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o
r
ted
in
[
2
1
]
an
d
it
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
i
n
g
A
T
L
AS
m
o
d
u
le
o
f
Sil
v
ac
o
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
u
b
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
s
w
i
n
g
(
SS
)
o
f
t
h
e
J
NT
w
as
2
1
%
lo
w
er
t
h
a
n
Mu
GFET
,
i
m
p
l
y
in
g
t
h
at
t
h
e
J
NT
h
as
f
aster
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
c
ap
ab
ilit
y
th
a
n
M
u
GFET
.
T
h
is
h
ap
p
en
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
u
til
izatio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
d
o
p
in
g
an
d
u
ltra
-
t
h
i
n
b
o
d
y
in
J
NT
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
a
t
allo
w
s
a
h
ig
h
er
elec
tr
o
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
i
n
th
e
ch
a
n
n
e
l.
A
n
o
v
el
d
esig
n
an
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
a
j
u
n
ctio
n
les
s
d
o
u
b
le
g
ate
v
er
tical
MO
S
FET
(
J
L
DGVM
)
u
s
i
n
g
Sil
v
ac
o
T
C
A
D
(
A
T
L
A
S)
w
as
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
d
r
a
in
b
ar
r
ier
lo
w
er
in
g
(
DI
B
L
)
,
s
u
b
th
r
es
h
o
ld
s
w
i
n
g
(
SS
)
an
d
leak
a
g
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
OFF
)
o
f
th
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
les
s
d
ev
ice
ar
e
m
u
c
h
lo
w
er
th
a
n
th
e
j
u
n
ct
io
n
d
ev
ice.
T
h
is
m
ig
h
t
h
ap
p
e
n
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
ab
s
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
j
u
n
c
tio
n
i
n
w
h
ic
h
th
e
d
ep
eletio
n
la
y
er
w
id
th
at
d
r
ain
a
n
d
s
o
u
r
ce
w
a
s
to
tal
l
y
eli
m
i
n
ated
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
m
etal
-
g
ate
a
n
d
h
a
f
n
i
u
m
d
io
x
id
e
(
Hf
O
2
)
to
th
e
J
L
DGVM
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
d
id
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t o
f
t
h
e
o
n
-
cu
r
r
en
t (
I
ON
)
.
T
h
e
m
etal
-
g
ate
w
o
r
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
W
F)
w
as
tu
n
ed
to
o
b
tain
a
h
ig
h
er
I
ON
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
f
o
r
m
u
ch
b
et
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
,
th
e
t
h
at
j
u
n
ctio
n
le
s
s
v
er
tical
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
h
a
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
b
o
o
s
t
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
it
s
till
r
eq
u
ir
es
i
n
-
d
ep
t
h
i
n
v
e
s
t
ig
atio
n
o
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
g
eo
m
etr
ical
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
ar
am
eter
v
ar
iatio
n
(
i.e
.
c
h
an
n
el
le
n
g
t
h
,
p
illar
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
,
ch
an
n
el
d
o
p
in
g
,
s
o
u
r
ce
/d
r
ai
n
d
o
p
in
g
an
d
m
etal
-
g
at
e
w
o
r
k
f
u
n
c
tio
n
)
o
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
s
t
atic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
ic
e.
T
h
u
s
,
th
i
s
r
ec
en
t
s
t
u
d
y
w
ill
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
etailed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
d
esig
n
i
n
g
,
s
t
u
d
y
in
g
,
a
n
al
y
zi
n
g
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
tr
an
s
is
to
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
s
in
g
Sil
v
ac
o
T
C
A
D
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
to
o
ls
.
I
t
w
ill
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
in
s
i
g
h
t
o
n
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
J
L
D
GVM
i
n
r
eg
ar
d
w
it
h
th
e
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
b
eh
av
io
u
r
s
s
u
c
h
as d
r
ain
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
cu
r
r
en
t d
en
s
it
y
a
n
d
s
u
b
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
s
w
in
g
.
2.
UL
T
RA
-
T
H
I
N
J
L
D
G
VM
’
s
DE
S
I
G
N
A
2
-
D
s
i
m
u
latio
n
f
o
r
u
ltra
-
t
h
i
n
J
L
DGV
Ms
w
er
e
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ate
d
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
lo
w
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
cl
u
d
es
t
h
e
u
ltra
-
t
h
in
p
illar
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
-
k
m
etal
-
g
ate
(
HKM
G)
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
,
s
o
u
r
ce
/d
r
ain
i
m
p
la
n
tatio
n
an
d
m
e
talliz
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Si
m
u
lated
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
l
o
w
f
o
r
u
ltra
-
t
h
i
n
J
L
DG
VM
’
s
d
esig
n
2
.
1
.
J
L
DG
VM
’
s
s
t
ruct
ure
T
h
e
u
lt
r
a
-
th
in
J
L
DGVM
s
u
ti
li
ze
d
h
af
n
iu
m
d
io
x
id
e
(
Hf
O
2
)
a
s
a
d
i
ele
ct
r
ic
c
o
m
b
in
ed
w
ith
m
etal
-
g
ate,
tu
n
g
s
ten
s
ilic
id
e
(
W
Si
x
)
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
n
-
J
L
DGVM
is
a
h
ea
v
ily
n
-
t
y
p
e
d
o
p
ed
(
1
x
1
0
18
cm
-
3
o
f
A
r
s
en
i
c
)
ch
an
n
el
w
ith
1
0
-
7
n
m
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
ili
co
n
p
il
la
r
’
s
th
ick
n
ess
(
T
p
)
an
d
1
5
-
1
2
n
m
r
an
g
e
o
f
c
h
an
n
el
len
g
th
(
L
ch
).
I
n
co
n
t
r
as
t,
th
e
s
im
u
lated
p
-
J
L
DGVM
is
h
ea
v
ily
d
o
p
e
d
w
ith
1
x
1
0
18
cm
-
3
o
f
b
o
r
o
n
d
o
s
e.
D
o
u
b
le
-
g
at
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
w
as
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
b
e
tte
r
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
ab
ilit
y
o
v
e
r
th
e
ch
an
n
el
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
r
a
in
r
eg
i
o
n
f
o
r
b
o
th
n
an
d
p
-
ty
p
e
d
ev
i
ce
w
er
e
als
o
h
ea
v
ily
d
o
p
e
d
w
ith
th
e
s
i
m
ilar
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p
e
as c
h
an
n
el
d
o
p
in
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in
o
r
d
e
r
to
f
o
r
m
N
+
N
+
N
+
an
d
P
+
P
+
P.
T
a
b
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
g
eo
m
etr
ica
l
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
a
r
am
eter
v
alu
e
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
i
m
u
lated
n
-
ch
a
n
n
el
an
d
p
-
ch
an
n
el
d
ev
i
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
w
as
co
n
d
u
c
te
d
b
y
v
ar
y
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o
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e
p
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ar
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eter
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m
eter
o
n
th
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d
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.
T
h
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an
d
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len
g
th
(
L
ch
)
is
d
e
p
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te
d
in
Fig
u
r
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2
.
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C
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J
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d
ev
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2
.
2
.
Dev
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s
i
m
ula
t
io
n
T
h
e
T
C
A
D
Sil
v
ac
o
,
A
t
h
e
n
a
an
d
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e
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p
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L
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M
d
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h
e
d
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t
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ical
m
o
d
el:
1
)
d
r
if
t
d
if
f
u
s
io
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(
DD)
m
o
d
el
w
i
t
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s
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m
p
li
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B
o
ltz
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a
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ier
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;
2
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.
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h
e
in
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y
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o
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it
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o
d
el
co
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ed
w
it
h
S
R
H
(
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o
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R
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Hall
R
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o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
)
w
it
h
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i
x
ed
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r
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ier
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eti
m
es
m
o
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el
s
.
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h
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o
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i
n
atio
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m
o
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el
w
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u
r
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3
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ap
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2
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u
r
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4
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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A
,
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cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
D
)
,
leak
ag
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cu
r
r
en
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(
I
OFF
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an
d
s
u
b
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
s
w
i
n
g
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
l
y
.
4
.
1
.
Cha
nn
el
d
o
pi
ng
(
N
ch
)
C
h
a
n
n
el
d
o
p
in
g
i
s
a
co
m
m
o
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
tu
n
e
th
e
V
TH
o
f
MO
SF
E
T
d
ev
ices
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Fo
r
s
h
o
r
t
ch
an
n
el
d
e
v
ices,
t
h
e
d
o
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g
co
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n
tr
atio
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i
n
t
h
e
ch
a
n
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r
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io
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p
la
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cr
u
cial
p
a
r
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m
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m
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m
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m
I
D
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h
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ter
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r
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ce
n
tr
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n
ar
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i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
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as
d
ep
icted
in
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u
r
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6
.
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ased
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ca
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-
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u
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g
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icts
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Fig
u
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6
.
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u
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ased
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s
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M
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2
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So
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S/D)
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f
ig
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r
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ater
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d
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s
s
[
1
1
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
ta
n
ce
,
t
h
e
n
-
J
L
DGV
M
an
d
p
-
J
L
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f
ab
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ic
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u
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9
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[
3
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A
s
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Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Gr
ap
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f
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d
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r
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0
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w
it
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d
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t c
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Fu
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cr
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ctio
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as
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ep
icted
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u
r
e
1
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.
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r
p
-
J
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ed
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T
h
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OFF
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ce
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e
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OFF
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b
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8
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in
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icate
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t
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18
cm
13
)
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s
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OFF
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ar
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ter
is
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ic
f
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L
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Fi
g
u
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1
1
s
h
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w
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i
m
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f
S/D
d
o
p
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g
u
p
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n
t
h
e
SS
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ter
is
tic.
I
t
i
s
o
b
s
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t
h
at
t
h
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S
S
v
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e
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f
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-
J
L
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l
y
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n
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t
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n
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Ho
w
e
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th
e
SS
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J
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m
ai
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s
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t
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e
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ila
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sd
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n
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t
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tr
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te
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t
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m
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t
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n
th
e
SS
ch
ar
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ter
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tic
f
o
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p
-
J
L
DGVM
.
T
h
e
SS
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o
f
p
-
J
L
DGVM
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s
m
o
r
e
s
teep
t
h
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th
e
n
-
J
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DGVM
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u
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M
is
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i
g
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er
th
a
n
t
h
e
n
-
J
L
DGVM
.
As
a
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lt,
th
e
ON/
OFF
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p
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L
DG
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is
o
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th
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J
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at
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w
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er
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th
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al
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es
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p
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J
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DG
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e
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ai
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ila
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ac
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th
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p
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J
L
DGVM
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h
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al
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p
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DGVM
i
s
m
o
r
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teep
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h
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th
e
n
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J
L
DGVM
d
u
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n
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x
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e
m
el
y
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w
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m
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e
V
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e
p
-
J
L
DGVM
is
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ig
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er
t
h
an
t
h
e
n
-
J
L
DG
VM
.
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a
r
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lt,
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r
atio
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p
-
J
L
DGVM
i
s
o
b
s
er
v
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to
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e
m
u
c
h
b
etter
th
a
n
t
h
e
n
-
J
L
D
G
VM
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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ig
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2
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r
ea
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y
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s
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f
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ates
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ce
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n
clu
d
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th
at
th
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F
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al
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el
y
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n
n
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J
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w
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ir
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J
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u
r
e
1
2
.
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ap
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D
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k
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ter
m
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as
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ell
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OF
F
,
as
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in
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
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t
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at
th
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I
OFF
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ilar
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e
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ite
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is
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th
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I
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ir
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s
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u
r
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1
4
s
h
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m
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W
F
u
p
o
n
th
e
SS
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ar
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atio
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in
b
o
th
n
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J
L
D
GVM
an
d
p
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J
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DGVM
.
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e
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F
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v
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f
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4
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5
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7
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T
h
is
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r
t
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n
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t
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t c
h
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n
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l e
f
f
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ts
(
SC
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s
u
p
p
r
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n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
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u
r
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r
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S
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D
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4
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Fig
u
r
e
1
6
.
B
en
ch
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ar
k
o
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n
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J
L
DGVM
d
ev
ice
w
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h
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th
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j
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n
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s
s
v
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tical
d
ev
ices
w
it
h
m
u
ltip
le
W
F
m
ag
n
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d
e
[
1
8
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Fro
m
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it
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n
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e
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en
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b
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co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
g
eo
m
etr
ica
l
p
a
r
am
ete
r
.
F
o
r
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
,
th
e
n
-
t
y
p
e
d
ev
ice
w
it
h
W
F
=
4
.
5
eV
w
as
r
e
-
s
i
m
u
l
ated
at
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
V
D
=
0
.
5
V
as
th
e
V
G
i
s
s
h
i
f
ted
f
r
o
m
0
V
to
1
V
.
T
h
e
I
ON
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
-
J
L
DGVM
d
ev
ice
w
it
h
W
F
=
4
.
5
eV
ca
n
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
V
G
=
1
V
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
5
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
6
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
I
ON
m
a
g
n
i
tu
d
e
o
f
th
i
s
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
w
it
h
v
er
tica
l
d
o
u
b
le
-
g
a
te
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
w
it
h
m
u
ltip
le
W
F
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
[
22
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
n
-
J
L
DGV
M
d
ev
ice
(
cu
r
r
en
t
s
t
u
d
y
)
h
as
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
I
ON
m
ag
n
i
tu
d
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
tr
en
d
o
f
I
ON
ma
g
n
it
u
d
e
is
i
n
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
w
i
th
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ie
s
as
t
h
e
lo
w
er
W
F
d
o
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
a
h
i
g
h
er
I
ON
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e.
T
u
n
in
g
t
h
e
m
eta
l
-
g
ate
W
F
in
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
4
.
5
-
4
.
7
eV
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
an
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
in
attain
in
g
m
u
c
h
b
etter
ON
an
d
O
FF
s
ta
t
e
cu
r
r
en
t a
s
w
ell
a
s
ON/O
FF
r
atio
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
d
o
p
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
also
ad
j
u
s
ted
to
tu
n
e
J
L
DGVM
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
y
et
t
h
e
tr
e
n
d
o
f
it
s
i
m
p
ac
t
u
p
o
n
I
D
-
V
G
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tic
h
a
s
to
b
e
w
ell
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
u
s
,
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
g
eo
m
etr
ical
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
esig
n
is
v
er
y
cr
u
cial
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
b
etter
d
ev
ice
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fo
r
f
u
tu
r
e
w
o
r
k
,
s
ev
er
al
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
30
-
33
]
co
u
ld
b
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
g
eo
m
e
tr
ical
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
v
ar
iatio
n
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
J
L
DGVM
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Mu
ltip
le
e
lectr
ical
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
J
L
DGVM
s
ar
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
J
L
D
GV
M
d
esig
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
s
ca
li
n
g
o
f
J
L
DGV
M,
it
is
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
L
ch
s
ca
l
in
g
p
la
y
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
tu
n
in
g
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
s
u
c
h
as
I
ON
,
I
OFF
an
d
V
TH
.
P
illar
d
esig
n
is
al
s
o
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
an
d
m
o
s
t
p
r
ef
er
ab
le
if
t
h
e
s
ilico
n
p
il
lar
h
as
a
v
er
tica
l
l
y
u
ltra
-
t
h
i
n
s
h
ap
e
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
g
ate
co
n
tr
o
llab
ilit
y
ca
n
b
e
f
u
l
l
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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s
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to
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ce
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t
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n
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co
u
ld
b
e
g
ain
ed
,
th
u
s
en
ab
li
n
g
J
L
DG
VM
d
esig
n
to
b
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
o
p
ti
m
ized
f
o
r
b
etter
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
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ce
,
esp
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r
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m
d
r
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t
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e.
A
p
p
licatio
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o
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d
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p
in
g
t
u
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
a
n
d
W
F
en
g
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n
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ar
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cr
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h
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ar
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o
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g
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m
etr
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d
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ar
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s
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ACK
N
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M
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M
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d
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MO
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o
f
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M
y
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ain
1
5
an
d
C
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T
elec
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m
m
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R
e
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
I
n
n
o
v
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(
C
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R
I
)
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ic
s
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
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ter
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
(
FKE
KK)
,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
i
k
al
Ma
l
a
y
s
ia
Me
lak
a
(
UT
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)
f
o
r
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
in
g
t
h
i
s
r
esear
c
h
s
tu
d
y
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n
d
er
r
esear
ch
g
r
a
n
t
(
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R
GS/1
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0
1
7
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K0
4
/FKEKK
-
C
eT
R
I
/F0
0
3
3
5
)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
B.
S
u
b
ra
h
m
a
n
y
a
m
a
n
d
M
.
J
.
K
u
m
a
r,
“
Re
c
e
ss
e
d
so
u
rc
e
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
in
n
a
n
o
sc
a
le
v
e
rti
c
a
l
su
rro
u
n
d
i
n
g
g
a
te
(V
S
G
)
M
OSF
ET
s
f
o
r
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
i
n
g
sh
o
rt
-
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
e
f
f
e
c
ts,”
Ph
y
sic
a
E:
L
o
w
-
Dime
n
sio
n
a
l
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
N
a
n
o
str
u
c
tu
re
s
,
v
o
l.
4
1
,
p
p
.
6
7
1
-
6
7
6
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
]
T
.
Uc
h
in
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
v
e
rti
c
a
l
M
OSF
ET
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
u
sin
g
a
n
e
p
it
a
x
ial
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
a
n
d
a
s
tac
k
e
d
sili
c
o
n
-
in
su
lato
r
stru
c
t
u
re
,
”
S
e
mic
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r S
c
ie
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
/
issu
e
:
27
(
6
)
,
p
p
.
0
6
2
0
0
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
M
.
W
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
Op
ti
m
a
l
De
si
g
n
o
f
Ju
n
c
ti
o
n
les
s
T
ra
n
sisto
rs
w
it
h
Do
u
b
le
-
G
a
te
S
tru
c
tu
re
f
o
r
re
d
u
c
in
g
th
e
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
Ba
n
d
-
to
-
Ba
n
d
T
u
n
n
e
li
n
g
,
”
J
S
T
S
:
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
e
mic
o
n
d
u
c
to
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
13
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
2
4
5
-
2
5
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[4
]
M
.
Kh
a
o
u
a
n
i
a
n
d
A
.
G
.
B
o
u
a
z
z
a
,
“
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
m
u
lt
ip
le
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls
o
n
th
e
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
Re
c
tan
g
u
lar
GA
A
M
OSF
ET
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
7
(
4
)
,
p
p
.
1
8
9
9
-
1
9
0
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[5
]
N
.
S
h
e
h
a
ta,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
3
D
M
u
lt
i
-
G
a
t
e
T
r
a
n
sisto
rs:
Co
n
c
e
p
t
,
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
F
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[6
]
M
.
M
.
A
.
Ha
k
i
m
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
e
lf
-
A
li
g
n
e
d
S
il
icid
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
u
rro
u
n
d
G
a
te
V
e
rti
c
a
l
M
OSF
ET
s
f
o
r
L
o
w
Co
st
RF
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
E
lec
tro
n
De
v
ice
s
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
57
(
12
)
,
p
p
.
3
3
1
8
-
3
3
2
6
,
2
0
1
0
.
[7
]
M
.
M
a
sa
h
a
ra
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ultrath
i
n
Ch
a
n
n
e
l
V
e
rti
c
a
l
DG
M
OSF
ET
F
a
b
rica
ted
b
y
Us
in
g
Io
n
-
Bo
m
b
a
rd
m
e
n
t
-
Re
tard
e
d
Et
c
h
in
g
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
s
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
51
(
12
)
,
p
p
.
2
0
7
8
-
2
0
8
5
,
2
0
0
4
.
[8
]
N.
F
.
Ko
sm
a
n
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
b
e
twe
e
n
d
o
u
b
le
-
g
a
te
a
n
d
g
a
te
-
a
ll
-
a
ro
u
n
d
n
a
n
o
w
ire
m
o
s
f
e
t,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
13
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
8
0
1
-
8
0
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[9
]
H.
Ju
n
g
,
“
T
h
re
sh
o
l
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
ro
ll
-
o
f
f
f
o
r
su
b
-
1
0
n
m
a
s
y
m
m
e
tri
c
d
o
u
b
le
g
a
te,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
9
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
1
6
3
-
1
6
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
0
]
A
.
F
.
Ro
sla
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
3
0
n
m
D
G
-
F
in
F
ET
3
D
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
Im
p
a
c
t
t
o
wa
rd
s
S
h
o
rt
Ch
a
n
n
e
l
Ef
f
e
c
ts,”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
12
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
1
3
5
8
-
1
3
6
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
T
.
S
o
lan
k
ia
a
n
d
N.
P
a
rm
a
r,
“
A
Re
v
ie
w
p
a
p
e
r:
A
Co
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
stu
d
y
o
f
Ju
n
c
ti
o
n
les
s
tran
sisto
r,
”
in
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Rec
e
n
t
T
re
n
d
s in
En
g
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n
e
e
rin
g
&
T
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c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
2
]
V
ik
k
e
e
a
n
d
A
.
Na
n
d
i,
“
I
m
p
ro
v
e
d
A
n
a
l
y
ti
c
a
l
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
f
o
r
Ju
n
c
ti
o
n
les
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
D
a
ta
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
3
(
7
)
,
p
p
.
1
9
-
2
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
3
]
A
.
K.
G
u
p
ta,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
o
S
t
u
d
y
a
n
d
Ch
a
ra
c
terisa
ti
o
n
o
f
N
N
+
N
Na
n
o
w
ire
T
ra
n
sisto
r
(Ju
n
c
ti
o
n
les
s)
u
sin
g
2
D
ATLA
S
S
im
u
lato
r,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
u
rr
e
n
t
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
4
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
2
2
0
3
-
2
2
0
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
A
.
K.
M
a
n
d
ia
a
n
d
A
.
K.
Ra
n
a
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
En
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
Do
u
b
le
G
a
te
Ju
n
c
ti
o
n
les
s
T
ra
n
sist
o
r
Us
i
n
g
Hig
h
-
K
S
p
a
c
e
r
a
n
d
M
o
d
e
ls,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
1
1
t
h
IRF
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
8
-
11
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
5
]
S
.
R.
M
u
lm
a
n
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
Na
n
o
sc
a
le
F
u
ll
y
De
p
lete
d
EJ
-
S
OI
Ju
n
c
ti
o
n
les
s
M
OSF
ET
f
o
r
Hig
h
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
d
u
str
ia
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
4
(
6
)
,
p
p
.
3
4
-
3
7
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
R.
No
ra
n
i,
“
A
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
S
i
m
u
latio
n
o
n
S
i
n
g
le
G
a
t
e
Ju
n
c
ti
o
n
l
e
ss
F
ield
Eff
e
c
t
T
ra
n
sisto
r
Ba
s
e
d
o
n
G
e
n
e
ti
c
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s in
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r S
c
ien
c
e
:
An
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e:
3
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
1
4
0
-
1
4
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
7
]
M
.
P
u
tt
a
v
e
e
ra
p
p
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ju
n
c
ti
o
n
les
s
F
ET
s
w
it
h
a
F
in
Bo
d
y
f
o
r
M
u
lt
i
-
V
T
H
a
n
d
D
y
n
a
m
ic
T
h
re
sh
o
ld
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
s
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
65
(
8
)
,
p
p
.
3
5
3
5
-
3
5
4
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
K.
Biswa
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
in
sh
a
p
e
in
flu
e
n
c
e
o
n
a
n
a
lo
g
a
n
d
RF
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
ju
n
c
ti
o
n
les
s
a
c
c
u
m
u
lat
io
n
-
m
o
d
e
b
u
lk
F
in
F
ET
s,”
M
icr
o
sy
ste
m T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
24
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
2
3
1
7
-
2
3
2
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
9
]
S
.
C.
W
a
g
a
j,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
sh
ield
e
d
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
d
o
u
b
le
-
g
a
te
ju
n
c
ti
o
n
les
s
a
n
d
ju
n
c
ti
o
n
M
OS
tran
sisto
r,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
6
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
1
9
2
-
2
0
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
0
]
F
.
L
a
rk
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
T
ra
n
sp
o
rt
P
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
Ju
n
c
ti
o
n
l
e
ss
L
a
tera
l
Ga
te
S
il
ico
n
Na
n
o
w
ire
T
ra
n
sisto
r
F
a
b
rica
ted
b
y
A
to
m
ic
F
o
rc
e
M
i
c
ro
sc
o
p
e
Na
n
o
li
t
h
o
g
ra
p
h
y
,
”
M
ic
ro
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
S
o
l
id
S
t
a
te
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
2
0
1
2
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
1
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
1
5
-
2
0
,
2
0
1
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.
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2872
[2
1
]
J.
P
.
Co
li
n
g
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
S
i
m
u
latio
n
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
Ju
n
c
ti
o
n
les
s
a
n
d
In
v
e
rsio
n
-
M
o
d
e
M
u
G
F
ET
s
,
”
ECS
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
35
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
6
3
-
7
3
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
2
]
J.
Ra
h
u
l,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ef
fe
c
ts
o
f
M
e
t
a
l
G
a
te
El
e
c
tro
d
e
a
n
d
Hf
O
2
i
n
Ju
n
c
ti
o
n
les
s
V
e
rti
c
a
l
Do
u
b
le
G
a
te
M
OSF
ET
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
3
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
6
7
1
-
6
7
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
3
]
S
il
v
a
c
o
,
“
S
il
v
a
c
o
A
TL
A
S
m
a
n
u
a
l
De
v
ice
S
i
m
u
latio
n
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
,
”
2
0
0
6
.
[2
4
]
V
.
K.
Ya
d
a
v
a
n
d
A
.
K.
Ra
n
a
,
“
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
Ch
a
n
n
e
l
Do
p
i
n
g
o
n
D
G
-
M
OSF
ET
P
a
ra
m
e
ters
in
Na
n
o
Re
g
i
m
e
-
T
C
AD
S
im
u
latio
n
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
A
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
/
issu
e
:
37
(
11
)
,
p
p
.
3
6
-
4
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
5
]
M
.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
e
tal
-
g
a
te
d
ju
n
c
ti
o
n
les
s
n
a
n
o
w
ire
tran
sisto
rs,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
imu
l
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
e
mic
o
n
d
u
c
to
r
Pro
c
e
ss
e
s a
n
d
De
v
ice
s
,
p
p
.
8
-
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
6
]
B.
L
a
k
sh
m
i
a
n
d
R.
S
rin
iv
a
sa
n
,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
P
ro
c
e
ss
P
a
ra
m
e
ter
V
a
ri
a
ti
o
n
o
n
f
t
in
Co
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
Ju
n
c
ti
o
n
les
s
G
a
te
-
A
ll
-
A
ro
u
n
d
De
v
ice
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
10
(
8
)
,
p
p
.
9
9
4
-
1
0
0
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
7
]
K.
P
.
L
o
n
d
h
e
a
n
d
Y.
V.
Ch
a
v
a
n
,
“
A
No
v
e
l
Do
u
b
le
G
a
te
Ju
n
c
ti
o
n
-
l
e
ss
M
OSF
ET
Us
in
g
G
e
r
m
a
n
iu
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
T
re
n
d
s
in
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
-
1
1
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
8
]
J.
Ra
h
u
l,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
ju
n
c
ti
o
n
les
s
v
e
rti
c
a
l
d
o
u
b
le
g
a
te
M
OSF
ET
,
”
2
0
1
2
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
De
v
ice
s,
Circ
u
it
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
ICDCS
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
4
4
0
-
4
4
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
9
]
F
.
A
.
Re
z
a
li
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
d
e
v
ice
d
e
sig
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
g
e
o
m
e
tr
y
a
n
d
p
ro
c
e
ss
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
s f
o
r
1
4
/
1
6
-
n
m
F
in
F
ET
s stre
ss
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
E
lec
tro
n
De
v
ice
s
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
63
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
9
7
4
-
9
8
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
0
]
K.
E.
Ka
h
a
r
u
d
i
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
T
a
g
u
c
h
i
-
b
a
se
d
G
re
y
F
u
z
z
y
L
o
g
ic
f
o
r
S
im
u
lt
a
n
e
o
u
s
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
i
n
T
iO2
/W
S
ix
-
b
a
se
d
V
e
rti
c
a
l
d
o
u
b
le
-
g
a
te
M
OSF
ET
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
9
(
2
–
13
)
,
p
p
.
2
3
-
2
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
1
]
K.
E.
Ka
h
a
ru
d
in
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
Di
ff
e
r
e
n
t
Do
se
,
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
T
il
t
A
n
g
le
in
S
o
u
rc
e
/
Dra
in
I
m
p
lan
tati
o
n
f
o
r
V
e
rti
c
a
l
Do
u
b
le
G
a
te
P
M
OS
D
e
v
ice
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
te
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
8
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
2
3
-
2
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
2
]
K.
E.
Ka
h
a
r
u
d
i
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
T
a
g
u
c
h
i
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
L
o
w
e
r
Dra
in
In
d
u
c
e
d
Ba
rrier
L
o
w
e
r
in
g
in
V
e
rti
c
a
l
Do
u
b
le
G
a
te
NMOS
De
v
ic
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
E
lec
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
8
(
4
)
,
p
p
.
1
1
-
1
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
3
]
K.
E.
Ka
h
a
ru
d
in
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
T
a
g
u
c
h
i
M
e
th
o
d
a
n
d
Ce
n
tral
Co
m
p
o
site
De
sig
n
f
o
r
Op
ti
m
izin
g
P
ro
c
e
ss
P
a
ra
m
e
ters
in
V
e
rti
c
a
l
Do
u
b
le
G
a
t
e
M
OSF
ET
,
”
AR
PN
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
ied
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
12
(
19
)
,
p
p
.
5
5
7
8
-
5
5
9
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
K
.
E
.
K
a
h
a
r
u
d
in
re
c
e
iv
e
d
P
h
D
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
M
.
E
n
g
d
e
g
re
e
in
C
o
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
M
a
la
y
sia
M
e
lak
a
(UT
e
M
),
in
2
0
1
7
a
n
d
2
0
1
3
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
His
Ph
D
p
r
o
jec
t
f
o
c
u
se
d
o
n
th
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
v
e
rti
c
a
l
d
o
u
b
le
g
a
te
M
OSF
E
T
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
’s
in
ter
e
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
CM
OS
d
e
sig
n
,
m
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
rs,
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
rti
f
icia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
.
Re
c
e
n
tl
y
,
h
is
e
f
f
o
rts
e
m
p
h
a
siz
e
o
n
th
e
sim
u
latio
n
d
e
sig
n
o
f
Ju
n
c
ti
o
n
les
s
M
OSF
ET
,
sili
c
o
n
-
on
-
i
n
su
lat
o
r
(S
OI)
M
OSF
ET
,
h
ig
h
-
k
/m
e
tal
-
g
a
te sta
c
k
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
o
f
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
t
(Do
E).
F
.
S
a
leh
u
d
d
in
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
th
e
B.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
)
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
ra
(Ui
T
M
),
M
a
la
y
si
a
in
2
0
0
1
a
n
d
th
e
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
la
y
sia
,
in
2
0
0
3
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
M
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsi
ti
T
e
n
a
g
a
Na
sio
n
a
l
(UN
IT
EN),
M
a
la
y
sia
in
2
0
1
2
.
S
h
e
j
o
in
e
d
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
ik
a
l
M
a
la
y
si
a
M
e
lak
a
(UT
e
M
)
in
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
1
a
s
a
tu
to
r
a
n
d
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(F
KEKK
),
UT
e
M
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
p
ro
c
e
ss
a
n
d
d
e
v
ice
si
m
u
latio
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
sc
a
l
e
M
OSF
ET
s
d
e
v
ice
,
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
CM
OS
d
e
sig
n
,
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
(DO
E)
a
n
d
p
r
o
c
e
ss
p
a
ra
m
e
ter
v
a
riab
il
it
y
.
A.
S
.
M
.
Z
a
in
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
En
g
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
le
c
tri
c
a
l,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
.
S
c
in
M
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ics
f
ro
m
N
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
M
a
la
y
si
a
(UK
M
),
M
a
lay
sia
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
Na
n
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
G
la
sg
o
w
,
UK
in
2
0
1
3
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(F
KEKK
),
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
ik
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
M
e
la
k
a
(UTe
M
).
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
Na
n
o
sc
a
le
De
v
ice
D
e
sig
n
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
,
V
a
riab
il
it
y
a
n
d
Re
li
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
E
m
e
rg
in
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
De
v
ice
s,
IC
De
sig
n
f
o
r
Bio
m
e
d
ic
a
l
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
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