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ec
tio
n
.
1
.
1
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
ed
O
ptic
a
l
-
Wirele
s
s
Acc
ess
Net
w
o
rk
Op
tical
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
b
e
in
g
w
id
el
y
d
ep
lo
y
ed
n
o
w
a
d
ay
s
w
h
er
e
it
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
h
i
g
h
ca
p
ac
it
y
an
d
lo
n
g
er
d
is
ta
n
ce
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
.
P
ON
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
w
id
e
l
y
d
ep
lo
y
ed
o
p
tical
ac
ce
s
s
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
o
d
ate
,
s
ev
er
al
P
ON
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
P
ON
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
c
h
a
s
E
P
ON
an
d
1
0
G
-
E
P
ON
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
ized
b
y
I
E
E
E
an
d
GP
ON
a
n
d
NG
-
P
ON
b
y
I
T
U
-
T
.
T
a
b
le
1
p
r
o
v
id
es su
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
en
ab
li
n
g
P
ON
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
w
ir
el
ess
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
h
a
v
e
ev
o
lv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
g
en
er
atio
n
(
1
G)
u
n
til
t
h
e
f
if
th
g
en
er
ati
o
n
(
5
G)
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
er
s
p
ee
d
an
d
in
cl
u
d
in
g
n
e
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
er
v
ice
f
o
r
n
e
w
p
ac
k
et
f
o
r
m
ats,
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
u
s
er
s
.
C
u
r
r
en
tl
y
,
w
e
ar
e
at
th
e
4
G
w
h
ic
h
r
ef
er
s
to
all
-
I
P
p
ac
k
et
-
s
w
itc
h
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
m
o
b
ile
u
l
tr
a
-
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
(
g
ig
ab
it
s
p
ee
d
)
ac
ce
s
s
a
n
d
m
u
lti
-
ca
r
r
ier
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
L
o
n
g
T
er
m
E
v
o
lu
tio
n
(
L
T
E
)
an
d
W
o
r
ld
w
id
e
I
n
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
Mic
r
o
w
a
v
e
A
cc
e
s
s
(
W
iMA
X)
i
s
a
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
4
G
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
m
is
e
d
ata
r
ate
s
o
f
1
0
0
Mb
p
s
.
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
d
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
th
ese
w
ir
e
less
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
ac
ce
s
s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
atis
f
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
d
e
m
a
n
d
,
o
th
er
tr
en
d
s
to
e
m
er
g
e
ar
e
f
e
m
to
ce
lls
.
Fe
m
to
ce
lls
ar
e
s
m
a
ll,
lo
w
p
o
w
er
B
S
t
y
p
icall
y
d
esig
n
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
a
h
o
m
e
o
r
s
m
all
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
.
I
t
ca
n
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
b
o
o
s
t
u
p
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
ca
p
ac
it
y
[
8]
an
d
s
tu
d
ie
s
in
[
9
]
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
f
e
m
to
ce
lls
ca
n
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
b
o
th
ac
ce
s
s
d
ata
r
ate
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
i
n
ar
ea
s
w
ith
h
i
g
h
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
en
s
ities
t
h
u
s
m
a
k
i
n
g
th
e
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
as
an
attr
ac
ti
v
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
o
r
d
er
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ca
p
ac
it
y
an
d
co
v
e
r
a
g
e
in
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
w
a
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t o
p
tical
ac
ce
s
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es
D
a
t
a
r
a
t
e
(
G
b
p
s)
W
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
(
n
m)
Ty
p
i
c
a
l
M
a
x
.
S
p
l
i
t
t
i
n
g
r
a
t
i
o
Ty
p
i
c
a
l
M
a
x
.
D
i
st
a
n
c
e
(
k
m)
DS
US
DS
US
G
P
O
N
2
.
4
4
1
.
2
4
1
4
9
0
1
3
1
0
1
:
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4
20
EPO
N
1
.
2
5
1
.
2
5
1
4
9
0
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3
1
0
1
:
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6
20
1
0
G
EPO
N
10
10
10
1
1
5
7
5
–
1
5
8
0
1
2
6
0
–
1
2
8
0
1
:
1
6
1
:
3
2
20
NG
-
P
O
N
1
10
2
.
5
1
5
7
5
–
1
5
8
0
1
2
6
0
–
1
2
8
0
1
:
1
2
8
20
NG
-
P
O
N
2
40
40
N
/
A
1
:
1
0
2
4
1
0
0
T
ab
le
2
.
Gen
er
atio
n
in
w
ir
eles
s
ac
ce
s
s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
Y
e
a
r
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
A
c
c
e
ss
S
y
st
e
m
D
a
t
a
R
a
t
e
s
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
i
e
s
1G
1
9
8
0
s
A
M
P
S
,
N
M
T
,
T
A
C
S
F
D
M
A
2
.
4
k
b
p
s
8
0
0
M
H
z
2G
1
9
9
3
G
S
M
,
G
P
R
S
,
ED
G
E
T
D
M
A
,
C
D
M
A
6
4
k
b
p
s
9
0
0
M
H
z
,
1
8
0
0
M
H
z
3G
2
0
0
1
U
M
T
S
,
H
S
P
A
C
D
M
A
3
.
1
M
b
p
s
2
1
0
0
M
H
z
4G
2
0
0
9
L
T
E,
W
i
M
A
X
C
D
M
A
1
0
0
M
b
p
s
8
5
0
M
H
z
,
1
8
0
0
M
H
z
5G
2
0
2
0
(
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
)
B
e
y
o
n
d
L
T
E
C
D
M
A
1
-
1
0
G
b
p
s
S
u
b
-
G
H
z
r
a
n
g
e
T
r
en
d
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
tr
af
f
ic
f
r
o
m
w
ir
ele
s
s
an
d
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
w
ill
s
u
r
p
as
s
tr
af
f
ic
f
r
o
m
w
ir
ed
d
ev
ices
b
y
y
ea
r
2
0
1
8
[
1
0
]
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
f
u
t
u
r
e
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
ac
c
ess
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
h
av
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
y
w
h
er
e,
an
y
ti
m
e
an
d
in
w
h
ate
v
er
f
o
r
m
at
w
e
n
ee
d
it,
b
u
t
al
s
o
m
o
r
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
tl
y
h
a
v
e
to
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
d
i
g
ital
d
i
v
id
e
a
n
d
o
f
f
er
s
i
m
p
l
icit
y
a
n
d
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
li
n
es
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
ti
m
u
la
te
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
n
e
w
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
s
er
v
ice
s
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
g
o
al,
o
p
tical
an
d
w
ir
ele
s
s
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ca
n
b
e
in
te
g
r
ated
in
a
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
tar
y
w
a
y
.
So
m
e
wo
r
k
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
is
i
n
te
g
r
ated
n
et
w
o
r
k
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
2
]
,
th
er
e
ar
e
p
o
ten
tiall
y
f
o
u
r
i
n
te
g
r
ated
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es;
n
a
m
el
y
t
h
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
ONU
-
B
S,
h
y
b
r
id
ONU
-
B
S,
u
n
if
ied
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
-
o
r
ien
ted
an
d
m
icr
o
w
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I
n
d
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d
en
t
ONU
-
B
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d
ir
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tl
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co
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n
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t
s
ONU
to
th
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ta
n
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t
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et
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ter
f
ac
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C
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h
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ONU
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teg
r
ate
s
ONU
an
d
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in
b
o
t
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h
ar
d
w
ar
e
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
w
ar
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T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
m
o
d
i
f
icatio
n
o
n
t
h
e
O
NU/B
S
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
U
n
i
f
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co
n
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ec
tio
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-
o
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ie
n
ted
d
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s
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m
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ar
c
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itect
u
r
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as
h
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id
ONU
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S.
Ho
w
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v
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,
th
e
u
n
i
f
i
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a
r
ch
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r
e
ca
n
b
e
r
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n
lik
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a
W
iM
A
X
n
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wo
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k
w
it
h
th
e
ab
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to
g
r
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t
b
an
d
w
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s
in
g
W
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’
s
co
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-
o
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ted
.
On
th
e
o
th
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h
a
n
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icr
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w
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m
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la
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W
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s
i
g
n
al
o
n
a
w
ir
eless
ca
r
r
ier
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
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Rela
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a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
in
th
e
f
ie
ld
o
f
in
t
eg
r
ated
o
p
tical
w
ir
eles
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
ee
t
t
h
e
co
s
t
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
u
b
iq
u
i
to
u
s
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
ex
t
g
en
er
atio
n
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
w
o
r
k
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
i)
p
h
y
s
ical
la
y
er
,
ii)
MA
C
la
y
er
an
d
iii)
n
et
w
o
r
k
la
y
er
.
I
n
[
1
3
]
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
B
S
s
ch
e
m
e
b
ased
o
n
r
ef
lecti
v
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
o
p
tical
a
m
p
li
f
ier
(
R
SO
A
)
t
h
at
en
ab
le
s
b
o
th
w
ir
eless
a
n
d
w
ir
ed
s
er
v
ices
to
g
eth
er
b
y
m
a
k
in
g
it
la
s
er
f
r
ee
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
s
c
h
e
m
e
is
r
el
a
tiv
el
y
e
x
p
e
n
s
i
v
e
s
in
ce
t
h
e
o
p
tical
ca
r
r
ier
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
b
e
d
eliv
er
ed
to
ea
ch
h
y
b
r
id
B
S.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
y
later
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tall
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
y
b
r
id
B
S
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
th
a
t
u
s
e
s
s
elf
s
ee
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
R
SO
A
[
1
4
]
.
A
s
a
r
es
u
lt,
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
f
ee
d
er
f
ib
er
is
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
co
s
t
o
f
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t.
I
n
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
a
u
th
o
r
s
in
[
1
5
]
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
s
i
m
ilar
h
y
b
r
id
B
S
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
as
p
r
ev
io
u
s
b
u
t
in
s
tead
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
R
SO
A
,
th
e
y
u
s
e
d
v
er
t
ical
ca
v
it
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e
e
m
itti
n
g
laser
(
V
C
SE
L
)
as
t
h
e
o
p
tical
s
o
u
r
ce
w
h
ic
h
f
u
r
t
h
er
p
r
o
v
id
es c
o
s
t e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
es
s
w
it
h
o
u
t a
n
y
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
tr
o
l.
Au
t
h
o
r
s
in
[
1
6
]
h
av
e
p
r
esen
te
d
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
n
a
m
el
y
up
-
li
n
k
s
ch
ed
u
le
r
w
it
h
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
u
tili
za
tio
n
f
o
r
W
DM
E
P
ON.
I
n
[
1
7
]
,
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
ce
n
tr
alize
d
s
c
h
ed
u
li
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
t
h
at
s
h
o
r
te
n
s
t
h
e
p
ac
k
e
t
d
ela
y
an
d
t
h
e
ti
m
e
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
d
ata
u
p
o
n
r
eq
u
esti
n
g
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
n
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
i
n
te
g
r
ated
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
9
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
[
1
8
]
,
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
al
l
o
ca
tio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
th
at
ad
o
p
ts
an
o
p
tical
b
u
r
s
t
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
lo
n
g
r
ea
ch
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
au
th
o
r
s
in
[
1
9
]
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
s
leep
m
o
d
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
t
F
iW
i
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
I
n
[
9
]
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
p
r
ese
n
ted
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
th
e
in
te
g
r
ated
o
p
tical
w
ir
ele
s
s
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
d
ep
lo
y
i
n
g
f
e
m
to
ce
lls
.
T
o
th
e
b
est
o
f
o
u
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
n
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
in
teg
r
ated
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
g
en
er
all
y
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
L
a
y
er
2
an
d
3
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
ate
l
y
,
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
w
ir
eles
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
f
ib
er
b
ased
P
ON
r
em
ain
s
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
u
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
E
v
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
s
u
ch
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
e
v
al
u
ated
i
n
[
1
0
]
,
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ele
m
e
n
ts
is
d
er
iv
ed
b
ased
o
n
l
y
o
n
t
h
e
v
alu
e
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
t
h
e
d
atas
h
ee
ts
.
T
h
ese
v
al
u
es
ar
e
o
f
te
n
o
v
er
s
i
m
p
li
f
ied
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
r
ea
l
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
th
is
p
ap
er
w
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
d
etailed
m
o
d
eli
n
g
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ele
m
e
n
ts
w
h
er
e
w
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
th
e
tr
a
f
f
ic
lo
ad
an
d
s
ite
f
ac
to
r
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
ac
ce
s
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
w
ir
eles
s
ac
ce
s
s
i
s
o
p
ticall
y
b
ac
k
h
au
l
w
h
er
e
w
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
GP
ON
f
o
r
o
p
tical
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
b
as
e
s
tatio
n
(
FB
S)
f
o
r
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
t
h
is
i
n
te
g
r
ated
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e,
t
h
e
ONU
s
a
n
d
FB
Ss
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
v
i
a
co
m
m
o
n
E
th
er
n
et
in
ter
f
ac
e
s
.
Su
c
h
in
te
g
r
ated
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
i
s
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
I
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
ONU
-
B
S
(
I
OB
)
.
W
e
p
r
ed
icted
th
at
i
n
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
m
o
b
ilit
y
w
i
ll
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
i
n
ce
it
en
ab
les
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
I
n
t
er
n
et
an
y
ti
m
e
an
d
an
y
w
h
er
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
j
ec
ted
th
at
th
er
e
w
il
l
b
e
1
1
.
6
b
illi
o
n
m
o
b
ile
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
d
ev
ices
b
y
2020
[
3
]
.
Hen
ce
,
w
e
as
s
u
m
e
a
ll ON
Us
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
it
h
th
e
FB
S
s
.
I
n
o
u
r
m
o
d
elin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
to
tal
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
o
f
th
i
s
in
te
g
r
ated
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
r
o
m
O
L
T
s
an
d
I
OB
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
W
e
s
et
o
u
r
s
y
s
te
m
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
at
n
et
w
o
r
k
ter
m
i
n
als
th
u
s
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
e
n
d
-
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
s
u
c
h
a
s
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
m
p
u
ter
s
(
P
C
s
)
,
lap
to
p
s
an
d
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
is
n
o
t
ta
k
en
in
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
m
o
b
i
le
d
ev
ices
co
n
s
u
m
e
j
u
s
t
a
s
m
all
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
o
p
tical
an
d
w
ir
ele
s
s
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
ele
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
ce
th
e
y
ar
e
o
p
tim
i
ze
d
f
o
r
lo
w
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
to
tal
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
:
=
∑
=
1
+
∑
=
1
(
1
)
in
w
h
ich
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
o
f
I
OB
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as f
o
ll
o
w
s
:
=
+
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
an
d
ar
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
OL
T
an
d
I
OB
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
a
n
d
,
,
an
d
ar
e
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
O
L
T
,
I
OB
,
O
NU
an
d
FB
S r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
eq
u
at
io
n
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
3
4
7
5
–
3
4
8
3
3478
=
⌈
⌉
(
3
)
w
h
er
e
SR
i
s
th
e
s
p
litt
i
n
g
r
atio
o
f
th
e
p
ass
iv
e
s
p
litt
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
teg
r
ated
o
p
tical
an
d
w
ir
eles
s
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
2
.
1
.
P
o
w
er
c
o
ns
u
m
ptio
n
m
o
del o
f
O
L
T
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
OL
T
is
as
s
u
m
ed
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
lo
ad
.
I
n
s
tead
,
it
i
s
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
m
o
r
e
b
y
th
e
a
m
b
ie
n
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
an
d
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
w
h
ich
w
il
l
b
e
tak
en
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
i
n
o
u
r
m
o
d
elin
g
later
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
it
is
ch
alle
n
g
i
n
g
to
p
u
t
OL
T
in
to
s
leep
m
o
d
e
s
in
ce
it
m
i
g
h
t
ca
u
s
e
a
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
th
e
ONUs
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
w
e
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
OL
T
is
f
ix
ed
h
e
n
ce
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
O
L
T
is
m
o
d
eled
b
ased
o
n
its
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
b
lo
ck
s
an
d
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
th
a
t c
o
n
s
u
m
e
p
o
w
er
w
as id
e
n
ti
f
ied
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
i
c
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
O
L
T
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Gen
er
ic
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
OL
T
T
h
e
OL
T
ele
m
e
n
t
u
s
u
al
l
y
co
m
p
r
i
s
es
an
u
p
li
n
k
p
o
r
t,
a
s
w
it
ch
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
a
n
d
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
O
L
T
li
n
e
ca
r
d
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
O
L
T
is
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
O
L
T
P
ON
p
o
r
ts
,
g
en
er
al
O
L
T
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
L
2
/L
3
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
,
p
ac
k
et
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
an
d
tr
a
f
f
ic
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
u
p
li
n
k
p
o
r
ts
.
P
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
an
d
s
ite
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
AC
/D
C
r
ec
ti
f
ier
s
,
v
e
n
tilatio
n
a
n
d
air
co
n
d
it
io
n
i
n
g
,
au
x
i
liar
y
p
o
w
er
u
n
its
a
n
d
b
att
er
ies
ar
e
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
is
m
o
d
eli
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Fo
r
th
e
OL
T
,
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
m
o
d
el
is
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
o
w
er C
o
n
s
u
mp
tio
n
Mo
d
elin
g
a
n
d
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f I
n
teg
r
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ted
O
p
tica
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i
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s
A
cc
ess
N
etw
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r
k
(
A
.
R
a
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3479
=
(
+
+
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×
1
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×
(
4
)
w
h
er
e
,
an
d
ar
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
O
L
T
P
ON
p
o
r
ts
,
g
en
er
al
O
L
T
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
u
p
lin
k
p
o
r
ts
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
/
is
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
is
s
it
e
f
ac
to
r
.
2
.
2
.
P
o
w
er
c
o
ns
u
m
ptio
n
m
o
del o
f
O
NU
Fig
u
r
e
3
ill
u
s
tr
ated
th
e
g
e
n
er
i
c
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
ON
U.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el
ele
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
ONU
i
s
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
m
o
d
u
le
s
w
h
ich
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
lo
r
co
d
es;
Op
tical
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
,
S
y
s
te
m
o
n
C
h
ip
(
So
C
)
/s
i
g
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
an
d
I
n
ter
f
ac
es.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
ONU
w
as
m
o
d
eled
b
ased
o
n
its
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
O
NU
w
a
s
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tall
y
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
r
ea
l
GP
ON
test
b
ed
in
w
h
i
ch
w
e
u
til
ized
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
-
b
as
ed
en
er
g
y
m
eter
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
l
ts
,
w
e
m
o
d
el
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
ON
U
as
:
=
+
(
5
)
w
he
r
e
i
s
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
b
y
th
e
ONU
to
tr
an
s
m
it
o
r
r
ec
eiv
e
1
b
it
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
,
i
s
the
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
da
ta
r
a
t
e
pe
r
ON
U
a
n
d
i
s
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
ONU
w
h
en
id
le
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ic
s
tr
u
ctr
e
o
f
ONU
2
.
3
.
P
o
w
er
c
o
ns
u
m
ptio
n
m
o
del o
f
f
e
m
t
o
ce
ll ba
s
e
s
t
a
t
io
n (
F
B
S)
T
h
e
FB
S’
s
g
e
n
er
ic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
c
an
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
W
e
co
n
s
id
er
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
B
S
s
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
t
y
p
e
o
f
B
Ss
[
9
]
.
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
to
ONU,
th
e
B
S
ca
n
b
e
cla
s
s
i
f
ied
i
n
to
th
r
ee
b
asic
m
o
d
u
le
s
;
R
F
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
,
DSP
/s
i
g
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
in
ter
f
ac
es.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
FB
S
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
w
o
r
k
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
ey
u
s
ed
s
i
m
ilar
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
as
o
u
r
m
o
d
elin
g
f
o
r
th
e
ON
U
wh
ich
is
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
FB
S
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
an
A
r
d
u
in
o
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
eter
.
Fo
r
th
e
F
B
S
,
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
m
o
d
el
i
s
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
=
(
)
+
(
)
+
(
6
)
w
h
er
e
is
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
d
ata
r
ate
o
f
w
ir
ele
s
s
u
s
er
s
,
(
)
is
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
f
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
n
d
atag
r
a
m
le
n
g
th
a
n
d
is
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
w
h
e
n
FB
S is
id
le
.
(
)
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
:
(
)
=
(
1
+
1
)
(
7
)
w
h
er
e
0
is
th
e
f
ac
to
r
co
n
v
er
ti
n
g
b
et
w
ee
n
u
n
it
s
o
f
b
y
te
s
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
,
1
is
th
e
p
er
d
atag
r
a
m
o
v
er
h
ea
d
an
d
is
th
e
d
atag
r
a
m
s
ize
i
n
B
y
tes
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
3
4
7
5
–
3
4
8
3
3480
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ic
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
FB
S
2
.
4
.
Co
ns
idered
s
ce
na
rio
s
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es
t
h
e
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
m
ad
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
Se
v
er
al
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ar
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
f
o
r
a
f
i
x
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
v
er
ag
e
ar
ea
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
FB
S
r
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
F
B
S
is
a
s
m
al
l
ce
ll
w
h
ic
h
t
y
p
icall
y
h
as
co
v
er
ag
e
r
ad
iu
s
le
s
s
t
h
a
n
5
0
m
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
ce
ll
co
v
er
ag
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
r
r
an
g
e
,
w
e
ca
n
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
ce
ll c
o
v
er
ag
e
ar
ea
b
y
u
s
in
g
eq
u
at
io
n
(
8
)
[
2
2
]
:
=
3
2
√
3
2
(
8
)
I
n
o
u
r
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
we
ass
u
m
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
ar
ea
o
f
1
0
0
k
m
2
an
d
v
ar
y
th
e
FB
S
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
1
0
m
to
5
0
m
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
w
er
e
th
en
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
I
OB
s
:
=
⌈
⌉
(
9
)
w
h
er
e
is
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
v
er
ag
e
ar
ea
an
d
is
t
h
e
ce
ll
co
v
er
ag
e
ar
ea
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
w
e
a
s
s
u
m
ed
th
a
t
th
er
e
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s
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o
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
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ti
v
e
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s
er
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it
h
i
n
a
f
e
m
to
ce
ll a
t a
ti
m
e.
Oth
er
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
3
.
W
e
ass
u
m
e
d
ata
g
r
a
m
s
ize
o
f
1
4
7
0
B
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
ac
ce
s
s
d
ata
r
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f
o
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w
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ased
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s
s
g
e
n
er
atio
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
GP
ON
b
ac
k
h
a
u
l
r
es
u
lti
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
w
ir
ele
s
s
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
h
a
v
e
e
v
o
lv
ed
f
r
o
m
1
G
to
4
G
a
n
d
i
n
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
to
5
G
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
atis
f
y
u
s
er
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
b
an
d
w
i
d
th
a
n
d
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
d
ata
r
ates
o
f
f
er
b
y
t
h
ese
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
cr
ea
s
ed
i
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
to
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
w
ir
ele
s
s
g
en
er
atio
n
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t,
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
s
u
c
h
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
atel
y
,
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
i
s
e
x
p
ec
ted
to
f
u
r
th
er
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
er
v
ices
i
n
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
As
a
r
es
u
lt,
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
atio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
av
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
ess
en
tial to
w
ar
d
s
g
r
ee
n
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
w
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
n
o
v
el
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
ev
al
u
ati
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
te
g
r
ated
o
p
tical
w
ir
eles
s
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
h
ich
i
s
b
ased
o
n
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
ONU
-
B
S
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e.
T
y
p
icall
y
,
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ele
m
e
n
ts
i
n
o
p
tical
ac
ce
s
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
al
w
a
y
s
o
n
an
d
th
eir
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
b
o
th
tr
af
f
ic
an
d
ti
m
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t.
I
n
o
u
r
m
o
d
el,
we
tak
e
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
f
b
o
th
O
NU
a
n
d
B
S
to
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
tr
af
f
ic
.
W
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
m
o
d
el
to
p
r
ed
ict
t
h
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
i
n
teg
r
a
ted
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
f
o
r
s
m
al
l
ce
ll
ap
p
licatio
n
.
I
t
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
f
o
r
w
id
er
B
S
r
an
g
e,
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
i
s
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
lo
w
er
.
A
d
d
itio
n
a
ll
y
,
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
i
n
p
o
w
er
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
s
m
aller
w
h
er
e
th
e
s
m
al
lest
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
h
o
w
s
a
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
at
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
tel
y
3
6
%.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
f
o
r
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
w
ir
ele
s
s
g
en
er
atio
n
attac
h
ed
to
th
e
GP
ON
b
ac
k
h
a
u
l,
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
it
is
w
o
r
th
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
d
ata
r
ates
o
f
f
er
b
y
t
h
e
l
atest
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
is
also
g
r
ea
ter
.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
th
ese
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
m
ig
h
t
h
av
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
o
f
f
er
m
o
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
ic
ien
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
is
w
o
r
k
w
ill
f
o
cu
s
o
n
t
h
e
as
s
ess
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
an
d
th
e
p
o
ten
t
ial
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
t
o
th
is
i
n
te
g
r
a
ted
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
i
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
M
i
n
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
T
e
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
al
a
y
s
i
a
(
U
T
M
)
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
f
i
n
a
n
ci
a
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
F
R
G
S
F
u
n
d
vo
t
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
4
F
4
0
7
.
T
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
a
c
kno
w
l
e
d
g
e
t
h
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
Te
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
Ma
l
a
y
s
i
a
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
i
n
a
n
c
ia
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
S
L
AI
f
u
nd
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
a
u
t
h
o
r
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
J.
Zu
o
q
ian
,
“
Ou
tl
o
o
k
a
n
d
o
v
e
rv
iew
o
f
P
ON
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
Hu
a
we
i
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
p
p
.
5
1
–
5
3
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
]
F
.
Eff
e
n
b
e
rg
e
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
In
tro
d
u
c
t
io
n
to
P
ON
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
”
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
M
a
g
a
zin
e
:
T
o
p
ics
i
n
Op
ti
c
a
l
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
p
p
.
1
7
–
2
5
,
2
0
0
7
.
[3
]
“
Cisc
o
V
isu
a
l
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
In
d
e
x
(V
NI) Up
d
a
te G
lo
b
a
l
M
o
b
il
e
Da
t
a
T
ra
ff
ic F
o
re
c
a
st,” 2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
A
.
Dix
it
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
ON
U
p
o
w
e
r
sa
v
in
g
m
o
d
e
s
in
n
e
x
t
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
p
ti
c
a
l
a
c
c
e
ss
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s :
p
ro
g
re
ss
,
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,”
Op
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
20
(
26
)
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
M
.
T
a
d
o
k
o
ro
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
-
sa
v
i
n
g
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
f
o
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
th
e
ir
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
-
ON
U/w
irele
s
s
-
LAN
sle
e
p
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
”
NT
T
T
e
c
h
n
ic
a
l
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
12
(
3
)
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
M
.
De
ru
y
c
k
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
d
u
c
i
n
g
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
i
n
w
irele
ss
a
c
c
e
ss
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s:
Ov
e
rv
i
e
w
a
n
d
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s,”
Pro
g
.
El
e
c
tro
ma
g
n
.
Res
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
5
–
2
7
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[7
]
S
.
N.
S
h
a
h
a
b
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
re
a
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
ien
c
y
o
f
LT
E
m
a
c
ro
b
a
se
sta
ti
o
n
s
in
d
if
fe
re
n
t
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts,
”
J
.
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
.
I
n
f.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
2
0
1
5
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
5
9
–
6
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[8
]
A
.
A
c
a
k
p
o
v
i
a
n
d
D.
Ko
g
u
e
,
“
I
n
tef
e
re
n
c
e
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
in
F
e
m
to
c
e
ll
u
lar
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
In
t.
J
.
In
fo
r
ma
ti
c
s
Co
mm
u
n
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
,
v
o
l
/
issu
e
:
3
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
2
–
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[9
]
S
.
A
lek
si
c
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
En
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
c
y
o
f
F
e
m
to
c
e
ll
De
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
in
Co
m
b
in
e
d
W
irele
ss
/
Op
ti
c
a
l
A
c
c
e
ss
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,”
Co
mp
u
t
.
Ne
two
rk
s
,
v
o
l
/
issu
e
:
57
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
7
–
1
2
3
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
0
]
A
.
Ra
m
li
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
teg
ra
ted
Op
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
W
irele
ss
Ac
c
e
ss
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s:
f
ro
m
th
e
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
”
AR
PN
J
.
E
n
g
.
Ap
p
l.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
10
(
18
)
,
p
p
.
8
4
8
5
–
8
4
9
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
1
]
A
.
A
l
-
sh
e
rb
a
z
a
n
d
I.
L
a
m
i,
“
W
2
BC :
A
P
ro
p
o
sa
l
f
o
r
a
Co
n
v
e
rg
e
d
Ba
se
b
a
n
d
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
W
iM
a
x
a
n
d
W
iF
i
T
ra
n
sc
e
i
v
e
rs,”
In
t.
J
.
In
f.
Ne
tw.
S
e
c
u
r.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
2
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
9
1
–
1
0
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
G
.
S
h
e
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
ix
e
d
m
o
b
il
e
c
o
n
v
e
rg
e
n
c
e
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
f
o
r
b
ro
a
d
b
a
n
d
a
c
c
e
ss
:
In
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in
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.
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t.
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.
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[1
6
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N.
M
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ra
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t
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l.
,
“
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e
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Br
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c
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ss
Ne
t
w
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s,”
in
1
2
th
IF
IP/
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In
ter
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.
[1
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B.
Ju
n
g
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,
“
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”
J
.
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T
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l
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:
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)
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tarc
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.
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n
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.
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]
R.
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D.
J.
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it
h
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m
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p
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2
.
[2
2
]
Z.
H.
T
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lu
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t
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,
“
Ce
ll
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1
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1
3
.
[2
3
]
A.
V
a
len
ti
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
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m
e
a
su
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ts
o
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c
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rk
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in
a
w
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p
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re
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tes
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b
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d
a
n
d
e
c
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n
o
m
ic p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s,” in
Fu
tu
r
e
Ne
two
rk
&
M
o
b
il
e
S
u
mm
it
2
0
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2
Co
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fer
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e
Pro
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in
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s
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
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0
1
2
.
[2
4
]
S
.
L
a
m
b
e
rt,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
n
e
rg
y
e
ff
icie
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c
y
a
n
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l
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o
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ig
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sp
e
e
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tri
p
le
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s
in
n
e
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n
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ra
ti
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n
P
O
N
d
e
p
lo
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m
e
n
ts,
”
El
se
v
ier B.
V
.
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
5
]
O.
Os
u
n
a
d
e
a
n
d
T
.
Og
u
n
tu
n
d
e
,
“
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ra
c
ti
c
a
l
Ex
a
m
in
a
ti
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n
o
f
Dist
a
n
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a
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8
0
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.
1
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n
W
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ss
S
ig
n
a
ls,
”
In
t.
J
.
En
g
.
S
c
i
.
In
n
o
v
.
T
e
c
h
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l
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ss
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:
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p
.
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–
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1
4
.
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6
]
K.
Og
u
n
jem
il
u
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
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t
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ig
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tren
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W
LA
N,”
in
Pro
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e
d
in
g
s
o
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Fi
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t
h
Co
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Res
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rc
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y
mp
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e
c
u
rity,
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-
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rn
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,
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ter
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p
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9
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