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I
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1
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2208
m
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m
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(
NU
M)
.
T
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w
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s
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p
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in
[
7
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,
w
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in
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I
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[
9
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,
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ap
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r
en
t
co
n
g
est
io
n
w
i
n
d
o
w
w
h
e
n
m
is
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
cc
u
r
an
d
u
s
ed
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
t
r
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
[
7
]
-
[
9
]
u
s
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
a
w
ar
e
b
y
s
e
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
a
lter
n
ati
v
e
r
o
u
te,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
h
as a
p
r
o
b
lem
w
i
th
in
v
alid
r
o
u
te,
co
n
g
e
s
ti
o
n
,
b
u
f
f
er
o
v
er
f
lo
w
o
r
r
elay
co
n
d
itio
n
,
th
u
s
w
e
ca
ll
t
h
is
C
L
S
m
o
d
el
a
s
r
o
u
tin
g
-
T
C
P
w
it
h
r
o
u
t
in
g
a
w
ar
e
(
R
T
C
P
-
R
A
)
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
atel
y
,
w
ir
eles
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
,
b
u
t
also
f
r
o
m
r
an
d
o
m
v
ar
iatio
n
s
i
n
c
h
an
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
,
t
h
at
lead
to
p
o
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
1
0
]
,
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
m
u
ltip
ath
f
ad
in
g
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
R
icia
n
an
d
R
a
y
lei
g
h
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
is
ch
an
n
el
co
n
d
it
io
n
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
e
to
p
ath
lo
s
s
a
n
d
th
e
m
u
ltip
at
h
ch
a
n
n
el
f
ad
in
g
.
W
ith
th
i
s
co
n
s
tr
ain
t,
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
n
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
an
d
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
h
a
v
e
to
d
ea
l
with
t
h
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
q
u
ali
t
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
p
ac
k
e
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
it
u
atio
n
,
ch
a
n
n
el
f
ad
in
g
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
ig
h
p
ath
b
r
ea
k
a
n
d
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
,
an
d
lead
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
an
d
T
C
P
to
ch
an
g
e
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
a
n
d
en
ter
a
lo
s
s
i
n
d
icatio
n
b
y
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
a
n
d
ti
m
e
-
o
u
t
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
il
y
r
elate
d
to
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
g
es
tio
n
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
I
t
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
i
n
v
est
ig
ate
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
es
s
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
an
d
co
n
g
es
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
in
t
h
e
d
ea
li
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
is
s
it
u
a
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
th
at
b
ec
o
m
e
s
o
u
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
f
ir
s
t,
w
e
d
ev
elo
p
a
d
etailed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
an
al
y
tical
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
ith
a
cr
o
s
s
la
y
er
s
ch
e
m
e
b
et
w
ee
n
r
o
u
ti
n
g
an
d
co
n
g
es
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
b
ased
o
n
s
ig
n
al
to
n
o
is
e
r
a
tio
(
SNR
)
in
R
ic
ian
an
d
R
a
y
lei
g
h
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Se
co
n
d
,
b
ased
o
n
th
is
an
al
y
tical
m
et
h
o
d
,
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
jo
in
t
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
b
et
w
ee
n
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
co
n
g
es
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
in
T
C
P
b
ased
o
n
SNR
(
R
T
C
P
-
S
NR
)
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
a
cr
o
s
s
la
y
er
s
ch
e
m
e
m
o
d
el
b
y
ex
p
lo
itin
g
p
h
y
s
ical
la
y
er
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
as
t
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
m
e
tr
ic
to
f
i
n
d
th
e
b
est
p
ath
an
d
to
ad
j
u
s
t c
o
n
g
es
tio
n
w
i
n
d
o
w
a
t
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l in
T
C
P
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
Sectio
n
2
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
an
d
co
n
g
es
tio
n
co
n
t
r
o
l
in
T
C
P
.
Sectio
n
3
d
escr
i
b
es
th
e
m
u
l
tip
ath
c
h
an
n
el
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el.
Sectio
n
4
e
x
p
lain
s
t
h
e
a
n
al
y
tical
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
m
u
ltip
at
h
f
ad
in
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
.
Sectio
n
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
esu
lt
s
co
m
p
ar
e
w
i
th
t
h
e
th
eo
r
y
an
d
an
o
t
h
er
m
et
h
o
d
.
Fin
all
y
,
S
ec
tio
n
6
is
th
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
ese
ar
ch
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
2.
RO
UT
I
N
G
P
RO
T
O
CO
L
A
ND
CO
NG
E
S
T
I
O
N
CO
N
T
RO
L
I
N
T
CP
2
.
1
.
Ro
uting
pro
t
o
co
l
R
o
u
ti
n
g
is
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
c
ep
t
in
w
ir
ed
an
d
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
p
ac
k
et
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
[
1
1
]
an
d
to
m
ax
i
m
ize
th
e
p
ac
k
et
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
ll
y
p
as
s
ed
to
th
e
d
esti
n
at
io
n
n
o
d
e
[
1
2
]
.
A
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
a
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
h
as
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
f
i
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
p
ath
.
I
n
a
w
ir
eles
s
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
ca
n
b
e
class
if
ied
i
n
to
f
lat
r
o
u
t
in
g
,
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
ti
n
g
,
a
n
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
r
o
u
ti
n
g
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
f
lat
r
o
u
ti
n
g
is
ca
te
g
o
r
ized
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
in
f
i
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
p
at
h
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
w
e
u
s
ed
a
f
la
t
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
ith
r
ea
cti
v
e
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
a
s
t
h
e
r
o
le
m
o
d
el,
s
u
ch
a
s
ad
h
o
c
o
n
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
d
is
tan
ce
v
ec
to
r
(
A
ODV
)
[1
4
]
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l.
I
n
th
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
r
o
u
te
s
ea
r
c
h
is
s
tar
ted
w
h
e
n
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
w
an
t
s
to
s
en
d
th
e
d
ata.
Gen
er
all
y
,
a
f
lat
r
ea
ctiv
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
e
s
m
in
i
m
u
m
h
o
p
co
u
n
t
as
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
m
etr
ic
t
o
f
in
d
th
e
p
ath
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
m
o
d
el
in
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
w
h
er
e
S
is
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
D
as
th
e
d
es
tin
a
tio
n
,
a
n
d
I
N
is
t
h
e
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
e
.
W
ith
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
h
o
p
co
u
n
t,
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
s
elec
t
S
-
(IN
-
3)
-
D
as
t
h
e
p
ath
to
d
eliv
er
y
t
h
e
d
ata.
I
n
a
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
a
m
u
ltip
ath
f
ad
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
t
h
ese
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ca
n
n
o
t
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
ad
ap
t
w
ell,
an
d
u
s
u
a
ll
y
s
h
o
w
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
.
I
n
m
u
ltip
ath
f
ad
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
s
u
c
h
a
s
R
icia
n
a
n
d
R
a
y
lei
g
h
f
ad
i
n
g
,
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
s
f
ac
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
in
f
l
u
ct
u
atio
n
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
ch
an
n
el
q
u
alit
y
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
es
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
h
o
p
co
u
n
t,
th
e
p
at
h
w
ill
co
n
s
i
s
t
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
w
i
th
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
r
a
n
g
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
g
et
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
h
o
p
p
ath
.
T
h
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
h
as
a
lo
w
SN
R
ch
a
n
n
el
q
u
alit
y
.
I
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
v
ar
ies
r
ap
id
l
y
an
d
th
e
s
u
p
er
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
o
v
er
all
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
ef
lec
te
d
s
ig
n
a
l,
th
e
n
t
h
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
w
it
h
lo
w
SNR
w
i
ll
b
e
w
ea
k
a
n
d
o
f
ten
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
m
o
d
el
w
i
th
a
c
r
o
s
s
la
y
er
s
ch
e
m
e
b
ased
o
n
SNR
.
T
h
is
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
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to
co
l
is
ch
an
n
el
a
war
e
th
at
u
s
e
s
SN
R
th
r
es
h
o
ld
as
a
r
o
u
tin
g
m
etr
ic
to
f
i
n
d
th
e
b
est
p
ath
.
T
h
is
SN
R
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
a
n
d
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
S
NR
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
i
n
a
p
ath
.
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o
g
ain
h
ig
h
er
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
to
w
ar
d
a
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
,
w
e
also
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
j
o
in
t
T
C
P
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
m
o
d
el
w
it
h
th
e
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
h
e
d
et
ail
m
et
h
o
d
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
S
ec
t
io
n
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Jo
in
t R
o
u
tin
g
a
n
d
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o
n
g
esti
o
n
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o
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tr
o
l in
Mu
ltip
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th
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h
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n
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el
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a
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ed
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ig
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a
l to
N
o
i
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e
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a
ti
o
.
..
(
I
s
tikma
l)
2209
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
m
e
ch
an
i
s
m
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o
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el
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ad
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h
o
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et
wo
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k
2
.
2
.
Co
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estio
n c
o
ntr
o
l in TCP
T
r
an
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m
is
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io
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o
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o
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l
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C
P
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r
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eliab
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ac
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ice
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h
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n
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tio
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r
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en
tl
y
a
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iet
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o
f
d
at
a
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m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
th
at
u
s
eT
C
P
as
th
ei
r
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
C
P
is
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
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k
,
b
u
t
s
till
r
eq
u
ir
es
e
v
al
u
atio
n
a
n
d
ad
j
u
s
t
m
en
t
o
n
t
h
e
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
[
1
0
]
,
esp
ec
iall
y
in
a
r
ea
li
s
tic
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
s
u
ch
as
in
R
ic
ian
an
d
R
a
y
lei
g
h
w
it
h
m
u
ltip
ath
f
ad
i
n
g
.
T
C
P
h
as
a
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
in
t
h
e
T
C
P
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
i
s
to
a
v
o
id
co
n
g
esti
o
n
,
w
h
ic
h
p
o
ten
tiall
y
d
e
cr
ea
s
e
s
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
i
s
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
ai
m
s
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
ize
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
th
e
lev
e
l
o
f
co
n
g
esti
o
n
o
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Nea
r
l
y
all
T
C
P
v
er
s
io
n
s
as
s
u
m
e
t
h
at
p
ac
k
ets
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
d
u
e
to
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
w
e
ap
p
lied
T
C
P
m
o
d
el
th
at
u
s
ed
lo
s
s
b
ased
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
1
5
]
.
W
h
en
a
p
ac
k
et
is
d
etec
ted
to
b
e
lo
s
t,
eith
er
b
y
t
i
m
eo
u
t
(
TO
)
o
r
b
y
tr
ip
le
-
d
u
p
licate
(
TD
)
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
m
e
n
t
(
AC
K)
,
T
C
P
s
lo
ws
d
o
w
n
t
h
e
s
en
d
i
n
g
r
ate
b
y
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j
u
s
tin
g
its
co
n
g
est
io
n
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
ize.
I
n
t
h
e
ca
s
e
th
at
a
n
o
th
er
ti
m
e
-
o
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t
o
cc
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r
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ef
o
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e
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cc
es
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f
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l
l
y
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etr
a
n
s
m
it
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g
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h
e
p
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k
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s
lo
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d
u
r
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t
h
e
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ir
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ti
m
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o
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t,
t
h
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io
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o
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T
O
d
o
u
b
les
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n
ti
l
m
ax
i
m
u
m
6
4
T
O
is
r
ea
ch
ed
.
U
n
f
o
r
t
u
n
ate
l
y
,
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
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k
s
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
t
y
p
es
o
f
lo
s
s
es
t
h
at
ar
e
n
o
t
r
elate
d
to
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
,
m
ak
in
g
T
C
P
can
n
o
t
ad
ap
t
w
ell
to
t
h
i
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
h
ap
p
en
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
in
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
h
i
g
h
t
h
at
ca
u
s
e
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
,
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
s
e
v
er
e
f
a
d
in
g
an
d
m
u
l
tip
ath
,
s
u
c
h
as i
n
R
icia
n
a
n
d
R
a
y
le
ig
h
.
T
h
is
m
i
s
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
r
esu
lt
s
i
n
lo
w
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
jo
in
t
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l.
W
h
en
t
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l u
s
ed
SN
R
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
as t
h
e
r
o
u
t
in
g
m
etr
ic,
a
n
d
a
lo
s
s
in
d
icatio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
e
to
ch
an
n
el
q
u
alit
y
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
,
w
e
ad
j
u
s
t
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
w
i
n
d
o
w
b
as
ed
o
n
SNR
.
T
h
e
d
etailed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
escr
ib
ed
in
S
ec
tio
n
4
.
3.
M
UL
T
I
P
AT
H
CH
ANN
E
L
P
RO
P
AG
A
T
I
O
N
M
O
DE
L
R
ec
eiv
e
s
ig
n
al
p
o
w
er
i
n
th
e
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
n
o
d
e
c
an
b
e
ca
lcu
la
ted
b
y
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el.
P
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el
ca
n
clas
s
i
f
y
i
n
to
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
an
d
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
(
f
ad
in
g
)
[
1
6
]
,
w
h
ile
in
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
it
ca
n
also
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
d
eter
m
i
n
i
s
tic
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
ab
i
lis
tic
m
o
d
els.
I
n
t
h
e
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
l
e
m
o
d
el,
t
h
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
is
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
a
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el
as
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
d
is
ta
n
ce
an
d
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
.
S
m
all
-
s
ca
le
f
ad
in
g
r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
d
r
am
a
tic
ch
an
g
es i
n
t
h
e
en
v
elo
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
ese
ch
a
n
g
e
s
in
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
a
m
p
l
itu
d
e
a
n
d
p
h
ase
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
s
tatis
t
icall
y
b
y
a
s
to
ch
a
s
tic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
P
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
m
o
d
el
is
a
m
o
r
e
r
ea
lis
tic
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el.
F
o
r
ea
ch
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
w
er
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
m
o
r
e
v
ar
ied
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
r
ec
ep
tio
n
.
T
h
is
h
ap
p
en
s
w
i
th
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies
as
t
w
o
ad
j
ac
en
t
u
s
er
s
ca
n
n
o
t
co
m
m
u
n
icate
.
T
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
o
f
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
t
w
o
u
s
er
s
ca
n
co
m
m
u
n
icate
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
r
an
g
e
d
eter
m
in
i
s
tic
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
ef
f
ec
t
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
m
o
d
els
a
n
d
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
u
s
ed
.
R
icia
n
an
d
R
a
y
leig
h
ar
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
m
o
d
els.
Mo
d
el
o
f
R
ician
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
ak
es
i
n
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
a
lin
e
o
f
s
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g
h
t
(
L
OS
)
p
at
h
w
it
h
a
ce
r
tai
n
s
ca
l
e
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
R
icea
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
[
1
6
]
as
:
(
)
,
*
+
(
)
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
is
th
e
am
p
lit
u
d
e
o
f
th
e
en
v
elo
p
e
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
i
g
n
al,
is
t
h
e
p
ea
k
a
m
p
l
itu
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
s
ig
n
al
o
r
th
e
p
o
w
er
in
L
O
S
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
,
an
d
is
th
e
av
er
ag
e
p
o
w
er
in
n
o
n
-
L
OS
m
u
lt
ip
ath
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
.
Den
o
te
as
th
e
m
o
d
i
f
ied
B
ess
e
l
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
0
t
h
o
r
d
er
.
W
h
er
e
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
w
er
i
n
t
h
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
1
8
:
2
2
0
7
–
2
2
1
9
2210
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
:
∫
(
)
(
2
)
R
icia
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
u
s
u
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ter
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r
s
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1
7
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is
w
r
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s
:
(
)
,
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(
4
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T
h
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g
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=4
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u
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s
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ANALY
T
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CAL
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H
RO
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H
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RF
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RM
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AND
T
H
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al
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tical
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t
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a
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latio
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.
Net
w
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an
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[
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t
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:
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5
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T
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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T
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Sin
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,
w
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s
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[
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∑
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1
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ize
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1
1
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Fu
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(
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.
W
ith
E
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s
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(
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ased
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E
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n
r
ew
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E
q
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at
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n
(
8
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as
:
(
[
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[
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[
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)
[
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1
3
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I
f
is
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as
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s
:
∏
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1
4
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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8708
I
n
t J
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&
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p
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g
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8
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4
,
A
u
g
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s
t 2
0
1
8
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2
2
0
7
–
2
2
1
9
2212
T
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as B
it
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(
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[
1
9
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,
w
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i
s
g
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v
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n
b
y
:
(
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,
(
1
5
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it e
r
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ate
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its
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ased
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an
d
m
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e.
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if
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Ke
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g
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B
P
SK)
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ith
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ased
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,
[
2
1
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an
d
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g
iv
e
n
as
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(
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*
√
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1
6
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w
it
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is
th
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Ma
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cu
m
f
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n
d
ef
in
ed
as
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(
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(
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∑
(
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(
)
(
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(
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(
1
7
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an
d
(
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(
)
(
1
8
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w
h
er
e
*
√
*
√
(
)
+
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+
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√
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+
(
1
9
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T
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ar
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is
th
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R
ic
ian
f
ac
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q
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ased
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s
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1
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1
6
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m
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as:
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(
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m
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s
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p
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as
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[
2
2
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.
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n
a
R
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f
ad
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t
h
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p
r
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b
ab
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r
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r
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
0
]
ca
n
b
e
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lcu
lated
b
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th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
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g
in
te
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al
.
̅
∫
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(
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2
1
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w
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(
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s
th
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p
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ab
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A
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ch
an
n
el.
Fo
r
co
h
er
en
t
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
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8708
Jo
in
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tr
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ltip
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ig
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N
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a
ti
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.
..
(
I
s
tikma
l)
2213
B
P
SK,
w
e
ca
n
ca
lc
u
late
B
E
R
o
f
B
P
SK
m
o
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7
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2
2
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is
w
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as
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2
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u
r
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4
s
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Fro
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3
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d
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ig
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4
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m
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ed
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ical
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y
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i
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ter
m
o
f
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NR
as
ch
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n
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el
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n
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to
co
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tr
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ith
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h
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n
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ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
P
r
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b
ab
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o
f
p
ac
k
et
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r
o
r
w
it
h
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a
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SNR
i
n
R
ic
ian
a
n
d
R
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f
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Fig
u
r
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4
.
Av
er
ag
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
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t w
it
h
a
v
er
ag
e
SN
R
i
n
R
icia
n
an
d
R
a
y
lei
g
h
f
ad
i
n
g
c
h
an
n
el
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
1
8
:
2
2
0
7
–
2
2
1
9
2214
B
ased
o
n
t
h
is
an
a
l
y
t
ical
m
o
d
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w
e
p
r
o
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o
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o
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tin
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n
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n
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ased
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n
a
m
el
y
R
o
u
tin
g
-
T
C
P
-
SN
R
(
R
T
C
P
-
SNR
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
cr
o
s
s
l
a
y
er
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
.
I
n
th
is
s
ch
e
m
e
m
o
d
el,
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
il
l
s
ele
ct
th
e
p
at
h
b
ased
o
n
SNR
th
r
es
h
o
ld
(
)
to
g
et
a
h
i
g
h
er
av
er
a
g
e
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
f
er
w
it
h
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
i
n
T
C
P
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
a
n
d
to
av
o
id
lo
w
c
h
an
n
el
q
u
alit
y
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
,
as
d
escr
ib
ed
in
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
3
)
.
I
n
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
,
th
e
SN
R
th
r
es
h
o
ld
as th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
m
etr
ic
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
:
∑
(
(
)
∑
)
(
2
6
)
w
h
er
e
is
SNR
i
n
th
e
p
ath
at
lin
k
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lin
k
s
o
r
h
o
p
s
in
p
ath
.
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
SNR
o
r
h
ig
h
est
SN
R
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
in
p
ath
at
lin
k
n
u
m
b
er
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
(
)
.
Den
o
te
(
)
(
∑
⁄
)
as
r
ed
u
ctio
n
f
ac
to
r
o
f
SNR
th
r
es
h
o
ld
(
)
,
h
as
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
e
̅
⁄
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
if
t
h
e
ca
lc
u
lati
o
n
o
f
ex
ce
ed
in
g
t
h
e
∑
⁄
th
en
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
f
ac
to
r
is
s
et
to
̅
⁄
.
T
h
e
p
ath
ca
n
b
e
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
p
a
th
to
d
eliv
er
th
e
d
ata
(
)
w
h
en
t
h
e
p
ath
h
a
s
h
i
g
h
est
SN
R
th
r
esh
o
ld
(
)
an
d
all
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
p
ath
h
as c
o
m
p
lied
w
ith
t
h
e
S
NR
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
:
,
(
)
(
2
7
)
w
it
h
t
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
,
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
R
T
C
P
-
SNR
ca
n
s
e
lect
th
e
p
ath
as
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
w
i
th
h
ig
h
est
ch
a
n
n
el
q
u
a
lit
y
an
d
av
o
id
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
w
it
h
lo
w
S
NR
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
q
u
ali
t
y
.
W
h
ile
i
n
R
T
C
P
-
R
A
,
alt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
ca
n
s
elec
t
p
at
h
w
i
th
g
o
o
d
ch
a
n
n
el
q
u
alit
y
,
b
u
t
w
i
th
o
u
t
S
NR
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
i
n
s
elec
ti
n
g
a
l
in
k
a
s
t
h
e
p
ath
,
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
lin
k
s
ca
n
h
av
e
a
v
er
y
lo
w
c
h
an
n
el
q
u
ali
t
y
.
W
ith
t
h
is
i
s
s
u
es,
R
T
C
P
-
R
A
m
a
y
f
ac
e
p
ath
b
r
ea
k
,
an
d
th
i
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
o
cc
u
r
s
i
n
m
u
ltip
at
h
f
ad
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
is
s
it
u
atio
n
w
ill
lead
to
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
R
T
C
P
-
R
A
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cr
o
s
s
-
la
y
er
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
T
h
e
is
s
u
es
i
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
e
th
o
d
in
R
T
C
P
-
R
A
m
o
d
el
ar
e
p
r
esen
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
r
o
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te
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as
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r
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r
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r
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ela
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ai
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ig
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er
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O.
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h
e
m
aj
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ity
o
f
t
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et
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m
an
ce
d
e
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ad
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u
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to
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O
th
an
T
D
[
1
8
]
,
an
d
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
in
T
C
P
h
as
m
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
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ab
o
u
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et
w
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co
n
d
itio
n
.
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n
s
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c
h
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it
u
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,
p
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s
s
m
o
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tl
y
i
n
d
icted
as
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
co
n
g
es
tio
n
i
n
d
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n
,
m
ea
n
w
h
ile
i
n
R
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a
n
d
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a
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le
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h
p
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et
lo
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cc
u
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d
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to
h
i
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b
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lt
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o
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k
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er
f
o
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m
a
n
ce
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
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r
th
at
r
ea
s
o
n
,
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e
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r
o
p
o
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ed
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n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
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o
l
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o
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el
t
h
at
ad
j
u
s
t
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n
g
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o
n
w
i
n
d
o
w
b
ased
o
n
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.
I
f
t
h
e
ch
a
n
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el
co
n
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itio
n
is
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eter
io
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atin
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n
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n
o
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u
r
s
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h
en
t
h
e
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r
r
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t
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n
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o
n
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i
n
d
o
w
s
ize
(
)
in
T
C
P c
an
b
e
ad
j
u
s
ted
b
ased
o
n
SNR
.
T
h
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
in
T
DP
is
3
[
1
8
]
.
W
h
en
th
i
s
s
i
tu
atio
n
h
ap
p
en
,
w
e
as
s
u
m
e
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
v
ar
y
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ap
id
ly
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at
ca
u
s
e
ch
a
n
n
el
q
u
alit
y
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
o
n
f
o
r
w
ar
d
an
d
b
ac
k
w
ar
d
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ata
tr
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s
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ec
h
an
is
m
.
T
h
is
s
e
v
er
e
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a
n
d
m
u
ltip
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n
ca
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s
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eg
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a
n
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i
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ea
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e
B
E
R
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at
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s
e
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ac
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o
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ased
o
n
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ac
h
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w
e
d
e
f
i
n
e
[
]
as
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
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n
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i
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en
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s
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en
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ased
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i
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ab
ilit
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f
a
lo
s
s
in
d
icatio
n
th
a
t e
n
d
s
a
T
DP
is
a
T
O,
g
iv
en
b
y
:
[
]
{
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
2
8
)
B
y
t
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
,
th
e
co
n
g
esti
o
n
w
in
d
o
w
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
w
h
e
n
th
e
SN
R
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
h
as
ch
an
n
el
q
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ali
t
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d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
,
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
w
i
n
d
o
w
w
h
e
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
p
ac
k
et
er
r
o
r
g
et
s
m
aller
b
y
k
ee
p
in
g
u
p
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
g
est
io
n
w
i
n
d
o
w
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
2
8
)
.
T
C
P
ca
n
g
et
h
i
g
h
er
[
]
,
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
th
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
p
r
o
b
ab
ili
ty
a
lo
s
s
in
d
icatio
n
en
d
s
a
T
D
P
is
a
T
O
an
d
p
r
e
v
en
t
t
h
e
co
n
g
esti
o
n
w
i
n
d
o
w
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
o
n
e
a
n
d
a
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e
o
u
t
g
et
d
o
u
b
led
b
y
th
e
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
g
es
tio
n
w
i
n
d
o
w
ca
n
b
e
ad
j
u
s
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
ch
an
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
,
SN
R
,
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
er
r
o
r
(
)
as
d
escr
ib
ed
in
E
q
u
at
io
n
s
(
2
0
)
,
(
25
)
,
an
d
(
2
8
)
.
W
ith
th
is
j
o
in
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
w
i
th
a
C
L
S b
ased
o
n
SNR
,
w
e
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
W
e
ev
alu
ated
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
r
o
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
T
C
P
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
co
n
g
es
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
b
ased
o
n
T
D
an
d
T
O
m
o
d
el,
w
h
ic
h
is
r
o
u
ti
n
g
-
T
C
P
,
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
w
it
h
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
,
r
o
u
ti
n
g
-
T
C
P
-
S
NR
(
R
T
C
P
-
S
NR
)
,
th
at
u
s
ed
cr
o
s
s
la
y
er
s
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
j
o
in
t
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
co
n
g
e
s
ti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
b
ased
o
n
SN
R
.
W
e
also
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
r
esu
lt
w
i
th
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
eo
r
y
a
s
d
escr
ib
ed
in
Sectio
n
4
.
Fo
r
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
,
w
e
u
s
ed
Ma
tlab
w
it
h
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
A
ll
n
o
d
es
(
)
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ar
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
l
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
v
er
an
ar
ea
o
f
s
id
e
len
g
th
2
an
d
h
as e
q
u
al
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
r
a
n
g
e,
.
W
e
s
et
0
m
an
d
m
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
d
en
s
it
y
is
(
)
⁄
p
er
,
an
d
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
is
.
W
e
ev
al
u
ated
t
h
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
w
it
h
v
ar
io
u
s
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
n
o
d
e
an
d
v
elo
cit
y
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e.
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
n
o
d
e
s
p
ee
d
s
w
er
e
2
m
/
s
,
4
m
/s
,
6
m
/
s
,
8
m
/s
a
n
d
1
0
m
/s
a
n
d
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
er
e
2
0
,
2
5
,
3
0
,
3
5
,
4
0
,
4
5
an
d
5
0
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
u
s
ed
R
icia
n
w
it
h
co
m
p
l
etel
y
r
an
d
o
m
ch
a
n
n
el
[
2
1
]
,
a
n
d
R
a
y
lei
g
h
f
ad
in
g
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el.
W
e
u
s
ed
m
o
b
ile
-
to
-
m
o
b
ile
c
h
an
n
el
m
o
d
el
a
s
d
escr
ib
ed
i
n
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
Do
p
p
ler
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
s
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
er
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
,
w
h
er
e
i
n
t
h
is
s
i
m
u
latio
n
w
e
u
s
ed
GHz
an
d
.
T
h
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
w
er
e
5
1
2
b
y
tes,
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
at
a
r
ate
o
f
1
0
p
ac
k
ets
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
,
an
d
ch
a
n
n
el
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
2
Mb
/s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
r
o
u
ti
n
g
-
T
C
P
,
r
o
u
tin
g
-
T
C
P
th
eo
r
y
,
R
T
C
P
-
R
A
,
an
d
R
T
C
P
-
SN
R
w
it
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
i
n
R
icia
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
L
ar
g
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
w
it
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
n
o
d
e
d
en
s
i
t
y
will
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
in
ea
ch
n
o
d
e.
Fro
m
t
h
e
r
esu
l
t,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
R
T
C
P
-
SNR
m
a
in
ta
in
ed
a
h
i
g
h
er
av
er
a
g
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
r
o
u
ti
n
g
-
T
C
P
an
d
R
T
C
P
-
R
A
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
R
T
C
P
-
SNR
at
2
0
n
o
d
es
d
en
s
it
y
h
a
s
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
ab
o
u
t
5
8
.
8
3
%
an
d
2
4
.
1
4
%
h
ig
h
er
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
r
o
u
ti
n
g
-
T
C
P
an
d
R
T
C
P
-
R
A
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
At
5
0
n
o
d
es,
in
a
h
ig
h
er
d
en
s
it
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
R
T
C
P
-
SN
R
g
ai
n
ed
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
ab
o
u
t
5
0
%
a
n
d
2
3
%
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
r
o
u
ti
n
g
-
T
C
P
an
d
R
T
C
P
-
R
A
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
i
n
R
o
u
ti
n
g
-
T
C
P
th
eo
r
y
h
as
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
e
m
b
la
n
ce
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
in
g
-
T
C
P
,
th
is
r
es
u
lt c
o
m
p
lies
w
it
h
t
h
e
a
n
al
y
tical
m
o
d
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
as d
escr
ib
ed
in
Se
ctio
n
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
1
8
:
2
2
0
7
–
2
2
1
9
2216
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Av
er
ag
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t Ro
u
ti
n
g
-
T
C
P
,
R
o
u
ti
n
g
-
T
C
P
th
eo
r
y
,
R
T
C
P
-
R
A
a
n
d
R
o
u
t
in
g
-
T
C
P
-
SNR
(
R
T
C
P
-
SNR
)
w
it
h
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
n
o
d
es in
R
ician
I
n
R
a
y
leig
h
f
ad
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
g
ettin
g
w
o
r
s
e
r
ath
er
in
R
i
cian
.
T
h
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
i
n
R
a
y
lei
g
h
,
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
r
ec
ei
v
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
ec
ei
v
e
r
w
i
ll
v
ar
y
r
ap
id
l
y
an
d
s
u
p
er
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
ef
lecte
d
s
ig
n
al
to
o
k
p
lace
d
u
e
to
m
u
l
tip
ath
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
R
T
C
P
-
SNR
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
r
o
u
ti
n
g
-
T
C
P
an
d
R
T
C
P
-
R
A
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
.
Fo
r
e
x
a
m
p
le,
in
s
m
aller
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
w
it
h
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
2
0
,
R
T
C
P
-
SNR
ca
n
g
ai
n
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
ab
o
u
t
7
2
%
h
i
g
h
er
th
an
R
T
C
P
-
R
A
an
d
h
ad
al
m
o
s
t
t
w
ice
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
co
m
p
ar
e
to
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
r
o
u
ti
n
g
-
T
C
P
.
I
n
lar
g
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
w
i
th
5
0
n
o
d
es,
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
w
a
s
ab
o
u
t
6
9
%
b
etter
t
h
a
n
R
T
C
P
-
R
A
.
I
n
R
a
y
lei
g
h
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
w
h
er
e
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
m
is
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
lo
s
s
i
n
d
icatio
n
ar
e
h
ig
h
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
ca
n
d
ea
l
w
i
th
t
h
e
s
it
u
atio
n
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
th
a
n
R
T
C
P
-
R
A
.
T
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
R
o
u
tin
g
-
T
C
P
th
eo
r
y
i
n
R
a
y
lei
g
h
h
ad
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
e
m
b
la
n
ce
w
ith
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
-
T
C
P
th
at
co
m
p
lies
w
it
h
th
e
an
al
y
tica
l
m
o
d
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
I
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
er
d
e
n
s
it
y
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
i
ll
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
p
ath
w
it
h
h
ig
h
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
li
n
k
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
lo
w
er
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
u
cc
es
s
i
n
s
e
n
d
in
g
th
e
d
ata
as
m
en
t
io
n
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
4
)
.
An
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lin
k
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
i
n
d
u
ce
d
h
ig
h
er
p
ath
b
r
ea
k
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
.
R
T
C
P
-
SNR
m
ai
n
tai
n
s
li
n
k
in
a
p
at
h
w
it
h
b
etter
SNR
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
th
a
n
R
T
C
P
-
R
A
an
d
ac
h
iv
e
h
ig
h
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Av
er
ag
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t Ro
u
ti
n
g
-
T
C
P
,
R
o
u
ti
n
g
-
T
C
P
th
eo
r
y
,
R
T
C
P
-
R
A
a
n
d
R
o
u
t
in
g
-
T
C
P
-
SNR
(
R
T
C
P
-
SNR
)
w
it
h
in
cr
ea
s
es
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es in
R
a
y
lei
g
h
f
a
d
in
g
R
T
C
P
-
SNR
ca
n
g
a
in
h
i
g
h
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
w
it
h
b
etter
SN
R
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
in
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
an
d
m
in
i
m
ize
f
alse
co
n
g
es
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
w
h
e
n
a
lo
s
s
in
d
icatio
n
o
cc
u
r
.
W
e
an
al
y
ze
t
h
at
b
etter
SNR
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