Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
3
,
June
2020
,
pp. 2
787~
2796
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
3
.
pp2787
-
27
96
2787
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Block
chain
o
utl
ook f
or
d
ep
loyme
n
t
of
I
oT in
d
istributi
on
n
etworks and
s
m
art
h
om
es
Heli
as
ada
t
H
osse
ini
an
1
,
H
osse
in Sh
ah
inz
adeh
2
, Ge
vork
B. Gh
areh
peti
an
3
, Z
oh
re
h
A
z
an
i
4
, Mahd
i
Shaneh
5
1
,2,3,4
Depa
rtment
of
Elec
tr
ical Eng
ine
er
ing, Am
irka
bir
Univ
ersity
o
f
Technol
og
y
(T
e
hra
n
Pol
y
t
echni
c),
T
e
h
r
an,
Ira
n
5
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Na
ja
f
abad Bra
nch
,
Isl
amic
A
za
d
Univer
si
t
y
,
Naj
afa
b
ad
,
Ira
n
5
Sm
art
Microgr
i
d
Resea
r
ch
C
enter,
N
aj
af
aba
d
Br
anc
h,
Isla
m
ic Az
a
d
Univer
si
t
y
,
Naja
f
aba
d
,
Ir
an
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
y
31
, 201
9
Re
vised
N
ov 30
,
2019
Accepte
d
Dec
10
, 201
9
Now
aday
s,
th
e
integra
t
ion
of
ren
ewa
b
le
en
e
rg
y
source
s,
as
distri
but
ed
gene
ra
ti
on,
int
o
power
s
y
stem
s
is
ac
cele
r
at
e
d,
and
th
e
cor
responding
te
chno
logi
c
al
d
e
vel
opm
ent
is
ev
olvi
ng
a
t
a
fra
nt
ic
pa
ce.
Th
e
po
wer
indust
r
y
is
going
to
reach
a
turni
ng
po
int
for
inc
r
ea
sin
g
the
penetra
t
io
n
of
the
se
source
s
due
to
c
once
rns
per
t
ai
ni
ng
to
cl
imat
e
ch
ange
s
and
world
-
wide
eve
r
-
growing
demand
for
ene
rg
y
.
Th
e
per
vasive
ren
e
wable
ene
rg
y
in
sm
al
l
-
sca
le
poses
new
cha
l
l
enge
s
for
ope
rators
to
m
ana
ge
a
n
abunda
nt
num
ber
of
sm
al
l
-
sca
le
gen
era
t
ion
source
s,
ca
l
le
d
m
ic
rosource
s.
T
he
cur
ren
t
bank
i
ng
struct
ure
s
are
unable
t
o
handl
e
suc
h
m
assive
hig
h
-
fre
quency
t
ran
sac
t
ions.
Thus,
th
e
in
c
orpora
ti
on
of
cr
y
pto
cur
ren
cies
is
in
evi
t
ab
le
.
Beside
s
,
the
ut
il
i
za
t
ion
of
IoT
-
en
abl
ed
de
vic
es
produ
ce
s
a
la
rge
bod
y
of
d
a
ta
th
at
m
ust
be
sec
ure
l
y
tr
an
sferre
d,
stor
ed,
proc
essed,
and
m
ana
ged
to
boo
st
the
grid’s
observa
bilit
y
,
c
ontrol
la
b
il
i
t
y
,
a
nd
aut
onom
y
.
A
rti
fi
ci
a
l
int
e
ll
ig
e
nce
and
big
dat
a
techniqu
es
should
be
use
d
to
ana
l
y
ze
t
he
dat
a
for
quasi
-
real
-
ti
m
e
de
ci
sion
m
aki
ng
.
Thi
s
stud
y
delves
int
o
the
afo
rement
ione
d
co
ntrove
rsia
l
cha
l
le
nges
and
opportuni
ties,
and
the
co
rre
sponding
soluti
ons
for
the
inc
orpor
at
io
n
of
IoT
and
bloc
kchain
in
power
sy
st
ems
,
par
ti
cularl
y
i
n
the
distri
bu
ti
on
le
vel,
resid
ent
i
al
sec
t
ion,
sm
a
rt
buil
dings,
s
m
art
hom
es,
ene
rg
y
hubs
sc
hemes,
and
the
m
ana
gement
o
f
reside
n
ti
a
l
e
lectr
i
c
veh
icl
e
suppl
y
equi
pm
e
nt
ar
e addre
ss
ed.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Bl
ock
c
hain
Con
se
nsus
Ho
m
e app
li
a
nc
es
In
te
r
net
of thin
gs
(IoT
)
Re
new
a
ble e
ne
rg
y
Sm
art g
rid
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ho
s
sei
n Sha
hi
nzad
e
h,
IEEE
Me
m
ber
-
D
epa
rtm
ent o
f
Ele
ct
rical
E
nginee
rin
g,
Am
irkab
ir
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f
Tec
hnol
og
y
(Te
hr
a
n
P
olyt
echn
ic
),
P.O. Bo
x:
15875
-
4413
,
N
o.
424,
Haf
ez
Ave,
Tehran
, Ira
n
.
Em
a
il
:
h.
s.sh
a
hi
nzad
e
h@
ie
ee.
org
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Since
re
cent
de
cades,
powe
r
syst
e
m
s
are
ex
per
ie
ncin
g
re
voluti
onary
c
ha
ng
e
s.
Asid
e
from
the
ever
-
grow
i
ng
de
vel
op
m
ent
of
te
chnolo
gy
in
va
r
iou
s
par
ts
of
powe
r
syst
em
s
,
the
insi
ght
into
t
he
way
a
powe
r
syst
e
m
m
us
t
be
ex
pande
d,
m
anag
e
d,
an
d
op
erated
is
c
ha
nged.
T
he
te
nden
cy
to
ex
plo
it
m
or
e
re
new
a
ble
cl
ean
energy
is
i
ncr
e
ased
ac
r
os
s
t
he
globe
.
T
his
prop
e
ns
it
y
is
bo
t
h
in
the
inte
grat
ion
of
la
r
ge
-
scal
e
plants
(s
uch
a
s
wind
fa
rm
s
a
nd
so
la
r
pa
rks)
an
d
sm
al
l
-
scal
e
dem
and
-
side
ge
ne
rati
on
s
ources.
By
integrati
on
of
su
c
h
ren
e
wa
ble
ene
rg
y
s
ources
(R
ES)
i
n
dem
and
-
si
de,
t
he
i
de
a
of
m
ic
ro
gr
i
d
has
em
erg
ed.
Mi
crogr
i
ds
a
r
e
al
so
reg
a
rd
e
d
as
a
par
t
of
act
ive
distrib
ution
ne
tworks
,
in
w
hi
ch
the
prese
nc
e
of
re
source
s
and
powe
r
injec
ti
on
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
l
es
(E
V)
with
veh
ic
le
-
to
-
gr
i
d
ca
pa
bili
ti
es
are
al
so
ta
ken
into
acc
ount.
The
power
s
yst
e
m
plan
ner
s
a
re
pro
ne
to
ena
ble
s
m
al
l
-
scal
e
a
nd
distrib
uted
so
urces,
par
ti
cularly
tho
se
with
low
or
z
ero
ai
r
po
ll
utio
n
t
o
a
void
furthe
r
i
ns
ta
ll
at
ion
of
la
r
ge
-
scal
e
f
os
sil
-
ba
sed
ge
ner
at
io
n
un
it
s.
The
c
om
plexity
of
powe
r
syst
e
m
s
is
perm
anen
tl
y
incre
asi
ng
due
t
o
t
he
div
e
rsificat
ion
of
c
om
po
ne
nts,
dif
fer
e
nt
op
e
rati
ng
str
uc
tures
,
and the i
ncr
ea
s
e of s
ources
of
un
ce
rtai
nty i
n el
ect
rici
ty
g
rid
s [1].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
27
87
-
2796
2788
To
ta
c
kle
s
uc
h
c
om
plexity
and
pre
par
e
the
powe
r
syst
e
m
infr
as
t
ru
ct
ur
e
f
or
the
c
ha
ll
eng
es
a
nd
barriers
of
fu
t
ur
e
gri
ds
in
upcom
ing
deca
des,
the
c
once
pt
of
sm
art
gr
id
ha
s
been
pro
poun
ded
by
m
any
researc
hers
sin
ce
the
la
st
two
decad
es
.
Eve
n
tho
ug
h
the
sm
art
gr
id
i
niti
at
i
ve
has
been
la
un
c
he
d
m
ai
nly
in
far
rem
ote
locat
io
ns
or
i
n
the
ac
adem
ic
insti
tut
ion
s
,
it
dem
onstrat
es
a
bri
ght
pros
pect
f
or
t
he
f
uture
of
el
ect
rici
ty
gr
i
ds
.
T
he
sm
a
rt
gr
id
br
i
ng
s
r
e
m
ark
able
cha
ng
e
s
in
the
m
a
nag
em
ent
of
a
ssets
and
res
ources
that
it
req
ui
res
sign
ific
a
nt
ad
va
nces
in
te
le
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
infr
ast
ru
ct
ur
e
,
repor
ti
ng
s
of
t
war
e
,
aut
om
ati
on,
an
d
the
le
vel
of
sm
artness
of
gri
ds
.
T
her
e
fore,
i
n
orde
r
to
pa
ve
the
way
for
t
he
i
m
ple
m
entat
i
on
of
sm
art
gr
i
ds
,
so
m
e
pr
erequi
sit
es
m
us
t
be
fu
lfil
le
d
in
order
to
pro
vid
e
bette
r
operati
on
of
t
he
gri
d
and
e
xp
l
oitat
ion
of
resou
rces
[2
-
3]
.
The
im
pr
ove
m
ent
of
the
le
vel
of
sm
artness
of
powe
r
gr
i
ds
s
ounds
t
o
be
i
nd
is
pens
able
i
n
order
t
o
incr
ease
the
le
ve
l
of
aut
onomy
of
syst
em
,
bette
r
real
-
ti
m
e
m
on
it
or
in
g,
a
nd
dev
el
op
i
ng
the
co
ntr
ollabil
it
y
and
o
bse
r
va
bili
ty
ov
er
va
ri
ou
s
pa
r
ts of
po
wer
syst
em
s,
par
ti
cularly
in
t
he
si
de
of
e
nd
-
us
ers
.
This
m
a
tt
er
e
ntail
s
the
dig
it
al
iz
at
ion
of
va
rio
us
par
ts
a
nd
c
om
po
ne
nts
in
a
po
we
r
gr
i
d
and
proliferate
d
platfo
rm
s
to
c
omm
un
ic
at
e
all
el
e
m
ents
to
each
oth
e
r.
Hereby,
the
powe
r
gr
ids
s
hould
unde
r
go
te
ch
nolog
ic
al
changes
to
c
on
form
to
these r
equ
i
rem
ents in
te
rm
s o
f
te
le
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s and
data
proc
essing [
4
-
5].
The
necessit
y
translat
es
int
o
a
ne
w
c
omm
u
nicat
ion
al
platf
or
m
,
w
hich
is
m
or
e
powerf
ul
an
d
s
wift,
wh
ic
h
is
intr
oduced
a
s
the
int
ern
et
of
thi
ngs
(IoT).
T
he
ap
plica
ti
on
s
of
I
oT
is
not
he
dg
ed
to
powe
r
syst
e
m
s,
bu
t
it
ca
n
be
use
fu
l
i
n
va
rio
us
sect
ion
s
of
i
ndus
try
,
m
un
ic
ipal
aff
ai
rs,
he
al
thcare,
a
nd
e
ver
y
day
li
fe.
I
n
this
stud
y,
it
is
inte
nd
e
d
t
o
cat
ch
up
with
I
oT
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
i
n
th
e
powe
r
in
dustry
[
6]
.
All
sci
e
ntist
s
ha
ve
ar
ri
ved
at
a
co
ns
e
ns
us
th
at
the
cu
rr
e
nt
t
rend
of
ai
r
poll
ution
can
j
e
op
ard
iz
e
t
he
f
uture
of
hum
an
li
fe
on
the
eart
h
du
e
to
global
war
m
ing
an
d
cl
i
m
at
e
changes.
A
c
on
si
der
a
ble
po
rtion
of
the
pro
duct
ion
of
green
hous
e
gas
es
is
correla
te
d
wit
h
the
ge
ner
at
io
n
of
el
ect
rici
ty
.
Energy
syst
em
s
need
sig
nific
ant
inv
e
stm
ent
in
orde
r
to
ac
hieve
long
-
te
rm
go
al
s
of
ca
r
bon
em
issi
on
reducti
on.
It
is
est
i
m
ated
that
a
m
ini
m
u
m
inv
est
m
e
nt
of
20
0
bill
io
n
eu
r
o
is
re
qu
ire
d
jus
t
in
the
E
uro
pe
an
U
nion
to
achieve
a
s
us
t
ai
nab
le
a
nd
reli
able
ene
r
gy
s
yst
e
m
.
It
will
al
so
be
need
e
d
t
o
in
ve
st
up
to
$2
tril
li
on
t
o
upgr
a
de
the
gr
id
in
t
he
U
nited
Stat
es
by
20
30
[
7
-
9].
In
orde
r
to
ge
ne
rate
the
intende
d
f
und,
the
re
is
a
need
f
or
int
el
li
gen
t
m
anage
m
ent
and
co
ntr
ol.
By
increas
ing
the
nu
m
ber
of
gen
e
rati
ng
pla
nts,
risin
g
act
ivit
ie
s,
and
ta
s
ks
sho
uld
be
m
or
e
act
ive,
decen
tral
iz
ed,
a
nd
c
om
plex
w
hile
it
’s
ver
y c
halle
nging i
n
e
ne
rg
y sy
stem
s [
10]
.
Re
gr
et
f
ully
,
th
ere
is
a
vague
per
s
pecti
ve
for
de
velo
ping
re
new
a
ble
e
nerg
y,
accor
ding
t
o
the
la
ck
of
go
al
s
a
nd
l
ong
-
te
rm
plann
in
g
in
Ir
a
n.
I
n
ot
he
r
w
ords,
pr
ic
e
s
change
in
the
exch
a
nge
rate,
a
m
ajo
r
in
vest
m
ent
of
re
new
a
ble
plant
is
based
on
cu
rr
e
ncy
budget
,
a
nd
m
os
t
of
the
i
nv
e
stors
are
f
or
ei
gn
e
rs.
The
refor
e
,
inv
est
m
ent
in
this
sect
or
has
a
m
ajo
r
prob
le
m
du
e
to
Ri
al
paym
ents
and
currency
fluct
ua
ti
on
s.
Acc
ord
ing
t
o
the
repor
t
of
I
ran
organ
iz
at
io
n
f
or
Ma
na
ge
m
ent
of
Ele
ct
ric
Po
we
r
Ge
ne
rat
ion
a
nd
T
ra
ns
m
issi
on
(Ta
van
i
r)
,
in
2016,
the
t
ot
al
gen
erati
on
of
wind
an
d
sol
ar
plants
an
d
oth
e
r
ty
pes
of
ren
e
wa
ble
energies
does
not
excee
d
468
m
egaw
at
ts
eq
ual
to
0.6%
out
of
total
nom
inal
power
of
the
co
untry
w
hich
is
a
ve
ry
sm
al
l
per
centage
com
par
ed
to
I
ran’s
pote
ntial
for
re
new
a
bl
e
energy
[11
-
13
]
.
Re
gard
to
the
ex
pa
ns
i
on
of
te
c
hnol
og
y
a
nd
the
re
du
ct
io
n
of
fo
s
s
il
fu
el
s,
the
increase
i
n
the
us
e
of
c
le
an
ene
rg
y
th
ro
ugho
ut
the
world
is
ine
vi
ta
ble.
Th
us
,
ad
va
nce
d
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
a
nd
data
exch
a
nges
bet
w
een
dif
fer
e
nt
s
ect
or
s
of
the
gri
d
are
inc
reas
ing
ly
need
e
d,
w
hich
need
s
m
anage
m
ent
and
ce
ntrali
zed
a
nd
chall
eng
i
ng
op
er
at
ion
m
or
e
than
e
ver.
Cu
r
ren
tl
y,
decen
t
rali
zat
ion
an
d
di
gital
iz
at
ion
are
the
t
echn
i
qu
e
s
f
or
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
an
d
m
anag
em
ent
of
local
distri
bu
ti
on
netw
orks
i
n order
to
c
om
ply wit
h
this
pro
ce
dure
[14
-
16]
.
The
bl
ock
c
hai
n
is
a
decen
tral
iz
ed
database w
hic
h
is
al
so
c
al
le
d
distrib
uted
le
dg
e
r,
in
s
uc
h
a
way
that
data
rec
ords
a
r
e
sta
cked
in
bl
ocks.
C
on
si
deri
ng
t
hese
blo
c
ks
a
re
enc
rypt
ed
in
seq
ue
nce
by
a
hash
f
unct
ion
,
it
can
be
ens
ur
ed
that
si
gned
blo
c
ks
ca
nnot b
e
m
anipu
la
te
d
a
nyway
[
17
-
19
]
. In
the
case
of
a
f
ra
ntic
at
te
m
pt
to
m
ake
a
cy
ber
-
at
ta
ck,
the
bl
oc
k
can
not
be
r
ecognize
d
a
nd
m
anipu
la
te
d
be
cause
of
it
s
de
centrali
zed
str
uctu
re.
As
a
res
ult,
bl
ock
c
hain
ca
n
help
to
s
olv
e
the
c
halle
ng
e
s
of
de
centrali
zed
e
nergy
sy
stem
s.
The
fir
st
an
d
forem
os
t,
the
blo
c
kch
ai
n
al
lows
the
a
utom
at
ic
i
m
ple
mentat
ion
of
in
te
ll
igent
con
tr
act
s
in
peer
to
peer
netw
orks
[
20]
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
he
decen
t
rali
zed
s
tructu
re
of
bl
oc
kch
ai
n
is
ve
ry
su
it
able
to
im
plem
ent
pr
oces
ses
of
energy
syst
em
s
as
a
m
ulti
-
a
gen
t
syst
em
.
T
he
recent
stu
dies
ab
out
sta
rtu
ps
a
nd
pi
oneer
orga
nizat
ions
s
ho
w
that
blo
c
kchai
n
te
ch
no
l
og
y
can
pote
ntial
ly
pr
ovi
de
so
l
utions
to
s
ome
of
th
e
chall
eng
e
s
in
the
energy
industry
[
21
]
.
Fu
tu
re
ene
r
gy
syst
e
m
req
uire
m
ents
can
be
s
umm
arized
to
three
key
pri
nc
iples:
decar
boni
zi
ng
,
decen
t
rali
zi
ng
,
and
dig
it
iz
ing
syst
e
m
s.
It
is
no
ti
ceable
th
at
the
cur
re
nt
structu
re
of
el
ect
rici
ty
and
energy
m
ark
et
s
is
no
t
su
f
fici
ent
to
achieve
this
pro
s
pect.
Re
centl
y,
blo
ckc
hain
’s
dev
el
op
e
rs
intr
oduce
d
ne
w
di
gital
transacti
on
pl
at
fo
rm
s,
wh
ic
h
are
com
plete
ly
decen
tral
iz
ed
an
d
m
a
ke
pee
r
-
to
-
pe
er
energy
ex
change
po
s
sible
[22
-
24]
.
T
hey
de
vel
op
e
d
l
ocal
e
ne
rg
y
m
ark
et
s,
a
nd
no
w
they
a
re
e
xp
a
ndin
g
t
he
us
e
of
I
oT
as
an
i
m
po
rtant
a
nd
influ
e
ntial
fa
ct
or
in
f
utu
re
sm
art
gr
ids.
Bl
ock
c
hain
t
echnolo
gy
is
able
to
re
spo
nd
t
o
the
chall
en
ges
,
w
hich
the
I
oT
is
e
nc
ount
ered
with.
Sin
ce
blo
c
kc
hain
te
chnolo
gy
c
an
prov
i
de
a
si
m
ple
infr
a
struct
ur
e
f
or
tw
o
de
vices
in
or
de
r
to
tra
ns
fe
r
directl
y
a
po
rtio
n
of
th
e
pr
ope
rty
,
su
c
h
as
m
on
ey
or
data
thr
ough
a
safe
and
sec
ur
e
c
ontract
with
af
f
irm
a
ti
on
[25].
Io
T
-
e
qu
i
pp
e
d
dev
ic
es
us
e
int
el
li
gen
t
con
tra
ct
s
to
enab
le
m
essag
e
exc
hange,
w
hich
is
a
ble
to
m
od
el
an
ag
re
e
m
ent
a
m
on
g
ind
i
viduals
[
26]
.
This
featu
re
e
nab
le
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Blockch
ain o
ut
loo
k f
or
de
plo
y
men
t
of
IoT in
distri
bu
ti
on
net
works
and sm
art
hom
es
(
Heli
as
ad
at Hossei
ni
an
)
2789
sm
art
dev
ic
es’
perform
ance
w
it
ho
ut
a
ny
nee
d
f
or
a
ce
ntrali
zed
ser
ve
r.
T
his
peer
t
o
pee
r
data
exc
ha
ng
e
can
be
gen
e
rali
zed
am
ong
dev
ic
es
,
hum
ans,
an
d
thi
ng
s
t
o
m
ai
ntain
a
tr
us
te
d
a
nd
fu
ll
y
distrib
ut
ed
an
d
decen
t
r
al
iz
ed
dig
it
al
infrastr
uctu
re [2
7].
The
high
co
st
of
c
onstr
uctio
n
of
a
new
po
wer
ge
ner
at
io
n
plant,
on
the
on
e
ha
nd,
a
nd
the
r
ole
of
gen
e
rati
ng
unit
s
i
n
the
powe
r
su
pply
necess
it
at
e
the
con
str
uction
of
ne
w
plants
an
d
the
m
ai
ntenan
ce
of
ol
d
un
it
s,
wh
ic
h
s
hould
be
up
da
te
d
caref
ully
and
acc
urat
el
y
[28].
De
fici
ency
in
the
pr
ov
isi
on
of
s
uffici
ent
gen
e
rati
on
ca
pa
ci
ty
of
I
ra
n’
s
powe
r
pla
nts
r
esults
in
undes
irab
le
ef
fects
of
el
ect
rici
ty
outa
ges
a
nd
unre
li
able
su
pply
,
wh
ic
h
so
m
et
i
m
es
c
auses
se
ve
re
dam
age
to
th
e
eco
no
m
ic
,
po
li
ti
cal
,
an
d
so
ci
al
str
uctur
es
of
the
country.
A
s
a
resu
lt
,
any
po
s
sibil
it
y
of
cost
-
sa
ving
an
d
i
m
pr
ovin
g
pro
du
ct
ivit
y
in
the
op
erati
on
of
energ
y
syst
e
m
s
and
m
ark
et
dev
el
opm
ent
is
pr
om
inence
an
d
worth
y
of
in
vestigat
ion
[29].
I
n
this
pap
e
r,
i
n
ad
diti
on
t
o
the
intr
oducti
on
of
the
f
unda
m
ental
backg
r
ound
of
bl
ockchain
an
d
it
s
t
ypes,
t
he
pr
act
ic
al
app
li
cat
io
ns
of
blo
c
kch
ai
n
in
distrib
uted
ge
ner
at
io
n
sy
st
e
m
s
are
inv
es
ti
gated,
an
d
ul
tim
at
el
y,
the
abili
ty
to
us
e
this
innov
at
io
n
in
order
t
o
so
l
ve
the
chall
en
ge
s
that
Io
T
is
facin
g
with
is
exam
ined.
T
he
exta
nt
rese
arch
es
cond
ucted
i
n
this
fiel
d
a
re
ba
sic
stud
ie
s,
a
nd
the
ro
le
s
of
I
oT
a
nd
blo
c
kc
hain
i
n
f
uture
powe
r
gri
ds
a
r
e
well
m
at
ur
ed
a
nd
discuss
e
d
i
n
this
stud
y,
an
d
t
he
structu
ral
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
of
the
m
are
con
ci
sel
y
pr
ese
nted
.
B
esi
des,
the
be
ne
fits
of
the
util
iz
at
ion
of
I
oT
i
n
sm
art
hom
es
and
s
m
art
bu
il
di
ng
s
for
t
he
m
anage
m
ent
of
ene
r
gy
in
the r
esi
den
ti
al
se
ct
ion
a
re
pro
po
s
ed
.
2.
BL
OCKCH
A
IN’S BA
SI
C CO
NC
EPT
S
Fund
am
ental
ly,
bl
ock
c
hain
te
chnolo
gy
is
a
dece
ntrali
zed
database
tha
t
works
on
a
peer
to
pe
e
r
netw
ork
a
nd
use
s
consens
us
al
gorithm
s
fo
r
de
ci
sion
m
aking,
an
d
net
work
secur
it
y
is
pr
e
s
erv
e
d
by
encr
y
ption
m
et
ho
ds.
I
n
ot
her
wor
ds
,
the
data
struct
ur
e
is
a
kin
d
of
l
ibrar
y
that
m
a
y
includ
e
dig
it
al
transacti
ons,
dat
a
record
s,
com
m
ands
for
co
ntr
olli
ng
act
io
ns
,
or
e
xecu
ta
ble
sign
al
s
[
30
-
32
]
.
The
data
of
a
transacti
on
nee
ds
t
o
be
ve
rifie
d
thr
ough
certai
n
c
erti
ficat
ion
s
c
orres
ponde
d
wit
h
a
gr
ow
i
ng
li
st
of
e
ncr
y
pted
rec
ords
,
w
hi
ch
are
cal
le
d
bl
o
cks
,
to
a
vo
i
d
ta
m
per
in
g
with
t
he
data
of
dig
it
al
docum
ents.
Each
blo
c
k
is
corres
ponded
with
it
s
pr
e
vious
blo
c
k
to
f
orm
a
chain
of
rec
ords
w
hich
determ
ines
the
order
of
t
he
e
ven
ts
an
d
i
s
cal
le
d
blo
c
kc
hain
.
Most
of
the
ba
se
cryptoc
urre
ncies,
incl
ud
i
ng
Bi
tc
oi
n,
a
re
work
i
ng
base
d
on
blo
c
kc
hain
te
chnolo
gy,
but
this
te
chnolo
gy can
also b
e use
d
i
n
no
n
-
m
on
et
ar
y t
ran
sact
ions.
Fo
r
e
xam
ple, intell
igent contr
act
s
-
w
hich wer
e first
introd
uced
on
the
Ethere
um
blo
c
kch
ai
n
-
a
re
act
ivate
d
on
this
platf
orm
,
and
w
he
n
certai
n
co
nd
it
i
on
s
a
r
e
pro
vid
e
d,
t
hese
contract
s
a
re i
m
ple
m
ented
au
tom
a
ti
cal
l
y wit
hout
hu
m
an
int
erv
e
ntio
n
[
33
-
34
]
.
2
.
1.
Ty
pes
of
th
e bl
ockc
ha
i
n
Gen
e
ral,
pri
vat
e,
and
c
on
s
ort
ium
are
three
di
ff
ere
nt
ty
pes
of
bl
ockchai
n
wh
ic
h
are
desc
ribe
d
base
d
on access
pe
rm
issi
on
a
nd c
ha
ng
el
og capa
bili
ti
es.
2.1.1. Gener
al
blockch
ain
The
gen
e
ral
blo
c
kch
ai
n
is
con
si
der
e
d
open
s
ource
a
nd
t
otall
y
decen
tral
iz
ed.
I
n
this
kind
of
blo
c
kch
ai
n,
a
ny
on
e
ha
s
acce
s
s
to
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
an
d
can
hav
e
a
tra
ns
act
ion
an
d
par
ti
ci
pate
in
the
co
nse
nsus
process
a
nd
voti
ng
.
S
o
far,
th
e
us
e
of
this
kin
d
of
blo
c
kch
a
in
has
bee
n
m
or
e
pervasi
ve
be
cause
the
co
nse
nsus
al
gorithm
is
a
secur
e
d
al
gorithm
du
e
to
bein
g
open
-
s
ource
a
nd
tr
us
t
ed
al
gorithm
[35].
O
pen
s
ource
blo
c
kch
ai
n
is a
lso r
e
ferre
d
to
as Ope
nch
ai
n
a
nd is ta
r
geted
for enter
pri
se purp
os
es.
2.1.2.
Pri
vate
blockch
ain
Usu
al
ly
,
pr
i
vate
blo
c
kc
hain
be
longs
t
o
a
s
pe
ci
fic
perso
n
or
a
com
pan
y
wh
ic
h
has
rea
d
a
nd
w
rite
per
m
issi
on
an
d
ve
rifies
trans
act
ion
s
[
36
]
.
T
his
ty
pe
of
bl
oc
kch
ai
n
can
be
public
at
the
pro
of
of
owne
rsh
i
p.
The
un
der
ly
in
g
pri
nciples
of
this
m
od
el
is
that
in
a
pr
i
vate
blo
c
kc
hain,
the
tra
ns
act
ion
s
a
re
re
versi
ble,
validat
ors
are
authe
ntica
te
d,
a
hack
e
r
nee
ds
to
m
anipu
la
te
51%
of
the
ch
ai
n
to
cha
nge
a
bl
oc
k,
the
reby
ther
e
is
no
risk
of
at
ta
ck,
tra
ns
act
io
ns
are
c
hea
per,
pr
i
vacy
has
be
com
e
m
or
e
secur
e
by
rest
rict
ing
the
issua
nc
e
of
per
m
issi
on
s
to
read
i
nfor
m
at
ion
,
a
nd
c
ons
ens
us
al
gorith
m
ru
ns
faster
.
This
ki
nd
of
blo
c
kch
ai
n
is
no
t
com
plete
ly
decen
tral
iz
ed.
T
he
refor
e
,
it
is
m
o
re
su
it
able
for
internal
proce
s
ses
of
com
pan
i
es
su
ch
as
data
base
m
anag
em
ent, ins
pe
ct
ion, a
nd
aud
it
in
g [37].
2.1.3. C
on
s
or
tium bl
ockcha
in
This
ty
pe
of
blo
ckc
hain
is
co
ntr
olled
by
s
pe
ci
fic
gro
up
s
,
s
o
only
certai
n
nodes
i
n
the
ne
twork
ha
v
e
per
m
issi
on
to
vote
in
t
he
consens
us
pro
cess.
T
his
ty
pe
of
bl
oc
kch
a
in
is
s
om
ewh
at
decen
t
rali
zed,
a
nd
the
li
cense
ca
n
be
iss
ue
d
publ
ic
ly
or
li
m
it
ed
[38
-
39]
.
It
is
al
so
faster
a
nd
m
or
e
secur
e
.
T
hu
s
,
it
is
m
os
tl
y
us
e
d
in the c
orp
or
at
e fin
a
nce se
ct
or.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
27
87
-
2796
2790
2
.
2
.
Pr
oofs
In
tra
diti
onal
paym
ent
syst
e
m
s,
tradit
ion
al
banks
a
re
thi
rd
par
ti
es,
a
nd
they
are
tr
us
te
d
to
kee
p
transacti
ons
a
nd
fina
ncial
ba
la
nce.
In
c
on
trast
,
bl
ock
c
ha
in
is
a
c
on
se
nsus
syst
em
without
any
nee
d
f
or
centrali
zed
tr
ust
ed
auth
or
it
y,
and
it
is
distri
bu
te
d
an
d
al
so
doesn
’t
re
q
ui
re
any
thir
d
pa
rty
to
ver
ify
.
This
m
atter
is
reg
a
rd
e
d
as
a
prom
inent
at
tri
bu
te
of
bl
ock
c
hain
that
de
fe
nds
agai
ns
t
51
%
at
ta
ck.
Consi
der
in
g
that
each
m
e
m
ber
of
the
bl
oc
kch
ai
n
(each
node
)
ca
n
ha
ve
a
co
py
of
t
he
i
nfor
m
at
ion
by it
sel
f
and
ha
s
t
he
rig
ht
to
ver
ify
the
i
nfor
m
at
ion
[40].
The
im
po
r
ta
nt
thing
is
that
inf
or
m
at
ion
of
al
l
m
e
mb
ers
is
eq
ual
and
is
const
antly
being
update
d.
A
con
se
nsus
m
e
chan
ism
is
need
ed
in
orde
r
to
achie
ve
this
consi
ste
nt
co
nse
nsus
thr
oughout
the
syst
e
m
.
The
st
ru
ct
ure
of
bl
ock
c
hain
featu
res
secu
re
be
desig
n
us
in
g
sp
eci
fic
cons
ens
us
m
echan
ism
s
s
uch
as
proof
of
work
(Po
W)
.
The
re
are
a
lso
so
m
e
diff
e
ren
t
m
echan
ism
s
su
ch
as
pr
oof
of
auth
or
it
y
(Po
A
u),
proof
of
un
der
sta
nd
i
ng
(
P
oU),
pro
of
-
of
-
bur
n
(
Po
B
),
proof
-
of
-
ca
pacit
y
(P
oC
)
(also
r
efer
red
to
as
pr
oof
-
of
-
sp
ace)
,
proof
-
of
-
act
ivit
y
(P
oAc)
,
pro
of
of
validit
y
proof
of
el
a
ps
e
d
tim
e
(PoET
),
pro
of
of
i
m
po
rtance
(PoI
),
delegate
d
pro
of
-
of
-
sta
ke
(D
P
oS)
(also
cal
le
d
pro
of
of
sta
ck
),
a
nd
le
ased
pro
of
-
of
-
sta
ke
(LPoS) [
41]
.
2.2.1
.
Pr
oof o
f
w
ork
In
pro
of
of
w
ork
c
onse
ns
us
m
echan
ism
,
m
iners
c
om
pete
with
the
po
wer
-
sh
a
rin
g
of
the
ir
com
pu
te
rs
to
s
olv
e
a
“co
m
pu
te
r
puzzl
e,
”
w
hich
is
ha
r
d
to
s
olv
e,
but
the
res
ult
c
onfirm
ation
s
hould
be
ea
sy.
T
his
pu
zzl
e
include
s
nonce
determ
inati
on
.
The
nonce
is
a
rando
m
string
that
is
add
e
d
to
data
in
ord
er
to
create
dif
fer
e
nt
has
hes.
A
has
h
f
un
ct
io
n
is
a
c
rypto
gr
a
phic
t
oo
l
that
pro
duces
a
s
pecific
cod
e
,
w
hich
is
cal
le
d
dig
est
or
ha
s
h
value,
f
or
each
inp
ut
that
can
be
te
xt
or
m
ass
age.
Cha
nges
in
nonce
c
h
an
ge
the
hash
in
ge
ner
al
.
U
su
al
ly
,
hi
gh
processi
ng
po
wer
is used
to
so
lve
this p
uzz
le
[42]. Th
is
pr
ocess
is
cal
le
d
m
ining
.
As
the
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
powe
r
of
t
he
gri
d
i
ncrea
ses,
bl
ocks
a
re
create
d
faste
r.
T
he
res
pons
e
to
this
cha
ng
e,
w
hich
is
defi
ned
by
a
thre
s
ho
l
d,
is
cal
le
d
the
di
ff
ic
ulty
of
the
pro
blem
,
and
it
is
per
iod
ic
al
ly
adj
us
te
d
in
orde
r
to
con
t
ro
l
the
a
m
ou
nt
of
blo
c
k
pro
du
ct
io
n.
T
he
first
m
iner,
who
so
l
ves
the
pu
zzl
e
will
put
the
answ
er
on
the
netw
ork
t
o
be
ve
rified
by
oth
er
m
e
m
ber
s,
and
they
receive
r
ewa
rds
for
fi
nd
i
ng
the
a
nswer
.
The
m
ini
ng
op
e
rati
on
ha
s
two
m
ai
n
go
al
s
in
the
pr
ocess
of
base
c
rypt
oc
urren
cy
.
Ve
rif
yi
ng
the
co
rr
e
ct
ness
of
net
work
tra
ns
act
ion
s
an
d
c
reati
ng
ne
w
dig
it
al
coins
a
s
the
m
ining
rew
a
rds
are
the
goal
s.
A
lot
of
ene
r
gy
is
need
e
d
to
ha
nd
le
this
m
e
as
ur
e
.
This is the
fu
ndam
ental
d
efec
t of
t
he pr
oof o
f
w
ork
m
et
ho
d. For in
sta
nce,
bitcoin t
ran
sa
ct
ion
s
by
2020
w
il
l be
as m
uch
as to
da
y’s ele
ct
rici
ty cons
um
ption
in Denm
ark
[43
]
.
2.2.2. Pr
oof o
f
st
ack
In
proof
of
sta
ck
syst
em
,
m
i
ner
s
do
not
c
om
pete
with
ea
ch
ot
her
.
O
n
t
he
co
ntra
ry,
t
he
y
co
operate
with
each
othe
r
to
kee
p
a
validat
io
n
colle
ct
ion
.
I
n
this
m
et
ho
d,
a
nyon
e
who
has
coins
of
a
pa
r
ti
cular
blo
c
kch
ai
n
(e.
g.
,
Et
hid
ium
)
m
us
t
lock
the
coins
as
the
deposit
in
the
blo
ckc
hain
w
hich
is
cal
le
d
sta
cks.
The
n
netw
ork
validat
ors
pa
rtic
ipate
in
the
blo
ck
cre
at
ion
pr
ocess.
I
n
this
s
yst
e
m
,
the
nex
t
blo
ck
ge
ner
at
or
is
sel
ect
ed
rand
om
ly
by
the
sy
stem
.
Ther
ef
or
e,
anyo
ne
has
m
or
e
sta
cks
ha
s
m
or
e
cha
nc
e
of
bein
g
sel
ect
ed
.
This
m
et
ho
d
ha
s
an
over
whel
m
ing
ad
va
ntag
e
acco
rd
i
ng
t
o
pro
of
of
w
ork
m
et
ho
d.
It
do
e
sn
’t
nee
d
c
ompu
te
r
-
base
d
com
pu
ti
ng,
an
d
it
re
duces
e
nergy
c
on
s
um
ption
,
w
hich
ultim
at
ely
le
ads
to
a
r
edu
ct
io
n
i
n
th
e
final
cost
[
44
]
.
If
a
nyone
thin
ks
a
bout
de
fr
a
ud,
al
l
their
sta
cks
will
be
sei
zed
,
an
d
th
ey
will
be
dism
issed
from
the
syst
e
m
.
Since
the
re
is
no
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
op
e
rati
on
in
t
his
syst
em
,
the
re
is
no
bo
nus
for
ge
ne
rati
ng
a
new
blo
c
k,
a
nd
on
l
y t
he
tra
ns
act
io
n verificat
io
n f
ee is cha
rg
e
d.
This alg
ori
thm
is sti
ll
b
ei
ng
upgra
ded.
2.2.
3
. Pr
oof o
f v
alidi
t
y
The
proof
of
va
li
dity
al
go
rith
m
is
based
on
t
he
pri
nci
ples
of
the
a
uth
e
ntica
te
d
identit
ie
s
or
validat
ors
on
the
bloc
kc
ha
in,
a
nd
they
don’t
need
to
c
om
pete
fo
r
c
omplet
ing
t
ransac
ti
on
s.
By
us
i
ng
this
new
al
gor
it
h
m
,
al
l
par
ti
ci
pan
ts
in
a
colle
ctive
ag
reem
ent
are
known
an
d
va
li
d.
The
pro
of
of
validit
y
al
go
rithm
app
ears
ver
y
su
ccess
fu
l
i
n
the
outp
ut,
a
nd
it
is
opti
m
i
zed
f
or
pri
vat
e
netw
orks
.
T
her
e
fore,
t
his
m
echan
ism
will
be
inco
rpor
at
e
d
i
n bloc
kc
hain u
nl
ikely
d
ue
t
o
it
s centrali
ze
d n
at
ur
e.
3.
BL
OCKCH
A
IN’S
APPLI
C
ATIO
N
I
N DI
STRIBUTE
D GE
NER
ATIO
N
The
dece
ntrali
zed
st
ru
ct
ur
e
of
blo
c
kch
ai
n
is
pro
portio
nal
t
o
th
e
decen
t
rali
zed
c
on
tr
ol
a
ppr
oac
h
a
nd
bu
si
ness
proce
sses
at
the
l
oc
al
le
vel
an
d
di
stribu
te
d
ge
ne
rati
on.
T
he
ope
rators
of
t
he
energy
sect
or
an
d
the
exp
e
rts
in
cor
res
pondin
g
com
pan
ie
s
belie
ve
that
blo
ckc
hain
is
capab
le
of
so
lvi
ng
the
chall
e
nges
of
the
distri
bu
te
d
energy
syst
e
m
in
the
f
utur
e
[45].
On
e
of
the
f
undam
ental
chall
eng
es
is
decen
t
rali
zat
ion
a
nd
dig
it
iz
at
ion
of
e
m
erg
ing
e
ne
rg
y
syst
em
s
wh
ic
h
re
qu
i
re
s
inv
est
igati
ng
,
disco
ve
rin
g,
and
acce
ptin
g
ne
w
m
et
ho
ds
a
nd
te
chnolo
gies. T
r
ansacti
ons in
t
he
ene
rg
y sec
t
or
a
re conside
r
ed
dif
fer
e
nt from
the f
inancial
sector
because
the
de
li
ver
y
of
el
e
ct
rici
ty
to
the
cust
om
ers
an
d
s
ubscri
ber
s
s
houl
d
be
c
onside
red
physi
cal
ly
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Blockch
ain o
ut
loo
k f
or
de
plo
y
men
t
of
IoT in
distri
bu
ti
on
net
works
and sm
art
hom
es
(
Heli
as
ad
at Hossei
ni
an
)
2791
These
tra
ns
act
ion
s
a
re
not
onl
y
about
pr
ic
e
a
nd
i
nfor
m
at
ion
value
but
al
so
about
ene
rg
y
tradin
g
tra
ns
m
it
te
d
thr
ough
the
ne
twork
i
nfrastr
uc
ture.
I
n
this
sect
ion
,
so
m
e
blo
c
kch
ai
n
pro
j
ect
s
are
pro
vi
ded
f
or
distrib
uted
gen
e
rati
on.
M
os
t
of
these
pr
oject
s
are
de
velo
ping
or
te
ste
d
as
prot
ot
ypes,
a
nd
t
he
y
are
no
t
ye
t
fu
lly
com
m
ercial
iz
e
d.
3.1. P
ower l
edger
Power
Le
dg
e
r
is
a
n
e
nerg
y
com
m
erce
net
work
tha
t
operates
pe
er
-
to
-
peer
on
the
m
ajor
cryptoc
urre
ncies
an
d
re
ne
w
able
ene
rg
y
e
xch
a
nges
in
bl
ock
c
hain
i
n
Wester
n
Au
st
r
al
ia
.
Power
L
edg
e
r
platfo
rm
pr
ov
ides
inter
oper
abili
ty
between
va
rio
us
m
echan
ism
s
of
m
ark
et
m
anag
e
m
ent,
pr
ic
in
g,
a
nd
el
ect
rical
m
eas
ur
em
ent
un
it
s
(k
il
owat
t
pe
r
hour)
t
hro
ugh
purc
hase
d
to
ke
ns.
It
al
s
o
co
nt
ro
ls
th
e
m
ark
et
by
two
-
to
ken ecos
yst
e
m
s in
two
blo
c
kch
ai
n
la
y
ers (SPa
rk
z
and PO
W
R
) [
14
]
.
3
.
2
.
PW
R
c
om
pa
n
y
P
W
R
Com
pany
wo
r
ks
i
n
pe
er
-
to
-
peer
c
omm
erce
of
ren
e
wab
le
e
nergies
.
H
ou
se
hold
e
qu
i
pm
ent
of
this
com
pan
y
stores
e
ne
rg
y
in
lo
ng
-
li
fe
ba
tt
eries
instea
d
of
im
m
ediat
e
en
e
rg
y
sel
l
i
n
order
to
sta
bili
ze
the
net
work.
This
pr
oj
ect
is
currently
r
unning
on
t
he
E
there
um
platfor
m
,
bu
t
acco
r
ding
to
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
ro
a
dm
ap,
in
the
near
fu
t
ur
e
,
it
will
be
transferre
d
to
it
s
base
cryptocurr
en
cy
(PW
Rt
oken
)
wh
ic
h
is
based
on
energy.
A P
WRtok
e
n
is e
qu
a
l t
o
1 M
W
, whi
ch
ca
n be e
xc
ha
ng
e
d
i
n glo
ba
l t
rad
in
g
m
ark
e
ts [15].
3.3. Ke
y2
e
ner
gy
The
m
ai
n
idea
of
Key
2Ener
gy
is
that
m
any
apar
tm
ents
off
er
thei
r
sel
f
-
produce
d
s
olar
e
nergy
instea
d
of
us
i
ng
pow
e
r
f
ro
m
the
gri
d.
This
offe
r
is
to
their
te
na
nts
at
lowe
r
pr
ic
e
s.
T
wo
facto
rs
are
in
volve
d
i
n
this
process:
a
n
at
tem
pt
to
m
axi
m
iz
e
ho
use
hol
d
inc
o
m
e
by
sel
li
ng
pr
oduce
d
s
olar
e
nergy
in
the
l
ocal
m
ark
et
at
the
be
st
possi
bl
e
cost;
try
in
g
to
m
ini
m
iz
e
the
ge
ner
al
c
os
t
of
el
ect
rici
ty
,
su
ch
as
el
e
vato
r
s
an
d
t
he
li
ghti
ng
of
the
sta
irwell
s.
For
sm
art
deals
and
c
ontra
ct
s,
the
bl
ockchain
is
us
e
d
as
a
m
ark
et
pl
ace
in
this
ki
nd
of
structu
re
[
15]
.
In
this
co
nte
xt,
the
m
os
t
pr
om
inent
qu
e
sti
on
is
how
t
o
determ
ine
the
ro
le
of
ope
rator
s
of
the
transm
issi
on
syst
e
m
,
distribu
ti
on
syst
e
m
,
and
distri
bu
te
d
ge
ne
rati
on
source
s
[
46]
.
The
se
em
plo
ye
es
con
ti
nue
t
o
ca
rr
y
ou
t
t
heir
du
ti
es
in
the
ph
ysi
cal
in
fr
as
tructu
re
of
t
he
powe
r
gr
i
ds,
an
d
t
hey
ar
e
al
so
respo
ns
ible
be
cause
of
the
sta
bili
ty
and
s
us
t
ai
nab
il
it
y
of
t
he
syst
e
m
.
Thes
e
operat
or
s
wil
l
receive
t
heir
wag
e
s
du
e
to
netw
ork
m
ai
ntenan
ce
an
d
re
pairm
ents.
T
hey
kee
p
bein
g
res
po
ns
ible
for
s
upplyi
ng
t
he
e
ne
rg
y
of
decen
t
rali
zed e
nergy tra
ns
act
ion
s
a
gr
ee
d between
p
a
rtie
s a
ccordin
g
t
o
the
lim
i
ta
ti
on
of t
he ph
ysi
cal
sys
tem
s.
4.
INTER
NET
OF THI
NGS
BASED
O
N
B
LOCK
CHAI
N
I
N
THE
E
N
ERGY FIE
L
D
In
te
r
net
of
t
hings
is
a
se
ns
i
ble
an
d
pract
ic
al
way
t
o
c
onnec
t
m
any
ty
pes
of
eq
uip
m
ent
to
each
oth
e
r
thr
ough
s
pecifi
c
softwar
e,
se
nsors
,
dev
ic
es
,
e
tc
.
Thi
ng
s
incl
ud
e
ve
hicle
s,
hom
e
app
li
ance
s,
sm
artph
ones
,
et
c.
In
this
te
ch
nolog
y,
al
l
dev
i
ces,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
connecte
d
to
a
netw
ork,
are
able
to
operate
aut
om
a
ti
cal
ly.
These
dev
ic
es
are
f
ully
auto
m
at
ed
to
m
ai
ntain
sp
eci
al
res
pons
es
base
d
on
en
vir
onm
ent
al
changes.
T
he
y
can
al
so
exc
ha
ng
e
var
i
ou
s
data
w
it
h
dev
ic
es
i
n
oth
e
r
net
works
without
any
hum
an
interfer
e
nce
[
4].
Bl
oc
kc
hain
facil
it
at
es
peer
-
to
-
pee
r
dig
it
al
transa
ct
i
on
s;
thu
s
,
pote
ntial
ly
they
can
act
ivate
m
achine
to
m
achine
(
M2M
)
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
a
nd
data
e
xch
a
nges
betw
een
sm
art
de
vi
ces.
L
ots
of
s
m
a
rt
dev
ic
es
will
be
c
onne
ct
ed
to
the
inter
net
(20.8
bill
ion
de
vices)
by
2020
[
10
]
.
Sm
art
dev
ic
es
a
nd
data
transm
issi
on
te
ch
nolo
gies
ar
e
increasin
gly
be
ing
us
e
d
in
t
he
fiel
d
of
e
ne
rg
y;
powe
r
s
yst
e
m
s
include
d.
This
inc
re
m
ental
proces
s,
al
on
g
with
the
aut
om
at
ion
power
and
m
assive
data
analy
sis,
can
pote
ntial
ly
create
a
valu
able
energy
chain
in
the en
e
r
gy sect
or [47
]
.
A
us
ef
ul
analy
sis
of
these
dat
a
increases
po
wer
syst
em
per
f
or
m
ance
and
asset
detect
ion
,
w
hich
can
be
le
d
to
c
ons
idera
ble
cost
r
edu
ct
io
ns.
Digi
ti
zi
ng
el
ect
rical
facil
it
ie
s
prov
i
des
a
n
opport
un
it
y
to
im
pro
ve
netw
ork
pe
rfo
rm
ance,
bill
ing
proces
ses,
powe
r
supp
ly
chain,
oppor
tun
it
y
to
exp
l
or
e
new
s
our
ces
of
innov
at
io
n,
an
d
new
busines
s
m
od
el
s.
By
increasin
g
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
de
vi
ces
that
ge
nerat
e
a
huge
am
ount
of
data
in
high
frequ
e
ncy,
t
he
tr
aditi
on
al
ce
ntr
al
iz
ed
ap
proac
hes
will
def
i
nitel
y
be
inef
fici
ent.
T
her
e
f
or
e,
local
decisi
on
m
aki
ng
a
nd
distrib
ution
c
ontrol
can
dec
rease
t
he
com
pu
ta
ti
onal
res
ources
requirem
ent,
wh
ic
h
is
need
e
d
to
opti
m
iz
ed
fu
tu
re
powe
r
syst
em
s
.
D
ue
to
the
de
centrali
zed
st
ru
ct
ur
e,
c
ollab
or
at
ive
w
ork,
bein
g
op
e
n
-
sou
rce,
a
nd
hi
gh
secu
rity
of
blo
c
kc
hain,
it
s
perform
a
nce
ca
n
fa
ci
li
t
at
e
the
us
e
of
t
he
inte
rn
et
of
thin
gs
.
Au
t
om
at
ed
m
a
rk
et
in
g
fact
or
s
,
wh
ic
h
are
a
n
i
nteg
ral
par
t
of
sm
art
dev
ic
es,
are
able
to
det
erm
ine
ideal
pri
ci
ng
strat
egies
for
energy
tra
ding
thr
ough
t
he
bl
ock
c
hain
platf
or
m
based
on
the
pref
ere
nce
s
an
d
will
ingn
ess
of
the
us
e
r.
T
hese
dev
ic
es
ca
n
be
program
m
ed
to
achieve
pr
e
determ
ined
go
al
s,
su
c
h
as
aut
om
atical
ly
increasin
g
energy
eff
ic
ie
ncy
or
m
ini
m
iz
ing
ene
rg
y
purc
hases
f
rom
the
m
ai
n
network.
The
r
ules
an
d
sugge
sti
on
s
m
ade
by
each
dev
ic
e
are
ke
pt
inv
al
id
a
nd
reli
able
datab
ases,
an
d
cert
ai
nly,
they
de
pend
on
t
he
ki
nd
of
reg
ist
ere
d
inf
orm
ation
;
so
m
e
of
them
su
ch
as
the
pr
i
va
cy
and
an
onym
i
ty
of
ind
ivid
ual
do
m
est
ic
and
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
27
87
-
2796
2792
industrial
co
nsum
ers
can
be
a
key
issue
for
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
of
inte
rn
et
of
thin
g
s
yst
em
.
As
it
is
evide
nt
i
n
Fig
ure
1,
tra
diti
on
al
powe
r
s
yst
e
m
con
sist
s
of
gen
e
rati
on,
transm
issi
on
,
and
distrib
utio
n
la
ye
rs
w
hic
h
are
ver
ti
cal
ly
integ
rated.
E
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
G
ri
d
Bl
o
c
k
ch
ai
n
-
b
as
e
d
Smart
G
ri
d
s
P
o
w
e
r
l
i
n
e
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
i
n
e
s
Figure
1. The
s
tructu
re
of tra
di
ti
on
al
power s
yst
e
m
s v
ersus
blo
c
kch
ai
n
-
bas
ed
sm
art g
ri
ds
The
gen
e
rati
on
sources
a
re u
s
ually
far
f
r
om
consum
ption
c
enters.
The
loa
ds
h
ave no
inte
racti
on
w
it
h
the
up
st
ream
g
rids,
a
nd
the
ge
ner
at
io
n
sour
ces
are
us
ually
instal
le
d
in
lar
ge
-
scal
e.
O
n
the
co
ntrar
y,
in
s
m
art
gr
i
ds
,
par
ti
cu
la
rly
in
m
od
er
n
blo
c
kch
ai
n
-
bas
ed
secu
re
gri
ds,
the
powe
r
sy
stem
is
hig
hly
interco
nnect
ed,
and
the
dem
and
-
si
de
virt
ual
pow
er
plants
sat
isf
y
par
t
of
dem
and
local
ly
.
Th
e
loads
can
be
serv
e
d
thr
ough
local
so
urces
,
an
d
th
e
energy
excha
ng
e
ca
n
be
sta
rted
after
v
eri
f
ic
at
ion
of
t
he
f
inancial
transa
ct
ion
.
T
his
m
e
asur
e
m
us
t
be
done
autom
at
ic
al
l
y
an
d
insta
ntan
eousl
y.
Th
us
,
the
validat
io
n
of
purc
hase
rs
and
sel
le
rs
m
us
t
be
disti
nguish
e
d
t
hro
ugh
the
sec
ur
e
platf
or
m
of
bl
ock
c
hai
n.
A
loa
d
at
a
l
oc
al
le
vel
m
a
y
be
se
rv
e
d
by
m
any
energy
pr
ov
i
de
rs
in
m
ic
ro
gri
ds
,
virt
ual
powe
r
plants,
or
dem
and
re
s
pons
e
ca
paci
ti
es
nearby.
Hen
ce
,
a
com
plica
te
d
fina
ncial
acco
un
ti
ng
syst
em
m
us
t
exist
to
handle
s
uc
h
a
m
assive
num
ber
of
hi
gh
-
f
requen
c
y
transacti
ons
fa
irly
and
acc
urat
el
y.
This
hur
dle
c
an
be
ov
e
rco
m
e
by
enjo
yi
ng
the
te
c
hnology
of
bl
ockchai
n
inco
rpor
at
in
g c
loud c
om
pu
ti
ng tech
niques
a
nd IoT
-
ori
ente
d
in
fr
a
struct
ur
e
s.
Fu
tu
re
po
wer
syst
e
m
s
will
b
e
highly
com
plica
te
d
and
int
ercon
nected,
i
n
w
hich
a
m
assive
body
of
data
will
be
ge
ner
at
e
d
a
nd
m
us
t
be
proce
ssed.
A
m
assive
am
ou
nt
of
m
ic
ro
transacti
on
s
at
a
local
scal
e
for
powe
r
trade
betwee
n
m
ic
r
os
ou
rces
a
nd
end
-
us
ers
m
ust
be
ha
nd
le
d
so
that
the
c
urren
t
str
uctu
r
e
an
d
m
echan
ism
s
of
the
ba
nk
i
ng
syst
e
m
s
are
un
a
ble
to
dea
l
with
a
nd
pr
o
cess
t
hem
.
In
s
u
ch
a
c
onditi
on
,
the
em
plo
ym
e
nt
of
c
ryptoc
ur
ren
ci
es
is
i
ndispen
sable.
The
m
assive
body
of
data
pro
du
c
ed
by
I
oT
i
ns
tr
um
ents
and
de
vices
ne
cessi
ta
te
s
the
inco
r
porati
on
of
arti
fici
al
intel
li
gen
ce
te
ch
niq
ue
s
su
c
h
as
da
ta
m
ining
,
m
a
chi
ne
le
arn
in
g,
big
da
ta
analy
ti
cs
t
hro
ugh
a
cl
ou
d
-
base
d
en
vir
onm
ent
fo
r
cl
oud
c
om
pu
ti
ng.
Af
te
r
the
a
dvent
of
powe
r
m
ark
et
s
an
d
restr
uctu
r
ing
a
nd
der
e
gu
la
ti
on
of
t
rad
it
ion
al
powe
r
sy
stem
s,
the
inc
orp
or
at
io
n
of
I
oT
i
n
powe
r
syst
em
s
,
as
t
he
ce
ntra
l
cor
e
of
t
he
e
nergy
ec
os
yst
em
,
al
on
g
wit
h
m
od
ern
iz
at
io
n,
dig
it
al
iz
at
ion
,
a
nd
sm
art
iz
at
ion
of
gr
i
ds
ca
n
be
counted
as
t
he
ne
xt
re
voluti
on
in
po
wer
sys
tem
s.
In
sm
art
gri
ds
,
the
l
oa
ds
a
re
m
or
e
el
ast
ic
,
wh
ic
h
m
eans
they
are
m
or
e
r
esp
on
si
ve
a
nd
pr
ic
e
se
ns
it
ive.
The
l
oa
ds
ca
n
be
i
nfor
m
ed
a
bout
the
rea
l
-
tim
e
pr
ic
es
throu
gh
di
ff
ere
nt
IoT
-
ba
sed
interfa
ces
and
ca
n
m
ake
bette
r
decisi
on
s,
wh
ic
h
ind
ic
a
te
ho
w
sh
oul
d
they
p
a
rtic
ipate
i
n
de
m
and
r
esp
onse
pro
gr
am
s.
Fig
ure
2
il
lustrate
s
the p
ara
dig
m
of
a b
loc
kch
ai
n
-
base
d
sm
art
gr
id
with
the
inte
gr
at
i
on
of
E
Vs
,
r
oof
t
op
s
olar
pa
nels,
sm
al
l
-
sca
le
wind
t
urbin
es
on
a
l
ocal
scal
e.
The
loa
ds
ha
ve
al
so
inf
or
m
at
ic
data
exchang
e
with
the
networ
k
to
a
cqu
i
re
real
-
ti
m
e
data
of
the
gr
i
d’
s
el
ect
rici
ty
pr
ic
e
thr
ough
sm
a
rt
m
e
te
rs.
The
loads
ha
ve
al
so
rem
ote
co
nt
ro
ll
ing
a
nd
in
te
ll
ige
nt
auto
m
at
ic
con
t
ro
l
over
m
any
equ
i
pm
ent
and
de
vices
th
at
it
helps
to
m
axim
iz
e
the
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of
the
gr
i
d’
s
ope
rati
on
an
d
to opti
m
iz
e their cons
um
ption
thro
ugh
sec
ur
e inform
at
ic
interf
aces a
nd
platfor
m
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Blockch
ain o
ut
loo
k f
or
de
plo
y
men
t
of
IoT in
distri
bu
ti
on
net
works
and sm
art
hom
es
(
Heli
as
ad
at Hossei
ni
an
)
2793
5.
I
o
E I
N
S
M
ART
BUILDI
NGS A
N
D
S
M
A
RT H
OMES
The
co
nce
pts
of
sm
art
bu
il
din
gs
a
nd
sm
art
ho
m
es
are
viable
so
luti
ons
to
perf
or
m
eff
ic
ie
nt
energy
aud
it
m
easur
es
in
dem
and
-
sid
e.
This
m
at
te
r
will
be
m
at
eria
li
zed
us
in
g
the
internet
of
e
ne
rg
y
(
I
oE)
c
onc
ept
to
m
anag
e
var
i
ous
c
ontrib
utor
s
co
rr
es
ponde
d
with
dif
fer
e
nt
en
er
gy
co
nsum
ption
s
for
en
d
-
us
e
rs
s
uc
h
a
s
el
ect
rici
ty
,
gas,
and
heat.
I
o
E
is
def
ined
as
a
sp
eci
fic
fiel
d
of
I
oT
that
de
li
ne
at
es
the
app
li
cat
ion
s
of
I
oT
in
the
en
er
gy
sec
tor.
Th
e
a
utho
rs
in
[
17]
ha
ve
presente
d
a
n
autom
at
ed
lo
cal
m
ark
et
for
a
sm
art
resid
e
ntial
bu
il
di
ng in o
rder to
m
erg
e b
l
oc
kch
ai
n
a
nd int
ern
et
of thin
gs
in d
ist
ri
bu
te
d g
ener
at
io
n
.
Bl
o
c
k
ch
ai
n
-
b
as
e
d
N
e
t
w
o
rk
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
W
i
n
d
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
u
s
e
r
S
m
a
r
t
M
e
t
e
r
s
S
m
a
r
t
M
e
t
e
r
s
S
m
a
r
t
M
e
t
e
r
s
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
u
s
e
r
C
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
u
s
e
r
V
2
G
Figure
2. The
s
tructu
re
of a s
m
art g
rid
w
it
h t
he
integ
rati
on
of d
em
and
-
sid
e m
ic
ro
sou
rces
In
this
sc
hem
e,
the
roof
of
t
he
bu
il
di
ng
is
co
ver
e
d
by
s
olar
pan
el
s
a
nd
al
l
the
sm
art
ho
m
e
app
li
ances
are
intel
li
gen
t
and
flexi
ble,
and
they
are
m
easur
ed
by
bid
irect
io
nal
s
m
art
po
we
r
f
low
m
et
ers.
In
su
c
h
a
buil
ding,
bl
ock
c
hain
ca
n
detect
the
po
wer
pro
duced
by
eac
h
dev
ic
e
an
d
m
ake
it
possible
to
e
xch
a
nge
energy
bet
wee
n
di
ff
e
ren
t
vendors
a
nd
c
us
t
om
ers.
I
n
sm
art
com
m
ercial
buil
din
gs,
I
oE
e
nhance
s
the
ca
pa
bili
t
y
of
buil
ding
m
anag
em
ent
sys
tem
to
boost
auto
no
m
y
and
im
pr
ov
e
the
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
functi
ons
a
nd
optim
iz
e
consum
ption
i
n
an
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
way.
Th
e
co
nn
ect
ivit
y
pro
vid
e
d
by
the
Io
E
al
lo
ws
for
the
inte
gr
at
i
on
of
autom
at
ed
sys
tem
s
and
intel
li
gen
t
dev
ic
es
.
Sensors
for
detect
ing
m
oti
on,
noise
,
m
oistur
e,
te
m
per
at
ur
e
,
hu
m
idit
y,
fire
and
sm
ok
e,
ca
r
bon
dioxid
e
a
nd
hazar
dous
ga
ses,
sec
ur
it
y
a
nd
acce
ss
c
on
tr
ol
syst
e
m
s
al
l
su
pp
ly
data an
d
a
naly
ti
cs in r
eal
-
tim
e
.
The
fa
st
res
pons
ive
ness
of
t
hi
s
syst
e
m
allow
s
buil
di
ng
s
t
o
ada
pt
to
c
ha
ng
i
ng
c
onditi
ons
an
d
m
ake
real
-
ti
m
e
al
te
r
at
i
on
s
that
re
su
lt
in
increa
sed
ef
fici
ency
and
reduce
d
op
e
rati
ng
c
ost
s.
En
j
oyin
g
this
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
buil
ding
m
anag
ers
are
able
to
antic
ipate
the
need
s
a
nd
c
onsu
m
ption
patte
rn
s
of
te
na
nts
,
their
pr
e
fer
e
nces
f
or
li
ghti
ng,
heat
ing
or
ven
ti
la
ti
on
an
d
ha
ve
su
pe
r
vis
io
n
on
secu
rity
syst
em
s,
util
i
ty
m
eter
s
or
water
a
nd
wast
e
dis
po
sal
,
to
nam
e
bu
t
a
fe
w.
Sm
art
ho
m
es
an
d
buil
dings
a
re
a
ddress
ed
as
a
s
ubcat
egory
of
sm
art
c
it
ie
s.
Re
gard
to
the
prolife
rati
on
of
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
s,
pa
rtic
ularly
wi
th
V
2G
ca
pa
bili
ty
,
the
m
anag
e
m
e
nt
of
a
n
e
xten
sive
num
ber
of
EVs
w
hich
has
hi
gh
ly
vol
at
il
e
and
stoc
hastic
co
ns
um
ption
patte
rn
s
is
highly
chall
en
ging.
These
are
re
garde
d
as
no
n
-
sta
ti
c
m
ob
il
e
load
s
that
c
an
a
bs
or
b
or
in
j
ect
pow
e
r
to
the
gri
d
e
ve
rywhere
in
a
powe
r
syst
em
.
They
can
e
xc
ha
ng
e
powe
r
wi
th
the
gri
d
th
r
ough
pu
blic
pa
rk
i
ng
lots
or
resi
dent
ia
l
EV
su
pp
ly
equ
ipm
ent.
D
ue
to
their
highly
unpr
e
dicta
ble
natu
re,
it
i
s
reco
m
m
end
ed
to
m
on
it
or
EVs i
n
re
al
-
tim
e in ord
e
r
to
prese
rve the sta
bili
ty
o
f
the
distri
bu
ti
on grid
. T
hu
s
, a
cloud
netw
or
k
m
us
t
be
acce
ssi
ble
in
a
ce
rtai
n
vicinit
y
of
the
ci
ty
to
c
ov
e
r
al
l
E
Vs
wh
ic
h
a
re
m
on
it
or
ed
by
an
op
e
rato
r
e
njo
yi
ng
Io
T
te
c
hnol
ogy.
The
re
side
ntial
EV
sup
pl
y
equ
ipm
ent
is
al
so
in
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
with
an
e
ne
rgy
hub
con
t
ro
ll
er,
wh
i
ch
is
respo
ns
ib
le
fo
r
opti
m
iz
i
ng
al
l
kinds
of
energy
con
s
um
pt
ion
an
d
ge
ner
at
io
n
in
a
buil
ding
or
ho
m
e
wh
il
e
prop
e
r
sto
ra
ge
de
vices
f
or
el
ect
rici
ty
and
heat
are
i
ntegr
at
e
d.
T
he
e
nergy
hub
c
on
trolle
r
gathe
rs
the
ins
ta
ntaneous
data
of
al
l
equ
ip
m
ent,
loads,
a
nd
the
netw
ork
throu
gh
sm
art
m
e
te
rs
and
IoT
-
ba
se
d
sens
or
s
[
48
]
.
To
s
um
up
,
t
he
inte
gr
at
io
n
of
IoT
te
ch
nolo
gy
in
the
reside
ntial
sect
ion
bri
ngs
de
ci
sive
adv
a
ntage
s in
term
s o
f
ef
fici
ency.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
27
87
-
2796
2794
As
it
is
po
rtra
ye
d
in
Fig
ure
3,
an
I
oT
-
eq
ui
pp
e
d
sm
art
ho
m
e
en
com
passes
var
io
us
pa
r
ts
su
ch
as
a
s
m
ar
t
do
or
lock
syst
e
m
,
secur
it
y
syste
m
,
s
m
art
a
ir
conditi
on
in
g,
li
gh
ti
ng
co
nt
ro
l
syst
e
m
,
e
nergy
m
anag
em
ent
syst
e
m
,
app
li
an
ce
co
ntr
ol
sys
tem
,
s
m
art
the
rm
os
ta
t,
s
m
art
bat
hroo
m
ap
pliance,
ga
ra
ge
do
or
op
e
ne
r,
et
c.
O
ne
of
the
m
ai
n
par
ts
of
these
su
bsy
ste
m
s
is
corr
el
at
ed
with
ho
m
e
app
li
an
ces.
N
ow
a
days
,
hom
e
app
li
anc
e
m
anu
fact
ur
e
rs
are
equ
i
pp
i
ng
t
hei
r
pro
duct
s
wit
h
m
od
er
n
de
vi
ces
w
hich
e
na
ble
the
dev
ic
e
to
be
m
on
it
or
ed
a
nd
co
ntr
olled
re
m
ote
ly
through
a
central
co
ntr
olli
ng
syst
em
and
can
ha
ve
sel
f
-
m
anage
m
ent
capab
il
it
y
to
m
ake
decisi
on
how
t
o
deal
with
the
upstr
ea
m
gr
id
for
t
he
ab
sorpti
on
of
el
ect
rici
ty
at
sp
eci
fic
tim
es,
wh
ic
h
le
ads
to
co
ns
i
de
rab
le
co
st
reducti
on
a
nd
ene
rg
y
savi
ng.
For
instance
,
Zig
bee
prot
oco
l
c
an
be
us
e
d
in
was
hing
m
achines
an
d
dis
hw
as
he
rs
to
sta
rt
the
m
a
chine
a
uto
m
at
i
cal
ly
at
the
hour
s
,
w
hen
t
he
gr
i
d’
s
el
ect
rici
ty
p
rice i
s at the l
ow
e
st l
evel.
Lighting Co
ntrol
Sys
tem
Smart Air
C
onditione
r
Ener
gy M
a
nage
ment
Applian
ce
C
o
ntr
ol
Smart T
h
er
most
at
Security Syst
em
Smart Ba
t
h
r
oom A
ppliance
Garage
Door
Ope
ner
Smart Door
Lock
Figure
3. The
var
i
ou
s
appli
ca
ti
on
s
of IoT i
n a sm
art h
om
e
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Bl
ock
c
hain
te
chnolo
gy
is
a
m
od
ern
in
no
vation
that
ha
s
the
a
bili
ty
to
be
de
plo
ye
d
in
dif
fer
e
nt
sect
ion
s
of
power
syst
em
s,
par
ti
cularly
f
or
integ
rati
ng
sm
a
ll
-
scal
e
distrib
uted
ge
ner
at
io
n
s
ources
an
d
m
aki
ng
them
s
m
art
to
increase
t
he
ob
serv
a
bili
ty
,
co
ntr
ollabil
it
y,
and
the
le
vel
of
auto
nom
y
of
distrib
ution
ne
two
rk
s
and
m
ic
ro
gr
i
ds.
Cu
rr
e
ntly
,
the
m
os
t
popula
r
po
i
nt
of
bl
ock
c
hain
in
t
he
e
ne
rg
y
fiel
d
is
it
s
secur
e
e
nv
ir
on
m
ent
for
est
ablishi
ng
pee
r
-
to
-
pee
r
m
ark
et
place
a
nd
bilat
eral
tra
des.
He
nce,
va
rio
us
sce
nar
io
s
hav
e
bee
n
pro
po
s
e
d
in
this
dom
ai
n
.
T
hese
sce
na
r
ios
in
cl
ud
e
est
ablishin
g
l
ocal
ene
rg
y
m
ark
e
ts
in
s
uc
h
a
w
ay
that
resi
dent
s
of
neig
hborh
oods
exc
hange
e
ne
rg
y.
I
n
this
pap
e
r,
in
a
ddit
ion
to
in
vestigat
ing
the
bas
ic
con
ce
pts
of
thi
s
te
chnolo
gy,
a
var
ie
ty
of
c
onsens
us
al
gorith
m
s
hav
e
bee
n
inv
est
igate
d,
a
nd
gen
e
rall
y,
there
is
a
disc
ussi
on
about
the
pu
blic,
pr
ivate
,
a
nd
con
s
or
ti
um
bl
ock
c
hain
.
I
n
the
f
ollow
i
ng,
so
m
e
of
the
ex
ist
ing
sta
rtu
ps
wh
ic
h
currently
us
e
this
infrast
r
uctu
re
are
intr
oduc
ed
in
orde
r
to
pro
du
ce
power
throu
gh
dist
ribu
te
d
ge
ner
at
i
on
a
nd
to
tra
de
e
ner
gy
.
I
n
the
la
st
sect
ion
,
in
a
ddit
ion
t
o
i
ntrodu
ci
ng
the
te
c
hno
lo
gy
of
th
e
inter
net
of
t
hings
,
the
colla
borat
ion
of
this
te
chnolo
gy
with
blo
c
kc
hain
app
li
cat
ion
i
s
stud
ie
d.
I
ntrod
ucin
g
thes
e
two
te
chnolo
gies
a
re
ine
vitable
in
the
e
ne
rg
y
f
ie
ld.
The
w
or
l
d
is
p
r
op
el
li
ng
int
o
a
sm
arter
w
or
l
d
with
m
or
e
intel
li
gen
t
syst
e
m
s,
and
t
he
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
of
t
hese
in
fr
a
structu
res
t
oward
global
pro
gr
ess
an
d
s
us
t
ai
nab
le
dev
el
op
m
ent
is
inevita
ble.
W
it
h
res
pect
to
the
no
velty
of
the
se
te
chnolo
gies,
f
uture
proj
ect
s
in
re
search
,
si
m
ulati
on
,
an
d
operati
on
s
ect
or
s
will
be
m
or
e
com
prehensi
ve
a
nd
el
a
borated.
For
f
ur
the
r
stu
di
es
in
the
f
uture,
s
ome
sta
rtu
ps
(Sol
arCoin
,
Ba
nk
y
m
oo
n,
Ele
ct
r
on,
PonT
on,
G
ridS
in
gula
rity
,
these
e
xc
hange,
Da
j
ie
,
LO
3
Ene
r
gy, NRGc
oin, an
d Sha
re &
Cha
r
ge
)
are
pro
p
os
e
d
w
hich
a
re all
acti
ve
in the dom
ai
n
of
b
l
ockchain
’s
app
li
cat
io
ns
i
n
the
e
ne
rg
y
s
e
ct
ion
,
an
d
ca
n
be
analy
se
d
i
n
detai
l
f
or
th
e
em
plo
ym
ent
f
or
sp
eci
fic
goal
s
in
powe
r
in
dustry
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M.
H.
Rehmani
,
M.
Rei
ss
lein,
A
.
Ra
che
di
,
M.
Er
ol
-
Kanta
r
ci
,
and
M.
Rade
nkov
ic,
“
Inte
gra
t
ing
Re
newa
ble
Ene
r
g
y
Resourc
es
Into
t
he
Sm
art
Grid:
Rec
en
t
Deve
lop
m
ent
s
in
Inform
at
ion
and
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Tec
hnologi
es,
”
IE
E
E
Tr
ansacti
ons on Indus
trial
Infor
matic
s
,
vo
l
.
14,
no.
7
,
pp
.
2814
-
2825,
Jul.
2018.
[2]
K.
Valtane
n
,
J.
Bac
k
m
an,
and
S.
Yrjola,
“
Blockcha
in
-
Pow
ere
d
Value
Cr
eation
in
t
h
e
5G
and
Sm
art
Grid
Us
e
Cases,
”
IEEE Ac
ce
ss
.
,
vol.
1
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
99
,
2009
.
[3]
H.
Hos
seini
an,
and
H.
Dam
ghani
,
“
Sm
art
Ho
me
Ene
rg
y
Mana
gement
,
using
IoT
S
y
stem
,”
5t
h
Confe
renc
e
o
n
Knowle
dge
Base
d
Engi
n
ee
ring
a
nd
Innov
at
ion
(
KBE
I
)
,
IE
EE
,
pp
.
905
-
910
,
Feb
.
2019
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
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8708
Blockch
ain o
ut
loo
k f
or
de
plo
y
men
t
of
IoT in
distri
bu
ti
on
net
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art
hom
es
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Heli
as
ad
at Hossei
ni
an
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2795
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cl
oud
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chno
log
ie
s
and
pub
li
c
c
om
m
unic
at
ions
net
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ar
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rid
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PV
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di
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ic
rogr
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fra
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ra
ti
ons
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or
bat
te
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ene
rg
y
storag
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ce
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enew
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the
chall
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f
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"
Dem
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Us
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der
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k
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Based
Peer
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to
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P
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E
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ark
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HP
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d
Hea
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and
Pow
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to
sca
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b
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k
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2088
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