Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
,
pp.
3367
~
33
74
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
10
i
4
.
pp3367
-
33
74
3367
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Volta
ge p
ro
fil
e e
nh
ancement in
distribu
tion netw
or
k usin
g
stat
i
c syn
chro
n
ou
s compensato
r ST
ATCOM
Moham
med
Y
. S
uli
m
an
Depa
rtment
o
f
T
ec
hni
ca
l
Pow
er Engi
ne
eri
ng,
T
e
chni
c
al
Co
ll
eg
e,
Northe
rn
T
ec
hn
i
ca
l
Univer
sit
y
,
Ir
aq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r 9, 2
019
Re
vised Jan
23
, 2020
Accepte
d
Fe
b 1, 2
020
STATCOM
is
o
ne
of
FA
CTS
devi
ce
s
tha
t
used
a
s
reg
ula
tor
for
tra
nsm
ission
and
distri
buti
on
sy
st
ems
which
works
for
rea
ct
iv
e
power
compensat
ion
.
STATCOM
uti
lis
at
ion
in
distri
bu
ti
on
s
y
s
te
m
m
ostl
y
for enhancing the
prof
ile
of
voltage,
wher
e
used
for
ad
justi
ng
the
disturb
an
ce
vo
lt
ag
e
b
y
injecting
in
to
the
s
y
st
em
a
cont
roll
ab
le
vol
t
age
.
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
sent
a
Fuzz
y
con
trol
l
er
base
d
on
STAT
COM
to
enha
n
c
e
th
e
vol
ta
g
e
pr
ofil
e
in
d
istri
but
ion
ne
twork
.
The
cont
ro
ll
er
o
f
STATCOM
ha
s
sim
ula
te
d
for
diffe
ren
t
t
y
pes
of
abnor
m
al
loa
d
condi
t
ions
of
bal
ance
and
unbal
an
ce
loa
d
.
The
result
s
of
sim
ula
ti
on
show
abi
li
t
y
of
proposed
design
to
en
hance
the
l
oad
volt
ag
e
which
was
96%
of
the nom
ina
l
v
al
ue
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
D
-
q
T
he
or
y
FA
CTS
Fu
zzy
lo
gic
STA
TC
OM
Vsc
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Moh
am
m
ed
Y. Su
li
m
an,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f Te
ch
nical
Pow
er E
ng
i
neer
i
ng,
Tech
nical
Colle
ge,
N
or
t
hern
Tech
nical
Univers
it
y,
Mosu
l,
Iraq
.
Em
a
il
:
m
oh
a
m
m
ed.
ya
hya@
ntu
.e
du.iq
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
STA
TC
OM
is
one
of
the
m
os
t
im
po
rtant
dev
ic
es
ca
n
be
us
e
d
in
pow
er
fl
ow
c
ontr
ol
and
powe
r
qu
al
it
y,
w
hich
per
m
it
a
utilise
functi
on
in
th
e
pr
e
par
e
d
in
t
he
m
ann
er
that
without
any
l
os
s
the
perf
orm
ance
exp
ect
at
io
n.
T
he
eq
uip
m
ents su
c
h
as trans
f
orm
er,
m
oto
r,
c
o
m
pu
te
r,
print
er,
eq
uip
m
ent o
f
c
omm
un
ic
ation
a
nd
al
l
ty
pes
of
hous
e
m
achines.
These
e
qu
i
pm
e
nts
m
entioned
wer
e
a
ff
ect
to
t
he
qual
it
y
of
powe
r
neg
at
ivel
y
[1
]
.
Wh
e
n
a
la
rg
e
load
in
the
network
t
he
react
ive
powe
r
una
ble
to
be
tra
nsm
itted
even
th
ough
with
ess
ent
ia
l
of
buses
volt
age
m
agn
it
ude
[
2].
V
oltage
ins
ta
bili
ty
cause
com
plete
or
part
ia
l
discon
ti
nu
at
ion
in
the
net
wor
k.
The
STATC
O
M
ad
van
ta
ge
is
that
ca
n
re
gu
la
te
e
ff
i
ci
ently
the
in
j
ect
ed
cu
rr
e
nt
in
to
the
bus
[3
]
.
Also
ST
ATC
OM
ha
s
se
veral
app
li
cat
io
ns
in
c
om
p
ensati
on
of
t
he
c
ondi
ti
on
s
of
sag/s
well
,
the
S
uppressi
ng
in
har
m
on
ic
s
of
li
ne
cu
rr
e
nt
s
and
im
pr
ov
e
the
power
fa
c
tor
in
the
loa
d,
and
reacti
ve
powe
r
com
pensat
ion
in
tra
ns
m
issi
o
n
li
ne
al
s
o
in
the
loa
d
al
s
o
STA
TC
OM
m
it
igate
the
fluc
tuati
on
s
of
the
bus
vo
lt
a
ge
[
4,
5]
.
STA
TC
OM
w
it
h
sto
rag
e
ene
rg
y
is
ad
visabl
e
f
or
co
ntr
olli
ng
the
in
j
ect
ed
volt
age
i
n
it
s
m
agn
it
ud
e
a
nd
al
s
o
the
an
gle
by
VS
C
"
V
oltage
S
ource
C
onve
rter”
for
co
ntr
olli
ng
t
he
powers
"a
ct
ive
an
d
rea
ct
ive"
of
S
TATC
OM
[6
]
.
Ma
ny
work
s
ha
ve
bee
n
su
ggest
e
d
f
or
t
he
im
ple
m
enta
ti
on
of
volt
age
prof
il
e
en
ha
nc
e
m
ent
in
the
li
te
rature.
Im
pr
ov
i
ng
Vo
lt
age
P
r
of
il
e
us
in
g
PI
Co
nt
ro
ll
er
in
[
7].
Wh
e
reas
[
8]
presents
O
pti
m
al
locat
ion
of
UP
FC to e
nhence
volt
age p
r
of
il
e. In [9] p
rese
nts E
nh
a
nc
e
m
ent o
f
volt
age profil
e u
si
ng
S
VC.
T
he
use
o
f
P
I
con
t
ro
ll
er
in
[
7]
,
has
m
any
dr
awb
ac
ks
that
ne
eds
tunni
ng
a
t
each
op
erati
ng
point,
slo
w
in
res
pons
e
an
d
le
ss
sm
oo
ther.
The
us
e
of
UPFC
in
[
8],
nee
ds
s
et
ti
ng
s
a
nd
c
ontr
ollers
for
both
ST
ATCO
M
an
d
al
s
o
for
S
SSC
.
The
us
e
of
S
VC
in
[9
]
,
ha
ve
p
assi
ve
para
m
et
ers
that
a
ff
ect
to
the
tu
ning
of
the
sy
stem
and
nak
e
so
m
e
os
ci
ll
at
ion
in
r
esp
on
se
.
The
ne
w
por
posed
of
STATC
OM
f
or
vo
lt
age
profi
le
enh
ancem
ent
with
Fu
zzy
log
ic
con
t
ro
l
is
a
hi
gh
-
s
pee
d
r
esp
on
se
an
d
sm
oo
th
er
tha
n
c
onve
nt
ion
al
co
ntr
oller
al
so
th
e
pro
pse
d
syst
em
us
e
VS
C
instea
d
of
pass
ive
el
e
m
ent
in
SV
C.
T
he
use
of
d
-
q
the
or
y
t
o
cal
culat
e
the
reacti
ve
po
wer
and
t
he
bus
volt
age
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3367
-
3374
3368
for
com
pen
sat
i
on
a
dded
a
nother
featu
re
of
s
m
al
l
-
tim
e
cal
c
ulati
on
of
a
bout
on
e
cy
cl
e
co
m
par
ed
with
previ
ou
s
works
[
7],[8]
a
nd[
9]
that
tak
es
m
or
e
than
on
e
cy
cl
e
for
cal
culat
ion
th
e
peak
am
plitu
de
,
an
d
nee
d
m
or
e
per
i
ph
e
rals
des
ign
.
2.
VOLTA
GE
R
EGULATI
ON A
ND COM
P
ENSA
TI
ON
The
s
hunt
de
vi
ce
connecti
on
s
f
or
regulat
io
n
of
bus
vo
lt
a
ge
are
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
1.
T
he
m
od
el
con
ta
in
s
powe
r
tra
ns
m
issi
on
li
ne
,
s
upply
(V
s
),
an
d
loa
d
wh
e
re
t
he
i
nj
e
ct
ion
was
i
n
t
he
m
idd
le
of
t
he
li
ne
.
P
has
or
diag
ra
m
,
sh
ow
s
that
li
ne
curre
nt
an
gle
has
relat
io
n
with
t
he
loa
d
side
,
w
hich
m
eans
that
the
act
ive
com
po
ne
nt
of
current
(I
C
)
is
i
nj
ect
s
t
o
e
nh
a
nc
e
the
li
ne
c
urr
ent
(
I
sc
)
a
nd
th
en
the
loa
d
vol
ta
ge.
T
he
dev
i
ce
of
current
source
is
us
e
d
f
or
c
om
pen
sat
ing
the
load
reacti
ve
c
om
po
ne
nt
this done
by
in
j
ect
or
abs
orb
c
urre
nt
(
I
C
)
to
or
f
ro
m
the
netw
ork
.
T
his
le
ad
to
enh
a
nc
e
regulat
ion
of
vo
lt
age
an
d
al
so
re
du
ce
d
rea
ct
ive
com
po
ne
nt
of
the
source
c
urren
t
.
Fi
gure
2
sh
ows
Q
-
V
char
act
erist
ic
s
of
ST
ATC
OM
,
wh
e
re
the
in
du
ct
ive
l
oad
r
equ
i
res
enou
gh
reacti
ve
cu
rr
e
nt
f
or
a
ppr
opriat
e
w
orkin
g
so
,
the
source
sho
uld
be
fee
ding
it;
an
d
th
i
s
will
inc
rea
s
e
the
li
ne
c
urre
nt
from
the
gen
e
rati
ng
area
.
If
the
feed
i
ng
of
r
eact
ive
po
wer
is
nea
r
l
oad
are
a
,
the
s
upply
c
urrent
m
ay
be
re
du
c
e
d
th
us
im
pr
ov
in
g
the
volt
age
regulat
ion
(
loa
d
side
)
[10].
T
hr
ee
m
eth
ods
c
an
im
p
rov
e
the
re
gula
ti
on
;
first
by
us
in
g
a
ba
nk
of
cap
aci
tor,
by
us
in
g
VS
I
"
volt
a
ge
source
in
ver
t
er
"
or
by
us
in
g
CS
I
"
current
sou
rc
e
inv
erter
"
[
11]
.
The
ST
A
TCOM
pro
vide
vo
lt
age
f
or
su
pp
or
t
ing
the
syst
e
m
un
de
r
huge
abno
rm
al
con
di
ti
on
th
rou
gh
that
the
bus
volt
age
w
ould
be
dev
ia
te
from
t
he
c
om
pen
sat
or
norm
al
ran
ge
[
12]
.
The
m
ai
n
advantage
of
the
us
e
of
volt
age
s
ource
c
onver
te
r
VS
C
t
ha
t
reacti
ve
po
wer
ca
n
be
ge
ner
at
e
(instead
of
us
i
ng
ca
pacit
or
s
)
in
dep
e
ndent
t
o
t
he
li
ne
cu
rrent
[
13]
.
T
he
three
phase
i
nverter
us
ed
in
in
j
ect
the
co
ntr
ollabl
e
volt
age,
m
any
te
ch
niques
of
m
od
ulati
on
w
re
r
us
ed
to
im
ple
m
ent
t
he
VS
C
li
ke
SP
W
M
(sine
P
WM)
or
SV
P
WM
(
Sp
a
ce
Vecto
r
P
W
M)
[14].
I
n
dis
tribu
ti
on
syst
e
m
t
he
STA
TC
OM
co
nnect
ed
befor
e
load
a
s s
how
n i
n
Fig
ure
3
[
15
]
.
Figure
1.
Pr
i
nc
iples o
f
s
hunt c
om
pen
sat
ion
Figure
2
.
V
-
Q
char
act
e
risti
cs
of ST
ATCOM
Figure
3. ST
A
TCOM c
onnec
ti
on
L1
L2
X/2
X/2
V
c
V
s
V
r
I
sc
I
cr
V
s
=V
c
=V
r
=V
V
s
V
c
V
r
I
c
I
cr
I
sc
δ
/
4
δ
/
4
Q
C
(
C
M
a
x
)
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
Q
L
(
L
M
a
x
)
I
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
Q
V
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
8
0
.
9
1
.
0
T
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
0
F
e
e
d
e
r
L
i
n
e
V
s
Vi
i
s
L
-
C
F
i
l
t
e
r
V
dc
V
L
Load
C
on
t
r
ol
l
e
r
v
i
i
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Volta
ge pro
fi
le
en
hance
men
t i
n dist
ribu
ti
on
network
us
i
ng
stati
c
sync
hronou
s
…
(
Mo
ha
mm
e
d Y.
Suli
m
an
)
3369
3.
MEASU
RI
N
G THE
REA
CTIVE
POW
ER AN
D
LI
N
E VOLT
AGE
Fo
r
m
easur
i
ng
reacti
ve
po
we
r
an
d
li
ne
volt
age
,
d
-
q
the
ory
has
bee
n
ap
pl
ie
d
[16]
.
T
his
theo
ry
valid
for
ti
m
e
-
d
om
ai
n
“
op
e
rati
on
in
transie
nt
or
ste
ady
sta
te
”,
a
nd
ca
n
be
a
ppli
ed
for
dif
fer
e
nt
current
an
d
volt
age
wav
e
f
or
m
s,
this
al
low
ing
to
desig
n
co
ntroll
er
in
real
tim
e
fo
r
rea
ct
iv
e
power
[
17]
.
Also
the
sim
ple
of
trans
form
ation
cal
culat
ion
s
,
and
easy
to
s
epar
at
e
t
he
al
te
rn
at
e
d
value
and
m
ean
val
ue
resp
ect
iv
el
y
[
18]
.
This
theo
ry
pe
rfor
m
s
by
tr
ansfo
rm
ation
s
known
“pa
r
k
trans
form
at
i
on
”
f
r
om
a
s
ta
ti
on
ary
to
r
otati
ng
coor
din
at
es “a
bc
to
dq”
[
1
9]
.
The
a
ppli
ed
of
dq the
or
y
(i.e.
v
a
,
v
b
an
d
v
c
)
is
as foll
ows:
[
v
d
v
q
v
0
]
=
2
3
[
cos
(
∅
)
cos
(
∅
−
2
π
3
)
cos
(
∅
+
2
π
3
)
−
s
in
(
∅
)
−
s
in
(
∅
−
2
π
3
)
−
s
in
(
∅
+
2
π
3
)
1
2
1
2
1
2
]
[
v
a
v
b
v
c
]
(1)
[
i
d
i
q
i
0
]
=
2
3
[
cos
(
∅
)
cos
(
∅
−
2
π
3
)
cos
(
∅
+
2
π
3
)
−
s
in
(
∅
)
−
s
in
(
∅
−
2
π
3
)
−
s
in
(
∅
+
2
π
3
)
1
2
1
2
1
2
]
[
i
a
i
b
i
c
]
(2)
∅
=
(
+
)
(3)
Wh
e
re
“
∅
”
is
ph
a
se
a
ng
le
be
tween
the
fixe
d
a
nd
r
otati
ng
coor
din
at
es
wi
th
res
pect
t
o
ti
m
e
and
“θ”
is
ang
le
betwee
n vo
lt
a
ge
and c
urren
t.
The
c
om
pen
sat
ed
act
ive
and
r
eact
ive powe
r:
=
+
(4)
=
−
(5)
The
acc
um
ulated
vo
lt
age
is:
v
=
√
v
d
2
+
v
q
2
(6)
4.
STATC
OM
CONTR
OL
DE
SIGN
Figure
4
sho
ws
t
he
c
ontro
l
syst
e
m
b
loc
k
diag
ram
of
the
ST
ATC
O
M.
T
he
ph
a
se
volt
ages
are
m
easur
ed
a
nd
the
sign
al
s
enter
lo
w
pas
s
filt
er
fo
r
el
i
m
inat
ing
high
fr
e
quency
com
po
ne
nt.
T
he
d
-
q
com
po
ne
nts
in
(1)
an
d
(2)
are
cal
culat
ed
us
in
g
“park
tran
sf
orm
ation
”
.
The
aggre
gated
vol
ta
ge
then
cal
cu
la
te
d
us
in
g
(6)
t
his
vo
lt
age
is
a
fe
edb
ac
k
to
cl
ose
d
l
oop
c
ontr
ol
syst
e
m
,
wh
e
r
e
com
par
ed
with
the
v
re
f
set
po
i
nt
ref
e
ren
ce
volt
age
of the
busb
a
r
the
n
e
rror sig
nals
will
gen
e
r
at
e v
erorr
.
V
e
rr
or
=
V
+
V
ref
(7)
Figure
4. Bl
oc
k diag
ram
o
f
c
on
t
ro
l sy
ste
m
5.
FUZ
Z
Y
LOGIC
CONTR
O
L SYS
TE
MS
In
this
st
ud
y
FLC
“
F
uzzy
l
og
ic
co
ntr
oller
”
was
use
d,
F
LC
is
ade
quat
e
f
or
syst
em
s
that
hav
e
m
at
he
m
at
ic
a
l m
od
el
is
no
t ea
sy t
o
de
rive
[
20]
. Ta
kag
i
-
S
ugeno
inf
ere
nce
m
echan
ism
sys
tem
s is
app
li
ed
in this
stud
y
[
21]
.
A
rtific
ia
l
Neu
ra
l
Networ
k
(
A
NN)
is
us
e
d
for
tun
ing
the
MFs
“
m
e
m
b
ersh
i
p
f
unct
io
ns
”
of
the
Taka
gi
-
Su
ge
no
[
22
]
.
T
he
fu
zzy
log
ic
con
t
ro
l
with
c
apab
il
it
ie
s
of
us
in
g
the
ada
pt
ive
le
arn
in
g
of
ANN
,
P
h
a
s
e
L
o
c
k
e
d
L
o
o
p
v
a
v
b
v
c
v
d
v
q
2
2
P
a
r
k
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
b
c
t
o
d
-
q
L
o
w
P
a
s
s
F
i
l
t
e
r
√
V
d
+
V
q
Σ
v
V
r
e
f
F
u
z
z
y
L
o
g
i
c
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
V
m
a
x
V
m
i
n
V
S
T
A
T
C
O
M
V
e
r
r
o
r
Ф
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3367
-
3374
3370
from
this
app
r
oach
t
raine
d
c
an
be
m
or
e
ea
sy
al
so
the
r
ul
e
base
of
F
uzz
y
is
red
uce
d
[23]
.
The
Fu
zzy
con
t
ro
l
syst
e
m
con
str
uc
te
d
of
5
-
la
ye
r
s,
tw
o
ty
pes
of
par
am
et
ers
in
each
la
ye
r
s
om
e
of
them
need
s
tun
in
g
othe
r
not
durin
g
ste
p
of
trai
ning
[
24
]
.
The
de
ta
il
s
of
e
m
ulat
ing
f
uzz
y
log
ic
co
ntr
ol
desig
n
ste
ps
f
or
five
la
ye
rs
outp
ut
is
giv
e
n
in
ref
e
r
ence
[
25
]
.
T
he
two
in
put
s
un
i
ver
se
of
dis
co
urse
are
div
ide
i
nto
7
tria
ngle
MFs
a
nd
the
ov
e
rlap
be
tween
them
of
50%,
the
in
pu
t
to
the
co
ntr
oller
is
error
an
d
Δe
r
ror,
so
that
fo
r
7
MFs,
49
-
c
on
tr
ol
ru
le
s
res
ultant
of
li
near
f
un
ct
i
on
s
that
re
qu
i
red
to
determ
in
e
as
show
n
in
Fig
ure
5
a
a
nd
b
.
T
o
tun
e
these
r
ules
us
i
ng
A
NN
,
2
-
groups
of
data
a
re
us
e
d
.
Als
o
2
-
vecto
r
s
of
i
nput:
V
error
an
d
ΔV
error
the
outp
ut
is
m
od
ulati
on
i
ndex
"
m
"
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
5
.
F
uzz
y l
og
ic
desig
n (a) st
ru
ct
ur
e
(b
)
the
surface
6.
SIMULATI
O
N
ST
UDY
Stud
y
m
od
el
c
on
ta
in
fee
de
r
and
cha
ngeabl
e
load
of
2
-
load
bra
nch
es
for
balance
c
onditi
on
a
nd
add
it
io
nal
loa
d
f
or
unbala
nce
conditi
on
as
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure
6
.
T
he
ST
ATC
OM
in
loa
d
si
de
f
or
c
om
pen
s
at
ing
the
load
volt
age.
Test
t
he
m
od
el
sta
rt
by
load
c
ha
ng
i
ng
an
d
c
on
ti
nues
m
easur
e
the
vo
lt
a
ge
at
load
bus
the
c
om
pen
sat
ion
do
ne
at
t=
0.6
5
sec
onds
f
or
balance
loa
d
as
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
7
.
T
he
re
su
lt
sho
ws
t
he
loa
d
vo
lt
age
dr
op
i
ncr
ease
d
pro
portion
al
ly
as
loa
d
inc
rease
,
dro
p
was
m
axi
m
um
(
0.
8
pu
)
occ
ur
betwee
n
0.
33
a
nd
0.
65
sec
r
espec
ti
vily
.
Figu
re
8
sh
ows
the
res
ults
for
unbala
nce
loa
d
act
ion
to
com
pen
sat
e
the
load
volt
age
for
unbalance
c
on
diti
on
the
ST
ATCOM
m
itigate
and
re
store
d
the
loa
d
vol
ta
ge
dro
p
at
0.
5
sec
onds.
Figure
9
sh
ows
the
loa
d
cur
re
nt
be
fore
and
after
c
ompen
sat
ion,
this
com
pen
sat
ion
process
do
ne
by
inj
ect
ing
volt
ag
e
V
STATCOM
wh
er
e
ph
as
e
volt
ag
e
as
a
ref
e
ren
c
e
as
show
n
in
Figures
1
0
a
nd
11
res
pecti
vely
.
The
FF
T
an
al
ysi
s
of
the
vo
lt
a
ge
of
bu
s
BB
3
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
12,
the
total
har
m
on
ic
distor
si
on
T
H
D
w
as
0.22
%
a
fter
inj
ect
s
V
STATCOM
.
The
p
ower
-
v
oltag
e
char
act
erist
ic
at
load
bu
s
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ur
e
13
,
from
resu
lt
s
can
note
that
the loa
d vo
lt
a
ge
en
han
ce
d
t
he
am
pli
tud
e
with S
TATC
OM
and also
stabil
it
y
m
arg
in inc
re
ased.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Volta
ge pro
fi
le
en
hance
men
t i
n dist
ribu
ti
on
network
us
i
ng
stati
c
sync
hronou
s
…
(
Mo
ha
mm
e
d Y.
Suli
m
an
)
3371
Figure
6
.
Pro
pose
d
s
yst
em
m
od
el
f
or
sim
ula
ti
on
Figure
7
.
The
3
-
pha
se
wav
e
f
or
m
s
of volt
ag
e at bala
nce loa
d
Figure
8
.
The
3
-
phase
vo
lt
ag
e at u
nb
al
a
nce
load
0
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
8
-1
-
0
.
8
-
0
.
6
-
0
.
4
-
0
.
2
0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
T
i
m
e
i
n
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
L
o
a
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
P
U
S
T
A
T
C
O
M
A
C
T
I
O
N
0
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
-1
-
0
.
8
-
0
.
6
-
0
.
4
-
0
.
2
0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
T
i
m
e
i
n
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
L
o
a
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
P
U
S
T
A
T
C
O
M
A
C
T
I
O
N
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3367
-
3374
3372
Figure
9
.
Loa
d cu
rr
e
nt
Figure
10
.
T
he
STATC
OM
volt
age a
nd loa
d v
oltage
Figure
11
.
T
he
BB
2
volt
age
w
it
h
com
pen
sat
ion
0
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
0
.
6
-1
-
0
.
8
-
0
.
6
-
0
.
4
-
0
.
2
0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
T
i
m
e
i
n
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
L
o
a
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
n
P
U
S
T
A
T
C
O
M
A
C
T
I
O
N
0
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
-
1
.
5
-1
-
0
.
5
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
T
i
m
e
i
n
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
S
u
p
p
l
y
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
e
r
s
u
s
L
o
a
d
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
P
U
S
u
p
p
l
y
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
L
o
a
d
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Volta
ge pro
fi
le
en
hance
men
t i
n dist
ribu
ti
on
network
us
i
ng
stati
c
sync
hronou
s
…
(
Mo
ha
mm
e
d Y.
Suli
m
an
)
3373
Figure
1
2.
T
he
FFT a
naly
sis
of
the
volt
age
of BB
3
Figure
1
3.
P
-
V
curve
7.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
st
udy
,
a
ST
ATCOM
ba
sed
Fu
zzy
lo
gi
c
co
ntro
l
has
been
instal
le
d
in
loa
d
side,
two
cases
of
disturba
nce
c
onditi
ons
hav
e
been
stu
died
usi
ng
M
ATL
A
B
si
m
ulati
on
the
inc
rease
in
load
i
n
ba
la
nc
e
an
d
unbalance
.
R
esults
sh
ow
n
th
e
com
pen
sat
ion
syst
e
m
with
Fu
zzy
con
t
rol
le
r
enh
a
nce
the
load
vo
lt
ag
e
al
so
increase
t
he
st
abili
ty
m
arg
in
ab
ou
t
20%
.
The
sim
ulati
on
c
om
par
ed
be
fore
a
nd
a
fte
r
in
j
ect
com
pen
sat
io
n
vo
lt
age w
as
st
ud
ie
d
f
or
tw
o
t
ypes
of
load
ba
la
nce
an
d
unba
la
nce
co
nd
it
io
n
.
I
n
tw
o
co
ndit
ion
s
the
ST
A
TCOM
abili
ty
to
rest
or
e
the
vo
lt
ag
e
of
the
loa
d
to
the
no
m
inal
value
(w
it
hi
n
9
7
%)
.
The
us
e
of
STAT
COM
in
com
pen
sat
ion
m
or
e
flexible
and
sim
ple
in
desig
n
th
e
co
nt
ro
ll
er
an
d
al
so
no
t
af
fect
to
the
netw
ok
pa
r
a
m
et
ers
as
in
[
7],
[
8]
r
especti
vely
.
Al
so
fa
st
res
ponse
of
desig
n
c
om
pen
sat
ion
syst
e
m
du
e
to
s
m
al
l
co
m
pu
ta
tio
n
ti
m
e
com
par
ed wit
h an
d [9
]
, t
his i
m
po
rtant for
im
ple
m
entat
ion
in real
tim
e.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
E.
A
ch
a,
C.
Fue
rte
,
H.
Am
briz
a
nd
C.
Ange
le
s
-
C
amac
ho,
"F
ACT
S
Modeli
ng
and
Sim
ula
ti
on
in
Pow
er
Networks",
John
Wi
le
y
&
So
ns Ltd
,
pp
21
-
23,
2004.
[2]
P.
Kum
ar,
“
Enh
anc
ement
of
po
wer
qualit
y
b
y
an
app
li
c
at
ion
FA
CTS
devi
c
es,
”
Inte
rnationa
l
J
ournal
of
Pow
e
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
ems (
IJP
EDS)
,
vol
.
6,
n
o.
1
,
pp
.
10
-
17
,
2015.
[3]
A.
Oukennou,
et
al
.
,
“
Coordi
nat
ed
Placem
en
t
and
Setting
of
FA
CTS
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Netw
orks
base
d
on
eq
Kalai
-
sm
orodinsk
y
Barg
ai
nin
g
Soluti
on
and
Volta
ge
Devi
a
ti
on
Inde
x
,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
andomputer
Eng
ine
ering
(
IJE
CE
)
,
vol.
6
,
no
.
6
,
p
p
4079
-
4088,
20
18.
[4]
R.
Mathur
and
R.
Varm
a,
"Th
yristor
-
base
d
FA
CTS
Control
le
rs
for
El
e
ct
ri
cal
T
ran
sm
ission
Sy
st
ems
,
"
Wil
ey
-
I
EEE
Press P
ower
eng
ine
ering
,
Pi
scat
away
,
NJ
,
Mar,
pp
34
-
36,
2002.
1
1
.
5
2
2
.
5
3
3
.
5
0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
1
.
2
L
o
a
d
P
o
w
e
r
i
n
P
U
L
o
a
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
P
U
W
i
t
h
S
t
a
t
c
o
m
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
S
t
a
t
c
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3367
-
3374
3374
[5]
Hingora
n
i
and
L
.
G
y
ug
y
i
,
"U
nder
standi
ng
FA
CTS,
Conce
pts
and
te
chno
log
y
of
fl
exi
bl
e
AC
tra
nsm
ission
sy
st
ems
,
"
IEE
E
Press
,
pp
172
-
174,
2000
.
[6]
B
.
Yang,
G
.
Zeng,Y
.
Zhong
an
d
Z
.
Su,
"Casc
ade
STATCOM
step
wav
e
opt
i
m
iz
at
ion
base
d
on
PS
O,"
IEEE
Inte
rnational
Po
wer
Elec
tron
i
cs
and
Application
Confe
renc
e
and
Ex
positi
on
,
pp14
45
-
1450,
shangh
ai
,
ch
ina
,
2014.
[7]
S.
H.
Qaz
i
an
d
M.
W
.
Mus
t
afa
,
"Im
proving
Volta
g
e
Profil
e
of
Isl
ande
d
Microgr
id
using
PI
Control
l
er,"
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of El
e
ct
ri
c
al
and
Comput
er
Engi
n
ee
ring
(
IJE
CE)
,
vo
l
.
8
,
no
.
3,
pp
1383
-
138
8,
2018
.
[8]
S.
Hocine
and
L.
Djamel
,
"O
pti
m
al
num
ber
a
nd
loc
a
ti
on
of
UP
FC
devi
ce
s
to
enhe
n
ce
vo
ltage
profi
le
and
m
ini
m
iz
ing
loss
es
in
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
power
s
y
stems
",
Inte
rnational
J
ournal
of
El
ectric
al
and
Computer
Engi
ne
erin
g
(
IJE
CE)
,
vol.
9
,
no.
5,
pp
3981
-
3
992,
2019
.
[9]
B.
Singh
and
G.
Agrawal
,
"Enha
nce
m
ent
of
volt
a
ge
profil
e
b
y
incorporat
ion
of
SV
C
in
power
sy
stem
net
works
b
y
using
opti
m
al
loa
d
flow
m
et
hod
i
n
MA
TL
AB/S
imulink
envi
ronm
ent
s"
,
Ene
rgy
Re
ports
,
El
sei
er
,
vol
4,
pp
528
-
535,
201
8
.
[10]
Anulal
A.M
,
A.
Mohan
and
L
a
thi
ka
B.
S,
"Rea
ct
iv
e
power
co
m
pensa
ti
on
of
wind
-
die
sel
h
y
b
rid
s
y
st
em
usin
g
STATCOM
with
Fuzz
y
tun
ed
and
AN
FIS
tune
d
PID
controlle
rs"
,
In
te
rn
ati
onal
Con
fe
re
nce
on
Control
Comm
unic
ati
on
&
C
o
mputing
In
dia
(
ICCC)
,
pp.
325
-
330,
Tr
iv
an
drum
,
2015
.
[11]
Hail
i
an
Xie
,
Angquist
Le
nn
art,
a
nd
Hans
Pete
r
N
ee
,
"Inv
esti
ga
ti
o
n
of
Stat
c
om
s
with
Capaci
t
ive
En
erg
y
Storage
for
Reduc
ti
on
of
Volta
g
e
Phase
Jum
ps i
n
W
ea
k
Net
works
,
",
IEEE
trans.
on
pow
er
sy
stems
,
Vol.
24,
No.
1,
FEB.
200
9.
[12]
R.
Vanitila
and
M.
Sudhakar
an
,
"
Diffe
ren
tial
E
volut
ion
al
gor
it
h
m
base
d
W
ei
ghte
d
Additi
v
e
F
GA
appr
oac
h
f
or
opti
m
al
power
flow
using
m
uti
-
t
y
p
e
FA
CTS
dev
ic
es
",
Eme
r
ging
Tr
ends
in
E
lec
tric
al
Engi
n
ee
ri
ng
and
Ene
rgy
Manage
ment C
onfe
renc
e(
ICETEE
EM)
,
Ch
enna
i
,
pp
.
198
-
204
,
2
012.
[13]
Li
u
Qing
and
W
ang
Ze
ngzi
ng
,
"
Coordina
te
d
d
esign
of
m
ult
ipl
e
FA
CTS
cont
ro
ll
ers
base
d
on
fuz
z
y
imm
une
co
-
evol
uti
on
ar
y
Alg
orit
hm
",
IE
EE
P
ower
&
E
nergy
Soci
e
ty
G
ene
ral
Me
eting
,
Calgary,
AB
,
pp
.
1
-
6
,
2
009.
[14]
H.
B.
To
la
bi
,
M.
H.
Ali
,
and
M.
Riz
wan
,
“
Sim
ult
ane
ous
rec
onf
ig
ura
ti
on
,
opti
m
al
pla
c
ement
of
D
STATCOM
and
photovol
taic
arr
a
y
in
d
istri
but
io
n
s
y
stem
base
d
on
fuz
z
y
ACO
a
pproa
ch,”
I
EE
E
Tr
ans.
Sustain.
Ene
rgy
,
vol
.
6,
n
o.
1,
pp
.
210
–
218
,
Jan.
2015
.
[15]
C.
Kum
ar
and
M.
Mishra,
“
A
Multi
func
t
ional
DS
TATCOM
O
per
ating
Under
Stiff
Source
,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ans.
Ind.
El
e
ct
ron
.
,
vol
.
6
1,
no
.
7
,
pp
3131
-
3136,
2014
.
[16]
Ghias
Fariva
r,
Brani
slav
Hredz
ak
and
Vass
il
ios
G.
Ageli
dis,
"D
ec
oupl
ed
Contro
l
S
y
stem
for
Casca
ded
H
-
Bridg
e
Mult
il
ev
el
Con
ver
te
r
Bas
ed
STATCOM
,
"
IEE
E
Tr
ansacti
on
s
on
Industrial
El
ectronics
,
v
ol.
63,
no.
1
,
pp.
322
-
331
,
20
16.
[17]
S.
Vashishtha
and
K.
Rekh
a,
"S
pac
e
Vec
tor
PW
M
in
Thre
e
-
phase
Volt
a
ge
Source
Inv
e
rte
r:
A
Su
rve
y
,
"
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of El
e
ct
ri
c
al
and
Comput
er
Engi
n
ee
ring
(
IJE
CE)
,
vol
.
8
,
no
.
1,
2017.
[18]
N.
Cherka
oui
et
al
,
"A
Com
par
i
son
Stud
y
of
R
ea
c
ti
ve
Pow
er
Control
Strategi
es
in
W
ind
Farm
s
with
SV
C
a
nd
STATCOM
,
"
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
El
e
ctr
ic
al
and
Co
mpu
te
r
Engi
ne
ering
(
IJE
CE)
,
vol.
8,
no
.
6,
pp.
4836
-
4846
,
2018.
[19]
V.
Ponanant
hi
a
nd
B.
R.
Kum
ar,
"Thre
e
-
phase
st
at
com
cont
rol
le
r
using
D
-
Q
fra
me
the
or
y
for
a
th
ree
-
phase
SEIG
fee
ding
sing
le
phase
loa
ds
,
"
20
15
2nd
Inte
rnat
ional
Conf
ere
nc
e
on
E
le
c
tronics
and
Com
mun
ic
ati
on
Syste
m
s
(
ICECS
)
,
pp.
92
6
-
931,
Coim
bat
o
re,
2015
.
[20]
M.
Y.
Sulim
an a
nd
S.
S.
Al
-
Jubo
ori,
"D
esign
of
Fast
Real
T
ime
C
ontrol
ler for the
D
y
namic
Vol
ta
g
e
Restor
er
Based
on
Instant
an
eou
s
Pow
er
The
ory
,
"
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Journal
of
E
nergy
and
Pow
er
Engi
ne
ering
,
vol.
5,
no
.
2
-
1,
pp.
1
-
6
,
2016
.
[21]
M.
M.
Alm
el
ia
n
et
a
l,
"Enh
ancin
g
the
per
fo
rm
anc
e
of
ca
sca
d
ed
t
hre
e
-
l
eve
l
VS
C
STATCOM
by
AN
N
cont
ro
ll
e
r
with
SV
P
W
M
in
te
gegr
at
ion
,
"
Int
ernati
onal
Journ
al
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
and
Computer
Engi
nee
ring
(
IJECE)
,
vol.
9,
no.
5
,
pp
.
3880
-
3890
,
2019.
[22]
M
.
Y.
Sulim
an
and
R.
K.
Anta
r,
"
Pow
er
Flow
Control
l
er
Bas
ed
on
A
New
Propos
ed
STATCOM
Control
le
r"
,
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Appl
i
ed Sci
en
ce and
Eng
ine
ering
,
vol
.
7
,
no
.
4
,
2018
.
[23]
Ogunb
o
y
o
P.
Taiwo,
Rem
y
T
an
d
Innoc
ent
E
.
Davidson,
"V
olt
ag
e
profil
e
enha
nc
ement
in
low
volt
ag
e
11/0.
4
k
V
el
e
ct
ri
c
power
distri
buti
on
n
etw
ork
using
d
y
namic
voltage
restor
er
under
t
hre
e
phase
b
ala
nce
lo
ad,
"
IE
E
E
AF
RICON
conf
e
renc
e
,
pp
991
-
99
6,
2017
.
[24]
P.
T
Ogunbo
y
o
,
R.
T
ia
ko
,
I.
E.
Davidson,
”
Applic
a
ti
on
of
D
y
namic
Vo
l
tage
Restore
r
for
Pow
er
Quali
t
y
Im
prove
m
ent
in
Low
Volta
ge
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Pow
e
r
Distribut
ion
Network
,
”An
Overvi
ew,
In
te
rn
ati
onal
Journal
of
Engi
ne
ering
R
ese
arch
in
A
fric
a
,
vol.
28
,
pp
.
143
-
156,
2017
.
[25]
M.
Y.
Sulim
an,
M.
E.
Farra
g
and
S.
Bashi,
"D
esign
of
Fast
Re
al
T
ime
Control
ler
for
the
SS
SC
Based
on
Ta
kag
i
-
Sugeno
(TS)
Adapti
v
e
Neuro
-
Fuzz
y
C
ontrol
S
y
s
te
m
,
”
Inte
rnat
ional
C
onfe
renc
e
on
Renewable
Ene
rgi
es
and
Powe
r Qual
it
y
(
ICRE
PQ’14)
,
vol
.
1
,
no
.
12
,
p
p
1025
-
1030,
20
14.
BIOGR
AP
H
Y
O
F
AU
TH
ORS
Mohamme
d Y.
Su
li
man
rec
ei
v
e
d
his BSc,
M.Sc.
and
Ph.
D.
d
egr
ee
s from
Univer
sit
y
of
Mos
ul,
Ir
aq
in
1995,
1998
and
2014
respe
ct
iv
ely
.
Curr
ent
l
y
,
he
is a
assistanc
e
p
rofe
ss
or
,
in
the
Te
chn
ic
a
l
Coll
e
ge,
Northe
rn
Techn
ic
a
l
Univer
sit
y
.
His
rese
arc
h
in
te
rests
,
inc
lud
e
power
s
y
s
te
m
a
ss
ess
m
ent
,
Pow
er
El
e
ct
roni
cs,
FA
CTS,
Ren
ewa
bl
e
ene
rg
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.