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MA
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
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7
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
1
7
:
3
1
6
–
323
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ch
e
m
e
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
ad
j
u
s
ts
H
ello
in
ter
v
al
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
r
is
k
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
o
r
th
e
s
e
n
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er
w
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ile
tr
an
s
m
itt
in
g
a
p
ac
k
et
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a
b
r
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k
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li
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k
th
at
i
s
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o
t
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etec
ted
b
y
Hello
m
es
s
ag
in
g
;
I
n
s
tead
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
Hello
in
ter
v
al,
t
h
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
u
s
es
a
co
n
s
tan
t
r
i
s
k
lev
e
l.
A
s
t
h
e
e
v
en
t
in
ter
v
al
i
n
cr
ea
s
es,
t
h
e
Hel
l
o
in
ter
v
al
ca
n
al
s
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
w
it
h
o
u
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
r
i
s
k
.
I
f
t
h
e
ev
e
n
t
in
ter
v
al
is
ex
tr
e
m
el
y
lar
g
e,
th
e
Hello
m
e
s
s
a
g
in
g
i
n
ter
v
al
is
also
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
l
y
lar
g
e;
t
h
at
is
Hello
m
es
s
ag
in
g
i
s
p
r
ac
tical
l
y
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
.
W
h
en
a
n
o
d
e
r
ec
eiv
es
o
r
s
en
d
s
a
p
ac
k
et,
th
e
Hello
m
es
s
ag
i
n
g
in
ter
v
a
l
is
r
eset
to
a
d
ef
au
lt
v
alu
e
s
o
th
a
t
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
s
k
ep
t
in
a
n
eig
h
b
o
r
tab
le
f
o
r
ac
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
.
T
h
u
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
with
I
DF
S
a
n
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
Hello
in
ter
v
al
h
e
lp
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
b
at
ter
y
d
r
ain
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ac
t
ical
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
an
u
n
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
He
llo
m
es
s
ag
in
g
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ev
e
n
t
in
te
r
v
al
o
f
a
n
o
d
e,
th
e
Hello
in
ter
v
al
ca
n
b
e
en
lar
g
ed
w
ith
o
u
t
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
etec
tab
ilit
y
o
f
a
b
r
o
k
en
lin
k
,
w
h
ic
h
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
v
er
h
ea
d
an
d
h
id
d
en
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Hen
ce
it
allo
w
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
o
f
b
o
th
s
o
u
r
ce
s
r
o
u
t
in
g
an
d
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
I
P
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
.
W
h
en
d
o
in
g
t
h
is
,
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
o
f
P
SR
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
I
n
[
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
tr
u
s
t
b
ased
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
M
ANE
T
f
o
r
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
o
f
d
ata
in
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
.
Au
t
h
o
r
b
y
co
u
n
ter
ac
ti
n
g
to
th
e
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
d
ata
an
d
ar
b
itra
r
ily
d
ata
h
av
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
d
es
ig
n
ed
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
m
es
s
ag
e.
T
h
is
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
al
s
o
p
r
ev
en
ts
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
g
a
in
s
t
b
lac
k
h
o
le
attac
k
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
f
r
o
m
[
6
-
8
]
p
r
o
v
id
e
t
h
e
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
f
o
r
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
d
ata
e
f
f
icie
n
tl
y
to
a
s
in
g
le
d
es
tin
a
tio
n
n
o
d
e
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
n
o
d
e
in
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Z
e
h
u
a
W
an
g
[
1
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
SR
b
y
m
ai
n
tai
n
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
u
s
in
g
s
p
an
n
i
n
g
tr
ee
.
Her
e
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
B
FS
an
d
s
tr
ea
m
li
n
ed
d
if
f
er
en
tial
u
p
d
ate
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
u
s
ed
.
W
an
g
also
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
n
e
w
co
n
ce
p
t,
k
n
o
w
n
as
C
OR
M
AN
[
1
1
]
,
w
h
ich
i
s
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
la
y
er
s
o
lu
t
io
n
to
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
is
tic
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
in
m
o
b
il
e
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
co
n
tai
n
s
th
r
ee
m
o
d
u
les t
h
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
ch
alle
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g
es.
B
eh
r
en
s
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d
Gar
cia
p
r
o
p
o
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ed
in
1
9
9
4
th
e
L
i
n
k
Vec
to
r
(
L
V)
alg
o
r
it
h
m
[
1
2
]
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
o
f
(
L
in
k
s
tate)
L
S
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
e
x
tr
e
m
e
l
y
b
y
o
n
l
y
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
l
in
k
s
in
d
ata
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
in
r
o
u
ti
n
g
u
p
d
ates.
T
h
e
ex
tr
e
m
e
ca
s
e
o
f
L
V,
t
h
at
o
n
e
lin
k
i
s
in
cl
u
d
ed
p
er
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
co
in
cid
es
w
it
h
th
e
P
F
A.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
in
itial
l
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et,
b
u
t t
h
eir
id
ea
s
w
er
e
later
u
s
ed
to
d
ev
is
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
t
h
e
M
A
NE
T
.
A
r
ec
e
n
t
w
o
r
k
d
o
n
e
b
y
L
e
v
c
h
en
k
o
et
al.
[
1
3
]
ca
lled
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
li
n
k
s
tate
(
X
L
)
co
n
tai
n
s
t
h
e
L
V
a
n
d
P
FA
in
a
n
u
ts
h
ell.
T
o
d
ef
in
e
t
h
e
co
r
r
ec
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
s
tr
etch
is
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
o
p
ti
m
ali
t
y
s
o
u
n
d
n
es
s
an
d
co
m
p
lete
n
e
s
s
.
XL
al
s
o
u
s
es
laz
y
u
p
d
ate
co
n
ce
p
t
to
f
u
r
t
h
er
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
X
L
,
n
o
d
e
s
en
d
s
u
p
d
ate
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
th
at
co
n
tai
n
s
th
e
ch
a
n
g
ed
lin
k
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
o
n
th
e
o
n
l
y
w
a
y
t
h
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
ass
ed
to
a
g
iv
e
n
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
o
r
th
e
u
p
d
ated
lin
k
t
h
at
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
co
s
t to
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
e.
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
3
.
1
.
O
v
er
View
o
f
P
r
o
a
ct
iv
e
So
urce
Ro
uting
I
n
P
SR
(
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
s
o
u
r
ce
r
o
u
ti
n
g
)
b
ased
w
ir
eles
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
h
a
s
its
o
w
n
r
o
u
ti
n
g
tab
l
e
w
h
ic
h
co
n
ta
in
cu
r
r
en
t d
esti
n
at
io
n
n
o
d
es,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
n
e
ed
ed
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
t
o
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
a
n
d
th
e
li
n
k
s
to
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
w
ith
o
t
h
er
n
o
d
e
s
.
I
n
P
SR
,
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
h
a
s
d
ep
th
-
f
ir
s
t
iter
ati
v
e
d
ee
p
en
in
g
s
p
an
n
in
g
tr
ee
o
f
w
h
o
le
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
r
o
o
ted
at
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e.
T
o
m
ai
n
tai
n
th
e
en
tire
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e,
ea
ch
iter
atio
n
n
o
d
es
i
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
n
ee
d
s
to
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
th
e
s
p
an
n
i
n
g
tr
ee
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
to
th
e
b
est
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
p
er
io
d
ically
.
Du
r
i
n
g
r
ec
en
t
iter
atio
n
,
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
is
co
llected
f
r
o
m
n
eig
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
es.
B
ased
o
n
th
i
s
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
n
o
d
e
ca
n
ex
p
a
n
d
an
d
r
e
f
r
es
h
it
s
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
b
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
in
g
d
ep
th
-
f
ir
s
t
iter
at
iv
e
-
d
ee
p
en
i
n
g
t
r
ee
.
T
h
is
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
w
ill
b
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
its
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
in
t
h
e
n
e
x
t r
o
u
n
d
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
as u
n
d
ir
ec
ted
g
r
ap
h
G
=
(
V,
E
)
(
1
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w
h
er
e,
V
is
t
h
e
s
et
o
f
n
o
d
es o
r
v
er
tices a
n
d
E
is
t
h
e
s
et
o
f
w
i
r
eless
li
n
k
s
o
r
ed
g
es.
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318
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o
o
t
n
o
d
e
in
s
p
an
n
i
n
g
tr
ee
w
h
ich
h
as
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
ex
is
te
n
ce
its
el
f
.
No
d
e
V
is
ex
ch
a
n
g
in
g
s
p
a
n
n
i
n
g
tr
ee
w
i
th
th
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
f
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
DFI
D
w
i
th
in
N
[
v
]
.
A
t
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
ea
ch
o
p
er
atio
n
in
ter
v
al,
n
o
d
e
v
h
as
co
llected
r
ec
en
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
m
ess
a
g
e
s
f
r
o
m
its
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
an
d
u
p
d
ate
i
ts
o
w
n
DFI
D.
I
t
th
e
n
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ts
th
i
s
tr
ee
to
it
s
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
at
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
p
er
io
d
.
3
.
2
.
Dept
h
-
F
irst
I
t
er
a
t
iv
e
-
Dee
penin
g
A
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
f
i
n
d
s
a
g
o
al
s
tate
s
tar
ti
n
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
i
ti
al
s
tate
b
y
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
s
tate
s
i
n
th
e
s
tate
s
p
ac
e.
A
s
ea
r
ch
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
h
i
ch
s
u
f
f
er
s
n
ei
th
er
t
h
e
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
o
f
b
r
ea
d
th
-
f
ir
s
t
n
o
r
d
ep
th
-
f
i
r
s
t
s
ea
r
ch
o
n
tr
ee
s
is
d
ep
th
-
f
ir
s
t
iter
ati
v
e
-
d
ee
p
en
i
n
g
(
DFI
D)
.
A
b
r
u
te
-
f
o
r
ce
s
ea
r
ch
i
s
a
s
ea
r
ch
alg
o
r
it
h
m
t
h
at
u
s
es
n
o
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
th
er
th
a
n
th
e
i
n
itial
s
tate,
th
e
o
p
er
ato
r
s
o
f
th
e
s
p
ac
e,
an
d
a
test
f
o
r
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
d
ep
th
-
f
ir
s
t
s
ea
r
ch
I
ter
ati
v
e
d
ee
p
en
in
g
is
a
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
s
e
ar
ch
s
tr
ate
g
y
in
w
h
ic
h
a
d
ep
t
h
-
li
m
ited
s
ea
r
ch
is
r
u
n
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
d
ep
th
li
m
it
w
it
h
ea
c
h
iter
atio
n
u
n
til
it
r
ea
ch
es
d
,
th
e
d
ep
th
o
f
t
h
e
s
h
allo
w
e
s
t
g
o
al
s
tate.
DF
I
D
is
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t
to
b
r
ea
d
th
-
f
ir
s
t
s
ea
r
c
h
,
b
u
t
u
s
es
m
u
c
h
le
s
s
m
e
m
o
r
y
o
n
ea
c
h
it
er
atio
n
,
it
v
i
s
its
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
tr
ee
i
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
o
r
d
er
as
d
ep
th
-
f
ir
s
t
s
ea
r
ch
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
cu
m
u
lati
v
e
o
r
d
er
in
w
h
ich
n
o
d
es
ar
e
f
ir
s
t
v
i
s
ited
is
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
b
r
ea
d
th
-
f
ir
s
t.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
o
r
k
s
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
First,
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
a
d
ep
t
h
-
f
ir
s
t
s
ea
r
ch
to
d
ep
th
o
n
e.
T
h
en
,
d
is
ca
r
d
in
g
th
e
n
o
d
es
g
en
er
ated
i
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ea
r
ch
,
s
tar
t
o
v
er
an
d
d
o
a
d
ep
th
-
f
ir
s
t
s
ea
r
c
h
to
lev
el
t
wo
.
Nex
t,
s
tar
t
o
v
er
ag
ain
a
n
d
d
o
a
d
e
p
th
-
f
ir
s
t
s
e
ar
ch
to
d
ep
th
th
r
ee
,
etc.
,
co
n
tin
u
in
g
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
n
til
a
g
o
alst
ate
i
s
r
ea
ch
ed
.
Sin
ce
D
FID
ex
p
an
d
s
al
l
n
o
d
es
at
a
g
iv
e
n
d
ep
th
b
ef
o
r
e
ex
p
an
d
in
g
an
y
n
o
d
es
at
a
g
r
ea
ter
d
ep
th
,
it
is
g
u
ar
a
n
teed
to
f
i
n
d
a
s
h
o
r
test
-
le
n
g
t
h
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Als
o
,
s
in
ce
at
an
y
g
i
v
e
n
ti
m
e
it
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
d
ep
th
-
f
ir
s
t
s
ea
r
ch
,
an
d
n
e
v
er
s
ea
r
ch
es
d
ee
p
er
th
an
d
ep
th
d
,
th
e
s
p
ac
e
i
t
u
s
es
is
O
(
d
)
.
Dep
th
-
f
ir
s
t
ite
r
ativ
e
-
d
ee
p
en
in
g
i
s
as
y
m
p
to
ticall
y
o
p
ti
m
al
a
m
o
n
g
b
r
u
te
-
f
o
r
ce
tr
ee
s
ea
r
ch
es
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
ti
m
e,
s
p
ac
e,
an
d
len
g
th
o
f
s
o
lu
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
d
escr
ib
ed
b
elo
w
.
DFS
d
ep
th
(
N,
li
m
it):
DFS
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tar
ti
n
g
s
tate
N
an
d
w
it
h
a
d
ep
th
cu
t
o
f
f
at
th
e
d
ep
th
li
m
it.
Do
DFS
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tar
ti
n
g
s
tate
N0
w
it
h
o
u
t e
x
ce
ed
in
g
a
g
i
v
e
n
d
ep
th
li
m
it.
a.
L
e
n
g
t
h
(
x
,
y
)
: th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
e
d
g
es b
et
w
ee
n
a
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
x
a
n
d
th
e
n
o
d
e
y
.
b.
Dep
th
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
x
i
n
a
tr
ee
=
len
g
t
h
(
r
o
o
t,
x
)
.
3
.
3
.
Dept
h
-
F
irst
I
t
er
a
t
iv
e
-
Dee
penin
g
Alg
o
rit
h
m
Du
e
to
b
ad
ch
a
n
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
(
i.e
.
lin
k
f
ai
lu
r
e)
m
an
y
n
o
d
es
ar
e
in
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
n
o
d
e
v
,
th
eir
p
er
io
d
ic
b
ea
co
n
u
p
d
ates
w
er
e
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
v
.
I
n
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
h
el
lo
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
ch
e
m
e,
lin
k
f
ail
u
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
n
o
t
n
ee
d
to
b
e
u
p
d
ated
u
n
til
its
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
is
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
i
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
ti
m
e
in
ter
v
a
l
b
et
w
ee
n
w
h
e
n
a
li
n
k
f
ail
u
r
e
i
s
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
a
n
d
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
lin
k
is
ac
tu
a
ll
y
n
ee
d
ed
.
Du
r
in
g
T
,
m
u
l
tip
le
Hello
p
ac
k
ets ar
e
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
.
I
f
a
n
o
d
e
h
a
s
m
o
v
ed
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t p
o
s
it
io
n
w
h
er
e
n
o
ac
tiv
e
n
o
d
es a
r
e
in
i
ts
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
b
u
t
b
r
o
a
d
ca
s
t
th
e
h
e
llo
m
ess
a
g
e,
e
n
e
r
g
y
is
co
n
s
u
m
ed
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
il
y
.
T
o
av
o
id
th
i
s
p
r
o
b
lem
,
Hello
p
ac
k
et
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
h
ello
m
ess
a
g
i
n
g
s
ch
e
m
e
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
T
a
is
g
iv
e
n
as
T
a
=
(
A
L
L
OW
E
D
HE
L
L
O
L
OSS−0
.
5
)
∗
HE
L
L
O
I
NT
E
R
VAL
(
2
)
I
f
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
e
m
o
v
es
o
u
t o
f
th
e
s
en
d
er
’
s
tr
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
r
an
g
e,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e
ac
tio
n
s
:
a.
Sen
d
er
is
as
k
ed
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
o
r
b.
Sen
d
er
is
n
o
t a
s
k
ed
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
ca
s
e
(
1
)
,
b
ec
au
s
e
li
n
k
f
ail
u
r
e
w
ill
in
c
u
r
.
T
o
r
ec
tify
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
,
t
h
e
s
en
d
er
m
u
s
t
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
it
s
lin
k
to
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
h
o
p
n
o
d
e
p
r
io
r
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
a
p
ac
k
et
b
y
s
ettin
g
th
e
HE
L
L
O
I
NT
E
R
VAL
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
w
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
t
h
e
ex
p
ir
atio
n
p
er
io
d
r
esp
ec
t
to
a
g
iv
e
n
ev
e
n
t
i
n
te
r
v
al.
B
y
d
o
in
g
th
i
s
,
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
Hello
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
a
r
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
av
o
id
th
e
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
Hello
m
es
s
ag
e
s
,
ca
lcu
late
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
a
p
ac
k
et
i
n
a
g
i
v
e
n
ti
m
e
p
er
io
d
.
A
ll
in
t
er
v
als
ar
e
s
m
aller
t
h
a
n
d
e
f
au
l
t
HE
L
L
O
I
NT
E
R
V
AL
(
i.e
.
,
1
s
ec
)
,
An
al
y
s
i
s
th
e
ev
e
n
t
i
n
ter
v
a
ls
,
x
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
d
e
f
a
u
lt
HE
L
L
O
I
NT
E
R
V
AL
s
in
ce
th
e
Hello
in
ter
v
a
l
is
n
o
t
ch
a
n
g
ed
if
t
h
e
i
n
ter
v
al
i
s
s
m
a
ller
th
an
1
s
ec
.
T
h
e
cu
m
u
la
tiv
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
C
D
F)
o
f
x
is
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
F(x
,
β)=
1
−
e−
x
/β
(
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
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Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
1
7
:
3
1
6
–
323
319
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h
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p
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er
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e
n
o
d
es in
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
,
A
v
er
a
g
e
d
ela
y
(
i
n
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
)
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
lo
w
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
ex
is
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l a
n
d
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
lo
w
a
v
er
ag
e
d
ela
y
w
h
ile
v
ar
y
i
n
g
th
e
n
o
d
es.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
,
Ov
er
h
ea
d
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
lo
w
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
e
x
i
s
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
an
d
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
lo
w
o
v
er
h
ea
d
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
d
u
r
in
g
p
ac
k
et
tr
an
s
f
er
w
h
il
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
th
e
n
o
d
es.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
,
P
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
(
in
%)
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
h
ig
h
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l.
I
t sh
o
w
s
th
at
t
h
e
h
ig
h
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
w
h
ile
v
ar
y
in
g
t
h
e
n
o
d
es.
I
n
f
ig
u
r
e
9
,
B
an
d
w
id
t
h
(
Kb
p
s
)
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
is
h
i
g
h
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
e
x
is
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
an
d
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
h
ig
h
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
w
h
ile
v
ar
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
s
tan
t b
it r
ate.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
1
7
:
3
1
6
–
323
321
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
u
f
f
er
u
tili
za
tio
n
Vs
v
ar
y
i
n
g
n
o
d
es
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Av
er
ag
e
d
ela
y
V
s
v
a
r
y
in
g
n
o
d
es
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ov
er
h
ea
d
Vs
v
ar
y
i
n
g
n
o
d
es
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
P
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
Vs v
ar
y
in
g
n
o
d
es
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
B
an
d
w
id
t
h
Vs v
ar
y
i
n
g
n
o
d
es
4
.
3
.
Sp
ee
d
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
av
er
a
g
e
d
ela
y
,
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
r
atio
a
n
d
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
w
it
h
v
ar
y
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
e
x
is
t
in
g
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
10
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
b
u
f
f
er
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
i
th
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
an
d
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
h
i
g
h
B
u
f
f
er
u
ti
lizatio
n
w
h
ile
v
ar
y
in
g
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
1
,
Av
er
a
g
e
d
ela
y
(
in
m
ill
is
ec
o
n
d
s
)
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
lo
w
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
e
x
is
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
,
Ov
er
h
ea
d
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l is lo
w
co
m
p
ar
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
th
e
P
r
o
a
ctive
R
o
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
in
g
Dep
th
F
ir
s
t I
tera
tive
Dee
p
en
in
g
…
(
Ju
s
tin
S
o
p
h
ia
I
)
322
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
3
,
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
r
atio
(
in
%)
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
is
h
ig
h
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
e
x
is
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l w
h
ile
v
ar
y
in
g
t
h
e
co
n
s
tan
t b
it r
ate.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
4
,
B
an
d
w
id
th
(
i
n
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
)
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
h
i
g
h
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
i
th
t
h
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
h
ile
v
ar
y
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
b
it
r
ate.
Fro
m
th
e
r
es
u
lt,
it
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
esu
lt
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
,
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
av
er
a
g
e
d
ela
y
a
n
d
b
u
f
f
er
u
t
ilizatio
n
w
it
h
v
ar
y
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
,
n
o
d
es a
n
d
co
n
s
tan
t b
it r
ate.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
B
u
f
f
er
u
tili
za
tio
n
V
s
v
ar
y
in
g
n
o
d
es
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
A
v
er
a
g
e
d
ela
y
Vs
v
ar
y
in
g
s
p
ee
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
: O
v
er
h
ea
d
Vs
v
ar
y
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
: P
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
ati
o
Vs v
ar
y
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
\
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
B
an
d
w
id
th
V
s
v
ar
y
in
g
s
p
ee
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
1
7
:
3
1
6
–
323
323
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
m
e
m
o
r
y
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
e
f
f
icie
n
t
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
ass
i
s
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
i
s
tic
d
ata
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
in
M
A
NE
T
s
.
I
n
P
SR
,
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
in
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
er
v
es
s
p
an
n
i
n
g
tr
ee
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
o
o
ted
its
elf
.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
s
p
er
io
d
ically
e
x
ch
an
g
ed
a
m
o
n
g
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es
f
o
r
u
p
d
ated
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
P
SR
allo
w
s
a
n
o
d
e
to
h
av
e
f
u
l
l
-
p
at
h
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
to
all
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
alt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
s
t
i
s
o
n
l
y
l
in
e
ar
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
es.
T
h
is
allo
w
s
it
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
o
th
s
o
u
r
ce
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
I
P
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
.
W
h
en
d
o
in
g
t
h
is
,
w
e
tr
y
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
m
e
m
o
r
y
o
v
er
h
ea
d
o
f
P
SR
as
m
u
ch
as
w
e
ca
n
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lt
s
i
n
d
icate
t
h
at
P
SR
h
a
s
o
n
l
y
a
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
o
v
er
h
ea
d
th
a
n
ex
is
t
in
g
w
o
r
k
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Ch
lam
tac
I,
Co
n
ti
M
,
L
iu
JJ
.
“
M
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
:
i
m
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s”
,
Ad
h
o
c
n
e
t
wo
rk
s
.
2
0
0
3
Ju
l
31;
1
(
1
):
13
-
64.
[2
]
P
a
p
a
d
im
it
ra
to
s
P
,
Ha
a
s
ZJ.
“
S
e
c
u
re
m
e
ss
a
g
e
tran
s
m
issio
n
in
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s”
,
Ad
Ho
c
Ne
t
wo
rk
s
.
2
0
0
3
Ju
l
31;
1
(1
)
:
1
9
3
-
2
0
9
.
[3
]
M
a
m
a
th
a
G
S
,
S
h
a
r
m
a
DS,
“
Ne
tw
o
rk
La
y
e
r
A
tt
a
c
k
s
a
n
d
De
fe
n
se
M
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
s
in
M
A
N
ET
S
-
A
S
u
rv
e
y
”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
mp
u
ter
Ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
(
0
9
7
5
–
8
8
8
7
)
V
o
l
u
m
e
,
2
0
1
0
No
v
.
[4
]
P
e
riy
a
sa
m
y
P
a
n
d
Nirm
a
lsa
m
S
,
“
Re
d
u
c
in
g
Re
tran
sm
is
sio
n
De
la
y
in
M
o
b
il
e
-
A
DH
OC
–
Ne
t
w
o
rk
(M
A
NET
)
”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
P
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
Vo
lu
m
e
4
,
Iss
u
e
4
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
4
,
IS
S
N 2
2
5
0
-
3
1
5
3
.
[5
]
L
i
N,
Da
s
S
K.,
“
A
tru
st
-
b
a
se
d
f
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
f
o
r
d
a
ta
f
o
rw
a
rd
in
g
in
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
isti
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s”
,
Ad
Ho
c
Ne
two
rk
s
.
2
0
1
3
Ju
n
3
0
;
1
1
(
4
):
1
4
9
7
-
5
0
9
.
[6
]
Bo
ld
ri
n
i
C,
Co
n
ti
M
,
P
a
ss
a
re
ll
a
A
.
“
E
x
p
lo
it
in
g
u
se
rs’
so
c
ial
re
latio
n
s
to
f
o
rw
a
rd
d
a
ta
in
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
isti
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s:
T
h
e
HiBOp
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
”
,
Per
v
a
siv
e
a
n
d
M
o
b
i
le Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
.
2
0
0
8
Oc
t
3
1
;
4
(
5
):
6
3
3
-
5
7
.
[7
]
Bu
rg
e
ss
J,
G
a
ll
a
g
h
e
r
B,
Je
n
se
n
D,
L
e
v
in
e
BN.
“
M
a
x
P
ro
p
:
Ro
u
ti
n
g
f
o
r
V
e
h
icle
-
Ba
se
d
Disru
p
ti
o
n
-
T
o
lera
n
t
Ne
tw
o
rk
s”
,
In
INFOCOM
2
0
0
6
A
p
r
2
3
(
V
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
1
).
[8
]
L
in
d
g
re
n
A
,
Do
ria
A
,
S
c
h
e
lén
O.
“
P
r
o
b
a
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