Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
V
o
l.5
,
No
.2
,
Ap
r
il 2
015
, pp
. 37
1
~
37
8
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
3
71
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
SeamSAR: Seamless, Secure a
nd Robust Handover Model for
Mobile IPTV Network Using Enhanced FMIPv6
*
1
Ismat
A
l
dmour
1
, T
h
ai
r
Al
-
D
al
a
’
i
n
2
, Lelyz
a
r Siregar
3
, Rahmat
Budi
arto
4
1,2,4
College of
Computer Scien
c
e & Information
Techno
l
o
gy
, Al
ba
h
a
Un
i
v
e
r
si
ty
,
Albaha, Saudi Arabia
3
Faculty
of Computer Scie
nce
an
d Information
Technolog
y
,
Univ
ers
itas Sumater
a
Utara,
Med
a
n, I
ndonesia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Ja
n
3, 2015
Rev
i
sed
Feb
20
, 20
15
Accepte
d
Mar 5, 2015
Multim
edia
bec
o
m
e
s one of
the
m
o
st wanted
co
ntent
in
the
m
odern Int
e
rne
t
world. Since th
e Mobile In
tern
et Pr
otocol v
e
rsio
n 6 (MIPv6) was proposed,
man
y
researchers have tried to de
velop a n
e
w protocol based on this
techno
log
y
in
order to
im
prove the
perform
ance o
f
m
obile
m
u
ltim
edi
a
s
e
rvices
. Th
e world is
em
erging towa
rd the Mobile Intern
et Protocol
Tel
e
vis
i
on (M
IP
TV) era where p
e
ople ar
e enab
le
d to watch tel
e
v
i
s
i
on while
roaming. Th
e M
I
PTV technolog
y
r
e
qui
r
e
s high
bandwidth and
low laten
c
y
handover.
This paper proposes a new m
odel of secure and rob
u
st handover
with low handover latency
,
called S
eamSAR. The model introd
uces a new
way
to p
e
rform home binding
update
and co
rrespondent b
i
n
d
ing update
simultaneously
. Simulation
re
sults show that the
proposed model reduced
th
e
handover
latency
to 63%
compared to
FMIPv6. Moreover,
the securen
e
ss of
the proposed
model was v
e
rif
i
ed
using
CMu
r
ph
i
sim
u
lator.
Keyword:
C
onc
ure
n
t
bi
n
d
i
n
g up
dat
e
FMIP
v6
IM
SI
IPT
V
Secur
e
h
a
ndo
ver
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Ism
a
t
Al
d
m
our
,
Dept
.
o
f
C
o
m
put
er E
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g
an
d
Sci
e
nce
C
o
l
l
e
ge
of C
o
m
put
er Sci
e
nc
e &
In
fo
rm
at
i
o
n Tec
h
nol
ogy
,
Al
ba
ha Uni
v
er
si
t
y
,
P.O
.
B
o
x 1988
A
l
b
a
h
a
6
5411
,
K
i
ngd
o
m
o
f
Saud
i Ar
ab
ia
Em
a
il: iaa
l
d
m
o
u
r@bu
.edu
.sa
1.
INTRODUCTION
Accord
ing
to
[1
]
m
o
st o
f
m
o
b
ile
m
u
lti
m
e
d
i
a (e.g.: Mob
ile IPTV) techn
i
cal o
b
s
tacles are related
to
t
h
e wi
rel
e
ss l
i
n
ks. T
o
g
u
ara
n
t
ee t
h
e
m
obi
l
e
IPTV w
o
rks
no
rm
all
y
, a
m
i
nim
u
m
band
wi
dt
h o
f
2-
3 M
b
ps
need
s
to
b
e
prov
id
ed du
e to
t
h
e ch
aracteristic o
f
the m
o
b
ile
IPTV serv
ices. Th
e li
m
i
tatio
n
s
of
wireless techno
log
y
itself b
eco
m
e
p
r
ob
lem
s
in
efforts to
p
o
rting
th
e trad
itional IPTV features in
to
th
e m
o
b
ile form
at. Th
e m
o
s
t
chal
l
e
ngi
n
g
y
e
t
di
st
u
r
bi
ng
l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
on i
s
t
h
e
han
d
ove
r
p
r
oc
ess,
whi
c
h
occ
u
rs
w
h
e
n
use
r
s
d
o
a
m
ovem
e
nt
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
area in
t
o
an
o
t
h
e
r area, esp
ecially th
at futu
re
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s
will b
e
ch
aracterized
b
y
frequen
t
h
a
n
dov
ers
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e ad
opt
i
on
of
sm
al
l
cel
l
s
. The ha
n
d
o
v
e
r
p
r
ocess m
a
y
di
stur
b t
h
e
rece
pt
i
on
o
f
dat
a
a
n
d
t
h
eref
o
r
e i
t
di
st
resse
s
t
h
e m
obi
l
e
IPT
V
users
an
d
p
r
od
u
ces
undesired tim
e im
providence.
Mo
b
ility in
In
t
e
rn
et Pro
t
o
c
o
l
v
e
rsi
o
n
6
(IPv6
)
is b
a
sic o
f
up
co
m
i
n
g
serv
i
ces. Red
u
c
i
n
g th
e effect of
h
a
ndo
v
e
r
po
ten
tially will redu
ce th
e d
a
ta loss po
ssi
b
ility a
n
d d
e
crease t
h
e laten
c
y ti
m
e
.
C
u
r
r
ent
p
r
ot
oc
ol
s suc
h
as Fas
t
Hand
o
v
er M
o
bi
l
e
IPv
6
(
F
M
I
Pv
6),
Pr
oxy
M
obi
l
e
IP
v
6
(P
M
I
Pv
6)
, an
d
Hierarch
ical Mo
b
ile IPv6
Mo
b
ility Man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
(HMIPv
6) use th
e M
A
C add
r
ess for au
t
h
en
tication
in
th
ei
r
bi
n
d
i
n
g u
pdat
e
proc
essess t
o
per
f
o
r
m
Dupl
i
cat
e Add
r
ess
Det
ect
i
on (
D
A
D
) p
r
ocess. I
n
t
h
i
s
pr
ocess, t
h
e hom
e
ag
en
t
b
i
nd
ing
u
p
d
a
te an
d
corr
espon
d
i
n
g
nod
e
b
i
nd
ing
update p
r
o
cess
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
do
n
e
seq
u
e
n
tialy. Th
i
s
wo
rk
p
r
op
o
s
es t
h
e use o
f
th
e
In
tern
atio
n
a
l Mob
ile Su
bscrib
er Id
en
tity (IMSI) fo
r t
h
e au
th
en
ticatio
n
pro
cess, as
suc
h
w
e
ca
n
pe
rf
orm
t
h
e bi
ndi
ng
u
p
d
at
e p
r
oc
esses c
onc
ure
n
t
l
y
as sho
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
1
.
*
Thi
s
pa
per
i
s
an
ext
en
ded
p
a
p
er
of
t
h
e
I
n
t
C
onf
o
n
EEC
SI
20
1
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJEC
37
2
m
obi
l
expe
r
2.
R
cont
i
n
of ch
a
p
ack
e
N
od
e
ori
g
i
n
to
fo
r
authe
n
m
ove
m
N
AR
p
erfo
r
req
u
e
and
N
l
i
nke
d
Telec
(SIM
)
Ad
dr
e
R
out
e
Inter
f
E
V
o
l. 5, No
This pa
p
e
l
e IPv6. Secti
o
im
en
t set u
p
,
R
ELATED
W
MI
Pv6
d
e
n
uo
us In
ter
n
e
t
a
ng
ing
AP is
e
ts du
e t
o
th
e
d
MI
Pv6
[3
(CN
)
a
n
d F
o
r
n
id
en
tificatio
n
r
eign are
a
t
h
n
ticated first
b
FMIP
v6
p
m
ent detecti
o
(New Acces
s
r
m
i
ng a
h
a
n
d
o
sts a ha
ndove
N
A
R
bu
ffer
s
t
h
The Inter
n
d
to
the
G
om
m
uni
cat
i
o
n
)
and
usually
e
ss (C
oA
) is
e
r Ad
ve
rtise
m
f
ace ID’s uni
q
. 2,
April
20
1
e
r i
s
or
ga
ni
se
o
n 3 di
sc
us
se
resul
t
s
al
on
g
w
Figure
W
ORK
S
e
fi
ne
s an
IP
-
l
t
access
whil
e
cal
l
e
d hando
v
d
elay
of the h
a
] con
s
ists of
r
eign Age
n
t
(
F
n
.
All d
a
ta fr
o
h
en the FA i
b
e
f
ore rece
ivi
n
p
ro
posed
b
y
[
4
o
n a
nd ea
rl
y
h
s
R
out
er
) t
o
c
o
ver
p
r
oce
ss
r
, the P
A
R n
o
h
e p
a
ck
e
t
s
te
m
n
ation
a
l Mo
b
G
l
obal
Sy
st
e
n
System
(U
M
has 15
di
g
i
t
s
fo
rm
ed by
u
s
m
ent (PrRtAd
v
ue
ness
[
7
]
(a
s
1
5
:
3
7
1
– 37
8
d
as
fo
llo
ws
.
s th
e d
e
tail
o
f
w
i
t
h
di
scus
si
o
1.
Sch
e
matic
l
ayer m
obilit
y
e
t
h
ey
m
ove
fr
v
e
r
. D
u
ri
ng
t
h
a
n
dov
er pr
oc
e
fo
ur en
tities
:
F
A)
. Th
e
HA
o
m C
N
i
s
r
o
u
t
s responsibl
e
n
g
a t
e
m
por
a
r
4
] and [5
] u
s
e
h
an
do
ve
r si
g
n
a
c
o
n
n
ect no
de
s
C
N
se
nds
p
a
c
o
de creates
a t
u
m
porari
l
y
un
t
i
l
b
ile Sub
s
cri
b
e
m
for M
o
b
M
TS) networ
k
l
e
ngt
h, but
i
t
s
ing
[A
P-
ID,
A
v
) and the
A
P
s
sh
own
in
F
i
g
8
.
Sect
i
o
n 2
p
f
t
h
e
p
r
op
ose
d
o
n
.
We
c
oncl
u
di
agram
of
t
h
y
m
a
nagem
e
n
f
r
o
m
one do
m
h
i
s
pr
ocess t
h
e
ss [2
].
:
th
e Ho
m
e
A
fun
c
tion
is t
o
t
e
d
t
o
M
N
v
i
a
e
to
rou
t
e th
r
y addre
ss cal
l
e
s a
n
a
p
pr
oac
h
a
lin
g. FMIPv
6
s
. The PAR i
c
k
e
ts to MN
t
u
n
n
el to
th
e
N
l th
e MN co
m
e
r Ide
n
tifier
(
b
ile co
mm
u
n
k
. IMSI is st
o
t
i
s
possi
bl
e t
o
AP
-I
NF
O]
t
u
P
-I
NF
O pa
rt
i
g
ur
e 2
)
.
p
r
o
vi
des
rel
a
t
e
d
enha
ncem
e
n
u
de t
h
e
pa
pe
r
i
h
e p
r
op
osed
e
n
n
t sch
e
me to
m
ain of
Acces
s
h
e MN
m
a
y
b
A
gent
(
H
A),
o
assi
gn MN
a
a
HA if M
N
s
e
dat
a
f
r
om
l
ed
Care of A
h
to re
duce t
h
6
uses the P
A
s
a node
wh
e
th
ro
ugh
th
e
P
N
AR
i
n
or
der
m
pletely at
t
ac
h
(
IM
SI
) is a
u
n
icatio
n
s
(G
o
red as a 64
b
o
use s
h
ort
e
r
u
ple, whe
r
e t
h
i
s gene
rat
e
d
b
e
d wo
r
k
s on
n
t o
f
FMIPv6
.
i
n Sectio
n 5.
n
ha
ncem
ent
pr
o
v
i
d
e M
o
b
s
Po
in
t (AP) t
e una
bl
e t
o
n
M
o
b
ile No
d
e
hom
e addres
till in
HA ar
e
CN. Ho
wev
e
d
dress
(C
oA
)
h
e ha
nd
o
v
e
r
l
a
A
R (Pre
vio
u
s
A
e
r
e
M
N
i
s
c
u
r
P
AR
no
de an
d
t
o sen
d
t
h
e c
u
h
ed
to th
e
NA
R
u
n
i
qu
e id
en
ti
f
S
M
) and t
h
b
it
in
th
e Sub
s
l
en
g
t
h
[6
].
In
h
e A
P
-ID
p
a
r
t
b
y th
e I
M
SI
.
T
ISS
N
:
2
h
a
nd
ov
er
pr
.
Se
ct
i
on 4 p
r
b
ile Nod
e
s
(
M
t
o anot
her
.
T
h
n
either send
n
e
(M
N
)
,
Co
r
r
s
s w
h
ich
s
e
r
v
e
e
a, but
whe
n
M
e
r, the M
N
h
pr
ovi
ded
by
t
a
t
e
ncy
by
m
a
n
Access Rout
e
r
ren
tly attach
e
d
vi
ce versa
.
u
rrent pa
ckets
R
.
f
i
cat
i
on nu
m
b
h
e U
n
iv
er
s
a
s
cri
b
e
r
Id
en
ti
t
n
th
is p
a
p
e
r,
t
h
t
i
s
gi
ve
n by
T
h
i
s
m
odel
a
2
088
-87
08
ot
ocol
s
i
n
r
esent
s
the
M
N) with
h
is proces
s
n
or re
cei
ve
r
espo
nd
en
t
e
s a
s
hom
e
M
N roam
s
h
as
to
b
e
t
h
e
F
A
.
n
agi
n
g the
e
r) and
t
h
e
e
d. Befo
re
Once MN
fro
m
CN
,
b
er that is
a
l
M
obi
l
e
t
y M
o
du
le
h
e Car
e
-of
th
e Pr
oxy
a
ssure
s the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Sea
m
SAR
:
Sea
m
l
e
ss,
Sec
u
re
An
d R
o
b
u
st
H
a
nd
over
Mo
del
f
o
r M
o
bi
l
e
IPT
V
N
e
t
w
ork …
(
I
sm
at
Al
dm
o
u
r
)
37
3
Fi
gu
re 2.
C
r
eat
i
on o
f
C
a
re
o
f
Ad
dr
ess usi
n
g IM
SI [
7
]
.
Aldm
our, et al., [8] enha
nced
the FMIPv6
by
in
corp
or
ating
I
M
SI
i
n
to th
e
han
dov
er pr
o
c
ess and
execut
i
n
g si
m
u
l
t
a
neou
s bi
n
d
i
n
g up
dat
e
pr
oce
ss.
3.
THE SeamSAR
MODEL
The
pr
o
p
o
s
ed
Seam
SAR
m
odel
s
h
o
w
n i
n
F
i
gu
re
3 m
odi
fi
es t
h
e
FM
IP
v
6
o
p
erat
i
o
n
d
u
ri
ng
ha
n
d
o
v
e
r
by
sen
d
i
n
g c
onc
u
r
ent
l
y
t
h
e
Fast
B
i
ndi
ng
Up
dat
e
(
F
B
U
) m
e
ssages
fr
om
M
N
t
o
bot
h
HA a
n
d C
N
.
Fu
rt
h
e
rm
o
r
e, t
h
e FBU m
e
ssag
e
will b
e
p
r
ocessed
at n
e
arly th
e sa
m
e
ti
me at HA and CN. As
soon
as MN
receives t
h
e
beacon from
the NAR, t
h
e
MN se
nds
th
e
Router Solicitation to PAR
and
waits for Router
Adve
rtise
m
ent from
PAR. After recei
ving the pac
k
et,
M
N
sends the FB
U pac
k
et to the PAR containing a
n
in
terface ID
g
e
n
e
rated
fro
m
t
h
e
IMSI
nu
m
b
er
an
d a r
a
nd
om
n
u
m
b
er
.
The FB
U pac
k
et
was fo
r
w
ar
d
e
d t
o
t
h
e
HA i
n
o
r
de
r t
o
pr
od
uce an ea
rl
y
B
i
ndi
ng
U
pdat
e
f
o
r
HA
. Th
e
B
i
ndi
n
g
Up
da
t
e
pr
ocess
i
n
C
N
can be d
one beca
us
e a
t
the tim
e
an FBU
packet
carries
Hom
e
Test
In
itializatio
n
(HoTI) sen
t
to
HA, a Care
o
f
Test In
itiali
zati
o
n
(CoTI) p
a
ck
et is sen
t
from NAR to
CN. As so
on
as the FBU
pa
cket is receive
d by the
HA, i
t
continue
s to
forwa
r
d agai
n
the pac
k
et to
CN to process
once
m
o
re as B
i
ndi
n
g
Up
dat
e
fo
r C
N
B
i
n
d
i
n
g
U
p
dat
e
.
Havi
ng
received the FBU m
e
s
s
age, the PAR sends a
Handover Initiate (HI) to
NAR to start the FBU
pr
oce
d
u
r
e. T
h
e
FB
U m
e
ssage cont
ai
ns t
h
e s
a
m
e
m
e
ssage
wi
t
h
t
h
e H
I
m
e
ssage t
h
at
de
f
i
ned by
FM
IP
v6
. The
PAR
sen
d
s t
h
e ackn
o
wl
e
d
g
e
m
e
nt
packet
cal
l
e
d Hand
ove
r Ac
kn
o
w
l
e
dgem
e
nt
(H
Ack
)
t
o
co
nfi
r
m
t
h
e
initiation proc
ess. Once the HAc
k pac
k
et is received
by the PAR, it will send the FBU acknowledge
m
e
nt
packet to
both NAR a
nd M
N
and star
t fo
rward
i
ng
th
e
p
a
ck
ets fro
m
th
e CN to
th
e NAR. In
th
is step
,
NAR
buffe
rs the pac
k
ets, so
once t
h
e MN is attac
h
ed to the
NA
R
t
h
ey
can be del
i
v
ere
d
. T
h
i
s
st
ep has t
o
be do
ne t
o
avoi
d the
data
loss a
n
d to make s
u
re t
h
at
MN gets
t
h
e e
x
act pac
k
ets.
Immediately a
f
ter the
PAR
receives
Binding Ac
knowle
dge m
e
ssage from
the CN, the PAR star
ts to receive
packets fr
om
CN, and the
NAR stops
forwa
r
ding the
pac
k
ets. M
N
s
t
arts
to receive
the packet ri
ght after the
Unsolicited Ne
t
w
ork Adve
rtisement
is
receive
d
by the
PAR.
The FB
U ca
n be
use
d
by
both C
N
a
nd
HA to i
n
itiate
t
h
e
Binding Update process because
this
message includes the pros
pective
NAR ad
dress,
wh
ich is g
e
n
e
rated
b
y
th
e MN usin
g
th
e informatio
n
pr
o
v
i
d
e
d
by
t
h
e R
out
er A
d
v
e
rt
i
s
em
ent
m
e
ssage. Thi
s
m
e
ssage has t
h
e sa
m
e
form
at of t
h
e or
di
na
ry
B
i
ndi
ng
Upd
a
te
bu
t pro
v
i
d
e
s a d
i
fferen
t
m
o
b
ility o
p
tio
n, so
b
a
sically it can
b
e
u
s
ed
b
y
CN to
in
itiate th
e
b
i
nd
ing
up
dat
e
p
r
oces
s
.
The H
A
sen
d
s
a B
i
ndi
ng U
pdat
e
m
e
ssage t
o
t
h
e C
N
based o
n
t
h
e FB
U
.
As a resul
t
t
h
e M
N
doe
s not
ne
ed
t
o
send t
h
e B
i
ndi
ng
Up
dat
e
m
e
ssage t
o
t
h
e C
N
. The re
gi
st
rat
i
on t
i
m
e
i
s
consi
d
ere
d
as
del
a
y
t
i
m
e
. B
y
proc
essi
ng t
h
i
s
w
a
y
t
h
e H
A
a
nd t
h
e C
N
re
gi
st
rat
i
o
n
can
be
pr
ocesse
d
at
t
h
e sam
e
t
i
m
e
.
Co
n
s
equ
e
n
tly, th
e
d
e
lay
tim
e
can
b
e
redu
ced.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE
V
o
l. 5, No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 20
15
:
371
–
3
78
37
4
Fi
gu
re 3.
The
Seam
SAR
M
odel
By i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tin
g
th
e
IMSI-b
ased
in
terface id
en
tifier form
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
, th
e Du
p
licat
e Add
r
ess
Det
ect
i
on (D
A
D
) pr
oces
s
can
be rem
oved.
Hence
t
h
e ov
er
al
l
han
d
o
v
e
r
l
a
t
e
ncy
can
be
re
duce
d
.
T
h
e
pr
op
ose
d
enha
ncem
ent m
odifies the
m
obile IPv6
heade
r
form
at for t
h
e FB
U to ca
rry a
HoTI Message, and a
n
ad
d
ition
a
l n
e
t
w
ork adv
e
rtisemen
t p
ack
et sen
t
to
t
h
e NAR. Th
e
p
a
ck
et
carried
th
e C
o
TI p
a
ck
et
will b
e
forwa
r
ded to C
N
. As both
HoTI and CoT
I
are received,
CN can start the corres
p
ondent node Binding
Updat
e
process
.
T
h
e modi
fied
FBU m
e
ssage c
o
ntains a Hom
e
Init
Cookie.
4.
E
X
PERI
MEN
T
AN
D
RES
U
LTS
We sim
u
late
b
o
t
h
,
th
e
propo
sed
Seam
SAR an
d
FMIPv6
u
s
i
n
g
Om
n
e
t++ th
at h
a
s th
e ab
ility to
p
r
ov
id
e a real
Mo
b
ile IPv6
en
v
i
ron
m
en
t [9
].
W
e
m
easu
r
e th
e dropp
ed
p
a
ck
et as well as th
e scalab
ility
o
f
the
processi
ng time. The
sim
u
lation topol
ogy c
o
nsists of
3 acce
ss route
r
s (Ars
) and
1 acces
s
poi
nt (AP) as
HA,
2
serve
r
s a
s
C
N
s
,
an
d
1 M
N
.
T
h
e M
N
i
n
c
r
eas
es u
p
t
o
30
f
o
r
t
h
e m
a
ss han
d
ove
r e
x
peri
m
e
nt
. Ta
bl
e
1 s
h
o
w
s t
h
e
sim
u
lation para
m
e
nters. T
h
e
MN is sim
u
lated as a nod
e movi
ng a
r
ound while recei
vi
ng IPTV st
reaming
data
.
The t
o
p
o
l
o
gy
o
f
t
h
e
si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n i
s
s
h
ow
n i
n
F
i
gu
re
4.
Tabl
e
1. T
h
e
O
m
net
++ Sim
u
lat
i
on Pa
ram
e
t
e
rs.
En
tity Param
e
ter
Valu
e
HA
IP a
d
dress
,
S
S
I
D
, C
h
a
nnel
10:
AA:
:
1
:
A
0:
1
,
H
O
M
E
,
1
Access R
o
ut
er
1
IP a
d
dress
,
S
S
I
D
, C
h
a
nnel
10:
AA:
:
1
:
A
1:
1
,
A
P
1
,
2
Access R
o
ut
er
2
IP a
d
dress
,
S
S
I
D
, C
h
a
nnel
10:
AB
:
:
1
:
A
2:
2
,
A
P
2
,
3
Access R
o
ut
er
3
IP a
d
dress
,
S
S
I
D
, C
h
a
nnel
10:
AE:
:
1
:
A
3:
3
,
A
P
3
,
4
MN
Sp
eed
,
M
o
b
ilit
y
1
-
20
m
p
s, Rectan
g
l
e, Tu
rtle,
C
N
1
IP
a
d
dress
10:
F
F
:
:
A
1:
F
F
C
N
2
IP
a
d
dress
10:
F
F
:
:
A
2:
F
F
Gene
ral
Nei
g
hb
o
r
Di
scov
m
i
n.
in
terv
al
0.
03
s
Nei
g
hb
o
r
Di
scov
m
a
x.
in
terv
al
0.
07
s
Packet
Size
100 – 1024 Kb
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJEC
E
S
4.
1.
P
relati
n
result
dr
o
p
r
4.
2.
P
num
b
first
h
This
f
laten
c
1.
59
1
4.
3.
M
laten
c
diffe
r
show
n
laten
c
r
obu
s
t
E
S
eamSAR
: Se
a
P
acket dr
op
The pac
k
e
n
g a nei
g
hb
o
s i
n
c
ons
i
d
er
a
r
ate of 6%.
T
h
P
r
o
cessin
g
ti
m
Figure 5
s
b
er
of
h
a
nd
ov
e
h
an
d
ove
r,
wh
i
f
act shows th
a
c
y o
f
t
h
e
MI
P
v
2
701
2 sec, r
e
s
M
ass
H
a
ndo
v
To c
o
m
p
a
c
y
and
sc
al
a
b
e
n
t sizes
of t
h
n
in
Figur
e 6
,
c
y with
in
cre
a
t
ness
.
a
mless, Sec
u
r
Fig
u
e
t
dr
op m
a
y
o
r’s a
d
d
r
ess
r
e
a
bl
e del
a
y
.
W
h
is fact
show
s
m
e latenc
y
s
hows the av
e
er
processe
s.
F
i
le the Seam
S
a
t th
e h
a
ndo
v
v
6. The
a
v
er
a
s
pectively. M
v
er Proces
si
n
a
re the pe
rf
o
r
b
ility, we ha
v
h
e packets,
th
e
,
fr
om
whi
c
h,
a
se
d num
ber
I
S
r
e And
R
o
bus
t
u
re 4.
Om
net
+
+
o
ccur du
rin
g
e
sol
u
t
i
on (i
.
e
,
W
e di
sc
ove
r
t
h
that t
h
e ca
pa
b
e
ra
ge o
f
han
d
o
F
ro
m
th
e
f
i
g
u
S
AR takes
th
e
e
r laten
c
y of
t
a
ge Lat
e
ncy
o
f
eaning t
h
at t
h
ng
Time
Com
p
r
m
a
nce of
S
e
v
e
put a sce
n
a
e
n we
m
eas
u
r
it can
b
e
sai
d
of packets
.
T
SSN
:
208
8-8
7
t
H
a
nd
over
M
+ to
po
log
y
f
o
the pac
k
et b
u
, N
e
ighb
or
S
h
at th
e pr
opo
s
b
ility to
h
a
nd
l
o
v
e
r com
p
le
ti
o
u
re, it can
b
e
e
shortest tim
e
t
h
e pr
o
pose
d
f t
h
e enha
nce
h
e Seam
SAR
r
paris
o
n
e
am
SAR m
o
d
ari
o
whe
r
e 1
r
ed
the
h
a
nd
o
v
d
that the en
c
T
he scalabili
t
7
08
Mo
del
f
o
r M
o
b
i
o
r the
Seam
S
A
u
ffe
rin
g
in P
A
o
licitatio
n
a
n
s
ed e
nha
nce
m
l
e pac
k
et
dro
p
o
n t
i
m
e
s of F
M
seen that FM
e
wh
ich
is 1
s
enha
nce
d
F
M
d FM
I
P
v
6
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
es
th
e la
t
d
el and
the
F
0 M
N
s
re
qu
e
v
er proces
sin
g
c
hance
d
FM
I
P
t
y
and st
abi
l
i
t
i
le IPTV Net
w
A
R
m
odel
A
R. A
n
e
i
g
h
b
n
d
Nei
g
hb
or
A
m
ent and
FMI
P
p
is t
h
e sam
e
a
M
IP
v
6
an
d th
e
I
P
v6 r
e
q
u
i
r
es
s
ec on the 5
th
M
IPv6
is stab
l
e
d
th
e
FMIPv
6
t
ency by
37%
F
MI
Pv6
i
n
te
r
e
s
t
han
d
ove
r
g
tim
e
(laten
c
P
v6 is scalabl
e
t
y o
f
th
e pr
o
w
or
k
… (
I
sma
t
b
or di
sc
o
v
er
y
A
dvertisem
e
n
P
v
6
have
sa
m
a
s in FM
IP
v6
.
e Seam
SAR
f
s
long
er tim
e
d
h
and t
h
e 1
2
th
e
and al
way
s
6
is
1
.
0
025
00
1
%
.
e
r
m
s of m
a
ss
at the
sam
e
c
y)
[
1
0
]
. Th
e
r
e
and pr
o
duc
e
o
p
o
se
d m
odel
t
Al
dmour
)
37
5
operat
i
o
n
n
t) usu
a
lly
m
e packets
.
f
or va
ri
o
u
s
d
uri
n
g t
h
e
ha
nd
o
v
e
r
.
b
e
low th
e
1
8 se
c
and
ha
nd
o
v
er
ti
me
with
r
esul
ts are
e
s a stable
pr
ove i
t
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE
V
o
l. 5, No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 20
15
:
371
–
3
78
37
6
Fi
gu
re
5.
Pr
oce
ssi
ng
t
i
m
e
for
vari
ous
n
u
m
b
ers
of
ha
n
d
o
v
er
pr
ocesses
i
n
a
r
out
e
r
Fi
gu
re
6.
M
a
ss
ha
nd
o
v
er
l
a
t
e
ncy
4.4.
Securi
ty Verification
An
y m
o
b
ility featu
r
es is
u
n
s
afe fro
m
m
i
su
se, and
we
h
a
ve to
pro
t
ect it fro
m
p
o
ssib
l
e
th
reats. Th
e
main
th
reat in h
a
n
dov
er m
o
d
e
l always invo
lv
es t
h
e
Binding
Update
pa
cket. For insta
n
ce, a
n
attacker m
a
y
im
personate a m
obile node a
nd act as
Ma
n-in-the
-Middle, or othe
r
possi
bilit
y is the
m
a
licious
node m
a
y lure
the corres
pondent node to se
nd potential large a
m
ount of pa
ckets and cau
s
e
s the distributed de
nial of se
rvice.
In
o
r
de
r to
m
a
ke s
u
re t
h
e Se
am
SAR is sec
u
re
fr
om
such
attacks we test
the sec
u
rity as
pect of the
Sea
m
SAR
using t
h
e CMurphi fi
nite state m
achine. Figure
7 s
h
ows
a snap
sh
o
t
o
f
ov
erall CMu
r
ph
i test resu
lts.
Seam
SAR was tested for m
a
n-i
n
-the
-m
iddle, eaves
d
r
op
, and i
m
perso
n
at
i
on at
t
acks. T
h
e Seam
SAR
u
s
es IMSI in
stead
o
f
MAC ad
dress, in
wh
ich
it is
n
o
t
p
o
ssib
le fo
r th
e attack
er to
fa
bric
ate the IMSI address
o
f
th
e m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
e
. Th
us, the attack
er will fail to
lau
n
c
h th
e attack
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IJEC
E
S
5.
C
bi
n
d
i
n
usi
n
g
and i
m
supp
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u
AC
K
N
supp
o
REF
E
[1]
S
I
[2]
V
J
[3]
D
[4]
R
[5]
R
[6]
C
1
[7]
A
P
E
S
eamSAR
: Se
a
C
O
NCL
USI
O
We ha
ve
n
g up
dat
e
pr
o
th
e CMur
ph
i
m
perso
n
a
t
i
on
o
rt m
obile IP
T
Furt
her in
v
u
tu
r
e
wo
rk
s
.
NOWLED
G
M
The a
u
th
o
o
rt u
nde
r r
e
se
a
E
RE
NC
ES
S
. Par
k
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S
I
nt
er
net
C
o
m
p
V
. Vassiliou
J
ou
rn
al
of
I
n
t
D
. J
o
hnson
, e
R
. Ko
od
li, "F
a
R
. Ko
od
li, "
M
C
. Swe
n
son
,
19
4,
M
.
P
o
l
l
i
t
A
. C. Co
rn
el
i
P
roceedi
ngs
o
a
mless, Sec
u
r
O
N
pr
op
ose
d
Se
a
o
ces
s. T
h
e
ha
n
show
s th
at
t
h
attacks. W
i
t
h
T
V app
licatio
n
v
estig
atio
ns
o
M
ENT
o
rs li
k
e
to
t
h
a
r
c
h gr
an
t,
n
o
S
.
Jeon
g, "M
p
u
tin
g,
vol
.
1
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n
d Z.
Zino
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erne
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E
ngi
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l
.
, "RFC
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et a
l
.
, "Im
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s,
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IJEC
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odel
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.S
. D
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uate stud
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9
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