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[
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h
e
cir
c
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i
ts
,
lies
in
th
e
lar
g
e
lo
s
s
es
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
h
ig
h
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
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io
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er
ies
R
s
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esis
ta
n
ce
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w
h
ic
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g
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ea
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y
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ed
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ce
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u
alit
y
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ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
c
ir
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its
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
e
g
ati
v
e
r
esi
s
tan
ce
i
n
t
h
e
cir
c
u
it
ca
n
n
ev
er
t
h
eles
s
li
m
i
t t
h
e
lo
s
s
es g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
i
s
r
esi
s
to
r
[
2
4
-
2
6
]
,
to
th
e
d
etr
i
m
e
n
t o
f
t
h
e
n
o
is
e
f
ac
to
r
an
d
t
h
e
lin
ea
r
it
y
3.
3
.
Rec
o
nfi
g
ura
t
io
n by
us
ing
P
I
N
dio
de
o
r
F
E
T
t
ra
ns
is
t
o
r
T
h
e
PIN
an
d
FE
T
s
w
itch
e
s
h
a
v
e
a
h
ig
h
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
,
lo
w
w
ei
g
h
t
an
d
s
p
ac
e.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
in
s
er
tio
n
lo
s
s
es a
n
d
ac
tu
ati
n
g
v
o
lta
g
es l
i
m
it t
h
eir
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
p
o
ten
tial
in
ag
i
le
cir
cu
it
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
q
u
iv
ale
n
t c
ir
cu
it a
n
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
P
I
N
d
io
d
e
b
ias cir
cu
it.
(
a)
Fo
r
w
ar
d
b
ias,
(
b
)
r
ev
er
s
e
b
ias,
an
d
(
c)
b
ias cir
cu
it
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
ļ²
Min
ia
tu
r
e
d
esig
n
o
f T
-
S
h
a
p
ed
fr
eq
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en
cy
R
ec
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fig
u
r
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le
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n
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fo
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S
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a
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A
p
p
lica
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s
in
g
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w
itch
in
g
Tech
n
iq
u
e
(
Oma
r
E
l Ma
leky
)
2429
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
a
P
I
N
d
io
d
e
u
s
ed
as
a
s
w
itc
h
i
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
R
F
s
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g
n
a
l
d
ir
ec
tio
n
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I
t
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
lan
ted
o
n
m
icr
o
r
ib
b
o
n
.
B
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
o
lta
g
e,
th
e
d
io
d
e
b
e
h
av
e
s
as
lo
w
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
an
d
t
h
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F
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g
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al
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On
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h
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th
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h
a
n
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,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
i
n
v
er
ted
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n
eg
a
tiv
e)
,
th
e
d
io
d
e
b
eh
av
e
s
li
k
e
v
er
y
h
ig
h
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
,
an
d
in
th
is
ca
s
e
t
h
e
R
F si
g
n
a
l is to
t
all
y
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ef
lec
ted
at
th
e
i
n
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u
t.
A
FET
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
a
s
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
w
itc
h
o
r
f
o
r
a
m
p
lific
atio
n
,
b
u
t
al
s
o
as
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilizer
.
T
h
is
tr
an
s
is
to
r
,
w
h
ich
is
m
ad
e
o
f
t
h
r
ee
ac
tiv
e
elec
tr
o
d
es,
en
ab
les
a
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
r
v
o
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to
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m
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ito
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ed
b
y
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n
e
i
n
p
u
t e
lectr
o
d
e
(
g
r
id
)
o
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
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u
tp
u
t
elec
tr
o
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es.
T
h
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
ca
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e
i
n
te
g
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ated
o
n
m
o
n
o
lith
ic
MM
I
C
c
ir
cu
it
s
an
d
th
e
ir
s
m
al
l
s
p
ac
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llo
w
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
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w
itc
h
i
n
g
m
atr
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t
h
a
t
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
a
w
id
e
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g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
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s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
ab
o
v
e
1
GHz
,
th
ese
s
w
itch
e
s
s
h
o
w
lar
g
e
i
n
s
er
tio
n
lo
s
s
es
w
h
e
n
ac
tiv
ated
(
1
-
2
GHz
)
,
an
d
lo
w
is
o
lat
io
n
w
h
en
th
e
s
w
i
tch
e
s
ar
e
b
lo
ck
e
d
(
-
2
0
d
B
)
[
2
6
-
2
7
]
.
4.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
CO
M
M
UT
AT
I
O
N
T
E
CH
N
I
Q
UE
As
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
i
n
th
e
ab
s
tr
ac
t,
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
w
e
ca
n
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
p
ath
o
f
th
is
c
u
r
r
en
t;
s
o
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
s
w
itc
h
es
i
n
o
p
ti
m
a
l
p
o
s
iti
o
n
r
ed
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ath
.
W
h
en
w
e
s
i
m
u
lat
e
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
cu
r
r
en
t d
en
s
it
y
w
e
f
i
n
d
o
u
t th
at
t
h
e
i
n
s
er
tio
n
o
f
s
w
it
ch
es i
n
p
lace
s
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
co
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
h
i
g
h
is
ir
r
ele
v
an
t.
I
n
f
ac
t,
to
r
ed
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
w
,
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
w
itch
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
lace
d
in
p
o
s
itio
n
s
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
c
u
r
r
en
ts
is
o
f
lo
w
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
lo
ca
tio
n
s
ea
s
e
th
e
estab
li
s
h
m
e
n
t o
f
n
e
w
tr
aj
ec
to
r
y
t
h
e
n
a
d
if
f
er
en
t r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
n
e
w
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
h
e
id
ea
is
to
s
i
m
u
late
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
o
r
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
w
h
i
ch
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
r
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t e
x
ac
tl
y
a
s
th
e
p
ass
in
g
o
r
b
lo
ck
in
g
m
o
d
e
o
f
a
P
I
N
d
io
d
e
d
o
es b
y
a
s
i
m
p
le
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
lin
e
i
n
t
h
e
o
p
tim
a
l p
o
s
itio
n
.
W
e
h
av
e
p
lace
d
s
ix
R
F
s
w
i
tch
es
to
g
iv
e
s
ix
ad
d
itio
n
al
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
(
f
ig
u
r
e
5
)
.
A
m
aj
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
b
lem
h
as
ar
i
s
en
at
t
h
i
s
s
t
ag
e
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
th
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
cir
cu
i
t
o
f
d
io
d
es
in
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
s
u
c
h
a
cir
c
u
it
i
s
co
m
p
lica
ted
,
w
h
ich
m
a
k
es
it
s
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
a
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
task
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
m
o
d
eled
t
h
e
P
I
N
d
io
d
es
o
r
a
ME
MS
co
m
p
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n
e
n
t
b
y
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i
b
b
o
n
s
o
f
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
1
m
m
Ć
1
.
5
m
m
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t.
T
h
e
ā
On
ā
s
tate
is
ill
u
s
tr
ated
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
r
ib
b
o
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
āOf
f
ā
s
tate
is
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
o
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
l
in
e.
L
o
s
s
es
ar
e
n
o
t
ta
k
en
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t.
Si
x
m
o
d
es o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
P
o
s
itio
n
o
f
all
S
w
itc
h
es
Six
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
s
ix
m
o
d
es
d
es
cr
ib
ed
ab
o
v
e,
w
er
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
a
n
d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tall
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
i
m
a
g
es a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
(
a
)
(
b
)
F
ig
u
r
e
6
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
(
a
)
A
ll c
ase
s
u
s
i
n
g
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
e
tic
s
i
m
u
la
to
r
C
ST
(
b
)
A
ll
f
ab
r
icate
d
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
u
s
i
n
g
L
P
KF
m
ac
h
i
n
e
p
h
o
to
f
o
r
ea
ch
ca
s
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ļ²
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
201
7
:
2
4
2
6
ā
2
4
3
3
2430
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
tate
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
li
n
e
i
n
te
g
r
ated
in
to
t
h
e
p
o
s
it
io
n
(
ā
O
n
ā
o
r
ā
o
f
f
ā)
,
t
h
e
an
ten
n
a
i
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
r
ed
ir
ec
ti
n
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
a
n
d
s
w
itc
h
in
g
b
et
w
ee
n
s
ix
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cie
s
b
an
d
s
(
s
i
x
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
)
.
Fi
g
u
r
es
7
,
8
,
9
an
d
1
0
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
ed
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
an
ten
n
a
at
t
h
e
s
elec
ted
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
e
s
S1
,
S2
,
S3
,
S4
,
S5
,
an
d
S6
.
A
g
o
o
d
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
a
n
d
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
tar
g
et
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cie
s
ar
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
ll
y
.
I
t
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
a
t
s
e
v
er
al
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es
r
e
m
o
v
ed
b
y
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
tate
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
R
F
S
w
i
tch
.
W
e
h
av
e
6
4
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tates,
b
u
t
s
i
n
ce
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5
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6
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7
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a
p
.
1
,
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e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
0
).
[1
8
]
C.
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o
ld
sm
it
h
,
T
.
H.
L
in
,
B.
P
o
w
e
r
s,
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.
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n
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e
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s
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1
9
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5
,
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.
9
1
-
9
4
.
[1
9
]
C.
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o
ld
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it
h
,
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Ra
n
d
a
ll
,
S
.
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e
lm
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n
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T
-
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L
in
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n
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n
,
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.
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e
n
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No
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ll
,
āCh
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
m
icro
m
a
c
h
in
e
d
sw
it
c
h
e
s at
m
icro
w
a
v
e
f
re
q
u
e
n
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ies
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M
T
T
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p
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1
1
4
1
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1
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4
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1
9
9
6
.
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0
]
J.
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n
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,
C
.
G
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ld
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it
h
,
D.
De
n
n
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n
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T
-
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in
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āF
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b
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n
o
f
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icro
m
e
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h
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n
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l
s
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it
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n
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e
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h
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o
l.
B
1
4
(6
)
,
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p
.
3
6
9
2
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6
9
6
,
No
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e
m
b
e
r/De
c
e
m
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e
r
1
9
9
6
.
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1
]
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n
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a
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ra
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le
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