Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
4524
~
4532
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v8
i
6
.
pp
4524
-
45
32
4524
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Misusab
ility M
ea
sure Bas
ed Saniti
zation
of Big D
ata fo
r
Priva
cy P
reser
vin
g MapReduc
e Prog
ra
m
min
g
D.
R
ad
hik
a
1
,
D.
Aru
na Ku
mari
2
1
K L
Unive
rsit
y
,
Com
pu
te
r
Sci
en
ce
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
India
2
K
L
Unive
rsit
y
,
Depa
rtment
EC
M,
India
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
1
, 2
01
7
Re
vised
Feb
2
0
, 2
01
8
Accepte
d
J
un
11
, 201
8
Le
ak
age
and
m
is
use
of
sensiti
ve
dat
a
is
a
cha
l
le
n
ging
proble
m
to
ent
erp
r
ises.
It
has
bec
om
e
m
ore
serious
pr
oble
m
with
the
adve
nt
of
cl
oud
and
big
dat
a
.
The
ra
ti
ona
le
b
ehi
nd
th
is
is
th
e
inc
r
ea
se
in
o
utsourci
ng
of
d
at
a
to
public
cl
oud
and
publi
s
hing
dat
a
for
wi
der
visibi
l
ity
.
T
her
efo
re
Priv
acy
Preserving
Data
Publ
ishing
(PP
DP
),
Privacy
Preserving
Data
Min
ing
(
PP
D
M)
and
Privacy
Preserv
ing
Distributed
Data
Mining
(PP
DM
)
are
cru
ci
a
l
in
th
e
cont
emporar
y
er
a.
PP
DP
and
PPDM
ca
n
protect
priva
c
y
at
d
at
a
a
nd
proc
ess
l
evels
respe
ct
iv
ely
.
Th
ere
for
e,
with
big
dat
a
priva
c
y
to
da
ta
becam
e
indi
spensabl
e
due
to
the
fac
t
th
at
dat
a
is
stored
and
proc
essed
in
sem
i
-
truste
d
envi
ronm
ent
.
In
thi
s
p
ape
r
we
proposed
a
comprehe
nsive
m
et
h
odolog
y
for
eff
ective
s
ani
t
izati
on
of
d
at
a
b
a
sed
on
m
isusabil
ity
m
ea
sure
for
pre
serving
priva
c
y
to
get
r
i
d
of
dat
a le
ak
age a
nd
m
isuse.
W
e
foll
owed
a
h
y
br
id
appr
oa
ch
tha
t
c
at
ers
to
th
e
nee
ds
of
priva
c
y
pre
serv
ing
MapReduc
e
progr
a
m
m
ing.
W
e
proposed
an
algorithm
known
as
Misus
abi
li
t
y
Mea
sur
e
-
Bas
ed
Priva
c
y
P
rese
rving
Algorit
hm
(MM
P
P)
which
conside
rs
le
ve
l
of
m
isusab
il
ity
prior
t
o
choosing
and
appl
icati
on
of
a
ppropria
t
e
sanitization
on
big
dat
a.
Our
empiric
a
l
stud
y
with
Am
az
on
EC2
and
EMR
rev
ea
l
ed
that
t
he
proposed
m
et
hodolog
y
is
useful
in
r
e
al
i
zi
ng
pr
ivac
y
pr
ese
rving
M
ap
Redu
ce
progra
m
m
ing.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Bi
g
data
Mi
su
sabili
ty
m
easur
e
Pr
ivacy
Pr
ese
r
ving
Data M
ini
ng
(P
P
DM)
Pr
ivacy
Pr
ese
r
ving
Data
Publi
sh
in
g (PP
DP
)
Saniti
zat
ion
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
D.
Ra
dhika
,
K
L
Unive
rsity
, Co
m
pu
te
r Sci
ence E
nginee
ring,
Guntur
-
5225
02, An
dhra
Pr
a
des
h,
India.
Em
a
il
: rad
hik
a
raj
ase
khar
@ya
hoo.
c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Bi
g
data
has
be
com
e
a
known
bu
zz
w
ord
a
s
it
is
well
unde
rstood
in
t
he
wak
e
of
ne
w
t
echnolo
gies
li
ke
cl
oud
c
om
pu
ti
ng
an
d
distrib
uted
pr
ogram
m
ing
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
ks
li
ke
Ha
doop
[1
]
that
sup
port
s
ne
w
pro
gr
am
m
ing
par
a
dig
m
Ma
p
Re
duce
[2
]
.
As
this
f
ram
e
work
ca
n
le
ve
rag
e
pa
rall
el
processi
ng
an
d
t
hu
s
su
pp
or
ts
proce
ssing o
f
m
assiv
e
data, e
nter
pri
ses st
arte
d
s
w
it
ching
t
o
cl
ou
d based
sto
rage an
d processi
ng. T
his
way
cl
oud
ba
sed
data
pu
blishin
g
a
nd
dat
a
m
ining
beca
m
e
a
reali
ty
.
More
i
nfor
m
ation
on
big
da
ta
an
d
distrib
uted pro
gr
am
m
ing
f
ra
m
ewo
r
ks
ca
n
be
f
ound in o
ur
pr
i
or
work
[
3
]
. W
it
h
pleth
ora
of
a
dvanta
ges suc
h
as
on
dem
and
sto
rag
e
a
nd
c
om
pu
ti
ng
without
tim
e
and
geograph
ic
al
restrict
ion
s
a
nd
ca
pital
inv
est
m
ent,
i
n
pay
per
us
e
fas
hion,
cl
oud
al
s
o
bro
ught
c
halle
nges.
Leaka
ge
a
nd
m
isuse
of
s
ensiti
ve
data
is
one
s
uc
h
c
halle
ng
e
that
nee
ds
m
or
e
researc
h
.
When
da
ta
is
outs
ource
d
f
or
pu
bl
ishing
a
nd
data
m
ining
pr
i
va
cy
issues
com
e
into
picture
.
These
issues
m
ay
le
a
d
to
pote
ntial
risk
to
custom
ers
an
d
eve
n
rai
se
le
gal
hu
r
dle
s
to
enterprises
.
Let
us
ha
ve
s
om
e
unde
rstan
ding
on
pri
vacy
in
t
erm
s
of
at
tribut
es
an
d
se
ns
it
ivit
y
le
vels
of
data
bein
g
publ
ished
.
Our foc
us
is
li
m
it
ed
to d
at
a i
n
ta
bula
r
for
m
o
nly.
The
at
trib
utes
in
any
gi
ven
da
ta
set
can
be
cl
assifi
ed
into
qu
a
si
-
ide
ntifie
r
s,
sensiti
ve
at
trib
utes
an
d
oth
e
r
at
trib
ute
s.
Qu
asi
-
ide
ntifie
r
is
an
ide
nt
ifie
r
that
do
e
s
not
re
veal
s
e
ns
it
ive
in
f
or
m
at
ion
directl
y
bu
t
an
at
ta
cker
m
ay
be
able
to
infe
r
sensiti
ve
data
f
ro
m
it
.
Sens
it
i
ve
at
trib
ute
on
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd
has
pri
vate
data
that
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Mi
su
sabil
it
y Meas
ur
e B
as
e
d S
an
it
izati
on
of
Big
Da
t
a
for
P
riv
acy
…
(
D
. R
adhika
)
4525
sh
oul
d
not
be
disclose
d.
N
on
-
disclos
ur
e
of
se
ns
it
ive
in
form
ation
is
the
ai
m
of
pr
i
vacy
preser
ving
data
publishi
ng.
Ot
her
at
tri
bu
te
s
do
not
re
veal
sensiti
ve
data
and
at
ta
c
ker
s
c
an
ne
ve
r
in
fer
sensiti
ve
in
for
m
at
ion
from
the
m
.
Ther
e
are
t
wo
se
ns
it
ive
at
trib
utes
fou
nd
i
n
T
able
2
wh
ic
h
i
s
der
i
ved
f
ro
m
Table
1.
T
he
y
are
account
ty
pe
and
a
ver
a
ge
m
o
nt
hly
bill
.
The
fo
rm
er
sh
ow
s
i
m
po
rtance
of
acc
ount
whil
e
the
latte
r
s
how
s
sp
e
nd
i
ng p
at
te
r
ns
of cus
t
om
er.
A
dv
e
rsa
ries c
an
e
xp
l
oit suc
h i
nfor
m
at
ion
.
Table
1
.
T
he
S
ource Ta
ble
Jo
b
City
Sex
Accou
n
t T
y
p
e
Av
erage
Mon
th
ly
Bill
Law
y
er
NY
Fe
m
ale
Go
ld
$350
Gen
d
er
LA
Male
W
h
ite
$160
Gen
d
er
LA
Fe
m
ale
Silv
er
$200
Law
y
er
NY
Fe
m
ale
Bro
n
ze
$600
Teac
h
er
DC
Fe
m
ale
Silv
er
$300
Garden
er
LA
Male
Bro
n
ze
$200
Teac
h
er
DC
Fe
m
ale
Go
ld
$875
Prog
ra
m
m
e
r
DC
Male
W
h
ite
$20
Teac
h
er
DC
Fe
m
ale
W
h
ite
$160
Table
2
.
T
he
P
ub
li
s
hed Table
Jo
b
City
Sex
Accou
n
t T
y
p
e
Av
erage
Mon
th
ly
Bill
Law
y
er
NY
Fe
m
ale
Go
ld
$350
Law
y
er
NY
Fe
m
ale
Bro
n
ze
$600
Teac
h
er
DC
Fe
m
ale
Silv
er
$300
Garden
er
LA
Male
Bro
n
ze
$200
Prog
ra
m
m
e
r
DC
Male
W
h
ite
$20
Teac
h
er
DC
Fe
m
ale
W
h
ite
$160
Our
pr
io
r
work
[4
]
on
Mi
ni
ng
as
a
Ser
vice
(
Ma
aS)
di
d
not
fo
c
us
on
pri
va
cy
of
data
bein
g
pu
blish
e
d
or
m
ined
with
resp
ect
to
Ma
p
Re
du
ce
pro
gr
a
m
m
ing
.
H
ow
ever,
we
un
derst
ood
that
sens
it
ivit
y
le
vel
of
data
is
i
m
po
rtant
in
m
aking
saniti
z
at
ion
decisi
ons
.
Saniti
zat
ion
is
the
pr
oce
ss
of
hi
ding
sens
it
ive
data
by
a
dd
i
ng
no
ise
to
data.
Ma
ny
anony
m
iz
at
ion
te
chni
qu
es
cam
e
into
existe
nce
a
s
exp
l
or
e
d
in
[5
]
.
Howe
ver
,
in
the
con
te
xt
of
cl
oud
a
nd
big
dat
a
an
integ
rated
appro
ac
h
wh
i
ch
ta
kes
ca
re
of
pr
i
vacy
of
data
an
d
pu
blishin
g
or
m
ining
of
data
base
d
on
le
vel
of
m
isusabili
ty
is
m
issi
ng
.
Th
is
is
the
m
ot
ivati
on
be
hind
the
wo
r
k
in
this
pa
per.
Our
c
ontrib
ution
s
in
this
paper ar
e
as
fo
ll
ows.
a.
We
pro
po
se
d
a
com
pr
ehe
ns
iv
e
an
d
inte
gr
at
e
d
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
for
pr
i
vacy
preserv
i
ng
bi
g
da
ta
publishi
ng
or
processi
ng w
it
h resp
ect
t
o
M
ap
Re
du
ce
progr
am
m
ing
u
sin
g Hado
op fram
ewor
k.
b.
We
pro
po
se
d
an
al
gorithm
know
n
as
Mi
su
sabili
ty
Me
asur
e
-
Ba
se
d
P
rivacy
Pr
e
serv
i
ng
Al
gor
it
h
m
(MM
PP) to
det
erm
ine level of m
isusabili
ty
befo
re a
pp
ly
in
g appr
opriat
e san
it
iz
at
ion
techn
i
qu
e
.
c.
We
m
ade
an
e
m
pirical
stud
y
with
Am
azon
EC2
a
nd
EMR
.
Am
azon
Sim
ple
Sto
rag
e
Se
rv
ic
e
(S3)
is
use
d
to
store
bi
g
dat
a
wh
il
e
Am
azon
Ela
sti
c
Ma
pR
edu
ce
is
us
e
d
for
im
ple
m
ent
at
ion
of
pr
i
vac
y
pr
ese
rv
i
ng
bi
g
data pr
ocessin
g wit
h
Ma
pRedu
ce
pr
ogram
m
ing
p
a
ra
dig
m
.
d.
We
e
valuate
d
our
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
with
bi
g
da
ta
(str
uctu
red
data)
an
d
t
he
res
ults
re
veal
ed
that
pro
pos
ed
m
et
ho
dolo
gy i
s u
se
fu
l
in real
iz
ing
pri
vacy
preserv
i
ng Ma
pR
edu
ce
pr
ogram
m
ing
.
The
rem
ai
nd
er
of
the
pa
per
is
struct
ur
e
d
a
s
f
ollow
s
.
Sec
ti
on
2
r
evie
ws
relat
ed
w
orks
.
Sect
io
n
3
pr
ese
nts
pro
po
sed
m
et
ho
do
l
ogy.
Sect
io
n
4
presents
e
xp
e
ri
m
ental
resu
lt
s.
Sect
ion
5
co
nc
lud
es
the
paper
wh
il
e
sect
ion
6 pro
vid
es
directi
ons
f
or futu
re
work.
2.
RE
LATE
D
W
ORKS
This
sect
ion
prov
i
des
re
view
of
li
te
ratur
e
on
relat
ed
wor
ks
.
Heatherly
et
al
.
[6
]
fo
c
us
e
d
on
infe
ren
c
e
at
ta
cks
an
d
t
he
pr
e
ve
ntio
n
of
the
sam
e
in
soc
ia
l
networ
ks
.
They
em
plo
ye
d
the
noti
on
of
colle
ct
ive
in
fe
ren
ce
in ord
e
r
t
o discov
e
r
se
ns
it
ive
at
tribu
te
s
from
g
ive
n datase
t.
Acs
et
al.
[
7] prop
os
ed
tw
o
sa
niti
zat
ion
tech
nique
s
that
m
ake
us
e
of
re
dundanc
y
featur
es
of
real
w
or
l
d
dat
aset
s.
The
se
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
are
us
e
d
to
ha
ve
loss
y
com
pr
essio
n
of
data
be
f
or
e
a
pp
ly
in
g
saniti
z
at
ion
.
T
heir
fi
r
s
schem
e
is
op
t
i
m
iz
at
ion
of
Four
ie
r
Pertu
r
bation
Algorithm
(F
P
A)
wh
il
e
the
seco
nd
sc
hem
e
is
based
on
cl
us
te
rin
g
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
.
Che
n
et
al
.
[8
]
ex
pl
or
e
d
diff
e
re
ntial
pr
i
vacy
m
od
el
fo
r
transit
data
pu
blica
ti
on
.
T
hey
publishe
d
la
r
ge
vo
l
um
es
of
sequ
e
ntial
data
us
in
g
their m
od
el
ba
sed o
n diff
e
rent
ia
l pr
ivacy
.
Ask
a
ri
et
al
.
[9
]
pro
po
se
d
an
in
f
or
m
at
i
on
the
or
et
ic
f
ram
ewo
rk
f
or
pr
i
vacy
pres
erv
i
ng
data
publishi
ng.
Th
ey
evaluated
t
heir
f
ram
ewo
r
k
with
t
wo
ki
nd
s
of
bac
kgr
ound
kn
ow
le
dge.
Or
i
gin
al
da
ta
set
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4524
-
4532
4526
knowle
dge
a
nd
the
us
e
r’s
kn
owle
dge
of
dataset
are
the
tw
o
kinds.
T
heir
w
ork
is
m
eant
for
m
easur
ing
pri
vacy
and u
ti
li
ty
o
f s
aniti
zat
ion
a
ppro
ac
hes
i
n
the
confines
of i
nfor
m
at
ion
the
ory
.
Do
m
adiy
a
and
Ra
o
[
10]
pro
pose
d
a
he
uri
sti
c
base
d
al
gorit
hm
fo
r
hid
in
g
sensiti
ve
ass
oc
ia
ti
on
r
ules
for
m
a
intai
nin
g
data
qual
it
y
and
pr
i
vacy.
Their
al
gorithm
is
kn
own
as
Mod
ifie
d
Dec
r
ease
Su
pp
or
t
of
RH
S
it
e
m
of
Rule
C
lusters
(MSRR
C).
T
he
al
gorithm
m
od
ifie
s
tr
ansacti
ons
i
n
orde
r
to
ac
hieve
sanita
ti
on.
Ca
nard
and
Le
scuyer
[11]
pro
po
se
d
a
novel
appr
oach
for
sanit
i
zi
ng
per
s
onal
data
that
m
akes
us
e
of
an
onym
ou
s
cred
e
ntial
s.
Th
ei
r
fr
am
ework
do
e
s
not
s
upport
existi
ng
s
aniti
zat
ion
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
as
it
is
m
eant
fo
r
diff
e
re
nt
appr
oach
in
te
rm
s
of
anony
m
ou
s
cred
e
ntial
syst
e
m
.
Lin
et
al
.
[1
2]
f
ollow
e
d
a
greed
y
-
base
d
ap
pro
ach
f
or
saniti
zat
ion
.
T
hey
hid
e
se
ns
it
ive
data
by
tra
ns
act
io
n
insert
ion
.
S
ha
r
an
d
Tan
[
13
]
pr
opos
e
d
an
ap
pro
ach
f
or
pr
e
dicti
ng
we
b
ap
plica
ti
on
vulnera
bili
ti
es
su
ch
as
c
ross
sit
e
scriptin
g
a
nd
SQ
L
i
nj
ect
i
on.
To
ac
hieve
thi
s
they
us
e
d
saniti
zat
ion
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
t
o
hi
de
co
de
pa
tt
ern
s.
Xiao
et
al
.
[14]
present
ed
a
data
sa
niti
zat
ion
te
ch
nique
f
or
inferrin
g
netw
ork’
s
str
uctu
re
.
T
his
is
done
us
i
ng
dif
fere
ntial
ly
pr
ivat
e
fas
hion.
To
wards
t
his
e
nd
they
e
m
plo
ye
d
sta
ti
sti
cal
h
ie
rar
c
hical
r
an
dom
g
ra
ph (HRG
)
m
odel
.
Gam
bs
et
a
l.
[1
5]
pro
posed
de
-
a
nonym
iz
ation
at
ta
ck
on
m
assive
a
m
ou
nt
of
locat
io
n
data
colle
ct
ed
by
G
PS
base
d
syst
e
m
s.
They
i
m
ple
m
ented
the
at
ta
ck
usi
ng
M
ob
il
it
y
Ma
rko
v
Chai
n
(M
MC
)
m
od
el
.
T
his
is
done
by
ob
s
er
ving
m
ob
il
it
y
t
races
f
ound
in
the
dataset
.
T
he
ir
at
ta
ck
was
m
eant
fo
r
m
easur
i
ng
t
he
stre
ng
t
h
of
saniti
zat
ion
m
e
chan
ism
s.
Zha
ng
et
al
.
[
16]
pro
posed
a
m
eth
od
t
o
sa
niti
ze
locat
ion
ba
sed
rec
omm
end
at
ion
s
a
s
they
carry
locat
ion
relat
ed
se
ns
it
ive
data.
T
heir
m
et
ho
d
is
based
on
di
fferentia
l
pr
iv
ac
y.
Sanch
ez
et
al
.
[17]
fo
c
us
e
d
on
i
m
pro
ving
saniti
zat
ion
of
te
xt
ua
l
do
cum
ents.
Their
ap
proac
h
autom
at
ic
ally
find
s
se
ns
it
ive
te
rm
s
in
te
xt
docum
ents
a
nd
sa
niti
zes
them
.
Their
appr
oach
sig
ni
ficantl
y
re
du
ce
s
the
risk
of
di
scl
os
ure
of
se
nsi
ti
ve
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
S
un
et
al
.
[
18]
e
m
plo
ye
d
se
nsi
ti
zat
ion
routin
es
f
or
detect
in
g
vu
l
ner
a
bili
ty
know
n
as
i
nteger
-
ov
e
rf
l
ow
-
to
-
bu
ff
e
r
-
ov
e
rf
l
ow.
Their
te
ch
ni
que
is
known
as
dynam
ic
tracking
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
.
Li
et
al
.
[1
9]
st
ud
ie
d
the
nee
d
f
or
s
a
niti
zi
ng
data
ba
ses
befo
re
outs
ourcin
g
them
,
especial
ly
fo
r
so
ft
war
e
te
sti
ng
ta
sk
s
.
He
ff
et
z
and
Liget
t
[20]
c
on
t
rib
uted
to
wards
pr
i
vacy
base
d
res
ear
ch
w
hic
h
inc
lud
es
dif
fer
e
nt
ia
l
pr
ivacy
a
nd
de
-
identific
at
ion.
Cl
ifton
[21]
e
xp
l
or
e
d
t
he
c
oncept
of
distribu
te
d
data
m
i
ning
with
pr
i
va
cy
pr
ese
r
ving
ap
proac
hes.
They
disc
us
se
d
p
rivacy
pres
erv
i
ng
a
sso
ci
at
ion
ru
le
m
ining
,
a
nd
c
om
po
ne
nt
al
gorithm
.
A
s
urvey
of
pri
vacy
pr
ese
r
ving
data
m
ining
can
be
fou
nd
with
dif
fer
e
nt
te
c
hniq
ues
i
n
[22].
D
wor
k
et
al
[
23
]
st
ud
ie
d
sta
ti
sti
cal
validit
y
wh
il
e
perform
ing
ad
aptive
da
ta
an
al
ysi
s.
They
focus
e
d
on
acc
uracy
gu
a
ran
te
e
analy
sis
of
sta
t
ist
ic
s.
Si
m
il
ar
kin
d
of
w
ork
was
f
ound
i
n
[
24]
.
C
li
fton
et
al
.
[
25]
presente
d
to
ol
f
or
PP
DD
M
(Privacy
P
res
erv
i
ng
Distrib
uted
Da
ta
Mi
nin
g).
Th
e
too
ls
inclu
de
secur
e
m
ulti
-
par
ty
com
pu
ta
ti
on
,
sec
ure
sum
,
secur
e
set
un
i
on,
secur
e
siz
e
of
s
et
intersect
ion
,
and
scal
ar
pro
du
ct
.
A
survey
on
PP
D
DM
is
found
in
[
26
]
oth
e
r
te
chn
i
ques
li
ke
ho
m
om
or
ph
is
m
en
crypti
on
,
secret s
har
in
g schem
e, an
d ra
ndom
iz
at
ion
techn
i
qu
e
s ar
e
used
for
P
PDD
M.
Ju
rczy
k
a
nd
Xi
ong
[
22
]
d
evel
op
e
d
m
any
pro
toc
ols
i
n
distribu
te
d
e
nv
i
ron
m
ent
for
pr
i
va
cy
pr
ese
r
ving
data
publishi
ng.
Mo
reover
th
ei
7
work
f
oc
use
d
on
horizo
nt
al
ly
par
ti
ti
on
ed
distribu
te
d
dat
abases.
Be
nja
m
in
e
t
al
.
[28]
exp
l
ored
rece
nt
i
m
pr
ov
em
ent
in
the
area
of
P
PDD
M.
They
stud
i
ed
both
pr
i
vac
y
m
od
el
s
an
d
at
ta
ck
m
od
el
s
in
distribu
te
d
e
nv
i
ron
m
ents.
The
at
ta
ck
m
od
el
s
they
fo
und
incl
ude
pr
oba
bili
sti
c
at
ta
ck,
ta
ble
lin
ka
ge,
at
tribu
te
li
nk
a
ge
an
d
rec
ord
li
nk
a
ge.
K
um
ar
and
Lav
anya
[5
]
fo
c
use
d
on
PP
D
M
in
the
cont
ext
of
colla
borati
ve
da
ta
publishin
g.
They
exp
l
or
e
d
f
or
m
al
ano
nym
i
ty
m
od
el
s
su
c
h
as
k
-
a
nonym
i
ty
,
l
-
div
ers
it
y
and
t
-
cl
os
ene
ss.
Be
sides
t
hey
ex
plored
m
-
pr
iva
cy
al
gorithm
fo
r
pri
vacy
i
n
t
he
pr
es
ence
of
m
ulti
-
par
ty
secure
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
Bordor
o
et
al
.
[29]
re
viewe
d
bi
g
data
pla
tfor
m
s
and
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s.
Ma
dhu
an
d
N
gach
a
ndrika
[
30
]
discusse
d
m
issi
ng
value
est
i
m
at
ion
us
in
g
ne
w
pa
ra
dig
m
with
data
im
pu
ta
ti
on
a
ppr
oa
ch.
Ar
c
ha
na
et
al
.
[31]
discusse
d
ab
ou
t
big
data
secu
rity
by
us
in
g
da
ta
m
asking
te
chn
i
qu
e
s.
This
pa
per
has
relevan
ce
with
thi
s
as
it
exp
l
oits
saniti
zat
ion
.
M
or
e
on
bi
g
data
a
nd
sec
ur
it
y
ca
n
be
fou
nd
in
the
wor
ks
of
A
run
et
al
.
[
32
]
a
nd
Ma
dh
a
vi
an
R
a
m
ana
[33].
W
rig
ht
et
al
.
[34
]
rev
ie
we
d
dist
rib
uted
data
m
ining
prot
oco
ls
includi
ng
Ba
y
esi
an
netw
orks
a
nd
BN
le
arn
i
ng
prot
oco
l.
Zam
a
n
an
d
O
bim
bo
[35]
ex
plored
PPDP
with
re
sp
ect
to
cl
assif
ic
at
ion
te
chn
iq
ues
.
T
he
y
dev
el
op
e
d
a
fr
am
ework
base
d
on
dif
fe
ren
ti
al
pri
vacy
.
I
n
this
pa
per
we
fo
c
us
e
d
on
th
e
pr
i
vacy
preser
ving
data p
r
oc
essing
us
i
ng
M
apRed
uce p
r
og
ram
m
ing
pa
radi
gm
.
Tow
ar
ds
t
his
en
d
we
pr
opose
d
a
m
et
ho
do
l
ogy
to
san
it
iz
e
data
base
d
on
m
isusabili
ty
le
vel
wh
ic
h
is
m
easur
e
us
in
g
m
isusabili
ty
score
com
pu
te
d.
3.
PROP
OSE
D MET
HO
DOL
OGY FO
R
P
RIVA
CY P
R
ESSER
VING
MAPRE
DUC
E
PRO
GRA
M
MING
Her
e
is
the
Com
pr
ehe
ns
ive
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
f
or
Ex
plorin
g
Pr
ivacy
Pr
ese
r
ving
Data
Mi
ning
for
B
i
g
Data.
It
ta
kes
big
data
a
s
in
pu
t
an
d
pro
du
ces
sa
niti
zed
da
ta
as
ou
t
pu
t.
Af
te
r
ta
ki
ng
in
pu
t,
al
l
at
trib
ut
es
are
consi
der
e
d
a
nd
they
are
m
a
pp
e
d
to
diff
e
r
ent
kinds
li
ke
sensiti
ve,
no
r
m
al
and
qu
a
si
identifie
rs.
S
ensiti
ve
identifie
rs
a
re
identifie
rs
th
at
can
di
rectl
y
disclose
i
den
t
it
y.
Qu
asi
ide
ntifie
rs
a
re
th
e
identifie
r
s
pro
ne
t
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Mi
su
sabil
it
y Meas
ur
e B
as
e
d S
an
it
izati
on
of
Big
Da
t
a
for
P
riv
acy
…
(
D
. R
adhika
)
4527
infer
e
nce
at
ta
cks.
T
he
sensiti
vity
le
vel
of
at
tribu
te
s
is
co
nsi
der
e
d.
The
n
a
m
isusabili
ty
s
c
or
e
is
m
easur
ed
f
or
al
l
at
tribu
te
s
to
be
saniti
zed
.
Mi
su
sabili
ty
Scor
e
is
a
m
eas
ur
e
to
know
th
e
vu
l
ner
a
bili
ty
of
a
n
at
trib
ute
again
s
t
infer
e
nce
at
ta
cks.
On
ce
m
is
us
a
bili
ty
m
eas
ur
e
is
ap
plied
to
at
tribu
te
s,
the
le
vel
of
vu
l
ner
a
bili
ty
a
gain
s
t
infer
e
nce
at
ta
ck
s
is
known
.
This
inf
or
m
at
ion
is
us
ed
to
ha
ve
an
ada
ptive
and
it
erati
ve
proces
s
to
saniti
ze
the
data.
T
he
ap
proac
h
is
com
pr
ehe
ns
ive
as
it
can
a
da
pt
to
dif
fer
e
nt
sa
ni
ti
zat
ion
pro
ce
dures
base
d
on
t
he
m
isusabili
ty
lev
el
.
T
hus
it
is
a
hybri
d
a
ppr
oac
h
that
ca
n
e
f
fecti
vely
deal
with
dif
f
eren
t
at
trib
ute
s
with
appr
opriat
e
saniti
zat
ion
m
eth
od.
As
one
s
iz
e
do
es
not
fi
t
al
l
the
propo
sed
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
pro
vid
e
s
s
uitable
saniti
zat
ion
m
e
chan
ism
f
or all
att
ribu
te
s
of th
e d
at
a set.
Ther
e
are
tw
o
ph
a
ses
in
t
he
pro
po
se
d
a
ppro
a
c
h.
First
one
is
creati
ng
m
isusabili
ty
m
easur
e
a
nd
app
ly
in
g
it
to
giv
e
n
dataset
in
orde
r
to
ob
t
ai
n
m
isusabili
ty
scor
e.
On
c
e
m
isuabili
ty
sc
or
e
is
obta
ine
d
it
is
giv
e
n
to
t
he
se
cond
ph
a
se
w
hi
ch
is
exec
utio
n
m
od
el
.
I
n
th
e
exec
ution
m
od
el
t
her
e
a
re
t
wo
ste
ps
i
nvol
ved.
I
n
the
first
ste
p
m
isusabili
ty
score
is
us
ed
to
kn
ow
w
hich
le
ve
l
of
sa
niti
zat
ion
is
re
qu
ire
d.
I
n
the
sec
ond
st
ep
the
determ
ined
saniti
zat
ion
te
ch
nique
is
app
li
e
d
t
o
giv
e
n
dataset
(s)
in
or
de
r
to
ge
ner
at
e
f
ully
saniti
zed
dataset
.
Figure
1 de
picst t
h
e a
ppro
ac
h.
Figure
1.
A
rch
i
te
ct
ur
al
ove
rv
i
ew of
the
pro
pose
d
a
ppro
ac
h
3.1.
Creatin
g Misusab
il
it
y Mea
sure
Mi
su
sabili
ty
m
easur
e
is
t
he
m
easur
e
us
ed
to
know
how
m
uch
possibil
it
y
is
the
re
to
m
isuse
the
gi
ven
dataset
.
T
his
m
easur
e
was
first
intr
oduce
d
by
Ha
rel
et
al
.
[
6
]
.
I
n
t
hi
s
pa
per
it
is
us
e
d
as
par
t
of
ou
r
com
pr
ehe
ns
ive
m
e
tho
dolo
gy
us
e
d
f
or
pr
otect
ing
pri
va
cy
of
big
da
ta
in
the
c
onte
xt
of
Ma
pR
edu
c
e
pro
gr
am
m
ing
par
a
dig
m
. Th
e
m
isusabili
ty
sco
re
is com
pu
te
d by us
i
ng se
ries of ste
ps
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
2
.
The
ste
ps
incl
ud
e
c
om
pu
ti
ng
raw
recor
d
scor
e
(RRS),
com
pu
ti
ng
rec
ord
disti
nguis
hing
fact
or
(RDF),
com
puti
ng
final
rec
ord
sc
ore
(
FR
S)
a
nd
c
om
pu
ti
ng
m
isusabili
t
y
scor
e
(M
S)
.
The
m
echan
is
m
il
lustrate
d
nee
ds
a
dataset
as
inp
ut
an
d
pe
r
form
s
series
of
act
ivit
ie
s
bef
or
e
it
finall
y
com
pu
te
s
m
isusabili
ty
scor
e
w
hich
is
us
ed
i
n
the
pro
posed
al
gorithm
to
determ
ine
the
le
vel
of
se
ns
it
iz
at
ion
.
Be
f
or
e
em
plo
yi
ng
saniti
zat
ion
,
it
is
i
m
po
rta
nt
to
un
der
sta
nd
the
m
isusabili
t
y
prob
a
bili
ty
of
give
n
datas
et
to
be
pu
blishe
d.
To
w
ar
ds
t
his e
nd the
ste
ps
a
r
e brie
fly
d
esc
ri
bed h
e
re.
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,
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:
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4532
4528
Figure
2. O
verview
of c
om
pu
ti
ng
m
isusabili
ty
sco
re
3.2.
Co
m
pu
ting R
aw R
ec
ord Sc
ore
This
is
the
se
ns
it
ivit
y
scor
e
of
one
record
in
the
gi
ven
da
ta
set
in
the
for
m
of
a
ta
ble.
Fo
r
a
si
ng
le
record
i
, th
e
s
um
o
f
al
l sensit
ive
values
is co
m
pu
te
d
an
d
t
ha
t i
s d
e
no
te
d
as
RR
S
i
. I
t i
s c
om
pu
te
d
as foll
ow
s
.
RR
=
m
in
(
1
,
∑
(
,
[
]
)
)
(1)
The
RR
S
is
m
or
e
w
hen
a
ta
bl
e
has
m
or
e
nu
m
ber
of
se
ns
it
ive
at
trib
utes.
I
n
the
sam
e
fash
io
n,
wh
e
n
the
ta
ble
has
le
ss
num
ber
of
s
ensiti
ve
values
,
it
s
RR
S
is
lo
w.
T
he
res
ult
of
the
RR
S
m
us
t
be
1
or
le
ss
than
1.
It w
il
l n
ot e
xce
ed
the
v
al
ue 1.
3.3.
Co
m
pu
ting R
ecord
Distin
gui
shing Fac
t
or
It
is
the
m
easu
re
to
kn
ow
ho
w
fa
r
a
quasi
-
i
den
ti
fier
in
gi
ve
n
dataset
can
rev
eal
i
den
ti
fy
of
t
he
e
ntit
y.
Its v
al
ue
is i
n
t
he ran
ge of
0.0 an
d 1.0. T
he
re
fore the
d
ist
in
guishi
ng f
act
or
f
un
ct
io
n
is
d
e
no
te
d
as
fo
ll
ows
.
DF
: {
qu
a
si
-
ide
ntifie
rs}
[
0,1
]
(2)
DF
of
a
giv
e
n
reco
r
d
in
dicat
es
the
effor
t
ne
eded
by
an
ind
i
vidual
to
know
the
a
bout
exact
entit
y
need
e
d by the
i
nd
i
vidual.
3.4.
Co
m
pu
ting Fi
na
l
Reco
r
d S
c
ore
This
m
easur
e
m
akes
us
e
of
a
record
’s
RR
S
i
and
D
i
.
Wh
e
n
a
ta
ble
is
con
s
idere
d
with
r
r
ecords,
t
he
final r
ec
ord
sc
or
e
is com
pu
te
d
a
s
foll
ows.
FRS=
0
≤
≤
(R
)=
0
≤
≤
(
)
(
3)
Weig
hted
se
nsi
ti
vity
scor
e
de
no
te
d
as
RS
i
is
com
pu
te
d
f
or
eac
h
recor
d.
The
RR
S
i
is
div
i
ded
by
disti
nguish
i
ng
factor
D
i
f
or
doin
g
this
.
T
hus
the
m
axi
m
al
weig
hted
se
nsi
ti
vity
scor
e
F
RS
is
com
pu
te
d
for
giv
e
n
ta
ble
.
3.5.
Co
m
pu
ting M
isusabili
t
y
Sc
or
e
It
is
the
m
easur
e
nee
de
d
fi
nal
ly
wh
ic
h
c
om
bin
es
FRS
w
hich
s
hows
se
ns
it
ivit
y
le
vels
of
r
ecords,
th
e
nu
m
ber
of r
ec
ords
d
e
note
d by
r,
a
nd the
im
po
rtance
o
f
the
quan
ti
ty
f
act
or
x(x>=
1).
MS =
1
X
FRS
=
1
×
0
≤
≤
(
)
(
4)
FRS is the
f
i
na
l reco
rd sc
or
e a
nd x is t
he
g
i
ve
n param
et
er while
D
i
is
he di
sti
nguish
in
g fa
ct
or
.
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t J
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Mi
su
sabil
it
y Meas
ur
e B
as
e
d S
an
it
izati
on
of
Big
Da
t
a
for
P
riv
acy
…
(
D
. R
adhika
)
4529
3.6.
Misus
ab
il
ity
Measure
-
B
as
e
d Priv
ac
y
Pre
servin
g Alg
orithm (
MM
P
P)
We
pro
pose
d
an
al
gorithm
to
reali
ze
the
m
eth
od
ology
pr
e
s
ented
in
sect
io
n
3.
The
al
go
rithm
rev
eal
s
a
hy
br
id
a
pproach
t
hat
co
ns
ti
tutes
m
easur
em
ent
of
m
isusabili
ty
,
fin
ding
le
vel
of
m
isusabili
ty
and
ap
plyi
ng
appr
opriat
e
saniti
zat
ion
te
ch
nique.
T
his
is
an
i
m
po
rta
nt
ste
p
towa
rd
pr
i
vacy
pr
ese
r
ving
data
m
ining
on
big
data in
distri
bute
d
.
Algorithm
1
.
MM
PP
al
gorit
hm
p
rogr
am
m
i
ng envir
onm
ent
The
MM
PP
al
gorithm
is
ta
k
es
dataset
D
a
s
input
an
d
sa
niti
zes
it
to
produce
D’
.
T
he
dataset
is
su
bject
e
d
to
com
pu
ti
ng
m
isusabili
ty
scor
e
so
as
to
ap
ply
appr
opriat
e
le
vel
of
saniti
zat
ion.
A
fter
com
pu
ti
ng
m
isusabili
ty
sc
or
e
,
the
al
gorit
hm
find
s
the
le
vel
of
saniti
zat
ion
nee
de
d.
Ba
sed
on
the
l
eve
l
of
saniti
zat
ion,
sp
eci
fic sa
niti
zat
ion
m
et
ho
d i
s em
plo
ye
d.
4.
E
X
PERI
MEN
TAL RES
UL
TS
The
en
vir
onm
e
nt
us
e
d
f
or
em
pirical
stud
y
is
Am
azon
EC2,
Am
azon
EMR
and
A
m
azon
S3
. A
m
azon
S3
is
use
d
for
storing
big
data
inputs
an
d
outp
uts.
EMR
is
m
eant
fo
r
pe
rfor
m
ing
Ma
pRe
du
ce
ta
s
ks
wh
i
ch
r
un
on the
EC2 i
nst
ances in
cluste
r
e
nv
ir
onm
ent.
4.1.
Datasets
U
se
d
Four
dataset
s a
re co
ll
ect
ed fr
om
U
CI m
achine learn
in
g rep
osi
tory
[
36
]
. T
he
d
at
aset
s ar
e
m
anipu
la
te
d
to
ha
ve
m
or
e
instances.
The
dataset
s
colle
ct
ed
are
a
du
lt
,
br
east
ca
ncer
,
cens
us
an
d
di
abetes
is
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
3
. As shown in Table
3
, th
e d
at
aset
s
ha
ve
di
ff
e
ren
t
num
ber
o
f
i
ns
ta
nces.
T
he diab
et
es d
at
aset
is alt
ered
to
ha
ve
up
to
200000
insta
nc
es.
As
s
how
n
in
Table
4,
the
m
e
m
or
y
con
s
um
pt
ion
is
influe
nced
by
the
s
iz
e
of
datas
et
. As the
siz
e increases
, m
e
m
or
y con
s
um
pt
ion
is i
ncr
e
ased
for pr
oces
sing data.
Figure
3
.
The
dataset
s and
pe
rcen
ta
ge of
i
nst
ances in
expe
r
i
m
ents
14%
10%
20%
56%
A
du
lt
Breas
t
Can
cer
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ol.
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o.
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,
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ber
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4530
Table
3.
Sho
w
s D
at
aset
s
with
Num
ber
of
In
s
ta
nces
Dataset
Ad
u
lt
Breast Can
cer
Cen
su
s
Diab
etes
No
.
o
f
Ins
tan
ces
4
8
8
4
2
3
6
3
6
9
7
2
7
3
8
2
0
0
0
0
0
Table
4.
Sho
w
s Mem
or
y C
onsu
m
ption
fo
r D
iffer
e
nt
Datase
ts
Ad
u
lt
Breast Can
cer
Cen
su
s
Diab
etes
Me
m
o
r
y
Co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
(
MB)
1
2
4
.94
1
1
9
.85
1
8
4
.62
3
3
5
.36
As
s
how
n
in
F
igure
4
,
it
is
evide
nt
that
the
m
e
m
or
y
con
s
um
pt
ion
is
pr
es
ented
i
n
ve
rtic
al
axis
w
hile
the
horizo
ntal
axis
show
s
dat
aset
s
us
ed
.
Th
ere
is
cl
ear
increase
in
the
m
e
m
or
y
con
su
m
ption
w
he
n
num
ber
of
i
ns
ta
nces
inc
re
ase
in
dataset
s.
As
show
n
in
Table
5,
the
D
ia
betes
dataset
too
k
m
or
e
ti
m
e
fo
r
proces
s
ing
.
I
n
fact,
it
is
the
da
ta
set
wh
ic
h
ha
s
highest
num
ber
of
insta
nce
s.
T
he
re
su
lt
s
r
eveal
that
the
s
iz
e
of
dataset
ha
s
it
s
influ
e
nce
on
t
he
exec
utio
n
tim
e.
As
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ur
e
5
,
the
Breast
Ca
ncer
dataset
took
le
ast
tim
e
fo
r
processi
ng.
I
n
fact,
it
is
the
da
ta
set
wh
ic
h
ha
s
lowest
nu
m
ber
of
i
ns
ta
nce
s.
The
res
ults
r
eveal
that
the
s
iz
e
of
dataset
h
as
it
s inf
l
uen
ce
on t
he
ex
ec
utio
n
ti
m
e.
Figure
4
.
S
how
s D
et
ai
ls o
f
Me
m
or
y C
on
s
umpti
on
Table
5.
Sho
w
s Ex
ec
utio
n
Ti
m
e (s
ec)
Dataset
Ad
u
lt
Breast Can
cer
Cen
su
s
Diab
etes
Execu
tio
n
T
i
m
e
(
s
ec)
6
.82
8
6
.40
9
1
4
.08
4
2
0
.26
4
Figure
5
.
Exec
ution Ti
m
e fo
r Alg
or
it
hm
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
A
du
lt
Breas
t
Can
cer
Cen
s
u
s
Diab
etes
Memory Cons
ump
ti
on MB
0
5
10
15
20
25
A
du
lt
Breas
t
Can
cer
Cen
s
u
s
Diab
etes
Ti
me
Taken
for Sen
tim
ent
An
alysi
s
(sec)
Datasets
Us
ed
Executi
on
Ti
me
(sec)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J
Elec
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om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Mi
su
sabil
it
y Meas
ur
e B
as
e
d S
an
it
izati
on
of
Big
Da
t
a
for
P
riv
acy
…
(
D
. R
adhika
)
4531
This
pap
e
r
has
focuse
d
on
th
e
m
isusabili
ty
m
easur
e
base
d
saniti
zat
ion
of
bi
g
data.
It
consi
der
e
d
diff
e
re
nt
datas
et
s
and
m
isusabili
ty
scor
e
is
com
pu
te
d
as
pe
r
the
m
e
tho
dolo
gy
pro
vid
e
d.
T
he
exec
ution
ti
m
e
and
m
e
m
or
y
c
on
s
um
ption
for
eac
h
data
set
are
pro
vid
e
d.
The
resu
lt
s
revea
le
d
that
the
Diabetes
datas
et
to
ok
m
or
e
tim
e
wh
en
com
par
e
d
with
ot
her
dataset
s.
Breast
cancer
dataset
took
le
ast
tim
e
for
proces
sin
g.
I
n
t
he
sam
e
fash
ion,
m
e
m
or
y
con
sum
pt
ion
is
m
ade.
Both
the
m
e
tric
s
rev
eal
ed
that
the
data
siz
e
is
influ
enci
ng
the
execu
ti
on
tim
e
and
m
e
m
or
y
con
su
m
ption
.
Dif
fer
e
nt
le
vels
of
sa
niti
zat
ion
are
em
plo
ye
d
based
on
th
e
m
isusabili
ty
s
cor
e
c
om
pu
te
d.
The
resu
lt
s
are
not
com
par
ed
with
ot
her
su
ch
w
orks
a
s
we
co
uld
no
t
find
ref
e
ren
ces
t
o
m
isusabili
ty
measur
e
base
d
s
aniti
zat
ion
.
H
oweve
r,
we
un
de
rstan
d
that
th
ere
is
nee
d
f
or
furthe
r
exp
e
rim
ental
evaluati
on
of
the
wor
k.
It
nee
ds
t
o
be
ex
plored
wit
h
diff
e
re
nt
m
isusabili
ty
sco
res
a
nd
saniti
zat
ion
le
vels
with
Ma
pRed
uce
pro
gra
m
m
ing
par
a
di
gm
.
More
ev
al
uation
a
nd
t
he
discuss
i
on
on
t
he
trade
offs bet
w
een m
isusabili
ty
v
al
ues
and sa
niti
zat
ion
level
s is left f
or
our fu
t
ur
e
w
ork.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N AND F
UT
U
RE W
ORK
The
pr
ob
le
m
of
m
isuse
of
se
ns
it
ive
data
ha
s
increase
d
sig
nificantl
y
as
enter
pr
ise
s
op
t
t
o
outso
urce
their
m
assive
am
ou
nt
of
da
ta
,
big
data,
to
cl
oud
f
or
data
pu
blishi
ng
a
nd
m
ining
to
e
xtract
business
intel
li
gen
ce.
E
xisti
ng
saniti
zat
ion
te
ch
niques
can
be
a
pp
li
e
d
w
hen
le
vel
of
m
isusabili
ty
is
known
.
T
his
i
s
th
e
m
ot
ivati
on
be
hind
this
resea
rch.
W
e
intr
oduced
a
com
pr
e
hensi
ve
a
nd
in
te
gr
at
ed
m
et
hodo
l
og
y
for
pr
i
vacy
pr
ese
r
ving
Ma
pRed
uce
proc
essing
of
bi
g
data.
O
ur
m
eth
od
ology
co
nsi
der
s
se
ns
it
ivit
y
le
vel
of
dat
aset
in
order
to
m
ake
saniti
zat
ion
de
ci
sion
s.
W
e
co
m
pu
te
d
m
isusabili
ty
m
easur
e
or
i
gin
al
ly
introdu
ce
d
by
Har
el
et
al
.
for
m
or
e
appr
opriat
e
saniti
zat
ion
of
big
da
ta
.
W
e
pro
po
sed
an
al
go
rithm
kn
own
as
Mi
su
sabili
ty
Me
asur
e
-
Ba
sed
Pr
i
vacy
Pr
eser
ving
Al
gorithm
(MMP
P)
wh
ic
h
co
nsi
der
s
le
vel
of
m
isusabili
ty
p
rior
to
c
hoos
i
ng
an
d
app
li
cat
io
n
of
appr
opriat
e
saniti
zat
ion
on
bi
g
data.
Sinc
e
the
le
vel
of
m
isusabili
ty
c
an
re
veal
the
need
e
d
saniti
zat
ion
ap
proac
h,
we
in
corp
or
at
ed
m
i
su
sa
bili
ty
scor
e
into
the
al
go
rithm
.
Ou
r
e
m
pirical
stud
y
with
Am
azon
EC
2
and
EMR
rev
e
al
ed
that
t
he
pro
posed
m
et
ho
do
l
og
y
is
use
f
ul
in
reali
zi
ng
pri
vacy
pr
es
e
rv
i
ng
Ma
pRed
uce
pr
ogram
m
ing
.
T
his
resea
rch
ca
n
be
e
xten
de
d
furthe
r
to
e
valuate
the
f
ram
e
work
t
o
an
al
yz
e
the
dynam
ic
s o
f
m
isusabili
ty
m
ea
su
re
and c
orre
s
pondin
g
sa
niti
zat
ion
perform
a
nce.
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