
var
ie
s
bet
w
een
60
a
nd
12
0
el
ect
rical
de
gr
ees
with
a
n
a
ver
a
ge
value
of
90
de
gr
e
e.
Figure
10
sh
ows
the
rel
at
ive
po
sit
io
n
of
sta
to
r
an
d
ro
to
r
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
ds
at
the
beg
i
nn
i
ng
of
seq
ue
nce
1
(12
0
o
)
.
Figure
11 sho
ws
the
r
el
at
ive
po
sit
io
n of t
he sa
m
e
m
agn
et
ic
f
ie
lds i
n
the m
idd
le
of
seq
ue
nc
e 1
(90
o
)
.
Fi
gure
12
sh
ows
the
relat
ive posit
io
n of
the sam
e two
m
agn
et
ic
f
ie
lds
at the e
nd of s
equ
e
nce
1 (
60
o
)
.
Figure
10. Rel
at
ive posit
ion
of stat
or an
d rot
or
m
agn
et
ic
f
i
el
ds
at
(
120
o
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
3
333
-
3344
3338
Figure
11. Rel
at
ive posit
ion
of stat
or an
d rot
or
m
agn
et
ic
f
ie
lds
at (
90
o
)
Figure
12. Rel
at
ive posit
ion
of stat
or an
d rot
or
m
agn
et
ic
f
ie
lds
at (
60
o
)
2.3.
Clos
ed
lo
op s
peed c
ontrol
The
cl
ose
d
l
oop
sp
ee
d
c
on
t
ro
l
of
BL
DC
is
sh
ow
n
in
F
igure
13.
The
sp
ee
d
of
the
m
oto
r
ω
m
is
com
par
ed
wit
h t
he
ref
e
ren
ce
ω
m
*
sp
eed
value,
a
nd
s
pee
d
e
rror
Δω
m
is pr
oc
essed by a propo
rtion
al
-
I
ntegr
at
iv
e
PI
co
ntr
oller.
The
ou
t
pu
t
of
this
co
ntro
ll
er
is
con
si
der
e
d
a
s
the
refe
re
nce
current.
A
c
urren
t
li
m
it
er
is
pu
t
on
the outp
ut
de
pe
nd
i
ng on m
axi
m
u
m
per
m
issib
le
w
i
nd
i
ngs c
urren
ts
[
4,
22
-
24]
.
Figure
13
.
T
he
close
d
lo
op s
pe
ed
c
on
t
ro
l
of
BLDC
Dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
ro
t
or
posit
ion
,
the
re
f
eren
ce
c
urren
t
gen
e
rato
r
bl
ock
ge
ner
at
es
three
-
phase
ref
e
ren
ce
cu
rr
e
nts,
Ia*,
I
b*,
a
nd
Ic
*,
by
ta
kin
g
the
value
of
the
P
I
s
pee
d
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
a
nd
li
m
it
er.
The
ref
e
ren
c
e
currents
a
re
fe
d
to
the
Hyste
resis
cu
rr
e
nt
con
t
ro
l
le
r
[4]
.
The
he
ste
resis
current
c
on
t
rol
le
r
co
ntri
bu
te
s
to
th
e
gen
e
rati
on
of
s
witc
hing
si
gn
a
ls
for
t
he
in
ve
r
te
r.
Hesteresis
-
band
P
W
M
is
basical
ly
an
in
sta
ntane
ou
s
fe
edb
a
c
k
current
c
on
tr
ol
m
et
ho
d
of
P
WM,
w
her
e
t
he
act
ual
cur
re
nt
con
ti
nu
al
ly
tracks
the
c
omm
and
cu
rr
e
nt
within
hyste
resis
-
ba
nd,
a
s
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
14.
A
s
cu
rr
e
nt
e
xcee
ds
uppe
r
ba
nd
lim
it
(U
BL)
,
t
he
uppe
r
s
witc
h
tu
r
ns
off
an
d
the
lo
wer
s
witc
h
tur
ns
on.
As
the
c
urren
t
ex
ceeds
the
lower
band
lim
it
(LBL),
uppe
r
switc
h
t
urns
on
and lo
wer swic
h
tu
r
ns
off
[4]
.
Figure
14
.
Hes
te
resis co
ntr
oller
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Mo
delli
ng
of s
ens
or
ed
spe
ed
con
tr
ol
of BL
D
C mo
t
or
us
i
ng
MATLAB/
SI
M
UL
INK (
B
as
im
Alsayid)
3339
The
s
witc
hing
patte
rn
for
the
pro
po
se
d
m
odel
is
sh
own
i
n
Table
2
[
25
]
.
This
cl
arifies
t
he
se
qu
e
nce
need
e
d
to
dr
i
ve
the
powe
r
switc
hes
of
the
inv
e
rter
in
the
appr
opriat
e
m
a
nn
e
r.
T
he
se
quenc
e
f
or
m
the
base
to
desig
n
t
he
s
uitable
alg
or
it
hm
to
dri
ve
the BL
DC m
oto
r.
Table
2
.
Sw
it
c
hing
patte
rn
Cas
e
Activ
ated
switch
IA
˃
UBL
S1
is of
f
and
S4 is
o
n
IA
<
L
BL
S1
is on
and
S4 is o
ff
IB ˃
UB
L
S3
is of
f
and
S6 is
o
n
IB <
LBL
S3
is
o
n
and
S6
is
of
f
IC ˃
UB
L
S5
is of
f
and
S2 is
o
n
IC <
LBL
S5
is on
and
S2 is o
ff
The
cl
os
e
d
loop
sp
ee
d
con
t
ro
l
bl
oc
k,
as
show
n
in
Figure
13,
is
i
m
plem
ented
in
MATLAB/S
I
MULI
NK,
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
15.
The
s
how
n
figure
prese
nts
the
com
plete
syst
e
m
in
the
BLDC
m
oto
r
an
d
it
s c
onnecti
on
with
the
dr
i
ve
a
nd
con
t
ro
l si
de,
ba
sed o
n
se
nsore
d op
e
rati
on.
Figure
15
.
M
A
TLAB/SIM
UL
INK cl
os
ed
lo
op s
pee
d
c
on
tr
ol
b
loc
k diag
ram
3.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
The
BL
DC
m
oto
r
dr
i
ve
us
e
d
for
sim
ulati
on
is
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure
15.
The
s
pecifica
ti
ons
of
the
BLDC
m
oto
r
are
li
ste
d
in
Table
3.
Diff
e
re
nt
sim
u
la
ti
on
pa
ram
eter
s
hav
e
bee
n
captu
red.
I
n
t
he
fo
ll
owi
ng
fi
gures,
so
m
e o
f
the
r
es
ults, r
el
at
ive
to
a step
sp
ee
d o
f 150
0
r
pm
an
d l
oad to
rque
of
10 N
m
, ar
e i
nc
lud
e
d.
Table
3
.
M
otor
p
a
ram
et
ers
Para
m
eters
No
.
o
f
po
les
2
No
.
o
f
ph
ases
3
Ty
p
e of
con
n
ectio
n
Star
Res
istan
ce /Ph
0
.2 Ω
Self
-
in
d
u
ctan
ces
0
.00
8
5
H/Ph
Mo
m
en
t of
inertia
0
.89
Kg/
m
2
Torq
u
e con
stan
t
1
.4
The
s
pee
d
res
pons
e
a
nd
refe
ren
ce
sp
ee
d
are
s
how
n
as
in
Fig
ure
16.
The
el
ect
r
om
a
gn
et
ic
to
r
que
dev
el
op
e
d
by
the
m
oto
r
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
17.
T
he
s
how
n
res
ults
of
t
he
pro
pos
ed
de
sig
n
re
ve
al
ed
a
sat
isfact
or
y
s
pe
ed
an
d
to
rqu
e
respo
ns
e.
I
n
Fig
ur
e
18,
the
ste
ady
-
sta
t
e
ref
e
ren
ce
c
urren
ts
a
re
show
n.
In ad
diti
on, in
Figure
19, s
te
a
dy
-
sta
te
r
e
fer
e
nce a
nd r
eal
c
urre
nts ar
e
s
how
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
3
333
-
3344
3340
Figure
1
6
.
Sp
e
ed resp
onse
for
a step
of
1500
rp
m
, lo
ad
torq
ue 10 Nm
Fig
u
re
1
7
.
T
or
qu
e
d
e
velo
pe
d for a
ste
p
s
pee
d of 1
500 r
pm
,
load to
rque
10
N
m
Figure
1
8
.
Stea
dy
-
sta
te
r
e
fer
e
nce c
urren
ts
fo
r
s
peed o
f 1
500 rp
m
an
d l
oa
d t
orq
ue of 1
0 N
m
Figure
19 Stea
dy
-
sta
te
r
e
fer
e
nce a
nd r
eal
c
urre
nts fo
r
s
pee
d of 1
500 r
pm
and loa
d
to
r
que
of
10 N
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Mo
delli
ng
of s
ens
or
ed
spe
ed
con
tr
ol
of BL
D
C mo
t
or
us
i
ng
MATLAB/
SI
M
UL
INK (
B
as
im
Alsayid)
3341
The
three
-
ph
as
e
trapezo
i
dal
ba
ck
EMF
(ea,
eb,
ec)
,
are
show
n
in
Fig
ur
e
20
.
Fig
ur
e
21
show
s
the
Hall
Ef
fect
se
ns
or,
H
A,
BE
MF
ea,
a
nd
ph
ase
A
real
c
urr
ent
an
d
t
orque
.
The
di
ff
e
ren
t
sp
ee
d
respo
nse
s
an
d
ref
e
ren
ces
for
diff
e
ren
t
s
pe
ed
ste
ps
are
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
22.
T
he
presented
r
esults
sh
ow
a
sat
isf
act
or
y
respo
ns
e
at
var
io
us
m
oto
r
sp
eeds.
T
he
ou
t
pu
t
cu
rr
e
nt
an
d
EMF
gen
e
ra
te
d
by
BLDC
m
oto
r
are
sh
own
i
n
Figure
23. T
he
r
es
ults o
f
the
dev
el
op
e
d
m
oto
r
contr
oller s
how
a sm
oo
th
outp
ut EMF a
nd
curre
nt.
Figure
20
.
BE
MF (ea,
eb an
d ec
) for s
pee
d of 1
500 r
pm
an
d
loa
d
t
orq
ue o
f 10 Nm
Figure
21
.
Hall
sen
s
or A, BE
MF (ea
),
phase
curre
nt A an
d t
orqu
e
for spee
d of 1
500 r
pm
and loa
d
tor
qu
e
of
10 Nm
Figure
2
2
.
Sp
e
ed resp
onses
f
or d
if
fer
e
nt ste
p
s
pee
ds
, l
oad
tor
qu
e
10 Nm
Figure
23
.
T
he
outp
ut curre
nt
and EMF t
oru
ge
r
ip
ples
gen
e
r
at
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
3
333
-
3344
3342
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
pa
per
,
t
he
m
ai
n
feature
s
of
th
e
BLD
C
m
oto
r
we
re
discusse
d
a
nd
analy
zed.
A
m
od
el
of
the
dig
it
al
sp
ee
d
con
t
ro
l
of
BL
DC
Moto
r,
i
n
cl
ockwise
an
d
co
unte
rcloc
kw
ise
directi
ons,
is
pr
e
sente
d.
T
he
pr
ese
nted
m
od
el
was
s
uccess
fu
ll
y
de
velo
pe
d
in
Ma
tl
ab/Si
m
ul
ink
e
nv
ir
onm
ent
and
te
st
ed
at
di
ff
e
ren
t
sp
ee
ds
.
The
sim
ulati
on
res
ults
co
nfi
r
m
ed
the
validi
ty
of
t
he
pro
pose
d
c
on
tr
oller
in
te
rm
s
of
sa
ti
sfactor
y
op
e
r
at
ion
.
The
pro
posed
desig
n
e
xhibit
ed
a
good
dyna
m
ic
p
erfor
m
ance and s
pee
d
re
gu
la
ti
on.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hors
would
li
ke
to
thank
Pale
sti
ne
Tech
nical
Un
i
ver
sit
y
-
Ka
doori
e
for
suppo
rting
this
researc
h.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
P.
K.
Sharm
a
an
d
A.
S.
Sind
eka
r
,
“
Perform
anc
e
a
naly
s
is
and
compari
son
of
B
LD
C
m
otor
drive
using
PI
and
FO
C,
”
pp.
485
-
492
,
20
17.
[2]
W
.
A.
Sala
h
,
e
t
al.
,
“
E
le
c
tric
ve
hic
l
e
technolog
y
impact
s
on
en
e
rg
y
,
”
In
te
rnatio
nal
Journal
of
P
ower
El
e
ct
ronic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
S
ystem
s,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
10
(
1
)
,
pp
.
1
-
9
,
201
9.
[3]
J.
Riz
k,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Brushless
DC
mot
or
cont
rol
usi
ng
a
digi
t
al
sign
al
cont
ro
ller,
”
in
Proce
edi
ngs
of
the
5th
WSE
AS
int
ernati
ona
l co
nfe
renc
e
on
Circ
uit
s,
syst
ems and
signals (
CSS’11)
,
pp.
23
-
28
,
201
1.
[4]
C.
Sanita
and
J
.
Kunche
ria,
“
Modell
ing
and
si
m
ula
ti
on
of
fou
r
quadr
ant
oper
at
ion
of
three
p
hase
brushless
DC
m
otor
with
hy
st
ere
sis
cur
ren
t
co
ntrol
ler,
”
In
te
rn
ati
onal
Journal
of
Adv
anc
ed
Res
earc
h
in
El
ectric
al
,
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
Instrum
ent
a
ti
on
Engi
ne
ering
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
2
(
6
)
,
2013.
[5]
C.
Concari
and
F.
Troni,
“
Sensorless
cont
rol
of
BLDC
m
otors
at
low
spe
ed
base
d
on
d
i
ffe
ren
t
ia
l
BEM
F
m
ea
surem
ent
,
”
i
n
Ene
rgy
Conv
e
rs
ion
Congress
and
Ex
posi
ti
on
(
ECCE
)
,
2010
I
E
EE
,
pp.
1772
-
17
77
,
2010
.
[6]
B.
Sensored
,
“
Motor
Contro
l
Us
i
ng
dsP
IC30F201
0,
”
M
ic
roc
tf
ip
Technol
og
y
In
c,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
2
(
004
)
,
2004.
[7]
W
.
A.
Sala
h,
et
al.
,
“
Im
ple
m
ent
at
ion
of
PW
M
cont
rol
strateg
y
for
torque
rip
ple
s
re
duction
i
n
brushless
DC
m
otors,
”
Elec
tri
cal
Engi
ne
ering,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
97
(
3
)
,
pp.
239
-
250,
20
15.
[8]
M.
A.
M.
Albr
ee
m
,
et
al.
,
“
Gree
n
in
te
rn
e
t
of
thi
ngs
(IoT
):
An
over
vie
w,
”
in
2017
IEEE
4th
Inte
rnationa
l
Confe
renc
e
on
S
mar
t
Instrum
ent
ati
on,
Me
asur
em
ent
and
Applica
t
ion
(
ICSIMA
)
,
pp.
1
-
6
,
2017
.
[9]
S.
Stoukat
ch,
et
al.
,
“
Additi
v
e
lo
w
te
m
per
at
ure
3
D
print
ed
elec
tr
onic
as
ena
b
li
ng
te
chnol
og
y
for
IoT
appl
i
ca
t
ion,
”
in
2017
I
EEE
19
th
E
le
c
tronic
s
P
ack
aging
Techn
ology
Con
fe
renc
e
(
EP
TC
)
,
pp.
1
-
6
,
2017
.
[10]
W
.
A.
Sala
h
and
B.
A.
Zne
id,
“
Evol
uti
on
of
Microc
ontro
ll
er
-
base
d
Remote
Monitori
ng
S
y
st
em
Applic
at
ions
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of El
e
ct
ri
c
al
and
Comput
er
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
vo
l
/i
ss
ue:
9
(
4
)
,
201
9.
[11]
W
.
A.
Sala
h,
et
al.
,
“
Minim
iz
ation
of
torque
ri
pple
s
in
BLDC
m
otors
due
t
o
p
hase
comm
uta
tion
-
A
rev
ie
w,
”
Przeglad
E
le
k
tro
te
chn
ic
zny
(
Elec
tric
al
Revi
ew)
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
87
(
1
)
,
p
p.
183
-
188
,
201
1.
[12]
L.
A.
Jos
e
and
K.
Kart
hik
e
y
an
,
“
A
compara
ti
v
e
stud
y
of
sinus
oida
l
PW
M
and
spac
e
v
ec
to
r
PW
M
of
a
vec
t
o
r
cont
rolled
BL
DC
m
otor,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Adv
a
nce
d
R
ese
arch
in
El
e
ct
ri
cal
,
El
e
ct
ronics
a
nd
Instrum
ent
ati
on
Engi
ne
ering,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
2
(
6
)
,
pp
.
2662
-
2668,
201
3.
[13]
V.
G. TK,
et al
.
,
“
DSP ba
sed
Spe
ed
Contro
l
of
Pe
rm
ane
nt
Magn
et Brushle
ss
DC
Motor.
”
[14]
G.
G.
R
.
Sekh
ar
and
B.
Ban
aka
r
a
,
“
Perform
anc
e
of
brushless
DC
drive
with
sing
le
cur
ren
t
s
en
sor
fed
from
PV
with
high
volt
ag
e
-
gain
DC
-
DC
conve
rte
r,
”
Inte
rnat
io
nal
Journal
of
Powe
r
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
Syste
ms
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
9
(
1
)
,
pp
.
33
-
45
,
2018.
[15]
N
.
N.
Baha
rudi
n
and
S.
M.
Ay
ob,
“
Brushless
DC
m
otor
spee
d
cont
rol
using
si
ngle
input
fuz
z
y
PI
cont
rol
le
r,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
ems,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
9
(
4
)
,
pp
.
1952
-
1966
,
20
18.
[16]
M.
T
.
Inc
,
“
Sens
ore
d
BLDC
Mo
t
or
Control using D
spic30F2010,
”
in
AN
957,
2004
.
[17]
G.
Prasad,
et
a
l.
,
“
Speed
cont
ro
l
of
Brushless
DC
m
otor
wi
th
DS
P
cont
roller
usin
g
Matl
ab
,
”
Inte
r
nati
onal
Journal
of
Eng
ine
ering
Re
search
and
A
ppli
cations (
IJERA
)
,
vol
/
issue:
2
(
3
)
,
pp
.
2120
-
21
25,
2012
.
[18]
R.
Yana
m
shetti
and
J.
N.
Ans
ar
i,
“
Microc
o
ntroller
Cont
rolled
B
LDC
Drive
for
El
e
ct
ri
c
Veh
ic
l
e
,
”
In
te
rnationa
l
Journal
of
Engi
n
ee
rin
g,
vol
/
issue:
1
(
10
)
,
2012.
[19]
M.
F.
Tsai
,
e
t
al.
,
“
Model
construc
ti
on
and
v
eri
fi
ca
t
ion
of
a
BLDC
m
otor
using
MA
TL
AB/S
IM
ULINK
and
FPGA
cont
rol
,
”
in
I
ndu
strial
Elec
tronics
and
Applicatio
ns (
ICIEA
)
,
2011
6th
I
EEE
Conf
ere
nce on
,
pp.
1
797
-
1802
,
2011
.
[20]
P.
Yeda
m
al
e
,
“
Brushless
DC
(
BLDC)
Motor
Fundam
ent
al
s,
”
Mic
rochip
Te
ch
nology
Inc
,
App
li
cation
note
,
v
ol.
AN
885
,
2003
.
A
vai
l
abl
e
:
ht
tp:
/
/ww1.m
ic
roc
hip
.
co
m
/downloa
ds/en/
AppN
ote
s/00885a.
pdf
.
[21]
L.
Bonom
etti
,
“
Convert
it
or
i
d
i
p
ote
nz
a e
servom
otori
brushl
ess
,”
UTET
p
eri
odi
ci,
2001.
[22]
G.
R.
P.
La
kshm
i
and
S.
Para
m
asiva
m
,
“
ds
PI
C
base
d
Pow
er
As
sisted
Stee
rin
g
using
Brushless
Dire
ct
Curre
nt
m
otor,
”
Ame
rica
n
Journal
o
f App
li
ed
Scienc
es,
vo
l
/i
ss
ue:
10
(
11
)
,
p
p.
1419
-
1426
,
2
013.
[23]
M.
Nasee
ruddin and
A.
M.
Prasad,
“
Anal
y
sis of
t
he
spee
d
cont
ro
l
of
BLDC
m
otor
on
m
at
la
b/sim
ulink,
”
in
N
ati
on
al
Confe
renc
e
On
El
e
ct
rica
l
S
ci
en
c
es
-
2012
(
NCES
-
12)
,
pp.
978
-
93
,
2012
.
[24]
W
.
Brown,
“
Bru
shl
ess dc
m
otor cont
rol
m
ade
ea
s
y
,
”
M
ic
ro
ch
ip
T
ec
hnolog
y
In
c,
p
p.
1
-
48
,
2002
.
[25]
U.
Vinat
ha,
e
t
al.
,
“
Sim
ula
ti
on
of
four
quadr
ant
oper
at
ion
&
spee
d
cont
rol
of
B
LDC
M
OTO
R
on
M
ATLAB
/
SIM
ULINK
,
”
2008.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.