Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
5
,
Octo
ber
201
9
, pp.
4184
~
41
91
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
5
.
pp4184
-
41
91
4184
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
S
m
a
r
t
p
r
e
p
a
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
e
t
e
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
h
e
f
t
w
i
t
h
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
r
e
a
l
t
i
m
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
So
me
fu
n
T.E.,
A
w
osope
C.O
.A
,
C
hia
go
r
o A.
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al a
nd
Inf
orm
at
ion
Eng
ineeri
ng,
Coven
ant
Univer
sit
y
,
Ogun Sta
t
e
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
28
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
A
pr
2
2
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Apr
30
, 201
9
El
e
ct
ri
ci
t
y
the
ft
remai
ns
a
hug
e
loss
inc
urre
d
b
y
e
lectr
i
ci
t
y
distri
buti
o
n
companie
s.
Thi
s
the
f
t
ar
ises
m
a
jorly
b
ec
ause
o
f
activitie
s
ca
rr
i
ed
out
b
y
consum
ers
such
as
en
erg
y
-
m
et
e
r
b
y
-
passing,
e
ner
g
y
-
m
et
er
tam
per
ing
etc
.
Thi
s
rese
ar
ch
stud
y
offe
rs
an
ap
proa
ch
for
handling
ene
rg
y
m
et
e
r
b
y
-
passin
g
and
ta
m
per
ing.
The
s
y
s
te
m
desi
gn
is
base
d
on
t
he
m
onit
oring
of
the
r
ea
dings
of
two
cur
r
ent
s
ensors
b
y
a
pro
gra
m
m
ed
m
ic
roc
ontrol
l
er.
W
hile
one
of
the
cur
ren
t
sensors
m
onit
ors
the
cu
rre
nt
dra
wn
b
y
the
user’s
lo
ad
,
the
la
t
te
r
insta
lled
bef
or
e
the
m
eter
m
onit
ors
cur
re
nt
dra
wn
b
y
al
l
lo
ads.
An
y
discr
epa
n
c
y
b
et
we
en
th
e
val
ues
r
ea
d
,
in
dic
a
te
s
th
eft.
A
m
om
ent
ar
y
sw
it
ch
is
al
so
in
stal
le
d
in
the
m
et
er
to
tri
gg
er
th
e
m
et
er
onc
e
it
i
s
ta
m
per
ed
with.
Furthermore,
the
user
is
provide
d
with
a
remote
ac
c
ess
to
the
ener
g
y
m
et
er
for
r
ec
h
ar
ging
en
erg
y
uni
t
s
and
for
m
onit
o
ring
en
erg
y
consum
pti
on.
It
was
observe
d
tha
t
the
s
y
s
te
m
ac
cur
atel
y
m
ea
sured
loa
d
consu
m
pti
on
and
det
e
ct
an
y
a
tt
e
m
pt
to
by
-
pass
or
ta
m
per
with
the
ene
rg
y
m
ete
r.
La
stl
y
,
all
unscrupulous
att
empts were
r
epo
rte
d
using
GS
M
te
chno
log
y
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
A
dva
nced m
eter
in
fr
ast
ru
ct
ure
E
le
ct
rici
ty
thef
t
E
nergy m
anage
m
ent
M
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
S
m
art
-
m
e
te
r
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
So
m
efu
n T.E
.,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
an
d I
nfor
m
at
ion
E
nginee
rin
g,
Cov
e
na
nt Univ
ersit
y, Ca
naa
n l
and
,
K
M
10, I
dir
oko
R
ood,
P.
M. B
. 102
3,
Ota,
Ogu
n
Stat
e.
Em
a
il
:
tob
i.sh
om
efu
n@co
ve
na
ntunive
rsity
.ed
u.n
g
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
It
is
i
m
po
ssible
fo
r
a
n
el
ect
ric
po
we
r
syst
em
to
be
10
0%
fr
ee
from
theft.
In
1999,
Tr
ans
par
e
ncy
In
te
r
natio
nal
r
eveale
d
that
c
lose
to
15
%
of
the
ge
ner
at
ed
powe
r
is
l
os
t
as
a
resu
lt
of
el
ect
rici
ty
theft.
Fo
r
insta
nce,
be
tween
1998
a
nd
19
99,
in
B
ang
la
des
h,
t
he
Ba
ng
la
des
h
P
ow
e
r
Dev
el
op
m
ent
Boar
d
(B
PD
B)
,
after
ge
ne
rati
ng
ab
out
14,
600
M
Wh
r
of
el
ect
rici
ty
,
cou
ld
on
ly
acc
ount
for
11,
462
M
Whr
of
bill
ed
energy,
ref
le
ct
in
g
a
t
otal
loss
of
ab
ou
t
22%
[
1]
.
In
de
velo
ping
c
ou
ntries
li
ke
Ni
ge
ria,
el
ect
rici
ty
theft
rem
ai
ns
on
e
of
the
m
ajo
r
pr
oblem
s b
ei
ng
f
ac
ed
by the p
owe
r
sect
or
of which th
e g
ove
rnm
ent h
as li
t
tl
e
or
no contr
ol over
due
to
la
ck
of
the
require
d
te
ch
nolo
gy.
Wh
il
e
the
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
of
A
uto
m
at
ic
Me
te
ring
Infr
ast
ru
ct
ur
e
(
AMI)
has
el
i
m
inate
d
the
need
f
or
m
et
er
read
ers,
it
has
adv
ersel
y
increased
no
n
-
te
c
hn
ic
al
los
ses
incurre
d
by
po
we
r
util
it
y
co
m
pan
ie
s
[
2]
. I
t
is
est
i
m
at
ed
that
Ni
ge
ria’s grid
has
a
total
tra
ns
m
is
sion
an
d
distri
bu
ti
on
(T
&D)
l
os
ses
of
a
bout
40%
wh
ic
h
is
trem
e
ndously
high
wh
e
n
c
om
par
ed
to
U
nited
St
at
es
whose
T&
D
losses
a
re
at
7%
[
3,
4]
.
Ele
ct
rici
ty
theft
is
a
fo
r
m
of
non
-
te
ch
nical
loss.
Ac
cordin
g
to
[
5]
,
any
form
of
interfe
ren
ce
done
by
com
plete
or
pa
rtia
l
bypassing
of
the
m
et
er
t
o
ad
ulterat
e
it
s
va
lues
is
refe
r
red
to
as
el
ect
r
ic
it
y
theft.
The
Non
-
te
chn
ic
al
losse
s
are
cause
d
by
hu
m
an
err
or.
This
error
is
an
exter
nal
act
ion
that
has
nothing
to
do
with
the
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
t
he
po
wer
s
yst
e
m
.
These
act
ivit
ie
s
include
m
et
er
tam
p
erin
g,
bypassi
ng
of
m
et
er
,
bill
ing
irregularit
ie
s
and
unpaid
bill
s
[4
,
6,
7]
.
T
o
re
sp
on
d
to
the
el
ect
rici
ty
theft
and
gro
wth
tren
d,
the
co
untry
nee
ds
to
ta
ke
ap
pro
pri
at
e
init
ia
ti
ves
not
on
ly
to
boos
t
it
s
po
wer
ge
ner
at
io
n
c
a
pacit
y
but
al
so
to
m
ake
resi
de
ntial
sect
or
m
or
e e
ne
rg
y sm
art an
d effici
ent
[
8]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Smart
pr
e
pa
i
d ener
gy met
eri
ng syste
m
to
d
et
ect
en
er
gy
thef
t w
it
h
facil
it
y for re
al ti
me
.
..
(
So
m
ef
un T
.E)
4185
An
al
ogue
m
et
e
rs
w
hich
are
st
il
l
widely
us
ed
in
m
os
t
par
ts
of
the
nation,
po
s
e
lots
of
c
ha
ll
eng
es
f
or
m
on
it
or
ing
t
he
power
c
ons
um
ed
by
us
e
rs.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
with
the
anal
ogue
m
et
ers,
op
e
r
at
or
s
m
us
t
go
to
the
consum
er’
s
ho
us
e
to
disco
nnect
his
power
su
pply
if
he
do
e
s
not
pay
up
his
bill
s.
E
ven
i
n
m
os
t
c
ases
,
the
operat
or
s
a
cce
pt
bri
bes
from
the
con
s
um
er
so
that
the
ir
supp
ly
will
no
t
be
disc
onne
ct
ed.
Co
nsum
ers
al
s
o
hav
e
been
known
to
ta
m
per
with
the
ene
rgy
m
e
te
rs
in
or
de
r
to
reduce
or
stop
the
m
e
te
r
fr
om
read
ing
without
the
knowle
dge
of
t
he
operat
ors.
W
it
h
tra
diti
on
al
a
nalo
gue
m
et
ers,
consu
m
ers
hav
e
no
way
of
disc
onnecti
ng
powe
r
in
their
hous
es
wh
e
n
they
travel
an
d
forg
et
to
disco
nn
ect
or
tu
rn
off
their
a
pp
li
an
ces.
This
le
ave
s
the
m
et
er
ru
nnin
g,
incurrin
g
m
or
e
pay
m
ent
fo
r
the
energy
co
nsum
er.
Pr
epai
d
m
et
ers
hav
e
pro
vid
e
d
a
bette
r
way
of
m
on
it
or
i
ng
powe
r
co
nsum
ption
by
use
rs
.
The
m
otivati
on
of
this
st
ud
y
is
based
on
th
e
fact
that
el
ect
rici
ty
theft
as
a
resu
l
t
of
energy
m
e
te
r
by
-
pa
ssin
g
and
e
nergy
m
e
te
r
tam
per
ing
has
co
ns
ti
tuted
a
m
ajo
r
pro
ble
m
to
the po
wer su
pp
ly
stabil
iz
at
ion
and
has
al
s
o r
esulte
d
i
n
a
hu
ge
lo
ss
of r
e
ve
nu
e
to
t
he Nige
rian p
ow
e
r
sect
or.
This
stu
dy
ai
m
s
at
dev
el
oping
a
syst
em
with
energy
m
eter
theft
a
nd
ta
m
per
ing
detect
ion
syst
em
s
that
can
acc
ura
te
ly
m
easur
e
and
m
on
it
or
the
s
upply
a
nd
distri
bu
ti
on
of
powe
r.
In
a
ddit
ion
,
it
pr
ov
i
des
a
rem
ote
ener
gy
m
anag
em
ent
syst
e
m
fo
r
the
consum
er
to
di
sco
nn
ect
or
c
onnect
his
load
at
fr
ee
will
.
Th
e
rest
of
this
pa
per
i
s
orga
nized
as
f
ollow
s
.
Sect
ion
2
re
views
the
pr
e
vious
researc
hes
rela
te
d
to
ene
rg
y
theft
detect
ion
a
nd
m
et
er ta
m
per
ing
that ha
ve bee
n
car
ried ou
t e
arli
er.
Sect
io
n 3 d
isc
us
ses t
he
m
et
ho
dolo
gy for
this
stud
y.
T
he
im
plem
entat
ion
and
resu
lt
s
are
pr
ese
nted
i
n
se
ct
ion
4.
I
n
sec
ti
on
5,
rec
omm
end
at
ions
f
or
fu
tu
re
works ar
e
giv
e
n.
2.
REVIEW
OF
RELATE
D
W
ORKS
2.1.
An
ti
-
th
e
ft
me
t
eri
ng
fo
r
sm
ar
t
el
ectric
al di
stribut
i
on sys
t
em
[
5]
A
c
on
ce
ptu
al
appr
oach
was
us
e
d
to
deter
m
ine
bo
t
h
the
ap
prox
im
at
e
l
ocati
on
of
e
ne
rg
y
the
ft
a
nd
est
i
m
ation
of
the
e
n
er
gy
th
eft
at
the
l
ocati
on
us
i
ng
po
wer
li
ne
c
omm
un
icati
on
as
the
to
ol
of
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
by A
MI
’s.
A
na
log
si
gn
al
being
c
onti
nuous
in n
at
ure,
ref
le
ct
s d
et
erio
rati
on that occ
urs dur
i
ng
it
s tra
nsm
issi
on
from
the
sender
to
the
rece
iver
en
d.
T
he
sign
al
’s
si
gnat
u
re
dete
rio
ra
ti
on
is
util
iz
ed
f
or
diag
no
si
s
and
local
iz
at
ion
of
ene
rg
y
t
hef
t.
Using
P
ower
li
ne
car
rier
(PLC
),
a
car
rier
fr
e
quency
is
m
od
ulate
d
on
top
of
existi
ng
50
/
60
-
Hz
powe
r
li
ne
carriers
.
I
n
this
syst
e
m
,
m
et
ers
com
m
un
ic
at
e
with
each
othe
r
via
PLC
su
c
h
t
hat
if
m
e
te
r
A
se
nds
a
si
gn
al
to
m
et
er
B,
m
et
er
A
ac
knowle
dges
a
nd
sen
ds
to
the
base
sta
t
ion
.
I
f
no
ta
ppi
ng
has
occurre
d
betw
een
the
m
et
ers,
sig
nal
will
not
deteri
or
at
e.
The
Au
t
om
atic
Me
te
ring
I
nfrastr
uctu
re
m
us
t
be
equ
i
pp
e
d
with
filt
ers
as
the
sign
al
m
us
t
be
fi
lt
ered
be
fore
s
upplyi
ng
powe
r
to
the
loa
ds.
This
filt
ered
sign
al
is
com
par
ed
with
the
base
si
gnal
or
re
fer
e
nce
sig
nal
to
dete
rm
ine
if
deteri
or
at
io
n
has
oc
curred
an
d
t
o
wh
at
le
vel.
If
the
re
is
deterio
rati
on,
wh
ic
h
in
dicat
es
that
power
has
bee
n
ta
ppe
d
il
le
gally
bet
ween
the
tw
o
m
et
ers,
m
et
er
B
will
identify
this
corrupt
sig
nal
and
will
com
m
un
ic
at
e
i
t
to
the
central
sta
ti
on
.
T
he
de
gr
ee
of
deterio
rati
on is d
epe
nd
e
nt on
the p
owe
r
co
nsum
ed
at
the il
l
egal ta
pings b
e
tween th
e m
et
e
rs.
In addit
ion, since
the
m
e
t
ering
fa
ci
li
t
y
e
m
plo
ye
d
he
re
is
of
A
ut
om
a
ti
c
Me
te
ri
ng
Infr
a
struc
tu
re
(
AMI)
ty
pe
,
and
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
exists
betwe
en
m
et
ers
and
ba
se
sta
ti
on
s,
el
e
ct
rici
ty
theft
coor
din
at
es
c
ould
be
l
ocated
w
it
hin
the
ra
nge
of
t
wo
m
et
ers
wh
e
re
deterio
rati
on
oc
curred
.
F
or
t
hi
s
syst
e
m
to
be
eff
ect
ive,
al
l
valid
m
et
ers
m
us
t
be
e
quip
pe
d
with
PLC ha
nds
hak
i
ng capa
bili
ty
.
2.2.
A
sm
art
pre
p
aid ener
gy me
tering
system
to co
nt
r
ol elec
trici
ty
th
e
ft
[1]
Nab
il
Mo
ham
m
ed
et
al
propose
d
a
pre
paid
energy
m
et
eri
ng
syst
e
m
t
hat
con
t
ro
ls
el
ect
rici
ty
theft.
A
sin
gle
-
phase
sm
art
m
e
te
r
is
instal
le
d
at
th
e
co
ns
um
er’
s
un
it
wh
ic
h
c
om
m
un
ic
at
es
with
a
se
rv
e
r
th
at
is
r
un
by
the
public
ut
il
i
ty
.
Each
m
et
er
an
d
se
r
ver
wer
e
eq
uippe
d
with
a
G
SM
m
od
ule
w
hich
serv
e
d
t
he
pur
po
s
e
of
bi
-
directi
onal
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
bet
ween
t
he
sm
art
m
et
er
a
nd
t
he
ser
ve
r.
In
t
his
pro
j
ect
,
the
ene
rg
y
m
et
erin
g
un
it
s
c
onsist
ed
of
a
n
ATm
ega
32
m
ic
ro
co
nt
ro
ll
er,
A
DE
7751
ene
r
gy
m
ea
su
ri
ng
chi
p,
Si
e
m
ens
A
62
m
ob
il
e
phone
as
the
GS
M
m
od
ule,
MAX
232,
c
urr
ent
trans
form
e
r
(CT
-
1)
a
nd
pote
ntial
transfo
rm
er
(P
T
-
1)
use
d
f
or
current
an
d
vo
lt
age
m
easur
em
ents,
LCD
disp
la
y
and
a
relay
.
Pu
lse
s
pro
portio
nal
to
the
ener
gy
co
nsu
m
e
d
by
the
us
e
r
are
pro
du
ce
d
by
the
ene
r
gy
m
e
te
ring
c
hip.
E
nergy
co
nsum
ption
cal
c
ulati
on
is
done
by
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
w
hic
h
c
ounts
the outp
ut
pu
ls
es g
e
ner
at
e
d b
y t
he
ene
r
gy m
et
ering chi
p on an
i
nterru
pt
ba
sis.
To
protect
ag
ai
ns
t
el
ect
rici
t
y
theft
by
s
hort
ci
rc
uiti
ng
ph
a
se
an
d
ne
utral
li
nes,
t
he
m
e
te
r
was
equ
i
pp
e
d
with
two
c
urre
nt
trans
f
or
m
ers
(
CT
-
1
a
nd
CT
-
2)
:
On
e
i
n
the
sing
le
phase
and
the
oth
e
r
on
t
he
neu
t
ral
li
ne
wh
ose
outp
uts
are
fed
to
t
he
An
al
og
-
to
-
D
igit
al
Con
ve
rte
r
(ADC)
of
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
er
.
The
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er
c
om
par
es
the
outp
ut
from
these
cur
re
nt
trans
form
ers.
If
t
her
e
is
a
s
ign
ific
a
nt
dif
fe
ren
ce
,
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
in
structs
the
relay
t
o
c
ut
-
off
s
upply
t
o
l
oad
an
d
a
t
ext
-
m
essage
is
sent
to
t
he
s
erv
e
r
inf
or
m
ing
it
of
the
the
ft
occ
urren
ce
s
o
th
a
t
act
ion
s
ca
n
be
ta
ke
n
by
t
he
auth
ori
ty
.
If
the
t
wo
val
ue
s
va
ry
consi
der
a
bly,
t
he
ce
ntral
m
eter
knows
that
energy
the
ft
ha
s
occ
urre
d.
T
he
exact
l
ocati
on
of
t
hef
t
is
f
ound
on
the
basis
of
ze
ro
or
l
ow
en
er
gy
c
on
s
um
ption
base
d
on
th
e
in
div
id
ual
m
et
er
rea
ding
da
ta
by
the
ob
s
erv
e
r
m
et
er.
The
obs
erv
e
r
m
et
er
the
n
se
nds
a
m
ess
age
t
o
the
aut
hority
in
form
in
g
it
of
t
he
e
ne
r
gy
the
ft
occ
urr
ence.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
4
1
8
4
-
4
1
9
1
4186
Tw
o
le
ver
s
witc
hes
we
re
us
e
d
at
the
tw
o
sides
of
the
e
nergy
m
e
tre
to
guard
a
gainst
m
e
te
r
tam
per
ing
whe
r
e
on
e
te
rm
inal
i
s
co
nn
ect
e
d
to
a
5
-
V
dc
s
up
ply
an
d
the
ot
her
te
rm
inal
to
the
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er.
U
nder
norm
al
op
e
rati
ng
co
ndit
ion
s,
the
swit
ches
are
cl
os
e
d,
an
d
the
m
ic
r
ocontr
oller
get
s
a
5
-
V
dc
input.
O
nce
the
m
et
er
is
op
e
ne
d,
t
he
s
w
it
ch
is o
pe
ned,
and the m
ic
ro
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
will
no
ti
fy the se
r
ver o
f
m
et
er ta
m
per
in
g.
2.3.
An
ti
-
th
e
ft
au
t
om
at
ic
me
teri
ng
in
terf
ace
[
9]
Abhij
eet
Das
et
al
.
pro
pose
d
a
n
a
nti
-
theft
autom
at
ic
m
e
te
ring
inter
fac
e
syst
e
m
that
consi
sts
of
a
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
(
Ardu
i
no)
tha
t
will
con
ti
nuously
m
on
it
or
and
st
or
e
t
he
en
erg
y
m
et
er
read
in
gs
in
it
s
m
e
m
or
y.
GS
M
m
od
ule
was
us
ed
f
or
m
on
it
or
ing
a
nd
co
ntr
olli
ng
the
en
er
gy
m
eter
rem
otely
with
the
hel
p
of
a
n
interfaci
ng
ci
r
cuitry
wh
ic
h
cou
nts
the
pulse
s
with
resp
e
ct
to
the
a
m
o
un
t
of
powe
r
t
he
us
er
co
nsum
es.
The
st
or
e
d
e
ne
rg
y
value
is
se
nt
to
the
m
ic
rocon
t
ro
ll
er
at
th
e
util
it
y
base
on
request
usua
ll
y
at
30days
c
ount
interval
for
th
e
pur
po
se
of
bi
ll
ing
.
To
dete
ct
m
et
er
bypas
sing,
they
s
uggested
t
hat
a
c
om
par
at
or
be
set
in
par
al
le
l
to
the
m
et
er,
su
ch
tha
t,
two
in
pu
ts
a
r
e
fed
int
o
the
c
om
par
at
or
,
one
befor
e
the
s
up
ply
enters
the
m
et
e
r
and
the
oth
e
r
i
nput
ta
ke
n
fro
m
the
po
i
nt
af
te
r
it
passes
t
he
m
e
te
r.
I
n
the
case
of
bypas
sing,
the
re
wil
l
be
a
huge
diff
e
ren
c
e
betwee
n
the
input
values
t
o
the
com
par
a
tor
an
d
hen
ce
a
la
rg
e
cu
rr
e
nt
passes
th
rou
gh
this
com
par
at
or
w
hi
ch
fee
ds
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r.
A
ta
ct
il
e
se
nsor
w
hich
is
se
ns
it
ive
to
to
uc
h,
f
or
ce
,
pr
ess
ur
e
wa
s
pro
po
se
d f
or
de
te
ct
ion
of
m
eter
tam
p
ering.
2.4.
Dev
el
op
me
nt
of
adv
an
ce
d
reduced
instr
uctio
n
se
t
c
om
put
er
(
A
RI
SC
)
m
achine
process
or
-
b
ase
d
el
ectric
ity the
f
t
c
on
tr
ol s
yste
m
usin
g
G
SM
n
etwork
[2]
In
t
his
w
ork,
a
syst
e
m
wh
ic
h
consi
sts
of
L
PC134
3,
ARM
process
or,
A
CS712
30
-
A
r
ang
e
c
urre
nt
sens
or
,
po
te
ntial
transfor
m
er
with
fou
r
-
te
rm
inal
regulat
ed
powe
r
supp
ly
,
GS
M
m
od
ule
for
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
,
le
ver
s
witc
h
a
nd
200W
AC
load
was
pro
pose
d.
T
he
te
ch
nique
of
the
ft
detect
ion
a
dopt
ed
by
this
syst
e
m
is
ver
y
sim
il
ar
t
o
the
m
et
ho
d
us
e
d
by
[
1]
.
T
he
m
ajo
r
dif
fe
ren
ce
he
re
is
t
he
us
e
of
the
four
-
te
rm
inal
ou
t
pu
t
regulat
ed
pote
ntial
transfor
m
er
instea
d
of
us
in
g
tw
o
pot
entia
l
transform
ers.
O
ne
of
the
fou
r
te
rm
i
nals
is
connecte
d
dire
ct
ly
to
the
ener
gy
m
easur
ing
un
it
an
d
the
r
e
m
ai
nin
g
3
te
r
m
inals
are
regulat
ed
to
3.3
-
V
DC.
On
e
out o
f
the
three reg
ulate
d DC volt
ages i
s f
ed
t
o
the i
nterrup
t
pin
of
t
he
A
RM
pro
ces
so
r f
or
th
e pur
po
s
e
of
detect
ing
whol
e
m
et
er
bypassing
an
d
the
re
m
ai
nin
g
tw
o
te
rm
inals
are
us
ed
to
cha
rg
e
th
e
batte
ry
that
po
we
r
s
the
GS
M
m
od
ule
and
t
he
A
RM
pr
oces
sor.
Hen
ce,
reduci
ng
c
os
t
an
d
al
so
m
aking
the
syst
e
m
m
or
e
ef
fici
ent
.
This
syst
em
was
te
ste
d
for
al
l
the
four
diff
e
r
ent
the
ft
m
od
es
us
i
ng
do
ub
le
-
po
le
t
hro
w
s
witc
hes
to
sim
ula
te
the
ph
a
se
an
d
ne
ut
ral
li
ne
sh
ort
s.
For
each
of
these
m
od
es,
SMS
was
se
nt
us
in
g
GS
M
.
The
e
ntire
syst
e
m
consum
es less powe
r
(
3.3
V for the
A
RM
pro
cesso
r)
a
nd c
urren
t i
n
fe
w
m
illi
a
m
ps
.
2.5.
Int
el
li
gent
p
ow
er theft
dete
ction
model
fo
r prep
aid ene
rgy meterin
g
i
n N
i
geria
[
10]
The
a
uthor
propose
d
a
pow
er
theft
detect
ion
m
od
el
m
a
de
up
of
t
hr
ee
par
ts,
n
am
el
y:
In
te
ll
igent
Pr
e
paid
Me
te
r
(I
P
EM)
w
hich
is
at
the
con
sum
er’
s
en
d,
I
nte
ll
igent
Po
w
er
Thef
t
Detect
io
n
Syst
em
(I
PT
DS
)
at
the
trans
form
e
r
end
or
at
the
el
ect
ric
po
le
befor
e
distrib
ut
ing
to
co
ns
um
er,
and
the
Util
it
y
Con
trol
Serv
e
r
.
Un
m
et
ered
en
erg
y
co
nsum
ption
is
detect
ed
by
the
I
PTD
S
.
T
he
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
cha
nnel
for
this
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
is
Ra
dio
Fre
qu
e
ncy
an
d
GS
M
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
A
se
nt
SMS
is
trigg
e
re
d
once,
and
a
n
un
m
et
ered
co
nsum
ption
is
de
te
ct
ed.
The
IPTDS
is
base
d
on
t
he
pri
ncipl
e
of
instal
li
ng
a
tree
of
m
et
ers
belo
w
the
IP
T
DS
s
uc
h
that
each
m
e
te
r
m
easur
es
th
e
power
c
on
s
um
ed
by
the
m
e
te
r
directl
y
below
it
.
A
n
intel
li
gen
t
sta
ti
sti
cal
m
et
e
r
is
place
d
at
the
no
de
of
th
e
reside
ntial
power
gr
i
d
wit
h
add
it
io
nal
m
eter
s
place
d
belo
w
it
for
m
easur
in
g
the
consum
ptio
n
of
loa
ds
be
neath
it
in
t
he
br
a
nc
h.
A
c
om
par
ison
is
done
by
the
syst
em
between
the
rea
dings
ta
ken
by
the
m
a
in
I
ntell
igent
Stat
ist
ic
al
Met
er
an
d
t
ho
se
obta
ined
f
ro
m
the
br
a
nch
inte
ll
igent
m
et
ers.
If
the
values
obta
ine
d
f
r
om
the
m
a
in
IS
M
are
far
gr
eat
e
r
tha
n
t
ho
s
e
obta
ine
d
from
the
su
m
of
t
he
br
a
nc
hes,
it
ind
ic
at
es
the
us
a
ge
of
il
le
gal
powe
r
by
the
co
ns
um
ers
and
he
nce
the
m
a
in
IS
M
sen
ds
a
SMS
to
the u
ti
li
ty
.
2.6.
Au
t
om
at
ic
en
ergy meter
wi
th
p
ower
th
e
ft detec
to
r
usin
g
G
SM
[
11]
In
t
his
syst
em
,
R.
P
rad
ee
p
Ra
j
a
et
al
.
propose
d
the
use
of
a
sm
art
energy
m
et
er
sens
or
t
o
be
connecte
d
between
the
po
w
er
li
nes
an
d
a
n
a
uto
m
at
ic
e
nergy
m
et
er
thr
ough
m
ic
ro
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
an
d
GS
M
m
od
ule
.
The
e
nergy
m
e
te
r
sensor
will
co
ntinuo
us
ly
m
on
it
or
the
am
ount
of
powe
r
that
is
dr
a
wn
from
t
he
li
ne
befor
e
th
e
m
e
t
er.
The
se
valu
es
will
be
store
d
in
the
flas
h
m
e
m
or
y
of
the
dev
ic
e.
It
al
so
com
par
es
the
value
s
store
d
with
tha
t
reco
r
de
d
by
the
sm
art
m
et
er.
I
f
the
re
are
discrep
a
ncies,
th
en
ene
rg
y
the
ft
has
occ
urre
d,
and
a
SMS
will
be
autom
at
ic
ally
sent
to
the
el
e
ct
rici
ty
bo
ar
d.
The
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
us
ed
f
or
this
prot
otype
wa
s
ATMEG
A.
Un
li
ke
pre
vious
relat
ed
st
udie
s,
t
his
pr
es
ent
stu
dy
offe
rs
a
m
or
e
acc
ur
at
e
a
nd
reali
sti
c
way
of
detect
ing
ene
r
gy
m
et
er
by
-
passing
a
nd
e
nergy
the
ft.
P
rev
i
ou
s
resea
r
cher
s
ha
ve
pr
esented
syst
em
s
that
cal
culat
e,
est
im
at
e
and
predi
ct
us
er
’s
co
nsu
m
pt
ion
base
d
on
co
nsum
ption
patte
rns
with
in
a
s
pecifie
d
per
i
od
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Smart
pr
e
pa
i
d ener
gy met
eri
ng syste
m
to
d
et
ect
en
er
gy
thef
t w
it
h
facil
it
y for re
al ti
me
.
..
(
So
m
ef
un T
.E)
4187
[1,
2,
5,
9,
10,
11]
.
S
uch
th
a
t
the
ene
rg
y
m
et
er
com
par
es
the
sto
red
a
nd
e
stim
at
ed
con
s
um
ption
with
the
current
co
nsu
m
pt
ion
.
A
sp
i
ke
in
t
he
c
on
s
um
pt
ion
patte
rn
will
in
dicat
e
pro
bab
le
t
hef
t
wh
ic
h
m
ay
no
t
al
ways
be
true
as
it
is
no
t
unusual
f
or
the
use
r
’s
con
s
um
ption
to
increase.
He
nc
e,
this
resear
ch
pa
per
proposes
a
syst
e
m
that
do
es
re
al
tim
e
m
on
it
or
ing
a
nd
com
par
is
on
of
t
he
c
urren
t
d
ra
w
n
f
ro
m
the
poi
nt
of
de
li
ver
y
(i.e.
util
it
y
po
l
e)
an
d
the
c
urr
ent
dr
a
w
n
by
t
he
us
e
r’s
loa
d
as
record
ed
by
the
energy
m
e
te
r
in
orde
r
to
detect
energy
the
ft
.
More
s
o,
this
r
esearch
stu
dy
inclu
des
a
syst
e
m
of
i
m
ple
m
e
nting
ene
r
gy
th
eft
detect
io
n
th
at
do
e
s
no
t
i
ncorpo
rate
any
exte
rn
al
ci
rcu
it
ry
f
or
c
om
par
ison
of
c
urre
nts
dra
wn
by
the
le
gal
loa
d
a
nd
il
le
gal
l
oad
as
su
ggest
e
d
by
pr
e
vious
c
onduct
ed
researc
h
wor
ks
.
In
thi
s
syst
e
m
,
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
(
Ard
uino
Na
no)
i
s
respo
ns
ible
f
or
m
on
it
or
i
ng
t
he
se
values
.
I
n
essence,
it
can
be
seen
a
s
a
cheap
e
r
m
et
ho
d
of
im
ple
m
en
ti
ng
energy
theft
de
te
ct
ion
.
Furth
erm
or
e,
in
ad
diti
on
to
de
te
ct
ing
ene
rg
y
m
et
er
by
-
pa
ssin
g
an
d
ene
rg
y
m
et
er
tam
per
ing,
this
stud
y
al
so
i
nc
orp
or
at
es
e
ne
rg
y
m
anag
em
e
nt.
It
offe
rs
a
syst
e
m
wh
ere
a
us
e
r
ca
n
re
m
ote
l
y
decide
to
c
ut
-
off
or
t
urn
on
e
nergy
s
upply
t
o
his
l
oad
to
sa
ve
e
nergy.
He
can
rem
otely
i
ns
ta
ntly
an
d
vi
ew
his
energy c
on
s
umpti
on stat
us
.
3.
RESEA
R
CH
MA
TE
RIA
L
S
AND MET
H
ODS
This
sect
io
n
di
scusses
in
deta
il
and
the
desc
riptio
n
of
the
work
done,
m
od
el
li
ng
a
nd
de
sign
of
t
he
pro
po
se
d
syst
em
.
Figu
re
1
de
picts
the
f
un
ct
i
on
al
bl
ock
dia
gr
am
of
the
sm
art
pre
paid
e
ne
rg
y
m
et
er
f
or
e
nergy
theft
detect
ion
.
Th
is
sho
w
s
how
the
v
a
rio
us
c
om
po
ne
nts ar
e
interl
ink
e
d
.
Fig
ure
1
.
Bl
oc
k diag
ram
o
f
th
e
sm
art p
rep
ai
d
e
nergy m
et
er
f
or
e
ne
rg
y t
he
ft and m
et
er tam
per
ing
detect
ion
The desig
n
m
et
hodo
l
og
y i
s
d
i
vid
e
d
int
o
s
ub
-
sect
ion
s a
s foll
ow
s:
1.
Power
S
uppl
y C
ircuit
;
2.
Met
eri
ng Ci
rcu
it
;
3.
Ene
rg
y t
hef
t
and m
et
er ta
m
per
i
ng d
et
ect
io
n
ci
rc
uits;
4.
Mi
cr
oc
on
t
rol
le
r
sect
ion
;
5.
Ene
rg
y M
a
na
gem
ent sect
ion
; an
d
6.
C
omm
un
ic
at
ion
secti
on.
3.1.
Power
su
pply
ci
rcui
t
The
m
ic
ro
co
nt
ro
ll
er,
LCD
a
nd
the
relay
require
a
12
V
D
C
supp
ly
.
The
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
has
a
n
i
n
-
bu
il
t
volt
age
r
egu
la
to
r
th
at
ste
ps
dow
n
the
vo
lt
age
le
vel
t
o
the
re
qu
ire
d
5V
DC.
The
m
ai
ns
supp
ly
is
24
0V
AC
wh
ic
h
is
st
epp
e
d
dow
n
to
12V
AC
us
i
ng
a
24
0
-
V/12
-
V
ste
p
-
dow
n
t
ra
ns
f
or
m
er.
A
bri
dg
e
recti
fier
is
us
e
d
to
c
onver
t
the
12V
-
AC
to
12V
D
C
volt
ag
e.
A
high
valu
e
capaci
to
r
of
1000
uF
is
use
d
t
o
rem
ov
e
al
l
the
rip
ples
pr
e
sent
in
order
to
ob
ta
in
a
pure
D
C
vo
lt
age.
T
he
GS
M
SI
M
80
0
m
od
ule
us
e
d
fo
r
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
pur
po
se
re
quir
es
4.2
V
-
DC
s
upply.
An
inte
gr
at
e
d
ci
rc
uit
LM317,
an
a
djust
able
vo
lt
ag
e
re
gu
la
to
r
is
us
e
d
to
achieve t
his
volt
age level.
3.2.
Met
eri
n
g
c
ir
c
uit
The
m
et
ering
sect
ion
is
m
ade
up
of
the
volt
age
sensi
ng
a
nd
cu
rr
e
nt
sensi
ng
ci
rc
uits.
Th
ese
sensing
ci
rcu
it
s
are
us
e
d
to
m
easur
e
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
dr
a
wn
by
the
load
fr
om
the
su
pply
and
the
vo
lt
age
sup
ply
in
order
t
o
cal
culat
e the
powe
r
a
nd m
eas
ur
e
cons
um
pti
on.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
4
1
8
4
-
4
1
9
1
4188
3.3.
Cu
rren
t
se
nsi
ng
circ
ui
t
In
or
der
to
m
easur
e
the
al
te
rn
at
ing
c
urren
t,
a
ba
r
prim
ary
cur
ren
t
transfor
m
er
with
1,0
00
:
1
trans
form
ation
rati
o
was
us
e
d.
T
he
outp
ut
of
the
c
urren
t
trans
form
er
is
connecte
d
t
o
the
A
DC
pin
of
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r.
A
sm
all
value
resis
to
r
of
220
oh
m
s
is
connecte
d
ac
ro
ss
t
he
te
rm
i
nals
of
the
c
urren
t
trans
form
er.
The
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
m
easur
es
cur
re
nt
in
dire
ct
ly
by
read
ing
the
peak
-
to
-
pe
ak
volt
age
acr
os
s
th
e
seco
nd
a
ry
te
r
m
inal
of
the
c
urren
t
tran
sf
orm
er
an
d
div
i
di
ng
this
value
by
the
bu
rd
e
n
/
resist
ance
c
on
nected
acro
s
s
the
seconda
ry
te
r
m
inal
of
the
curre
nt
transfo
rm
er
accord
i
ng
to
Oh
m
’s
la
w
(V=
I.
R).
The
root
m
ean
sq
ua
re
value
(
rm
s)
of
the
c
urren
t
is
obta
ined
by
m
ulti
plyi
ng
the
c
urr
ent
by
0.707.
This
value
is
then
m
ul
ti
plied b
y t
he 1,
000 w
hic
h i
s the tra
nsfo
r
m
at
ion
r
at
io t
o get the a
ct
ual
pri
m
ary cur
ren
t
.
3.4.
Vo
l
tage
se
nsin
g
ci
rcui
t
The
volt
age
a
cro
ss
t
he
co
nn
ect
ed
load
is
m
easur
ed
us
i
ng
a
volt
age
se
ns
or.
T
he
vo
lt
age
sen
sor
is
connecte
d
acr
os
s
t
he
m
ai
ns
supp
ly
with
it
s
ou
t
pu
t
c
on
nected
t
o
the
m
i
cro
co
ntr
oller.
T
he
pri
nci
ple
of
op
e
rati
on
of
th
e
vo
lt
age
se
nsor
em
plo
ye
d
is
based
on
volt
age
div
i
der
ci
r
cuits.
This
is
done
s
o
as
to
re
du
ce
vo
lt
age
le
vel
acro
s
s
the
A
na
log
-
to
-
Digital
Conve
rter
(ADC)
pin
of
th
e
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller.
3
resist
ors
are
connecte
d
i
n
s
eries.
10
0K
on
the
li
ve
(R1),
ano
t
her
100K
on
t
he
ne
utral
(R2)
an
d
a
1K
j
oi
ning
the
tw
o
(R
3)
as sho
wn in Fi
gure
2.
Fig
ure
2
.
V
oltage
div
ide
r
ci
rc
uit
3.5.
Analysis
of th
e volt
ag
e
sensi
ng
circ
ui
t
Inp
ut Volt
age
f
ro
m
Pr
im
ary si
de of
transf
orm
er,
V
IN =
240V
Applyi
ng volt
age
div
ide
r ru
le
,
w
e
ha
ve
=
×
3
1
+
2
+
3
(1)
Using
this
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
,
the
m
a
xim
u
m
a
m
ou
nt
of
volt
age
t
ha
t
can
be
se
nse
d
by
the
A
D
C
port
of
t
he
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
is
1.194
V
of
wh
ic
h
the
A
r
duin
o
can
handl
e
safely
.
These
values
are
m
ulti
plied
by
a
scal
ing
factor
i
n
orde
r
to
ob
ta
i
n
the
true
volt
age
va
lue
that
was
read
by
the
vo
lt
age
sens
or
.
T
he
scal
ing
fact
or
is
ob
ta
ine
d
a
s fol
lows
.
3.6.
Deriv
at
i
on
of
scaling
fact
or
Re
so
luti
on
of
Ardu
i
no ADC
= 10b
it
s;
Re
so
luti
on in
dec
i
m
al
= 0
to 1
023 p
os
sible c
om
bin
at
ion
s;
Ardu
i
no r
e
fer
e
nce
vo
lt
ag
e =
5V
;
Value
of
1
Lea
st Sig
nificant
Bi
t (LSB)
is
5
1023
=
0
.
0
0
4
8
82
;
Ra
ti
o
of r
esi
sta
nce =
1K
10
0
K
+
1
00
K
+
1K
=
0
.
0
0
4
975
1
2
;
Sc
al
in
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
=
V
a
lue
of
1
LSB
R
a
ti
o
of
R
e
si
sta
n
c
e
(2)
∴
Sc
al
in
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
=
0
.
00
4
88
2
0
.
00
4
9
75
1
2
=
0
.
98090
.
3.7.
Ener
gy thef
t a
nd
me
ter
ta
m
peri
ng
detec
tion
circ
ui
ts
The
ene
rg
y
th
eft
detect
ion
or
m
et
er
bypassing
syst
em
was
achieve
d
by
incor
po
rati
ng
a
second
current
tra
ns
f
orm
er
fo
und
e
xtern
al
ly
as
sh
own
in
Fi
gure
3
wh
ic
h
pr
ece
de
s
the
m
ai
n
cur
re
nt
trans
form
er
that
is
us
ed
f
or
cal
c
ulati
ng
po
wer.
The
outp
ut
of
t
his
exter
na
l
cu
rr
e
nt
trans
form
er
is
connecte
d
to
the
analogu
e
pin
V
O
UT
V
IN
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Smart
pr
e
pa
i
d ener
gy met
eri
ng syste
m
to
d
et
ect
en
er
gy
thef
t w
it
h
facil
it
y for re
al ti
me
.
..
(
So
m
ef
un T
.E)
4189
of
th
e
m
ic
ro
con
tr
oller.
T
he
c
urren
t
dr
a
w
n
f
ro
m
the
li
ve
is
cal
culat
ed
by
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
the
sam
e
way
it
cal
culat
es
the
current
f
or
the
inter
nal
curre
nt
trans
form
er.
The
m
ic
ro
con
tr
ol
le
r
com
par
es
th
e
val
ues
of
cu
rr
e
nt
that
are
m
easu
red
by
t
he
e
xte
rn
al
a
nd
inte
rnal
curre
nt
tra
nsfo
rm
ers.
U
nd
e
r
norm
al
con
di
ti
on
s,
w
he
n
th
ere
is
no
bypas
sin
g,
the
value
s
rea
d
by
the
tw
o
c
urren
t
tra
ns
f
or
m
ers
sh
ould
be
equ
al
.
If
the
current
value
r
ead
by
the
exter
nal
c
urre
nt
tran
sf
orm
er
at
any
ti
m
e
beco
m
es
gr
eat
er
tha
n
the
value
w
hich
t
he
sec
ond
tra
nsfo
rm
er
us
e
d
for
cal
cul
at
ing
ene
rg
y
r
eads,
it
m
eans
the
energy
m
et
er
has
bee
n
bypasse
d.
T
he
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er
then
com
m
un
ic
at
es w
it
h
the
GSM
SI
M m
od
ule a
nd a SMS
is se
nt to
t
he
a
dm
i
nistrator.
Fig
ure
3
.
Me
te
r
by
-
pa
ssin
g
ci
rcu
it
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
t
he
ene
rg
y
m
eter
is
protect
ed
fr
om
fond
li
ng
with
by
the
us
er
t
hroug
h
the
us
e
of
a
m
o
m
entary
switc
h.
The
th
row
pa
rt
of
th
e
switc
h
is
conn
ect
ed
to
one
of
the
dig
it
al
pi
ns
of
the
Ard
uino
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
(p
i
n
D2).
U
nder
no
rm
al
con
diti
on,
w
he
n
the
energy
m
eter
is
seal
ed,
the
switc
h
is
open,
the
dig
it
al
pi
n
gets
a
lo
gic 0
. Onc
e
the
e
nergy
m
et
er
is op
e
ne
d,
the
s
witc
h
cl
os
es,
the
d
i
gital
pi
n
recei
ves
a
lo
gic
1
and
t
he
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er
pro
m
pts
the
GS
M
SI
M
m
od
ule
to
sen
d
a
SM
S
to
the
adm
inist
rator
i
nfor
m
i
ng
him
that t
he
e
nergy
m
e
te
r
has bee
n
ta
m
per
ed wit
h.
3.8.
Microc
ontroll
er s
ectio
n
The
m
ic
ro
cont
ro
ll
er
ha
ndle
s
the
com
pu
ta
ti
on
of
po
wer,
ene
r
gy
and
t
he
dis
play
on
the
LCD.
The
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
er
is
al
s
o
re
sp
onsi
ble
f
or
r
eadin
g
the
val
ues
of
th
e
anal
ogue
pin
s
A
0
and
A
1
w
hich
are
the
values
from
the
internal
a
nd
exter
nal
curre
nt
transfor
m
ers
resp
ect
ively
.
It
com
par
es
thes
e
values
at
al
l
tim
es
to
chec
k
for
a
huge
dif
fer
e
nc
e
w
hich
in
dicat
es
the
occurre
nc
e
of
m
et
er
bypassing/e
ne
r
gy
theft.
It
instr
uc
ts
the
GS
M
m
od
ule
on
wh
e
n
to
se
nd
al
erts
an
d
m
essages
to
the
us
er
or
auth
ori
ty
.
In
ad
diti
on
,
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
al
so
ha
ndle
s
the
dec
odin
g
of
the
pr
e
paym
ent
vouc
he
r
pi
ns
wh
ic
h
are
sent
by
SMS
to
the
GS
M
m
odule
.
The
m
ic
ro
co
nt
ro
ll
er
us
e
d
i
n
t
his wo
rk is the
Ardu
i
no Nan
o wh
ic
h
is
base
d on A
Tm
ega3
28.
3.9.
Ener
gy
m
ana
gemen
t
sec
tio
n
A
12V
-
DC
relay
was
inc
orp
or
at
e
d
int
o
thi
s
w
ork
s
uc
h
t
hat
w
he
n
a
“
LOAD
OFF”
com
m
and
is
receive
d
by
th
e
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
l
le
r
from
the
GS
M
m
od
ule,
t
he
relay
trips
and
t
he
loa
d
is
cut
off.
He
nc
e,
the
energy
m
e
te
r
do
e
s
no
t
co
ntinu
e
to
cal
culat
e
con
s
um
ption
wh
ic
h
sa
ves
the
us
e
r
energy
.
A
NPN
trans
ist
or
(BC5
47)
with
it
s
base
conne
ct
ed
to
the
an
al
ogu
e
pin
of
the
Ardu
i
no
con
t
r
ols
the
sw
it
ching
of
the
relay
.
The
tra
ns
ist
or
switc
hes
‘
O
N’
w
hen
e
ve
r
a
“LO
AD
O
F
F”
com
m
and
i
s
receive
d
f
r
om
the
GS
M
m
od
ule.
It
trig
gers
‘O
F
F’
w
hen
a
“L
OAD
O
N”
c
om
m
and
is
iss
ue
d.
A
di
od
e
is
connecte
d
in
r
ever
se
biased
directi
on
acr
oss t
he
r
el
a
y i
n
or
der
t
o protec
t t
he
tra
ns
i
stor
a
nd the
m
i
cro
c
ontrolle
r
.
3.10.
C
ommu
nica
tion
s
e
ctio
n
The
m
ai
n
de
vi
ce
res
pons
i
ble
f
or
t
his
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
is
the
G
SM
(
SIM
800)
m
odule.
It
acc
epts
a
SI
M
car
d
wh
ic
h
is
a
de
vice
that
can
st
or
e
da
ta
su
ch
as
loc
at
ion
,
phone
num
ber
an
d
the
us
er
i
den
ti
ty
of
GS
M
su
bsc
ri
ber
s
.
It
pro
vid
e
s
c
onnecti
vity
for
de
vices
over
m
ob
il
e
netw
ork.
T
hey
al
s
o
pro
vid
e
int
ern
et
connecti
vity
as
well
as
Sho
rt
Me
ssage
Se
rv
i
ce
(S
MS
).
AT
(A
tt
entio
n)
co
m
m
and
set
s
ar
e
require
d
m
ac
hine
instru
ct
io
ns
u
s
ed
to
act
ivate
dif
fer
e
nt
f
eat
ur
es
on
t
he
G
SM
m
od
ule.
The
R
x
pin
of
the
gs
m
m
o
du
le
i
s
connecte
d
to
the
T
x
pin
of
t
he
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
ol
le
r,
a
NPN
tra
ns
ist
or
is
us
e
d
to
inter
face
t
he
Tx
pi
n
of
t
he
GS
M
m
od
ule
to
t
he
Rx
pin
of
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
since
it
s
T
x
vo
lt
a
ge
ou
t
pu
t
is
le
ss
tha
n
t
he
re
qu
ir
ed
A
rduin
o’
s
5V
-
DC
. T
he
al
gorithm
o
f
th
e
energy t
he
ft de
te
ct
ion
/m
e
te
r
by
passing syst
e
m
is i
ll
us
trat
ed
Fig
ur
e
4.
T
o
m
i
cro
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r a
n
al
o
g
u
e p
i
n
T
o
m
i
cro
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r a
n
al
o
g
u
e p
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
4
1
8
4
-
4
1
9
1
4190
Figure
4. Sm
art
m
et
er f
or e
ne
rg
y
detect
ion a
nd tam
per
ing
f
low
c
ha
rt
4.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
This
sect
io
n
disc
us
s
es
how
the
w
ork
wa
s
im
ple
m
ented
an
d
t
he
te
sts
carrie
d
out
to
e
nsure
it
accom
plishes it
s f
unct
io
nalit
y.
4.1.
Implem
ent
ati
on
Pr
ote
us
s
of
t
wa
re
an
d
F
ritz
ing
wer
e
us
e
d
to
si
m
ulate
the
com
po
ne
nts,
w
hile
cod
i
ng
of
the
Ard
uino
Nano
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
wa
s
ac
hieve
d
by
the
Ardu
i
no
I
nteg
r
at
ed
De
velo
pme
nt
E
nv
ir
onm
e
nt
(
ID
E
)
i
ns
ta
ll
ed
on
Mi
cro
s
of
t
W
i
ndow
8 o
per
at
in
g
syst
em
. Th
e
Ardu
i
no c
od
es
wer
e
writ
te
n
in
C lan
gu
a
ge.
4.2.
Te
sting
The
te
sti
ng
of the syst
em
w
as
done
i
n diff
e
re
nt stages
.
4.2.1.
Un
its
’
t
estin
g
The
e
nergy
m
et
ering
syst
em
consi
sts
of
di
ff
e
ren
t
un
it
s
wh
ic
h
are
i
ntegr
at
e
d
to
form
the
w
ho
l
e
syst
e
m
.
Test
s
wer
e
car
ried
out
on
the
in
di
vi
du
al
unit
s.
Such
unit
s’
te
sti
ng
inclu
des
te
sti
ng
the
tra
nsfo
r
m
er
to
be
s
ur
e
it
sup
plies t
he
a
pprop
r
ia
te
step
-
do
wn
vo
lt
age
and tes
ti
ng
the
r
el
ay
unit
to
e
nsure
it
s
worka
bili
ty
.
4.2.2.
Power
su
pply
section
t
es
tin
g
The
power
s
upply
unit
(whi
ch
co
ns
ist
s
of
the
ste
p
-
dow
n
trans
form
er)
,
the
bri
dge
recti
fier
an
d
the
sm
oo
thening c
apacit
or w
e
re t
est
ed
to
en
s
ure
that the
re
qu
i
r
ed vo
lt
age
leve
l was
obta
ined
.
4.2.3.
Met
e
ri
n
g
ci
rc
uit t
e
stin
g
The
m
et
ering
s
ect
ion
(
w
hich
consi
sts
of
the
vo
lt
age
sen
sin
g
a
nd
c
urre
nt
s
ensin
g
ci
rc
uits
)
was
te
ste
d
to
ens
ur
e
t
hat
it
giv
es
accu
ra
te
read
in
gs
of
energy
co
nsu
m
ed.
Loa
d
of
known
rated
va
lue
was
c
onne
ct
ed
acro
s
s
the
m
eter
and
it
s
valu
e
was
com
par
ed
with
that
whic
h
was
rea
d
by
the
m
e
te
r
disp
la
ye
d
on
the
LCD
.
A 60
-
W
inca
ndesce
nt bulb
was co
nnect
ed, a
nd the m
et
er r
e
ad
it
as
58.
42W wh
ic
h
is
pr
a
ct
ic
al
ly
accept
able.
4.2.4.
Ener
gy
me
tering by
-
p
as
sin
g testin
g
The
m
e
te
r
by
-
pass
was
sim
ulate
d
by
pr
ovi
d
in
g
a
power
te
rm
inal
con
ne
ct
or
w
her
e
an
oth
e
r
60
-
W
incan
desce
nt
bulb
was
c
onne
ct
ed
j
us
t
after
t
he
e
xter
nal
c
urren
t
t
ran
s
f
or
m
er.
O
nce
t
his
l
oad
is
c
onnect
ed,
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
was
able
to
detect
this
il
leg
al
load
by
co
m
par
ing
the
va
lues
of
the
c
urre
nt
tran
s
form
ers.
A
SMS noti
ficat
ion i
s a
uto
m
at
icall
y sent to the
util
it
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Smart
pr
e
pa
i
d ener
gy met
eri
ng syste
m
to
d
et
ect
en
er
gy
thef
t w
it
h
facil
it
y for re
al ti
me
.
..
(
So
m
ef
un T
.E)
4191
4.2.5.
Met
er
t
amp
er
ing
test
in
g
This
sect
ion
of
the
syst
e
m
was
te
ste
d
by
op
e
ning
the
casi
ng
of
the
m
et
er
wh
ic
h
a
ct
ivate
s
the
m
o
m
entary
switc
h
at
ta
ched
to
the
interi
or
of
the
plasti
c
pack
a
ging.
T
he
util
it
y’s
nu
m
ber
was
pre
-
re
gistered
on
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
so
as
to
receive
the
t
hef
t
an
d
ta
m
pe
rin
g
noti
ficat
ion
s.
O
nce
this
was
done
,
a
SMS
was
sent to
the a
uthority
to n
otify t
hem
o
f
the
tam
per
i
ng.
4.2.6.
Ener
gy
m
ana
gemen
t testin
g
This
pa
rt
of
th
e
syst
e
m
was
t
est
ed
by
se
nd
i
ng
“
Off”
by
S
MS
to
the
nu
m
ber
reg
ist
ere
d
on
the
GS
M
SI
M
m
od
ule.
The
relay
was
trigg
e
red
w
hich
res
ulted
in
c
utti
ng
off
the
s
upply
to
the
lo
ad
by
the
m
et
e
r.
T
he
Loa
d
is
tur
ne
d
back
on
by
se
nd
i
ng
“
O
n”
by
SMS.
T
he
use
r
can
al
s
o
get
the
sta
tus
of
t
he
ene
r
gy
m
e
t
er
by
sen
ding “Stat
us”
v
ia
SMS.
4.2.7.
Prepa
ymen
t
s
ys
te
m t
e
stin
g
This
sect
ion
w
as
te
ste
d
by
send
i
ng
a
rec
ha
rg
e
SMS
to
th
e
GS
M
m
od
ul
e
in
this
fo
rm
at
:
*3
33*(
4
dig
it
s)
#
w
her
e
the
4
dig
it
s
rep
rese
nt
the
unit
s
of
energy
in
watt
s/ho
ur
tha
t
the
us
er
intends
to
rech
a
rge,
f
or
exam
ple,
‘*
33
3*1000
#’.
If
re
charge
is
su
cce
ssfu
l,
t
he
us
e
r
is
no
ti
fied
,
an
d
the
energy
unit
is
up
date
d
el
se,
he
is i
nfor
m
ed
tha
t recha
rg
e
w
a
s
un
s
ucces
sf
ul.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
pa
per,
a
Sm
art
Pr
epaid
En
er
gy
Me
te
rin
g
Syst
em
to
detec
t
energy
theft
by
e
nerg
y
m
et
er
by
-
passing
an
d
tam
per
in
g
was
designed
,
i
m
plem
ented
and
te
ste
d.
The
intr
oductio
n
of
s
m
art
m
et
ers
with
enh
a
nce
d
ca
pa
bili
ti
es
and
f
eat
ur
es
pro
vide
s
a
revoluti
onary
a
dv
a
nce
m
ent
in
the
inno
vation
of
energy
m
et
ering
syst
e
m
s.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
it
offe
rs
a
s
olu
ti
on
t
o
the
curbin
g
of
the
m
enace
of
el
ect
rici
ty
theft
wh
ic
h
accounts
for
a
huge
per
ce
nta
ge
of
non
-
te
ch
nical
losses
in
powe
r
tra
ns
m
issi
on
a
nd
dist
rib
ution.
T
he
m
ajo
r
obj
ect
ives
of
t
his
syst
e
m
wer
e
achieve
d
as
the
ene
rg
y
m
eter
m
easur
e
d
accuratel
y
the
po
wer
c
on
s
um
ed
by
the
te
st
load,
noti
fied
the
util
it
y
by
SMS
of
e
nergy
m
et
er
by
-
pa
ssing
an
d
m
et
e
r
ta
m
per
ing
.
A
r
em
ote
acce
ss
to
th
e
energy m
et
er w
as
pro
vid
e
d
t
o
the
user
us
i
ng
GS
M t
ec
hnol
og
y.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
e
xpress
s
pecial
than
ks
a
nd
grat
it
ud
e
to
C
ovena
nt
U
niv
e
r
sit
y
fo
r
thei
r
su
pp
or
t.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
N.
Moham
m
ad,
et
al.
,
“
A
sm
art
pre
pai
d
en
erg
y
m
et
eri
ng
s
y
st
e
m
to
cont
rol
elec
tr
ic
ity
th
eft,
”
in
2
013
Inte
rnationa
l
Confe
renc
e
on
P
ower,
En
ergy
an
d
Control
(
ICPEC)
,
pp.
562
-
565
,
2013.
[2]
K.
Dineshkum
ar,
et
al.
,
“
Deve
lopment
of
ARM
proc
essor
ba
sed
el
e
ct
r
ic
i
t
y
t
hef
t
co
n
trol
s
y
s
te
m
using
GS
M
net
work,
”
in
20
15
Inte
rnationa
l
Confe
ren
ce
on
Circui
ts,
Pow
e
r
and
Comput
in
g
Technol
ogi
es
[
I
CCPCT
2015
]
,
pp.
1
-
6
,
2015
.
[3]
C.
Et
ukudor
,
et
al.
,
“
The
Daun
ti
ng
Challeng
es
of
the
Niger
i
an
El
e
ct
ri
ci
t
y
Supp
l
y
Industr
y
,
”
Jo
urnal
of
Ene
rgy
Technol
ogi
es
an
d
Policy
,
vo
l. 5,
pp.
25
-
32
,
2015
.
[4]
N.
David
and
M.
M
.
Jos
ephi
n
e,
“
Curta
iling
Ene
rg
y
The
f
t
b
y
Remote
Monitori
ng
Case
stud
y
:
Uni
ver
sit
y
of
Niger
i
a,
Ns
ukka,
”
2016
.
[5]
M.
U.
Hash
m
i
and
J.
G.
Priolkar,
“
Anti
-
the
ft
en
erg
y
m
eteri
ng
for
sm
art
el
ec
tric
al
distri
but
ion
sy
stem,
”
in
2015
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Indu
strial
Instrum
entation
and
Contr
ol
(
ICIC)
,
pp.
14
24
-
1428
,
2015
.
[6]
P.
El
ec
h
i
and
D.
Om
orogiuwa
,
“
Eco
nom
ic
Ef
fec
t
of
T
ec
hni
c
al
and
Non
Te
c
hnic
a
l
Losses
in
Niger
ia
,”
Power
Tr
ansm
i
ss
ion
Syste
m
,
vol
.
10
,
20
15.
[7]
K.
O.
Okokpuj
ie,
e
t al
.
,
“A
n
aut
o
m
at
ed
en
erg
y
m
et
er
re
adi
ng
s
y
st
em using
GSM
te
chnol
og
y
,
”
201
7.
[8]
F.
Alra
shed
and
M.
As
if,
“
Tre
nds i
n
reside
nti
a
l
e
ner
g
y
consum
pti
on
in
Saudi
Arabi
a
with
par
t
ic
u
lar re
fer
en
ce
to
t
h
e
Ea
stern
Provin
c
e,
”
Journal
of
Sustainabl
e
De
v
el
opment
o
f
En
ergy
,
Wa
te
r
an
d
Env
ironment
Syste
ms
,
vol
.
2,
pp.
376
-
387
,
20
14.
[9]
A.
Das
and
P.
P.
Talukdar
,
“
Anti
-
Th
ef
t
Autom
at
i
c
Met
eri
ng
I
nte
rfa
ce,
”
Inte
rn
ati
onal
Journal
of
S
ci
en
ti
f
ic
&
Technol
ogy
R
ese
arch
,
vol
.
4
,
pp
.
99
-
101,
2015
.
[10]
B.
Om
ij
eh,
et
a
l.
,
“
Inte
lligen
t
Pow
er
The
ft
D
et
e
ction
Model
for
Pr
ep
ai
d
Ene
rg
y
M
et
er
ing
In
Niger
i
a,
”
In
te
rnationa
l
Journal
of
Elec
t
ronics
Comm
unic
ati
on
and
Com
pute
r E
ng
ine
erin
g
,
2012
.
[11]
P.
R.
Ma
lhot
ra
and
R
.
See
thalaksh
m
i,
“
Autom
at
ic
m
eter
re
a
ding
and
the
f
t
cont
rol
s
y
stem
b
y
using
GS
M,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Engi
ne
e
ring a
nd
Techno
logy
(
IJE
T)
,
vol
.
5,
pp.
806
-
810,
2013.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.