Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
5
,
Octo
ber
201
9
, pp.
3687
~
36
94
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
5
.
pp3687
-
36
94
3687
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Perform
ance co
mp
ar
is
on
between
802.11 and
802.
11
p
for high
speed v
eh
icle in VANE
T
Moham
med
Ha
s
an
Alw
an
1
, K
h
airun
N.
Ra
ml
i
2
,
Y
as
ir
Amer
Al
-
Ja
w
her
3
, Aw
s Z
uha
ir
S
ameen
4
,
Huss
ain F
alih
M
ah
di
5
1
,2,3
Depa
rtment
o
f
Com
m
unic
at
io
n,
Facu
lty
of Electrical a
nd
Elec
t
ronic
,
Univer
si
t
y
Tun
Hus
sein
Onn Mal
a
y
si
a
,
Mal
a
y
si
a
4,5
Depa
rtment
of
Elec
tr
ical, Elect
ronic
s a
nd
S
y
st
e
m
s,
Facul
t
y
of
E
ngine
er
ing
an
d
Buil
t Envi
ronm
e
nt,
Univer
siti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Mal
a
y
s
ia (UKM
)
,
Malay
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
28
, 201
8
Re
vised
A
pr 11
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Apr 2
5
, 201
9
Vehic
ul
ar
ad
-
ho
c
ne
tworks
(VA
NETs)
technolo
g
y
h
as
be
en
emerge
d
as
a
cri
tica
l
rese
ar
ch
are
a
.
Bei
ng
ad
-
h
oc
in
nat
ure
,
VA
NET
is
a
t
y
pe
of
net
works
tha
t
is
cr
eate
d
from
the
con
cept
of
esta
bl
ishi
ng
a
n
et
work
o
f
ca
rs
fo
r
a
spec
ific
n
ee
d
or
situa
ti
on
.
Com
m
unic
a
ti
on
v
ia
ro
uti
ng
p
ac
ke
ts
ov
er
th
e
hig
h
-
spee
d
vehicl
es
is
a
ch
al
l
engi
n
g
ta
sk.
Veh
ic
l
e
s
m
obil
ity
,
spe
ed
ca
n
v
a
r
y
depe
ndi
ng
on
th
e
roa
d
spec
if
icat
ion.
How
eve
r
,
o
n
highwa
y
,
the
sp
ee
d
ca
n
b
e
inc
re
ase
up
to
120
–
200
Km
/H.
Moving
at
high
spee
d
ca
n
aff
e
ct
th
e
eff
iciency
of
data
deliver
y
.
In
pa
rti
cular
V2I
tr
aff
ic
where
m
oving
ca
r
tr
y
i
ng
to
del
ive
r
da
ta
t
o
fixe
d
spac
e
unit
s
which
a
re
designe
d
to
col
l
ec
t
and
proc
ess
dat
a
from
vehi
cles.
Diffe
ren
t
protoc
ols
have
bee
n
proposed
to
be
implemente
d
fo
r
VA
NET
infra
struct
ure
,
inclu
ding
802.
11
an
d
802.
11p.
The
per
form
ance
of
th
ese
prop
osed
protoc
ols
has
not
be
en
co
m
par
ed
and
inve
stigated
to
find
out
th
e
ro
bust
m
ec
hani
sm
for
handl
ing
high
spee
d
VA
NET
s
.
In
this
pape
r,
th
e
per
f
orm
anc
e
of
the
m
ost
widely
dep
lo
y
ed
MA
C
protoc
ols
for
h
andl
ing
wir
el
ess
comm
unic
at
ion
which
is
802.
11
and
the
802.
11p
have
b
e
en
comp
are
d
,
which
is
a
custom
iz
ed
v
ersion
for
high
spee
d
m
odes.
Perform
anc
e
is
inve
stig
at
ed
in
te
rm
of
data
d
el
iv
er
y
eva
lu
at
io
n
m
et
ric
s
includin
g
net
work
thro
ughput,
de
lay
a
nd
pac
ke
t
deliv
er
y
ration.
Result
s
show
tha
t
802.
11p
h
as
e
ffic
i
ent
l
y
enha
n
c
ed
the
n
et
work
p
erf
orm
anc
e
where
net
work
throughput
is
inc
re
ase
d,
d
ela
y
is
dec
r
ea
sed
,
and
pac
k
et
del
iv
er
y
r
at
io
is incre
ase
d
as
w
el
l
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
802.1
1p
Ma
c p
r
oto
c
ol
Mob
il
it
y
Perfo
rm
ance ev
al
uatio
n
Sp
ee
d
Su
m
o
Veh
ic
ular
a
d h
oc netw
orks
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Moh
am
m
ed
H
asan
Alwa
n
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f C
omm
un
ic
at
io
n,
Faculty
of E
le
ct
rical
an
d El
ect
ronic
Un
i
ver
sit
y T
un Hussein
On
n M
al
ay
sia
,
Ba
tu Pa
hat, J
ohor,
Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
m
oh
a
m
m
ed.
h.
al
rubay
e@ie
ee.o
r
g
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Re
centl
y,
Veh
i
cular
Ad
-
hoc
Netw
orks
(
V
A
NET
)
bec
om
es
m
or
e
popula
r
and
widely
de
plo
ye
d
ove
r
al
l
the
ro
ads
a
cro
ss
t
he
w
or
l
d.
Most
of
m
od
er
n
cars
a
re
equ
i
pp
e
d
with
W
irel
ess
m
od
ules
w
hich
prov
i
des
veh
ic
le
s
to
c
omm
un
ic
at
e
with
eac
h
ot
her’s
a
nd
with
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
c
on
t
ro
l
points
[
1].
E
nhanci
ng
In
te
r
-
Veh
ic
le
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
a
nd
r
oa
ds
id
e
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
a
re
c
onsid
ered
as
t
he
m
os
t
popula
r
w
irel
ess
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
resea
rch
t
opic
.
VANET
al
lows
r
oa
d
ve
hi
cl
es
to
no
ti
fy
oth
er
ve
hicle
s
about
traf
fic
j
am
s,
su
dde
n
st
ops
a
nd
ot
her
hazar
dous
r
oa
d
c
onditi
on
s
[
2].
T
he
hu
ge
nu
m
ber
of
e
xpect
ed
be
nef
it
s
of
VANET
a
nd
a
nu
m
ber
of
s
upportin
g
veh
i
cl
es
are
li
kely
beco
m
e
the
m
os
t
reali
zed
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
of
m
ob
il
e
Ad
ho
c
netw
orks.
S
ho
rt
range
IEE
E
802.1
1
can
be
us
ed
f
or
ve
hicle
com
m
un
icati
on
s
us
i
ng
s
uitable
rad
i
o
interfac
e
te
chnolo
gy
[
3].
H
ow
e
ve
r,
a
ne
w
sta
ndar
d
for
both
physi
cal
and
MAC
la
ye
r
has
bee
n
de
velo
ped
to
m
e
et
the
requirem
ent
of
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
betwee
n
ve
hicle
s,
IEE
E
802.1
1p
is
an
a
ppr
ov
e
d
am
end
m
ent
to
the
I
EEE
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
.
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
20
19
:
3
6
8
7
-
3
6
9
4
3688
802.1
1
sta
ndard
w
hich
pro
vi
des
W
ir
el
ess
Acces
s
in
Ve
h
ic
ul
ar
E
nviro
nme
nts
(
WA
V
E
)
[
4].
The
en
ha
ncem
ents
that
are
app
li
ed
to
802.11
s
upport
the
ap
plica
ti
ons
of
the
I
ntell
igent
Tra
nspor
ta
ti
on
Syst
e
m
s [
5].
The
nav
i
gatio
n
syst
e
m
s
avail
abili
ty
of
each
ve
hicle
al
lows
it
to
rec
ognize
t
he
ge
o
gr
a
phic
locat
ion
i
n
add
it
io
n
to
it
s
neig
hbors.
O
n
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
Ge
ogra
ph
ic
Rou
ti
ng
w
hich
is
a
s
pec
ific
ty
pe
of
r
ou
ti
ng
appr
oach,
bec
om
es
po
ssi
ble
w
her
e
c
hoos
i
ng
a
neig
hbor
w
ho
is
ge
ogr
aph
ic
al
ly
cl
ose
r
to
that
dest
inati
on
wh
e
re
f
ram
es
are
si
m
ply
fo
r
warde
d
to
a
de
sti
nation.
W
it
h
the
veh
ic
le
s,
r
apid
gr
ow
t
h
an
d
increasi
ng
num
ber
of
ro
a
ds
i
de
tra
ff
ic
m
on
it
or
s,
the
en
ha
ncem
e
nt
of
na
vig
at
io
n
syst
em
s,
the
wireless
netw
ork
de
vices
low
cost
prom
isi
ng
peer
-
to
-
peer
(P2P
)
app
li
cat
io
ns
and
exter
nall
y
dr
iven
se
rv
i
ces
t
o
veh
ic
le
s
becam
e
avail
able.
Fo
r
t
his
pur
po
se,
the
W
irel
e
ss
Access
in
Veh
ic
ular
E
nviro
nm
ents
(W
AV
E
)
sta
nda
r
ds
is
pro
posed
by
the
In
te
ll
igent
T
ra
ns
po
rtat
ion
Syst
e
m
s
(I
TS
)
to
def
i
ne
a
n
arc
hitec
ture
w
hich
e
nab
le
s
ve
hicle
-
to
-
ve
hicle
(
V
2V
)
and
ve
hicle
-
to
-
inf
rast
r
uctu
re
(V2I)
wireles
s
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
s
colle
ct
ively
[6
]
.
Fig
ure
1
s
hows
the
ge
ner
al
VANET
n
et
work com
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
Figure
1
.
V
ANET
net
wor
k
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
[
6]
In
t
his
resea
rc
h,
t
he
pe
rfo
r
m
ance
of
80
2.1
1
a
nd
802.1
1p
pe
rfor
m
ance
in
a
high
-
s
pe
ed
veh
ic
le
env
i
ronm
ent
hav
e
bee
n
com
par
ed
an
d
to
in
ve
sti
gate
ho
w
th
ey
per
f
or
m
ed
t
o
fin
d
out
how
802.11
an
d
80
2.11p
are
pe
rfor
m
ing
w
hen
ve
hicle
sp
eed
cha
ng
i
ng
a
nd
ho
w
can
this
r
eflect
in
te
r
m
of
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
perform
ance.
The
m
echan
is
m
of
data
delivery
ca
n
be
af
fected
in
case
of
fr
e
quent
dis
ta
nce
cha
nges
away
from
the
ro
ad
side
unit
wh
e
r
e
data
is
deliv
ered.
Dif
fer
e
nt
veh
ic
le
s
s
pee
d
nee
ds
to
be
m
easur
ed
t
o
c
ov
e
r
a
wide ra
ng
e
of
veh
ic
le
s
possib
il
ities.
The
re
st
of
t
hi
s
pa
per
is
org
anized
as
f
ollow
s:
In
sect
io
n
2
relat
ed
w
ork
is
prese
nted.
Sect
io
n
3
il
lustrate
d
the
si
m
ulati
on
s
cenari
os
f
or
data
delive
ry
perform
ance
evaluati
on.
Sec
ti
on
4
il
lust
ra
te
the
m
easur
em
ent r
esults an
d
a
nal
ysi
s; Finall
y, a con
cl
us
io
n
is
presente
d
in
sec
ti
on
5.
2.
R
EL
ATED
W
ORK
In
VANET
,
di
ff
e
ren
t
issue
s
are
co
ns
ide
red
as
crit
ic
al
and
par
ti
cularly
f
or
safety
ap
plica
ti
on
w
here
data
delivery
is
crit
i
cal
and
m
ay
threat
hum
an
li
ves.
802.1
1p
protoc
ol
has
bee
n
pro
pose
d
to
pro
vide
m
or
e
reli
able
data
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
in
hi
gh
sp
ee
d
nodes
en
vir
onm
ent.
Dem
m
e
l
et
al
.
note
tha
t
la
te
ncies
have
no
t
been
i
nv
est
ig
at
ed
in
these p
re
vious
stu
dies, w
he
n
they
are su
pp
os
e
d
to
be
a
m
ajo
r
im
pr
ovem
ent
br
ough
t
upon
by
the
am
endm
ent
[7
]
.
Furt
her
m
or
e,
t
he
w
ho
le
set
of
pos
sible
sp
ee
d
cl
a
sses
ha
s
no
t
be
en
in
vestigat
e
d
w
her
e
each
st
ud
y
foc
us
es
on
a
preci
se
ra
ng
e
s
uch
as
lo
wer
sp
ee
ds
or
fr
ee
way
s
peeds
[
8
]
.
E
xp
erim
ental
con
di
ti
on
s
are
not
ver
y
well
known
or
con
t
ro
ll
ed
,
nota
bly
for
bei
ng
op
e
n.
Alth
ough
it
is
adv
antage
ous
to
m
easur
e
perform
ance
i
n
real
ro
a
d
co
nd
it
io
ns
,
as
th
ey
hav
e
show
n
t
o
be
ver
y
vari
able
dep
e
nd
i
ng
on
the
exp
e
r
i
m
ental
env
i
ronm
ent,
it
is
i
m
po
rta
nt
to
obta
in
basel
ine
pe
rfo
rm
ance
detai
ls
in
m
or
e
con
t
ro
ll
e
d
e
nv
i
ronm
ents
first.
pro
po
se
a
detai
le
d
po
st
pro
cessi
ng
a
naly
sis
of
pe
rfo
rm
a
nce
m
et
rics
(l
at
ency,
range
and
fr
am
e
loss)
,
for
m
easur
em
ents
ta
ken
in
a
c
ontr
olled,
re
pre
sentat
ive
f
ree
way
-
li
ke
e
nv
ir
on
m
ent
and
usi
ng
t
he
f
ull
r
ang
e
of
sp
ee
ds
ac
hieve
d by m
oto
r veh
ic
le
s [
9
]
.
Gr
ä
fling
et
al
.
prov
i
de
pe
rfor
m
ance
evalu
at
ion
f
or
us
in
g
de
dicat
ed
s
hort
-
range
co
m
m
un
ic
at
io
n
sta
nd
a
rd
(
DSR
C
)
in
data
de
li
ver
y
f
or
V
AN
E
T
c
omm
un
ic
at
io
n
[
10
]
.
The
ne
w
DSR
V
sta
nda
rd
so
luti
on
pro
vid
e
a
m
ulti
-
cha
nn
el
w
hich
ca
n
se
rv
e
r
m
ulti
ple
ap
plica
ti
on
ty
pes
an
d
pro
vid
e
high
pe
rfor
m
ance
f
or
fu
t
ure
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce c
omp
ar
iso
n bet
we
en 802.
11
and 8
02.
11p
f
or hig
h spee
d
ve
hicle
…
(
Mo
hamm
e
d
H
as
an
A
lw
an
)
3689
VANET
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
.
P
erfor
m
ance
ev
al
uation
i
nclu
des
diff
e
ren
t
c
omm
u
nicat
ion
par
am
et
ers
includi
ng
thr
oughput, col
li
sion
proba
bili
ty
an
d
delay
. Differ
e
nt scen
a
ri
os
h
a
ve been b
uilt
to
si
m
ulate
diff
e
ren
t sce
na
rios
and
a
naly
ze
resu
lt
s
[1
1
]
.
Per
form
ance
evaluati
on
s
hows
t
hat
new
sta
ndard
s
ca
n
pri
ori
ti
ze
data
packet
s
for
dense
a
nd
l
oa
ded
scena
rios
wh
e
re
netw
ork
t
hroug
hput
has
been
dec
reased
sig
nific
antly
and
dela
y
has
been inc
rease
d.
Mob
il
it
y
i
m
pa
ct
in
IEEE
80
2.11p
in
fr
a
struc
ture
le
ss
vehi
cular
net
wor
ks
.
D
ue
to
high
m
ob
il
it
y,
two
dynam
ic
con
te
ntion
window
m
echani
s
m
s
to
al
le
viat
e
netw
ork
pe
rfor
m
ance
de
gr
a
datio
n.
The
firs
t
schem
e
pr
ovid
es
a
dynam
ic
le
vel
of
se
rv
ic
e
pr
io
rity
via
adap
ta
ti
on
to
t
he
num
ber
of
neig
hbori
ng
node
s,
wh
il
e
the
sec
ond
schem
e
pro
vid
es
ser
vice
pri
or
it
y
ba
sed
on
node
relat
ive
sp
ee
d.
Exte
ns
i
ve
sim
ulati
on
r
esults
dem
on
strat
e
a
sign
ific
a
nt
im
p
act
of
m
ob
il
it
y
on
t
he
I
EEE
802.1
1p
M
AC
perform
ance
wh
e
re
the
unfa
irness
pro
blem
with
the
veh
ic
le
-
to
-
veh
ic
le
(
V2V)
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
s
a
nd
the
e
ff
ect
ive
ne
ss
of
the
pr
op
os
e
d
MAC
schem
es
[
12
]
.
Perfo
rm
ance
evaluati
on
of
I
EEE
802.1
1p
e
nab
le
d
ve
hicu
la
r
vi
deo
s
urve
il
la
nce
syst
e
m
.
[
13
]
as
sess
the f
easi
bili
ty
o
f
s
uc
h
syst
em
b
y analy
zi
ng
t
he
vi
deo
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd d
ist
ort
io
n
f
or
a tar
get vehic
le
, lo
cat
ed se
ver
al
hops
a
way
fro
m
the
gateway,
wh
e
n
it
is
al
on
e
or
the
re
are
al
so
oth
e
r
ve
hicle
s
tran
sm
it
t
ing
vid
e
o
[14
].
They
dem
on
str
at
e
the
i
m
po
rt
ance
of
dy
nam
ic
adap
ta
ti
on
of
the
vi
deo
bit
rate
of
eac
h
ve
hicle
dep
e
nding
on
the num
ber
a
nd
po
sit
io
ns
of t
he parti
ci
patin
g veh
ic
le
s.
A
pe
rfor
m
ance
evaluati
on
f
or
VANET
us
in
g
LTE
a
nd
IE
EE
8
02.11
p
ha
s
been
pro
pos
ed
in
[
15
].
A
detai
le
d
st
ud
y
of
perf
orm
ance
eval
uation
f
or
both
sta
nd
a
rds
for
diff
e
re
nt
pa
ra
m
et
ers
co
nf
ig
ur
at
i
on
includi
ng
ve
hi
cl
e
den
sit
y
an
d
tra
ns
m
issi
on
fr
e
quency
ha
ve
be
en
done
in
[
16
]
.
Dif
f
eren
t
perform
ance
evaluati
on
c
onsiderati
ons
ha
ve
bee
n
c
heck
e
d
incl
ud
i
ng
rel
ia
bili
ty
,
m
ob
il
i
ty
su
pport
,
del
ay
and
scal
abil
it
y
fo
r
diff
e
re
nt
V
A
N
ET
ap
plica
ti
on
c
on
te
xt
[
17
]
.
I
ntensi
ve
si
m
ula
ti
on
e
xp
e
rim
ents
hav
e
been
im
ple
m
e
nted
t
o
evaluate
the
s
ta
nd
a
rd
'
s
eff
ec
ti
ven
ess.
Re
s
ul
ts
ind
ic
at
e
that
802.11p
prov
i
des
acce
ptabl
e
perf
or
m
ance
f
or
sp
ars
e
netw
ork
topolo
gies.
O
n
the
ot
her
ha
nd,
LTE
m
eet
s
m
os
t
of
the
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
re
quirem
ents
in
te
r
m
s
of
reli
abili
ty
,
scal
abili
ty
and
m
ob
il
it
y
su
pport
.
Howe
ver,
it
is
chall
eng
i
ng
to
ob
ta
in
strin
ge
nt
delay
re
qu
ire
m
ents
in the p
resen
c
e
of
h
ig
her
cell
ul
ar n
et
work tra
ff
ic
loa
d.
3.
SIMULATI
O
N
TOP
OLOG
Y
To
eval
uate
th
e
perform
ance
of
VANET
,
a
reali
sti
c
si
m
ul
at
ion
en
v
ir
on
m
ent
is
need
e
d
to
be
buil
t.
In
t
his
stu
dy
W
il
m
ing
to
n,
N
ew
Ca
stl
e
Co
unty
,
Dela
war
e
,
1980
1,
U
nited
Stat
es
of
Am
e
rica.
T
he
c
oor
di
nation
of
the
us
e
d
m
ap
is
-
75.
5875
*
-
75.
5348
H
and
39.
7272
/
39
.70
96
V
.
ha
s
bee
n
sel
ect
e
d.
Fig
ure
2
shows
th
e
real m
ap
of
sel
ect
ed
hi
ghway.
Figure
2.
Hi
gh
sp
ee
d way,
W
i
l
m
ing
ton
sim
ul
at
ion
m
ap
The
ope
n
stree
t
m
ap
(O
SM) project has b
ee
n uti
li
zed
[18
].
OS
M i
s a co
ll
aborati
ve
pro
j
ec
t t
o
create
a
fr
ee
e
ditable
m
ap
of
the
w
or
l
d.
T
he
creat
ion
a
nd
gro
wth
of
O
SM
ha
ve
be
e
n
m
otivate
d
by
restrict
ions
on
the
us
e
or
a
va
il
abili
ty
of
m
a
p
in
form
at
ion
acro
s
s
m
uc
h
of
the
w
or
l
d.
T
he
a
dv
e
nt
of
i
nexpe
ns
ive
po
rtable
sat
el
li
te
nav
iga
ti
on
dev
ic
es
.
Ra
ther
tha
n
t
he
m
ap
it
sel
f,
the
data
ge
ne
ra
te
d
by
t
he
OSM
are
c
on
si
de
red
a
s
a
pr
im
ary ou
tp
ut
. T
he data
is th
en
a
vaila
ble fo
r use in
tra
diti
on
al
appli
cat
ions.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
.
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
20
19
:
3
6
8
7
-
3
6
9
4
3690
The
n
the
expo
rted
OS
M
file
s
are
inp
ut
to
the
SU
M
O
si
m
ulator
to
ge
ne
r
at
e
traff
ic
si
m
ulati
on
[19
].
The
fir
st
ste
p
in
SU
M
O
is
to
gen
e
rate
the
tr
aff
ic
net
work
wh
e
re
ve
hicle
s
are
m
ov
ing
in
high
sp
ee
d.
Aft
er
that
the
ve
hicle
tri
ps
a
re
gen
e
rat
ed
by
sp
e
ci
fyi
ng
the
re
qu
ire
d
ti
m
e
of
the
si
m
ulati
on
.
Fi
nally
,
SU
M
O
create
s
a
com
plete
si
m
u
la
ti
on
file
w
hic
h
incl
ud
es
al
l
veh
ic
le
s,
pat
hs
an
d
trip
detai
ls
for
eac
h
veh
i
cl
e
dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
pro
vid
e
d
m
ap.
A
python
-
base
d
sc
ript
is
t
hen
us
e
d
t
o
tra
ns
l
at
e
the
S
UMO
sim
ulatio
n
fil
e
to
the
N
S2
m
ob
il
i
ty
and
config
ur
at
io
n
f
il
es.
I
n
the
N
S2
sim
ulator
t
he
m
ob
il
it
y
and
the
s
peed
of
veh
ic
le
s
a
re
a
djust
ed
i
n
the
m
ob
il
it
y
file
.
Data
are
fo
r
warde
d
to
the
central
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
locat
ion
for
stori
ng
an
d
processi
ng.
Fig
ur
e
3
il
lustrate
the
locat
io
n
of
the
ve
hicle
s
in
the
sim
ulati
ng
ne
tw
ork
befor
e
i
ns
erti
ng
t
he
r
oa
d
side
unit
(RS
U)
s.
A
gr
i
d
of
ro
a
d
si
de un
it
s
is i
ns
erte
d
in
th
e n
et
w
ork
to
c
ov
e
r
t
he whole
s
im
ulatio
n
a
re
a as s
how
n
in
Figure
4.
Figure
3
.
The
NS2 sim
ulati
on
netw
ork
befor
e
addin
g R
SU
s
Figure
4
.
The
s
i
m
ulati
on
n
et
w
ork
a
fter a
ddin
g
RS
Us
3.1.
Simul
at
i
on
parameter
s
The
netw
ork
sim
ula
ti
on
pa
ra
m
et
ers
that
are
assig
ned
to
ne
twork
node
s
ar
e
li
ste
d
in
Ta
ble
1
w
he
re
diff
e
re
nt
si
m
ulati
on
scenari
os
hav
e
be
en
i
m
ple
m
ented
usi
ng
di
ff
e
ren
t
si
m
ulati
on
tim
e,
diff
e
re
nt
ve
hicle
sp
ee
ds
hav
e
b
e
en
sim
ulate
d
and p
e
rfo
rm
ance co
m
par
iso
n h
as b
ee
n
i
nv
est
i
gated
[
20
]
.
Table
1
.
Netw
r
ok
sim
ulati
on
p
aram
et
ers
val
ues
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
Ch
an
n
el ty
p
e
W
ire
less
Ch
an
n
el
Rad
io
-
p
rop
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el
Two Ray
G
rou
n
d
Netwo
rk Inte
rf
ace
Ty
p
e
W
ire
less
Phy
.
An
ten
n
a ty
p
e
O
m
n
i Anten
n
a
Interf
ace
q
u
eu
e typ
e
Drop
T
ail /
Pr
i
-
Qu
eu
e
Maxi
m
u
m
pack
et i
n
Queu
e
50
MAC t
y
p
e
8
0
2
.11
,
8
0
2
.11
p
Top
o
g
raph
ical Ar
e
a
1
3
0
0
0
x 1
3
0
0
0
sq
m
Ro
u
tin
g
pro
t
o
co
ls
DSDV
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
40
Si
m
u
latio
n
T
i
m
e
60
seco
n
d
s
Data Flow
CBR
Pack
et Size
256
b
y
te
Data Bit
rate
0
.5 MB/s
Veh
icle sp
eed
1
0
,
2
0
,
3
0
,
4
0
,
5
0
,
6
0
,
7
0
,
8
0
,
9
0
,
1
0
0
,
1
1
0
,
1
2
0
,
1
3
0
,
1
4
0
,
1
5
0
,
2
0
0
K
m
/h
3.2.
Perfo
r
ma
nce
metric
s
Diff
e
re
nt ev
al
ua
ti
on
m
et
rics can be m
easur
e
d,
i
nclu
ding:
1.
En
d
t
o
e
nd del
ay
The
e
nd
-
to
-
en
d
delay
re
pr
e
se
nts
the
a
ver
a
ge
a
m
ou
nt
of
ti
m
e,
w
hich
is
ta
ke
n
by
eac
h
ve
hi
cl
e
pack
et
s
to
trave
rse
the p
at
h
from
a
veh
ic
le
to
an
oth
e
r
ve
hicle
or
RS
U.
E
2E
delay
is
accum
ulati
ve
of
d
iffe
re
nt
ne
twork
delay
ty
pes.
It
m
ai
nly
include
s
proc
essi
ng
de
la
y
fo
r
buff
e
r
ing
delay
,
r
ou
t
e
disco
ver
y
a
nd
interm
ediat
e
node
forw
a
r
ding
delay
.
E2E
delay
is
con
si
der
e
d
as
a
sign
ific
ant
ne
twork
pe
rfo
r
m
ance
ind
ic
at
or
wh
e
re
sm
all
values
E2E
delay
repr
esents
bette
r
ne
twork
perfor
m
ance.
Increas
ed
delay
can
be
caus
ed
by
r
outi
ng
over
hea
d
or
li
nk
fail
ur
e.
T
o
est
i
m
at
e the av
era
ge
E
2E dela
y f
or a
netw
ork,
t
he follo
wing e
qu
at
io
n
is
u
se
d:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce c
omp
ar
iso
n bet
we
en 802.
11
and 8
02.
11p
f
or hig
h spee
d
ve
hicle
…
(
Mo
hamm
e
d
H
as
an
A
lw
an
)
3691
2
=
(
–
)
(1)
Wh
e
re,
T
_E
2E
is
the
Av
era
ge
E2E
Delay
,
T
R
is
pack
et
s
re
cei
ved
ti
m
e
at
destinat
io
n
no
de
an
d
TS
is
pack
et
s
sen
t t
i
m
e fr
om
the s
ource
no
de.
2.
Packet
l
os
s
Packet
loss
is
ob
ta
ine
d
by
subtract
in
g
the
num
ber
of
pac
ke
ts
received
at
Access
P
oin
t
f
ro
m
the
total
n
um
ber
of p
ac
kets tra
ns
m
itte
d.
=
∑
−
∑
(2
)
=
(
∗
100
)
∑
(3
)
3.
Netw
ork
thr
oughput
Thro
ughput
re
ferred
to
the
ve
hicle
s
pack
et
s
nu
m
ber
w
hich
is
correct
ly
delivere
d
ove
r
the
netw
ork
for
a
sp
eci
fic
ti
m
e.
To
m
easure
thr
ough
pu
t
put
in
a
li
nk
between
tw
o
node
s
total
num
ber
of
pac
kets
th
at
hav
e
been
s
uccess
ful
ly
d
el
ivered
to
the d
esi
red
nodes
are cou
nted.
Increa
sin
g
thr
ough
pu
t val
ue
s is a g
reat i
nd
ic
at
or
for
en
han
c
ed
perform
ance.
I
t
is
m
easur
ed
i
n
bits
per
sec
ond
(b
it
/s
or
bps).
T
hroug
hput
can
be
re
pr
es
ented
m
at
he
m
at
ic
a
lly as in e
quat
io
n belo
w:
ℎ
ℎ
=
.
∗
∗
8
(4)
4.
MEASU
REM
ENT RES
UL
TS A
ND AN
A
LYSIS
To
in
vestigat
e
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
bo
t
h
802.1
1
a
nd
802.1
1p,
we
ha
ve
il
lustrate
d
the
perform
ance
com
par
ison
be
tween
both
p
r
ot
oco
ls
in
te
rm
of
ev
al
uatio
n
m
et
rics.
The
est
i
m
at
ed
resu
lt
s
of
the
ex
per
i
m
ented
var
i
ou
s
m
ai
n
scenari
os
of
dif
fer
e
nt
sp
ee
ds
a
re
show
n
in
t
he
fo
ll
owin
g
dia
gr
am
s.
Fig
ure
5
sho
ws
th
at
802.1
1p
has
decli
ne
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
dr
oppe
d
pac
kets
sign
ific
a
ntly
wh
en
it
is
com
par
ed
with
80
2.11
wh
e
n
the
ve
hicle
sp
ee
d
is
increa
sed,
wh
ic
h
m
e
ans
that
the
80
2.11p
ha
s
bee
n
en
han
c
ed
th
e
nu
m
ber
of
dro
pped
pack
et
s
up
to
70%.
T
he
e
ff
i
ci
ent
en
hance
m
ent
in
num
ber
of
droppe
d
pack
et
s
f
or
802.1
1p
is
a
cheive
d
by
ha
nd
li
ng
perform
ance an
om
al
y pr
oble
m
eff
ic
ie
ntly
.
The
net
work
del
ay
resu
lt
s
sh
ow
b
et
te
r
perf
orm
ance
fo
r
80
2.1
1p
w
he
re
the
end
to
en
d
del
ay
has
been
decr
ease
d
up
t
o
12%
le
ss
tha
n
the
r
esults
of
802.1
1
m
ac
pr
oto
c
ol
as
sho
w
n
in
Fi
gure
6.
802.1
1p
al
lo
w
faster
delivery
of
pa
ckets
f
or
it
s
de
sti
nation
i
n
hi
gh
e
r
s
peed
ve
hicle
s
due
t
o
bette
r
handlin
g
of
traf
fic
fl
ow
a
nd
sign
al
s
powe
r f
or m
ob
il
e d
evi
ces.
Figure
5
.
N
umber
of
dro
pp
e
d packets
for b
ot
h
802.1
1
a
nd 80
2.11p
Figure
6.
En
d
t
o
e
nd d
el
ay
for
both 8
02.11 a
nd
802.1
1p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
.
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
20
19
:
3
6
8
7
-
3
6
9
4
3692
802.1
1p
al
s
o
e
nh
a
nce
the
net
work
pe
rfor
m
ance
w
her
e
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
s
uc
cessf
ully
received
pac
kets
is
increased
as
sh
own
in
Fig
ur
e
7.
The
net
work
th
r
oughput
has
bee
n
in
creased
up
to
41%
m
or
e
than
802.1
1
m
ac
protoc
ol.
Eff
ecei
nt
ha
nd
li
ng
of
pe
rform
ance
an
om
aly
prob
le
m
by
802.1
1p
has
dr
a
m
arical
ly
decr
ease
the
nu
m
ber
of
dro
pp
e
d
pac
ket
and
th
us
en
ha
nc
e
the
deliver
y
of
data
t
raf
f
ic
to
i
ts
final
destinat
io
n
su
c
cessf
ul
handlin
g
of
data
delive
ry
re
fle
ct
ed
in
bette
r
ne
twork
th
rou
ghput
a
n
d
highe
r
pack
et
del
ive
ry
rati
o
as
dip
c
te
d
in
bo
t
h
F
ig
ur
es
7
,
8.
Fig
ur
e
7
sh
ows
that
the
pack
et
deliv
er
y
rati
o
of
the
802.1
1p
m
ac
pr
ot
oco
l
is
m
uch
la
rg
e
r
than
t
he
pac
ke
t
delivery
ra
ti
o
of
802.1
1.
The
pac
ket
delivery
ra
ti
o
has
bee
n
e
nhance
d
up
t
o
41%
of the
802.1
1
.
Figure
7.
Net
w
ork
t
hroug
hput
f
or
both
802.1
1
and 80
2.11p
Figure
8.
P
DR
for bo
t
h 802.1
1
a
nd 80
2.11p
The
res
ults
sho
w
pe
rfor
m
ance
degrad
at
i
on
for
data
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
w
hen
ve
hicle
sp
ee
d
is
increas
e
d
wh
ic
h
ind
ic
at
e
s
that
data
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
is
aff
ect
ed
in
hi
gh
ve
hicle
s
s
peed
m
ob
il
it
y.
The
perf
or
m
ance
has
been
m
easur
ed
in
te
rm
of
e
va
luati
on
m
et
rics,
inclu
ding
t
hro
ughp
ut,
en
d
to
en
d
delay
,
dro
pp
e
d
packe
ts
and
pack
et
delive
ry r
at
io.
802.1
1p
m
ac pr
ot
oc
ols
pro
vid
e
bette
r per
form
ance th
an 802.
11 wh
e
re it can
ha
nd
le
d
at
a
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
m
or
e
ef
fici
ently
wh
e
re
t
he
perform
ance
m
et
rics
is
en
ha
nc
ed.
The
num
ber
of
dro
pped
pack
et
s
is
decr
ease
d
up
to
70%,
w
he
re
the
pack
et
delivery
rati
o
and
net
work
thr
oughput
is
i
ncr
ease
d
up
to
41
%.
The
e
nd to
end
d
el
ay
is al
so d
ecreased
do
wn to 12%
.
Perfo
rm
ance
ano
m
al
y
and
pa
rtic
ularly
in
hi
gh
e
r
s
pe
ed
veh
ic
le
s,
m
ob
il
i
ty
is
sti
ll
a
crit
ic
a
l
perform
ance
issue,
desp
it
e
th
e
enh
a
ncem
ent
of
80
2.11p
pr
oto
c
ol
where
the
num
ber
of
dro
pp
e
d
pac
ke
ts
is
increase
d
w
he
n
the
ve
hicle
sp
eed
is
inc
reased
res
ulti
ng
i
n
pe
rform
ance
degra
da
ti
on
an
d
dat
a
loss.
The
ob
j
ect
ive
of
in
vestigat
i
ng
t
he
effe
ct
s
of
high
sp
ee
d
ve
hicle
s
an
d
it
s
con
se
que
nces
on
perform
ance
ano
m
al
y
pr
oblem
since
802.1
1p
is
acc
om
pli
sh
e
d
we
re
res
ul
ts
sh
ow
a
dire
ct
per
f
orm
ance
degrad
at
ion
of
data
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
due
to
inc
re
ased
ve
hicle
s
peeds
in
te
rm
of
e
valuati
on
m
et
rics
fo
r
bo
t
h
80
2.11
a
nd
802.1
1p
m
ac protoc
ols, howe
ver 8
02.
11p p
r
ov
i
des be
tt
er p
er
f
or
m
ance than 8
02.
11
protoc
ols.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
paper
pre
sent
perform
ance
com
par
iso
n
f
or
us
i
ng
80
2.11
an
d
80
2.11p
in
V
A
NET
f
or
hi
gh
spe
ed
veh
ic
le
m
ob
il
ity
m
od
el
.
A
real
env
ir
on
m
ent
base
d
si
m
ulatio
n
sce
nar
i
o
ha
s
been
buil
t
wh
ere
di
ff
e
ren
t
veh
ic
le
sp
ee
d
ha
ve
be
en
sim
ulate
d,
to
e
valuate
the
perform
ance
va
rio
us
data
del
ivery,
e
valuati
on
m
et
ric
s
have
bee
n
m
easur
ed
i
nclu
ding
netw
ork
t
hro
ughput,
network
relay
and
pack
et
delive
r
y
rati
o.
Re
su
lt
s
sh
ow
that
802.1
1p
protoc
ols
pro
vi
de
bette
r
pe
rfo
rm
ance
in
te
r
m
of
eval
uatio
n
m
et
rics
wh
ere
802.1
1p
has
re
du
ce
d
the
nu
m
ber
of
dro
pp
e
d
pack
e
ts
sign
ific
a
ntly
,
res
ults
sho
w
that
802.1
1p
ha
s
en
han
ce
d
th
e
nu
m
ber
of
dr
oppe
d
pa
ckets
up
t
o
70%.
Als
o,
t
he
end
t
o
en
d
de
la
y
has
bee
n
de
creased
up
to
12%
le
ss
tha
n
the
res
ults
of
802.1
1.
T
he
pa
cket
delivery
rati
o h
as b
ee
n
e
nhanc
ed up t
o 4
1% o
f
the
80
2.11 as
well
.
REFERE
NC
ES
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S.
Anw
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
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20
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Perf
orma
nce c
omp
ar
iso
n bet
we
en 802.
11
and 8
02.
11p
f
or hig
h spee
d
ve
hicle
…
(
Mo
hamm
e
d
H
as
an
A
lw
an
)
3693
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C.
Cooper
,
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t
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uster
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g
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[
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W
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Alasm
ar
y
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ng,
"
Mobili
t
y
impac
t
in
IEEE
802.
11
p
infra
struc
ture
l
ess
vehi
cular
netw
orks,"
Ad
Hoc
Net
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vo
l. 1
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pp
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lalt
a,
et
al
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"P
erf
orm
anc
e
eva
lu
at
ion
of
IE
EE
802.
11
p
-
en
abl
ed
vehicul
ar
vide
o
surveil
l
an
ce
s
y
stem,"
IEEE
Comm
unic
ati
ons Let
t
ers
,
vol
.
18
,
pp.
708
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20
14.
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ing
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al.
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erf
orm
anc
e
ev
al
u
at
ion
of
IEE
E
160
9
W
AV
E
and
IEE
E
802
.
11
p
for
vehicul
ar
comm
unic
at
ions
,
"
Sec
ond
Int
ernati
on
Confe
ren
ce
on
Ubiquit
o
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and
Fut
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aut
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ent
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ca
t
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sec
ur
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ic
u
la
r
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hoc
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35",
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rnation
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of
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vanc
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searc
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te
r
ac
t
ive
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
app
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in
VA
NET
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per
form
a
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eva
lu
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erf
orm
anc
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al
u
ation
of
I
EE
E
802
.
11ac
and
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1n
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11
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for
vehi
cul
ar
net
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a
p
erf
orm
anc
e
ev
aluati
on
,
"
EURA
S
IP
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r
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an
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rd
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nfe
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em Simulati
on
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ee
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[20]
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ad
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e
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,
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Ev
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ua
ti
on
OF
IEE
E
802.
11n
for
Multi
m
edi
a
Applic
a
tion
in
VA
NET
"
,
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ernati
onal
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bie
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ems,
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AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Mohamme
d
Ha
ss
an
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an
r
ecei
ved
his
Ba
chel
or
in
Pow
er
and
Mac
hin
e
Engi
n
ee
ring
from
the
Dep
art
m
ent
of
Pow
er
and
M
ac
hin
e
Eng
ineeri
ng,
Facult
y
of
En
gine
er
ing,
Unive
rsit
y
of
Di
y
ala
in
2012.
He
deci
des
to
pursue
h
i
s
m
aste
r’s
in
comm
unic
at
ion
and
Com
pute
r
Engi
n
ee
ring
from
the
Depa
rtmen
t
of
El
ec
tr
ical
,
El
e
ct
roni
c
and
S
y
stems
,
Facul
t
y
of
Engi
n
ee
r
in
g,
Univer
siti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Mal
a
y
si
a
(UK
M).
H
e
gr
adua
t
ed
in
Jul
y
2016
.
He
is
now
doing
PhD
.
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
at
t
he
Depa
rtment
of
El
ec
tr
ical
,
El
e
c
troni
cs
a
n
d
Sy
st
ems
,
Facul
t
y
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
(UTHM
).
His
m
ai
n
r
ese
ar
ch
ar
e
a
is
Com
m
unic
a
ti
on
Eng
ineeri
ng
on
the
VA
NET
.
He
al
wa
y
s
le
arn
ed
to
be
un
der
pr
essure
at w
ork
.
K.
N.
Raml
i
wa
s
born
in
Bat
u
P
aha
t
,
Johor,
Ma
l
a
y
si
a,
in
1974
.
He
obta
in
ed
a
B
Eng
degr
e
e
in
El
e
ct
roni
c
Engi
n
ee
ring
from
th
e
Univer
sit
y
of
M
anc
hest
er
Instit
u
te
of
Sci
ence
an
d
Te
chno
log
y
(UM
IST),
United
Kingdom
in
1997,
and
the
n
MEng
in
Univ
ersit
i
Keb
angsa
an
Mala
y
si
a
(U
KM
),
Malay
s
ia
in
2004.
Then
from
2007
he
worked
withi
n
the
Antenna
s
and
Applie
d
El
e
ct
rom
agne
t
ic
rese
arc
h
group
at
Univer
sit
y
of
Bradf
ord,
Unit
ed
Kingdom
on
a
num
ber
of
proje
c
ts,
concen
tra
ti
ng
on
an
te
n
na
design
and
c
om
puta
ti
ona
l
el
e
ct
rom
agne
t
ic
s.
He
rec
e
ive
d
a
PhD
degr
ee
for
rese
arc
h
in
e
lectr
om
agne
t
ic
pr
oble
m
s
using
hy
brid
computati
onal
m
et
hods
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Bradf
ord
,
Unite
d
Kingdo
m
in
2011.
HE
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
working
at
the
Facul
t
y
of
E
lect
ric
a
l
and
E
le
c
tr
onic
Engi
ne
eri
n
g,
U
Unive
rsiti
Tun
Hus
sein
O
n
n
Malay
si
a
(UTHM
).
His
ma
in
intere
sts
are
in
the
fi
el
d
of
c
om
puta
ti
ona
l
ele
ct
rom
agne
t
ic
s,
a
nte
nnas,
and
wire
le
ss
comm
unic
a
ti
ons.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
.
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
20
19
:
3
6
8
7
-
3
6
9
4
3694
Aw
s
Z
uh
air
Sa
me
en
recei
ved
his
bac
hel
or
’s
in
Com
pute
r
and
Software
Enginee
ring
from
Depa
rtment
of
Com
pute
r
and
Software
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Facult
y
of
Engi
neering,
Univer
sit
y
o
f
Di
y
a
la
in
2011
.
He
de
ci
d
es
t
o
cont
inu
e
his
m
aste
r’s
in
c
om
m
unic
at
ion
a
nd
Com
pute
r
Engi
ne
eri
ng
in
Depa
rtment
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
,
Elec
t
ronic
and
S
y
st
e
m
s
Engi
nee
ring,
Facul
t
y
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
and
Buil
t
Envi
ronm
ent
,
Uni
ver
si
ti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Mal
a
y
sia
(UK
M).
He
gra
duat
ed
i
n
Marc
h
2015.
He
is
now
doing
PhD
.
in
Elec
t
rical
Engi
ne
eri
ng
a
t
the
Depa
r
tment
of
El
e
ct
ri
cal,
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
Sy
st
ems
Engi
nee
ring
,
Facult
y
of
Engi
n
ee
r
i
ng
and
Buil
t
Envi
ronm
ent
,
Univer
siti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Mal
a
y
s
ia
(UK
M).
His
m
ai
n
rese
arc
h
ar
ea
i
s
Biom
edi
cal
En
gine
er
ing
on
BioSigna
l
pro
ces
sing
for
health
ca
re
technolog
y.
He
rou
ti
ne
l
y
using
S
y
stem
I
dent
ifica
ti
on
te
chn
ique
s
for
c
har
acte
ri
zation
o
f
the
hum
an
vas
cul
ar
s
y
s
te
m
inv
esti
gated
with
o
ptoe
l
ec
tron
ic
BioSigna
ls.
Y
a
sir
Amer
J
a
wh
a
r
received
his
BS
deg
ree
i
n
elect
rica
l
engi
neering
fr
om
the
Coll
eg
e
of
Engi
neerin
g,
Un
ive
rs
ity
of
A
L
-
Mustan
sir
iya
,
Bagh
dad
,
Ir
aq,
in
19
98
,
and
his
M
S
deg
ree
in
Engi
neering
fr
om
the
F
acul
ty
of
Electrical
and
Electroni
c
Engi
neerin
g,
Un
ive
rs
ity
T
un
H
ussein
O
nn
M
alay
sia,
Joho
r
,
Malay
sia,
in
20
15
.
H
e
is
curr
ent
ly
w
orkin
g
towar
d
his
P
hD
deg
ree
in
Comm
un
icat
ion
Engi
neerin
g
fr
om
the
U
ni
versity
T
un
Hu
ss
ein
O
nn
Malay
sia.
H
is
m
ain
res
earch
int
eres
ts
are
signa
l
processing
in
comm
un
icati
on
,
O
FDM,
P
APR
reducti
on
in M
ult
icarr
ier
system
,
5
G
w
aveform
design, a
nd
w
ireless
net
w
ork.
Hus
sain
Mah
di
is
from
Malay
s
ia
Section,
a
Ph.
D.
in
el
e
ct
ri
cal
engi
ne
eri
ng
a
t
t
he
El
e
ct
ron
ic
Depa
rtment,
Fa
c
ulty
of
Engi
n
ee
ri
ng,
Univer
sit
i
Keba
ngsaa
n
Ma
lay
sia
(UK
M).
He
joi
ned
IE
EE
7
y
ea
rs
ago
,
an
d
since
th
en.
He
was
the
soci
al
ac
t
ivi
t
y
Ch
ai
r
2
012,
vice
ch
ai
r
2013
and
th
e
cha
ir
of
I
EE
E
UK
M
Student
Branc
h
2014.
He
was
I
EEE
Mal
a
y
s
ia
Se
ct
ion
Student
Repre
sent
at
iv
e
2015,
IEE
E
Re
gion
10
As
ia
P
ac
i
f
ic
Student
s
Acti
vities
Com
m
it
te
e
2015,
IEE
EXtr
eme
9.
0
Am
bas
sador
2015,
IEE
E
Da
y
Am
bassador
2015,
IEE
E
m
a
dC
ambass
ador
coor
dinator
of
R
egi
on
10
2016,
I
EE
EXtr
eme
PA
Le
ad
,
R
egi
on
10
and
ambass
ador
coor
din
at
or
2016
,
IEE
E
Re
gion
10
Student
ac
ti
vi
t
y
comm
it
te
e
South
-
E
ast
As
ia
coor
dina
tor
2016,
IEE
E
Malay
s
ia
Sec
ti
o
n
Young
Profes
sional
Hum
ani
tarian
activitie
s
C
hai
r
2016,
2017,
IEE
E
Reg
ion
10
Young
Profess
iona
l
Com
m
it
te
e
South
-
E
ast
As
ia
coor
din
at
or
(
2017
-
2018),
IEEE
Regi
on
10
Hum
ani
ta
ria
n
a
c
ti
vities
comm
it
tee
2017.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.