Inter
national
J
our
nal
of
Electrical
and
Computer
Engineering
(IJECE)
V
ol.
9,
No.
5,
October
2019,
pp.
3905
3915
ISSN:
2088-8708,
DOI:
10.11591/ijece.v9i5.pp3905-3915
r
3905
De
v
eloping
a
grid-connected
DFIG
strategy
f
or
the
integration
of
wind
po
wer
with
harmonic
curr
ent
mitigation
Hacil
Mahieddine,
Laid
Zar
our
,
Louze
Lamri,
Nemmour
Ahmed
Lokmane
Electrical
Engineering
Department,
Brothers
Mentouri
Uni
v
ersity
,
Constantine,
Algeria
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
Sep
22,
2018
Re
vised
Apr
17,
2019
Accepted
Apr
25,
2019
K
eyw
ords:
DFIG
Acti
v
e
po
wer
filter
Po
wer
quality
W
ind
po
wer
LC
filter
ABSTRA
CT
The
aim
of
this
paper
is
to
present
a
study
of
the
ef
ficienc
y
of
the
electrical
part
of
a
wind
generation
system.
T
w
o
back-to-back
PWM
v
oltage-fed
in
v
erters
connected
be-
tween
the
stator
and
the
rotor
are
used
to
allo
w
bidirectional
po
wer
flo
w
.
The
second
in
v
erter
grid
s
ide,
has
a
role
of
a
po
wer
acti
v
e
filter
,
to
eliminate
the
harmonic
gener
-
ated
by
the
non
linear
load,
in
the
same
time
gi
v
es
an
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
needed
by
the
rotor
of
DFIG.
The
harmonics
of
switching
frequenc
y
in
the
current
stator
,
pose
a
major
problem
in
the
mome
nt
where
commutations
in
the
diode
bridge,
to
solv
e
this
problem,
we
introduce
a
small-sized
passi
v
e
LC
filter
for
the
purpose
of
eliminating
high-frequenc
y
shaft
v
oltage
and
grid
current
from
a
DFIG
dri
v
en
by
a
v
oltage-source
pulse
width-modulation
rotor
in
v
erter
controlled
with
SVM.
The
control
theory
is
dis-
cussed,
and
the
controller
implementation
is
described.
Design
criteria
are
also
gi
v
en.
The
results
of
simulation
tests
sho
w
e
xcellent
static
and
dynamic
performances.
Copyright
c
2019
Insitute
of
Advanced
Engineeering
and
Science
.
All
rights
r
eserved.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
Hacil
Mahieddine,
Departement
of
Electrical
Engineering,
Brothers
Mentouri
Uni
v
ersity
1,
25000
Algeria.
T
el:
+213661771676
Email:
hacil2002@yahoo.fr
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
W
ind
po
wer
w
as
firstly
used
by
sail
ships
in
the
Nile
some
5000
years
ago.
The
Europeans
used
it
to
grind
grains
and
pump
w
ater
in
the
1700
s
and
1800
s
while
in
sailing
ships
[1].
The
use
of
wind
turbines
to
generate
electricity
can
be
trac
ed
back
to
the
late
nineteenth
century
with
the
12
k
W
DC
[2].
The
stimulus
for
the
de
v
elopment
of
wind
ener
gy
in
1973
w
as
the
price
of
oil
and
concern
o
v
er
limited
fossil-fuel
resources
[1].
There
are
a
fe
w
issues
to
w
orry
about
re
g
arding
the
future
ener
gy
production
in
the
w
orld.
No
w
,
of
course,
the
main
dri
v
er
for
use
of
wind
turbines
to
generate
electrical
po
wer
is
the
v
ery
lo
w
C
O
2
and
the
y
are
competing
with
electric
utilities
in
supplying
economical
clean
po
wer
in
man
y
parts
of
the
w
orld
and
help
limit
climate
change
[3].
T
oday
,
W
ind
ener
gy
already
plays
a
significant
role
in
se
v
eral
European
nations,
and
countries
lik
e
China
and
India
are
rapidly
e
xpanding
their
capacity
both
to
manuf
acture
wind
turbines
and
t
o
inte
grate
wind
po
wer
into
their
electricity
grids.
The
U.S.
led
the
w
orld
in
wind
po
wer
installations
for
the
third
year
in
a
ro
w
in
2007
[4].
Global
wind
capacity
increased
by
more
than
20
;
000
M
W
,
with
5
;
244
M
W
installed
in
the
U.S.
Spain
and
China
were
the
second
and
third
lar
gest
mark
ets
last
year
with
3
;
515
M
W
and
3
;
449
M
W
of
wind
po
wer
capacity
added
respecti
v
ely
.
According
to
European
Commission
tar
gets,
wind
ener
gy
will
continue
to
gro
w
in
Europe
and
will
reach
69
;
900
M
W
in
2010
[5].
In
German
y
,
for
e
xample,
wind
po
wer
accounted
for
almost
10%
of
total
electricity
consumption
in
2014
[6].
Such
is
the
gro
wth
of
wind
ener
gy
that
in
the
EU,
44%
of
ne
w
electricity
generation
capacity
install
ed
in
2015
w
as
wind
po
wer
.
T
otal
generation
of
the
w
orld
has
increased
by
17.4%
to
amount
to
841
T
W
hours
in
2015
[7].
According
to
the
Global
W
ind
Ener
gy
J
ournal
homepage:
http://iaescor
e
.com/journals/inde
x.php/IJECE
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
3906
r
ISSN:
2088-8708
Association,
the
global
wind
po
wer
installed
capacity
is
486
:
66
GW
by
the
end
of
2016
[8].
Major
f
actors
that
ha
v
e
accelerated
the
wind-po
wer
technology
de
v
elopment
are
as
follo
ws:
[2]
(a)
High-strength
fiber
composites
for
constructing
lar
ge
lo
w-cost
blades.
(b)
F
alling
prices
of
the
po
wer
electronics.
(c)
V
ariable-speed
operation
of
electrical
generators
to
capture
maximum
ener
gy
.
(d)
Impro
v
ed
plant
operation,
pushing
the
a
v
ailability
up
to
95
percent.
(e)
Economy
of
scale,
as
the
turbines
and
plants
are
getting
lar
ger
in
size.
(f)
Accumulated
field
e
xperience
(the
learning
curv
e
ef
fect)
impro
ving
the
capacity
f
actor
.
The
electromagnetic
con
v
ersion
is
usually
achie
v
ed
by
induction
machines
or
synchronous
and
per
-
manent
magnet
generators.
Squirrel
cage
induction
generators
are
widely
used
because
of
their
lo
wer
cost,
reliability
,
construction
and
simplicity
of
maintenance
b
ut
when
it
is
directly
connected
to
a
po
wer
netw
ork,
which
imposes
the
frequenc
y
,
the
speed
must
be
set
to
a
constant
v
alue
by
a
mechanical
de
vice
on
the
wind
turbine
[9].
W
ith
increased
penetration
of
wind
po
wer
into
electrical
grids,
DFIG
wind
turbines
are
lar
gely
deplo
yed
due
to
their
v
ariable
speed
feature
and
hence
influencing
system
dynamics,
it
is
an
induction
machine
with
w
ound
rotor
and
a
four
-quadrant
ac-to-ac
con
v
erter
setup
connected
to
the
rotor
winding
[10].
Although
requiring
a
gearbox,
the
DFIG
requires
a
con
v
erter
of
only
25%
of
the
generator
rating
for
an
operating
speed
range
of
0.75
to
1.25
per
unit
(p.u.)
and
is
considered
a
lo
wer
cost,
pro
v
en
technology
solution.
DFIGs
ha
v
e
long
been
considered
as
a
good
choice
for
v
ariable
speed
generation
systems
[11],
[12].
Po
wer
electronics
loads
inject
harmonic
currents
in
the
ac
system
and
increase
o
v
erall
reacti
v
e
po
wer
demanded
by
the
equi
v
alent
load
[13],
[14],[15],
[16].
These
distortions,
which
are
caused
by
harmonics,
are
one
of
the
major
po
wer
quality
concerns
in
the
electric
po
wer
industry
.
And
do
not
meet
harmonic
current
content
restrictions,
as
imposed
by
se
v
eral
international
standards
such
as
IEC
61000
and
IEEE519
[17].
Dif-
ferent
solutions
to
minimize
the
ef
fects
of
nonli
near
loads
in
electric
po
wer
systems
(nonsinusoidal
v
oltages,
harmonic
currents)
ha
v
e
been
proposed
in
numerous
researches.
As
a
mater
of
f
act,
there
are
v
arious
types
of
compensators
proposed
to
increase
the
po
wer
system
quality
.
T
raditionally
,
switched
capacitors
banks
are
used
to
compensate
for
reacti
v
e
loads
[17],
[18],
[19],
[20].
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
capacitance
of
the
PFC
and
the
source
in-
ductance
create
a
parallel
resonance.
The
other
solution
is
to
rectify
it
with
line-commutated
switches.
Se
v
eral
strate
gies
wer
e
proposed
for
diode
rectifiers
to
further
reduce
the
(12
m
1)
th
harmonics
[17].
Se
v
eral
other
solutions:
(a)
Included
additional
acti
v
e/passi
v
e
components
within
the
DC
circuit.
(b)
Proposed
a
parallel
connected
diode
rectifier
with
an
acti
v
e
interphase
reactor
.
(c)
Proposed
series-connected
double
three-phase
diode
rectifiers
with
auxiliary
circuits.
A
problem
of
them
is
that
the
operation
of
the
auxiliary
circuit
is
v
ery
complicated.
(d)
Proposed
to
use
a
series
acti
v
e
filter
,
and
use
a
square-w
a
v
e
in
v
erters-based
dominant
harmonic
acti
v
e
filter
.
[17],
[19].
Acti
v
e
po
wer
filters
are
g
aining
more
popularity
due
to
their
ability
of
handling
higher
switching
frequencies
by
using
f
a
ster
po
wer
s
witches
[20].
One
of
the
acti
v
e
po
wer
filters,
the
shunt
acti
v
e
filter
has
been
researched
and
de
v
eloped,
and
it
has
gradually
been
recognized
as
a
feasible
solution
to
t
he
problems
created
by
nonlinear
loads.
It
is
used
to
eliminate
the
unw
anted
harmonics
and
compensate
fundamental
reacti
v
e
po
wer
consumed
by
nonlinear
loads
with
injecting
the
compensation
currents
into
the
A
C
lines
[21],
[22].
A
ne
w
technique
w
as
launched
by
P
.
Poure
and
all
[23]
and
de
v
eloped
with
Abolhassani
and
all
[24],
[25]
inte
grated
doubly
fed
electric
generator
instead
of
the
acti
v
e
filter
(IDEA)
for
v
ariabl
e
speed
wind
ener
gy
con
v
ersion
systems,
in
another
paper
Abolhassani
and
all
[26]
proposed
approach
consists
of
a
synchronous
generator
with
modification
to
its
field
e
xcitation;
Preceded
by
it
Fuyuto
T
akase
and
all
[27].
It
is
sho
wn
that,
by
injecting
2
nd
,
4
th
and
6th
harmonic
currents
into
the
field,
a
standard
synchronous
generator
can
be
modified
to
generate
5
th
and
7
th
harmonics
in
the
stator
winding
connected
to
the
electric
utility
.
But
in
a
mechanical
point
of
vie
w
of
this
technique,
strong
torque
ripples
because
of
the
harmonic
currents,
the
end
of
the
current
harmonics
compensation
in
the
absence
of
the
wind
and
heating
of
the
machine
by
eddy
currents
and
h
ysteresis
within
the
magnetic
circuit
with
rapid
destruction
[28],
[29].
In
response
to
these
concerns,
this
paper
presents
the
analysis,
control
and
simulation
v
alidation
of
a
v
ector
controlled
v
ariable
s
p
e
ed
DFIG
supplying
a
connected
grid.
T
w
o
back-to-back
PWM
v
oltage-fed
in
v
erters
connected
between
the
grid
and
the
rotor
are
used
to
allo
w
bidirectional
po
wer
flo
w
.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
9,
No.
5,
October
2019
:
3905
–
3915
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
3907
The
purpose
of
the
grid
side
con
v
ert
er
is
to
maintain
the
dc
link
v
oltage
constant.
It
has
control
o
v
er
the
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
tra
nsfer
between
the
rotor
and
the
grid
and
used
to
compensate
the
harmonics
currents,
while
the
rotor
side
con
v
erter
is
responsible
for
control
of
the
flux,
and
thus,
the
stator
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wers
[23],
[24],
[25],
[31].
A
v
ector
control
approach
is
adopted
which
enables
the
independent
control
of
the
acti
v
e
and
react
i
v
e
po
wer
flo
wing
between
the
grid
and
grid-side
con
v
erter
.
An
LC-filter
between
the
v
oltage-source
con
v
erter
VSC
and
the
rotor
DFIG
is
used
to
reduce
the
switching
frequenc
y
harmonics
injected
in
the
line
currents
and
eliminate
high
dv
=dt
,
to
a
v
oid
the
o
v
erlap
phenomenon
in
Diode
Bridge,
and
ensure
a
good
pace
of
current.
W
e
see
also
the
absence
of
tor
q
ue
ripple
and
the
continuity
harmonic
current
filter
ing
in
wind
absence.
And
generate
po
wer
to
the
grid
if
nonlinear
load
arrest
or
both.
2.
DFIG,
ELECTRICAL
MODEL
WITH
AN
LC
FIL
TER
The
equations
of
a
DFIG
in
a
synchronously
rotating
d–q
reference
frame,
with
the
q-axis
aligned
along
the
stator
flux
v
ector
position
are
gi
v
en
by
[3]:
V
sd
=
R
s
i
sd
+
d
sd
dt
!
s
sq
(1)
V
sq
=
R
s
i
sq
+
d
sq
dt
+
!
s
sd
(2)
Rotor
equations:
V
r
d
=
R
r
i
r
d
+
d
r
d
dt
!
r
r
q
(3)
V
r
q
=
R
r
i
r
q
+
d
r
q
dt
+
!
r
r
d
(4)
where
V
s
=
[
V
sd
V
sq
]
T
,
V
r
=
[
V
r
d
V
r
q
]
T
,
i
s
=
[
i
sd
i
sq
]
T
and
i
r
=
[
i
r
d
i
r
q
]
T
,
are
the
stator
-side,
rotor
-side
v
oltage,
stator
-side
current,
and
rotor
-side
current,
respecti
v
ely
.
!
,
represent
the
rotational
speed.
The
superscripts
s
and
r
represent
the
space
v
ectors
that
referred
to
stator
and
rotor
references.
Contrary
,
t
he
correlation
between
the
flux
es
and
the
currents,
in
space
v
ector
notation,
is
gi
v
en
by:
Stator
flux
sd
=
L
s
i
sd
+
M
i
r
d
=
s
(5)
sq
=
L
s
i
sq
+
M
i
r
q
=
0
(6)
Rotor
flux
r
d
=
L
r
i
r
d
+
M
i
sd
(7)
r
q
=
L
r
i
r
q
+
M
i
sq
(8)
R
,
L
,
represent
the
resistance,
inductance,
respecti
v
ely
.
The
subscripts
r
,
s
stand
for
rotor
side,
stator
side
and
M
magnetization.
The
electromagnetic
torque
can
be
e
xpressed
using
the
d-q
components
as
follo
w:
T
e
=
pM
L
s
(
i
r
d
sq
i
r
q
sd
)
(9)
Where
p
is
the
number
of
pole
pairs
Generally
,
the
dynamic
equation
for
a
generator
-wind
tur
b
i
ne
sys-
tem
[31],
[32]
is
used
to
described
the
rotor
mechanical
speed
!
m
,
mechanical
torque
T
m
,
and
electromagnetic
torque
T
e
as
d!
m
dt
=
p
J
T
m
p
2
M
J
L
s
(
i
r
d
sq
i
r
q
sd
)
f
J
!
m
(10)
Where
J
is
inertia
constant,
f
friction
coef
ficient,
T
e
can
be
calculated
from
(11),
T
m
is
the
output
torque
of
wind
turbine
and
can
be
obtained
from
the
optimum
torque–speed
curv
e
between
the
cut-in
wind
speed
and
limited
wind
speed
as
[32].
T
m
=
1
2
AR
V
2
w
C
p
(
;
i
)
(11)
De
veloping
a
grid-connected
DFIG
str
ate
gy
for
...
(Hacil
Mahieddine)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
3908
r
ISSN:
2088-8708
Figure
1
sho
ws
C
p
characteristic
of
wind
turbine.
Where
is
the
air
density
being
1
:
225
k
g
=m
3
;
C
p
is
the
performance
coef
ficient
of
the
wind
turbine
which
is
a
function
of
the
tip
speed
ratio,
,
and
the
blade
pitch
angle,
o
.
In
this
model,
the
wind
speed
V
w
represents
the
mean
v
alue
of
the
upstream
wind
and
A
is
the
area
swept
by
the
turbine
blades.
Figure
1.
C
p
characteristic
of
wind
turbine
The
function
C
p
(
;
)
in
(12)
has
been
modelled
by
using
the
equation
proposed
in
[3].
C
p
=
(0
:
44
0
:
0167
)
sin
[
(
3)
15
0
:
3
]
0
:
0184(
3)
(12)
The
tip-speed-
ratio
(TSR)
is
defined
as:
=
D
!
r
2
v
(13)
D
is
the
diameter
of
the
area
co
v
ered
by
the
mo
v
ement
of
the
blades.
The
maximum
po
wer
point
is
obtained
at
C
pmax
=
0
:
48
,
with
optimum
tip
speed
ratio
=
8
:
1
,
and
for
a
minimum
blade
pitch
angle
min
=
0
.
Figure1
sho
ws
the
W
T
po
wer
characteristics,
for
v
arious
wind
speed
v
alues
as
a
function
of
the
rotational
speed.
Equations
(5)
and
(6)
gi
v
e
[3]:
i
sd
=
s
L
s
M
L
s
i
r
d
(14)
i
sq
=
M
L
s
i
r
q
(15)
The
electromagnetic
torque
T
e
became:
T
e
=
pM
L
s
i
r
q
s
(16)
Assuming
that
the
stator
resistance
is
ne
gligible
compared
with
the
magnetizing
rea
ctance
and
also
that
the
stator
flux
v
ector
has
a
constant
magnitude
and
rotates
at
a
constant
angular
speed
equal
to
the
supply
frequenc
y
.
Equations
(1),
(2)
are
simplified
to
(17)
and
(18)
[33]:
V
sd
=
0
(17)
V
sq
=
!
s
s
=
V
s
(18)
The
stator
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wers
of
a
DFIG
c
an
thus
be
deri
v
ed
using
equations
(14),
(15),
(17)
and
(18),
gi
ving
[23]:
P
s
=
V
sd
i
sd
+
V
sq
i
sq
=
V
sq
i
sq
=
V
s
M
L
s
i
r
q
Q
s
=
V
sq
i
sd
V
sd
i
sq
=
V
sq
i
sd
=
V
s
(
s
M
L
s
i
r
d
)
(19)
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
9,
No.
5,
October
2019
:
3905
–
3915
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
3909
As
can
be
seen,
P
s
and
Q
s
are
proportional
to
and
respecti
v
ely
.
Pro
vided
the
magnitude
of
stator
flux
is
k
ept
constant,
both
po
wer
components
can
be
controlled
linearly
by
adjusting
the
relati
v
e
rotor
current
components.
where
the
equation
(3)
and
(4)
based
of
equation
filter
LC
sho
w
in
Figure
2,
the
current
injected
in
the
rotor
is
i
r
,
b
ut
i
f
is
the
current
in
output
of
con
v
erter
,
tension
applied
in
the
rotor
represented
by
the
capacitor
v
oltage
V
c
,
and
the
only
harmonic
frequenc
y
absorbed
from
the
capacitor
filter
,
the
general
equation
of
in
v
erter
,LC
filter
and
rotor
is
gi
v
en
by
(20),
(21)
and
(22),
where
V
r
d
and
V
r
q
is
the
translate
frame
abc
to
dq
of
[
V
ca
V
cb
V
cc
]
[34],
[35],[36],[37].
Equi
v
alent
circuit
of
three
phase
LC
filter
system
in
dq
frame
is
depicted
in
Figure
3.
_
x
=
i
r
i
f
V
c
T
(20)
and
A
=
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
R
r
L
r
0
1
L
r
0
R
f
L
f
1
L
f
1
C
f
1
C
f
0
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
(21)
i
f
=
F
(
p
)
U
+
G
(
p
)
V
(22)
W
ith
F
and
G
define
by
the
relations
(23)
and
(24)
[35],
[36],
[38]:
F
(
S
)
=
1
a
1
S
3
+
a
2
S
2
+
a
3
S
+
a
4
(23)
G
(
S
)
=
1
+
C
f
S
(
L
f
S
+
R
f
)
(
L
r
S
+
R
r
)(1
+
C
f
S
(
L
f
S
+
R
f
))
+
(
L
f
S
+
R
f
)
(24)
S:
Laplace
operator
The
denominator
coef
ficients
in
(23)
are
gi
v
en
by:
a
1
=
L
r
L
f
C
f
,
a
2
=
L
r
R
f
C
f
+
L
f
R
r
C
f
,
a
3
=
L
r
+
L
f
+
R
r
R
f
C
f
,
a
4
=
R
r
+
R
f
If
the
all
resistances
ef
fects
are
ne
glected,
relation
(23)
becomes:
F
(
S
)
1
L
r
L
f
C
f
S
3
+
(
R
r
+
R
f
)
S
(25)
Finally
,
the
resonance
frequenc
y
of
the
LC
filter
is
computed
as:
!
a
=
1
q
L
r
L
f
L
r
+
L
f
C
f
(26)
Figure
2.
Equi
v
alent
circuit
of
one
phase
LC
filter
system
Figure
3.
Equi
v
alent
circuit
of
three
phase
LC
filter
system
in
dq
frame
De
veloping
a
grid-connected
DFIG
str
ate
gy
for
...
(Hacil
Mahieddine)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
3910
r
ISSN:
2088-8708
3.
CONTR
OL
OF
APF
SYSTEM
Acti
v
e
filters
are
us
ed
to
reduce
harmonics
generated
by
non-li
near
industrial
loads.
Usually
the
control
circuit
of
the
filter
detects
the
non-linear
load
harmonics
and
controls
the
acti
v
e
filter
to
inject
the
compensating
harmonic
in
the
opposite
phase.
Figure
4
sho
ws
the
general
structure
of
the
acti
v
e
filter
for
non
linear
load
[13],
[21],[22].
Let
us
define
x
=
i
r
ef
h
i
g
is
a
state
v
ariable,
where
the
comple
x
v
ector
of
the
reference
current
i
r
ef
h
in
the
stationary
reference
frame
is
gi
v
en
by:
i
r
ef
h
=
I
r
ef
1
exp
j
(
!
t
+
'
r
ef
1
)
+
X
I
r
ef
m
exp
j
(
m!
t
'
r
ef
m
)
(27)
with
m
=
6
k
1
,
k
=
1
;
2
;
3
::::
and
the
angular
v
elocity
of
the
fundamental
harmonic
is
!
.
The
grid
con
v
erter
allo
ws
the
DC-b
us
v
oltage
re
gulation
and
the
operating
at
unity
po
wer
f
actor
.
In
this
case,
the
currents
dra
wn
from
the
grid
are
perfectly
picture
of
harmonic
currents,
sinusoidal
or
both.
By
a
v
eraging
the
switching
action
of
the
semiconductor
switches
and
applying
the
dq
transformation
to
the
resulting
a
v
erage
model,
a
lar
ge
signal
a
v
erage
model
in
dq
frame
is
obtained.
The
equi
v
alent
circuit
is
sho
wn
in
Figure
4.
The
grid
con
v
erter
mathematical
model
is
gi
v
en
by
[23],
[31]:
Figure
4.
Block
diagram
of
the
proposed
method
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
9,
No.
5,
October
2019
:
3905
–
3915
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
3911
d
dt
i
dh
=
1
3
L
g
(
V
g
d
+
3
w
L
g
i
q
h
d
dh
V
o
)
d
dt
i
q
h
=
1
3
L
g
(
V
g
q
3
w
L
g
i
dh
d
q
h
V
o
)
d
dt
V
c
=
1
C
d
(
3
2
(
d
dh
i
dh
+
d
q
h
i
q
h
)
i
o
)
V
o
=
V
c
+
R
c
(
3
2
(
d
dh
i
dh
+
d
q
h
i
q
h
)
i
o
)
(28)
W
ith
L
=
L
g
+
L
h
and
R
=
R
g
+
R
h
So,
the
current
i
o
is
gi
v
en
by:
i
o
=
(
3
2
(
d
d
f
i
d
f
+
d
q
f
i
q
f
))
(29)
i
h
=
i
h
+
i
p
(30)
Where
i
h
harmonic
current
i
p
po
wer
current
i
0
o
=
d
dh
i
dh
+
d
q
h
i
q
h
(31)
i
o
=
S
1
i
af
+
S
2
i
bf
+
S
3
i
cf
and
i
0
o
=
S
0
1
i
ah
+
S
0
2
i
bh
+
S
0
1
i
ch
(32)
S
rotor
con
v
erter
switch
(RSC),
S
0
grid
con
v
erter
switch
(GSC)
4.
RESUL
TS
AND
AN
AL
YSIS
The
proposed
control
strate
gy
is
applied
to
a
WECS
equipped
with
a
12
k
W
DFIG.
The
system
pa-
rameters
is
presented
in
the
appendix,
T
able
1
and
T
able
3.
The
switching
frequenc
y
of
the
RSC
is
chosen
equal
to
2
:
5
k
H
z
and
GSC
controlled
with
6
A
h
ysteresis
band.
In
the
first
time
the
non
linear
load
is
not
connected,
the
grid
side
in
v
erter
gi
v
es
an
acti
v
e
and
reac
ti
v
e
po
wer
needed
by
the
rotor
of
DFIG,
Figure
5,
Figure
6
sho
w
the
performance
of
implantation
of
the
LC
filter
between
the
rotor
and
RSC
with
parameters
are
g
i
v
en
in
T
able
2
of
the
Appendix,
where
the
ripple
caused
by
the
commutation
frequenc
y
is
eliminate
in
the
stator
current,
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
and
torque.
Figure
7
and
Figure
8,
the
grid
current
s
pectrum,
before
and
after
put
of
LC
filter
,
pro
v
e
the
enhancement
of
the
grid
current
THD
which
is
reduced
from
about
5.83%
to
2.6%.
At
time
t
=
0
:
5
s
and
t
=
0
:
6
s
an
step
in
the
reference
of
acti
v
e
po
wer
and
reacti
v
e
from
5
K
w
to
10
K
w
and
2
k
V
ar
to
5
K
V
ar
respecti
v
ely
,
present
the
good
response
to
this
control
and
stability
of
system.
In
the
second
study
at
t
=
1
s
the
diode
bridge
connected
sizing
in
the
T
able
4
of
the
appendix,
the
grid
side
in
v
erter
gi
v
e
po
wer
and
compensate
harmonic
current
Figure
9
and
figure
10
illustrate
the
performance
of
the
proposed
method
where
the
THD
reduced
from
27.88%
to
3.89%
in
the
norm
recommended.
Figure
11
sho
wed
the
correct
tracking
of
the
harmonic
current
to
the
reference,
and
the
adv
ent
of
the
LC
filter
where
cancellati
o
n
of
the
switching
frequenc
y
at
the
stator
current.
The
DC
capacitor
v
oltage
is
maintained
constant
practically
at
its
command
v
alue
of
900
V
before
t
=
0
:
3
s
,
by
the
control
of
the
GSC
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
11.
During
acti
v
e
filtering
operation,
one
can
notice
small
oscillations
of
V
d
at
a
frequenc
y
of
300
H
z
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
these
oscillations
do
not
af
fect
the
DC
b
us
stability
.
De
veloping
a
grid-connected
DFIG
str
ate
gy
for
...
(Hacil
Mahieddine)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
3912
r
ISSN:
2088-8708
Figure
5.
i
r
a
phase
a
rotor
current,
i
sa
phase
a
stator
current,
P
and
Q
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
,
T
e
electromagnetic
torque
without
LC
filter
Figure
6.
i
r
a
phase
a
rotor
current,
i
sa
phase
a
stator
current,
P
and
Q
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
,
T
e
electromagnetic
torque
with
LC
filter
Figure
7.
i
sa
phase
a
stator
current
and
spectrum
analysis
without
LC
filter
Figure
8.
a
stator
current
and
spectrum
analysis
with
LC
filter
Figure
9.
a
nonlinear
load
current
and
spectrum
analysis
Figure
10.
i
g
a
phase
a
grid
current
and
spectrum
analysis
Figure
11.
V
c
DC
v
oltage,
i
La
Load
current,
i
h
grid
side
in
v
erter
current,
i
g
a
grid
current,
and
i
sa
ef
fects
of
the
LC
filter
on
the
DFIG’
s
stator
current
w
a
v
eform
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
9,
No.
5,
October
2019
:
3905
–
3915
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
3913
5.
CONCLUSION
In
this
paper
,
a
no
v
el
approach
has
been
proposed
to
manage
and
impro
v
e
the
quality
of
the
grid
po
wer
using
a
WECS
equipped
by
a
DFIG.
The
RSC
is
controlled
in
such
a
w
ay
to
manage
between
production
of
maximum
acti
v
e
po
wer
and
po
wer
quality
impro
v
ement
without
an
y
o
v
er
-rating.
The
performance
of
the
grid
side
con
v
erter
achie
v
es
an
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
green
po
wer
source
with
acti
v
e
filtering
capability
.
The
proposed
topology
has
been
sho
wn
to
be
capable
of
reducing
the
torque
ripple
and
pro
viding
an
almost
s
inusoidal
v
olt-
age
to
the
grid
with
an
optimum
SVM
method
is
proposed
to
obtain
the
best
line-current
THD
with
reduced
switching
losses
with
an
LC
filter
normally
required
at
the
output
of
a
PWM
in
v
erter
rotor
to
assist
in
the
switching
de
vice
commutation
and
switching
harmonic
filteri
n
g.
Simulation
results
sho
w
e
xcellent
steady
state
and
dynamic
performances
of
the
de
v
eloped
prototype.
REFERENCES
[1]
LM
W
ind
Po
wer
.
W
ind
po
wer’
s
de
v
elopment
o
v
er
time.
https://www
.lmwindpo
wer
.com
[2]
Bin
W
u,Y
ongqiang
Lang,Na
vid
Zar
g
ari,
”Po
wer
Con
v
ersion
and
Control
of
W
ind
Ener
gy
Systems”
John
W
ile
y
and
Sons.2011
,
2011.
[3]
Manale
Bouderbala,
Badre
Bossoufi,
Ahmed
Lagrioui,
Mohammed
T
aoussi,
”Dir
ect
and
indi
rect
v
ector
control
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