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st
o
f
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
su
p
p
l
i
e
r
(
m.u
.
/
k
W
h
)
c
PV
C
C
o
st
o
f
P
V
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
m.
u
.
/
k
W
h
)
E
S
S
C
C
o
st
o
f
ESS
(
m
.
u
.
/
k
W
h
)
C
h
a
r
g
e
r
r
a
t
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
n
-
b
o
a
r
d
EV
(
k
W
)
lo
a
d
C
C
o
st
o
f
l
o
a
d
(
m
.
u
.
/
k
W
h
)
C
h
a
r
g
e
r
r
a
t
e
f
r
o
m t
h
e
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
k
W
)
i
m
b
C
G
r
i
d
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
c
o
st
(
m
.
u
.
/
k
W
h
)
ev
Ty
p
e
o
f
EV
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
ic
les
(
E
Vs)
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
b
en
e
f
its
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
th
eir
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
v
eh
icle
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
[
1
]
.
T
h
ey
p
r
o
d
u
ce
f
e
w
er
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
e
v
en
w
h
en
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
t
h
eir
w
h
o
le
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
o
f
th
eir
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
[
1
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
lo
w
er
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
E
Vs
m
a
y
also
u
s
e
r
en
e
w
ab
les
en
er
g
ies
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
p
o
w
er
[
1
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
g
r
ea
test
d
ef
ic
ien
c
ies
o
f
E
Vs
is
th
a
t
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
v
eh
ic
les
ca
n
ea
s
il
y
b
e
r
ef
u
eled
,
w
h
ile
E
Vs
r
eq
u
ir
e
lo
n
g
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
ti
m
e
s
t
h
at
n
ee
d
p
la
n
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
is
co
m
b
in
ed
w
i
th
th
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
i
n
s
et
tin
g
u
p
a
n
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
w
it
h
s
p
ec
iali
ze
d
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
to
f
ac
ilit
at
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
E
Vs
[
1
]
.
Giv
en
t
h
ese
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
t
h
e
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
E
V
o
p
er
atio
n
m
u
s
t
r
el
y
o
n
t
h
e
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
E
V
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
a
m
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
till
ch
a
llen
g
e
s
i
n
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e.
First,
E
V
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
an
d
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
[
2
]
.
Seco
n
d
,
w
h
e
n
d
is
tr
i
b
u
ted
g
en
er
atio
n
i
s
av
ailab
le
,
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
o
v
er
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
an
d
w
i
n
d
g
en
er
atio
n
,
elec
tr
icit
y
p
r
ices,
lo
ad
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
,
a
n
d
s
w
ap
p
in
g
d
e
m
an
d
ca
n
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
3
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e,
d
em
a
n
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
co
n
s
id
er
s
s
tr
ate
g
ies
f
o
r
f
latti
n
g
t
h
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
f
E
V
´
s
an
d
lo
ad
w
i
th
d
e
m
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(
DR
)
,
s
u
c
h
as
m
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
ea
k
lo
ad
to
v
alle
y
h
o
u
r
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
ir
d
,
tim
e
r
o
le
is
c
r
u
cial
to
s
ch
ed
u
le
ev
e
n
t
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
s
w
ap
p
i
n
g
,
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
,
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
o
f
E
V
s
b
atter
ies
[
4
]
.
Fo
u
r
th
,
t
h
e
lo
n
g
ev
it
y
o
f
b
atter
y
li
f
e
is
a
co
n
c
er
n
f
o
r
en
d
u
s
er
s
g
i
v
e
n
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
c
h
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
t
h
at
u
s
er
s
m
u
s
t
u
n
d
er
g
o
[
4
]
.
Fif
t
h
,
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
r
an
g
e
a
n
x
ie
t
y
o
n
wh
eth
er
E
V
s
b
atter
ies
ca
n
last
al
l
th
e
ir
tr
ip
s
.
T
h
ese
b
ar
r
ier
s
ca
n
also
r
ep
r
esen
t
r
es
tr
ictio
n
s
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
w
it
h
E
Vs.
As
an
i
llu
s
tr
atio
n
,
i
f
t
h
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
d
i
s
tr
u
s
t
b
o
th
E
V
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
th
e
a
s
s
o
ci
ated
in
f
r
as
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Op
tima
l sch
ed
u
lin
g
o
f sma
r
t
micro
g
r
id
s
co
n
s
id
erin
g
elec
tr
i
c
ve
h
icle
…
(
J.
Ga
r
cia
-
Gu
a
r
in
)
5095
T
h
is
r
is
k
y
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
m
a
y
r
esu
lt
in
th
e
o
v
er
u
s
e
o
f
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
[
4
]
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
i
n
h
er
e
n
t
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
tie
s
th
at
t
h
e
ag
g
r
eg
a
t
o
r
m
u
s
t
m
an
a
g
e
w
h
en
i
m
p
le
m
en
ti
n
g
t
h
e
s
m
ar
t
m
icr
o
g
r
id
(
SMG)
is
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t.
I
n
f
ac
t,
SM
G
is
d
e
f
in
ed
as
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
lo
ad
s
w
it
h
D
R
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
E
SS
s
)
,
as
m
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
y
ac
t
as
a
u
n
if
ied
e
n
ti
t
y
.
SMG
o
p
e
r
ates
in
b
o
th
co
n
n
ec
ted
a
n
d
i
s
o
lated
m
o
d
es
[
5
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
d
e
m
an
d
o
f
u
s
er
s
,
m
ar
k
et
p
r
ices,
an
d
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
m
a
y
lead
to
b
ar
r
ier
s
in
cr
ea
tin
g
ef
f
icie
n
t
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
i
n
f
r
astru
c
tu
r
e
s
[
6
]
.
T
o
co
u
n
ter
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
e
ch
alle
n
g
es,
an
ag
g
r
eg
ato
r
ca
n
b
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
[
6
,
7]
.
E
n
er
g
y
a
g
g
r
eg
ato
r
s
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
b
y
in
te
g
r
ati
n
g
E
Vs
a
n
d
E
SS
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
b
atter
y
s
w
ap
p
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
(
B
SS
s
)
h
a
v
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
e
titi
v
e
v
i
s
it
ti
m
es
o
f
E
V
s
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
tatio
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
o
n
l
y
h
av
e
th
e
o
p
tio
n
o
f
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
b
atter
ies
[
6
]
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
ch
ed
u
le,
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
w
o
u
ld
p
r
ef
er
s
w
ap
p
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
i
n
s
tead
o
f
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
b
atter
ies
d
u
e
to
th
e
cr
itical
o
p
er
a
tin
g
ti
m
e
[
6
,
7]
.
I
n
SMGs,
a
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
is
s
u
e
is
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
E
Vs
v
i
s
its
[
6
]
.
A
n
ag
g
r
e
g
ato
r
m
a
y
d
ea
l
w
it
h
t
h
is
p
r
o
b
le
m
,
as
it
m
a
n
ag
es
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
s
u
ch
as
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
s
,
lo
ad
s
w
it
h
D
R
,
E
SS
s
,
an
d
E
Vs
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
last
t
w
o
ca
n
b
o
th
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
o
r
ch
ar
g
e)
p
o
w
er
an
d
b
u
y
(
o
r
s
ell)
en
er
g
y
i
n
SM
G
s
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
ag
g
r
eg
at
o
r
co
o
r
d
in
ates
th
e
s
er
v
ice
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
s
ta
k
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
E
Vs
s
c
h
ed
u
lin
g
,
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
lo
ad
s
h
i
f
ti
n
g
,
o
r
v
alle
y
f
illi
n
g
o
f
E
V
s
.
Ag
g
r
eg
ato
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
also
co
n
s
id
er
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
ties
s
u
ch
a
s
E
Vs
tr
ip
s
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
lo
ad
,
elec
tr
icit
y
p
r
ices,
a
n
d
g
e
n
er
atio
n
w
it
h
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
ie
s
[
1
0
]
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
SMG
p
r
o
f
its
h
as
b
ee
n
ad
d
r
ess
ed
w
it
h
m
eta
h
e
u
r
is
ti
c
o
p
tim
izatio
n
to
o
ls
,
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
o
u
ts
ta
n
d
in
g
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
in
ac
ce
p
tab
le
ti
m
es
[
9
]
.
Un
d
er
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SMG
m
o
d
el
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
a
g
g
r
e
g
ato
r
,
w
h
o
o
p
ti
m
izes
E
V
B
SS
.
E
q
u
all
y
n
o
tab
le,
th
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
u
s
i
n
g
a
d
ec
is
io
n
m
atr
i
x
,
w
h
ich
ai
m
s
to
s
i
m
u
late
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
ch
ar
g
in
g
(
o
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
)
ti
m
e
s
,
s
to
ch
a
s
tic
v
is
i
ts
,
an
d
b
atter
ies
s
w
ap
p
i
n
g
o
f
E
V
s
.
W
ith
o
u
t
o
v
er
lo
o
k
in
g
o
th
er
ele
m
e
n
ts
,
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
r
m
u
lates
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
a
n
d
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
ies
,
E
SS
s
,
elec
tr
icit
y
m
ar
k
et
s
,
an
d
lo
ad
s
w
it
h
D
R
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
ar
e
d
es
cr
ib
ed
b
elo
w
:
T
h
e
SMG
m
o
d
el
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
s
t
o
ch
asti
c
s
ch
ed
u
li
n
g
d
u
e
to
th
e
E
V
s
tat
io
n
v
is
its
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
K
-
m
ea
n
s
c
lu
s
ter
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
an
d
p
r
ice
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
i
n
elec
tr
icit
y
m
a
r
k
ets.
B
o
th
a
s
p
ec
ts
ar
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
E
V
B
SS
.
T
o
b
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e,
t
h
e
SM
G
m
o
d
el
i
n
clu
d
e
s
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
w
ea
t
h
er
f
o
r
ec
ast,
lo
ad
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
,
an
d
w
h
o
lesale
an
d
lo
ca
l
m
ar
k
e
ts
.
A
d
ec
i
s
io
n
m
atr
i
x
to
E
V
B
SS
is
s
c
h
ed
u
led
in
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ele
m
e
n
ts
in
E
Vs,
s
u
c
h
as
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SO
C
)
o
f
E
Vs,
t
y
p
e
o
f
v
eh
icle,
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
E
Vs
v
is
iti
n
g
t
h
e
B
S
S,
s
tate
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
(
s
w
ap
o
r
d
o
n
o
th
i
n
g
)
an
d
i
d
le
s
p
ac
es
(
p
er
h
o
u
r
)
.
T
h
e
id
le
s
p
ac
es
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
w
h
e
n
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
a
b
atter
y
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
an
d
ato
r
y
,
to
ex
e
m
p
li
f
y
a
r
es
er
v
e
o
f
b
atter
ies
t
h
at
g
u
ar
an
te
es
a
g
o
o
d
s
er
v
ice
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
u
n
e
x
p
ec
ted
v
i
s
it
s
o
f
E
Vs
in
th
e
B
SS
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SMG
m
o
d
el
h
a
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
an
d
d
is
cr
ete
v
ar
iab
les,
as
w
ell
as
a
d
ec
is
io
n
m
atr
i
x
t
h
at
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
e
w
p
r
o
b
lem
r
elate
d
to
i
n
te
g
er
n
u
m
b
er
s
,
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
o
f
n
u
m
b
er
s
an
d
id
le
s
p
ac
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
“
v
ar
iab
le
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
h
o
o
d
s
ea
r
ch
-
d
i
f
f
er
en
tia
l
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
p
ar
ticle
sw
ar
m
”
(
VNS
-
DE
E
P
SO)
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
co
s
t in
SMGs
w
i
th
u
n
ce
r
t
ain
t
y
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
i
s
o
r
g
a
n
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
s
ec
t
io
n
2
p
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
s
ta
te
o
f
t
h
e
ar
t
o
f
SMG
m
o
d
els
th
a
t
in
cl
u
d
e
E
V
B
SS
.
Sectio
n
3
f
o
r
m
u
la
tes
th
e
SM
G
m
o
d
el
an
d
em
p
h
asize
s
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
o
f
th
e
SMG
w
it
h
E
V
B
SS
s
.
I
n
s
ec
t
io
n
4
,
th
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
h
ig
h
li
g
h
te
d
an
d
th
e
E
V
B
SS
m
atr
ix
w
it
h
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
,
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
tr
ate
g
y
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
5
,
t
h
e
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
a
n
d
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
Fin
al
l
y
,
se
ctio
n
6
o
u
tli
n
es t
h
e
co
n
cl
u
s
i
o
n
s
.
2.
ST
A
T
E
O
F
T
H
E
ART
SMGs
h
av
e
c
h
alle
n
g
es
r
elate
d
to
th
e
p
lan
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
d
a
y
-
a
h
ea
d
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
E
Vs.
A
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e,
o
th
er
ele
m
e
n
ts
(
lo
ad
w
it
h
d
e
m
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
-
DR
,
g
e
n
er
atio
n
-
Gen
a
n
d
E
SS
s
)
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
o
r
d
in
ated
[
7
]
.
Six
e
le
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
tac
k
led
as
m
ai
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
:
(
1
)
l
o
ad
w
it
h
DR
,
(
2
)
Gen
,
(
3
)
E
SS
s
,
(
4
)
E
V
-
p
r
o
s
u
m
er
(
E
VP
)
,
(
5
)
B
SS
,
an
d
(
6
)
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
o
f
E
V
B
SS
,
Gen
,
lo
ad
s
w
it
h
D
R
an
d
en
er
g
y
m
ar
k
ets.
Her
ein
af
ter
,
th
e
s
i
x
ter
m
s
ar
e
ca
lled
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
A
c
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
llected
,
T
ab
le
1
o
r
g
an
izes
SMG
m
o
d
els
f
r
o
m
1
to
10
,
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
m
ai
n
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
SMG
m
o
d
el
1
s
c
h
ed
u
le
s
th
e
d
ay
a
h
ea
d
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
iz
atio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
is
s
o
l
v
ed
b
y
a
s
s
e
m
b
lin
g
th
e
g
e
n
etic
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
w
it
h
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
le
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
r
eg
io
n
[
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
B
S
S
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
h
e
n
it
ch
o
o
s
e
s
th
e
lev
el
o
f
to
ler
ab
le
r
is
k
.
T
h
is
B
SS
m
o
d
el
o
p
er
ates
as
an
is
o
lat
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
th
at
i
s
,
it d
o
es n
o
t in
te
g
r
ate
o
th
er
ele
m
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
id
a
n
d
eli
m
i
n
at
es th
e
d
is
c
h
ar
g
ed
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
E
Vs b
at
ter
ies
[
3
]
.
SMG
m
o
d
el
2
co
o
r
d
in
ates
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
d
is
c
h
ar
g
in
g
,
an
d
s
w
ap
p
in
g
o
f
b
atter
ies.
W
h
en
E
Vs
ca
n
b
u
y
/
s
ell
en
er
g
y
to
th
e
g
r
id
,
th
i
s
r
o
le
is
ca
lled
E
VP
.
T
h
e
s
w
a
p
p
in
g
p
r
ices
an
d
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
in
te
r
v
als
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
tr
ate
g
ies.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
o
f
it
o
f
B
SS
co
o
r
d
in
at
io
n
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
o
th
er
s
tr
ate
g
ies.
Nev
er
t
h
eles
s
,
th
e
as
s
o
ciat
ed
co
s
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
tak
e
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
o
t
h
er
ele
m
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
[
6
]
.
SMG
m
o
d
el
3
i
n
cl
u
d
es
o
t
h
er
ele
m
e
n
ts
s
u
c
h
a
s
E
V
o
p
er
atio
n
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
g
en
er
atio
n
,
elec
tr
icit
y
m
ar
k
et
p
r
ici
n
g
,
a
n
d
DR
.
I
n
th
i
s
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
E
V
m
o
d
el
h
a
s
n
o
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
d
esc
r
ip
tio
n
o
f
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
5
0
9
3
-
5107
5096
an
d
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
[
9
]
.
SMG
m
o
d
el
4
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
e
d
is
p
atc
h
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
E
Vs,
w
i
n
d
an
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
t
h
is
E
V
m
o
d
el
ass
o
ciate
s
E
Vs
w
it
h
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
an
d
o
n
l
y
th
e
lo
ad
p
o
w
e
r
v
ar
ies.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
o
d
el
lac
k
s
a
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
d
is
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
,
s
w
ap
p
in
g
b
atter
ies,
an
d
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
[
1
1
]
.
B
SS
m
o
d
el
5
g
at
h
er
s
th
e
E
Vs
i
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
o
f
DR
.
T
h
e
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
a
t
ig
n
o
r
in
g
th
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
o
f
E
V
s
tr
af
f
ic
an
d
P
V
g
en
er
atio
n
lead
s
to
an
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
lan
n
in
g
.
Fu
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e,
B
SS
m
o
d
el
5
ass
u
m
es
s
i
m
p
li
f
icat
io
n
s
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
o
th
er
ele
m
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
id
an
d
t
h
e
u
n
ce
r
t
ain
t
y
o
f
th
e
m
ar
k
et
p
r
ices
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
6
f
o
r
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
co
n
s
i
d
er
s
th
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
E
Vs.
E
V
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
ies
ar
e
m
o
d
eled
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
Ga
u
s
s
ian
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
el.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
E
Vs
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
r
id
,
P
V
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
an
d
b
atter
y
-
E
S
Ss
.
I
n
s
p
ite
o
f
t
h
is
,
th
e
last
v
ar
iab
les
h
av
e
u
n
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
to
c
h
asti
c
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
tie
s
,
s
i
n
ce
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
d
etails ab
o
u
t th
ese
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
m
o
d
els
[
1
3
]
.
B
SS
m
o
d
el
7
f
o
r
ec
asts
w
i
n
d
-
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
u
s
es
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
p
r
ices
to
p
lan
i
n
s
h
o
r
t
ti
m
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
E
V
m
o
d
el
ta
k
e
s
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
E
Vs
[
1
4
]
.
B
SS
m
o
d
el
8
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
s
to
c
h
asti
c
it
y
i
n
e
n
er
g
y
m
ar
k
ets
a
n
d
d
e
m
an
d
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
b
atter
ies.
Ne
v
er
th
e
less
,
m
o
d
el
8
s
i
m
p
li
f
ie
s
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
s
ta
k
eh
o
ld
er
s
an
d
E
V
B
SS
[
1
5
]
.
B
SS
m
o
d
el
9
p
u
r
ch
ase
s
p
o
w
er
in
an
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
m
a
x
i
m
izes
t
h
e
d
a
y
-
a
h
ea
d
in
co
m
e
s
.
T
h
is
b
i
-
le
v
el
m
o
d
el
i
s
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
lo
w
er
a
n
d
u
p
p
er
lev
el
s
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
h
as
ac
ce
s
es
to
th
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
o
f
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
p
r
ices.
T
h
e
B
SS
m
o
d
el
in
clu
d
es
a
m
icr
o
-
t
u
r
b
in
e,
P
V
an
d
w
in
d
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
o
f
th
e
la
s
t
t
w
o
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
g
eth
er
w
it
h
t
h
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
r
r
iv
al
ti
m
e
o
f
E
V
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
i
s
m
o
d
el
i
n
clu
d
e
s
n
eit
h
er
th
e
E
SS
n
o
r
th
e
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
r
estrictio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
A
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
r
estrict
th
e
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
i
n
[
1
7
]
.
Oth
er
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
also
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
o
f
P
V
an
d
w
i
n
d
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
an
i
n
d
ex
o
f
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
is
lan
d
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
[
1
8
]
.
B
SS
m
o
d
el
10
is
f
o
r
m
u
la
ted
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
an
d
in
teg
r
ate
s
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
to
E
Vs t
h
r
o
u
g
h
B
S
S,
w
h
er
e
B
SS
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
is
s
i
m
u
lated
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
a
K
-
m
ea
n
s
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
in
teg
r
ates
SM
G
w
it
h
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
ele
m
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
a
s
P
V
g
en
er
atio
n
,
elec
tr
icit
y
m
ar
k
et
s
,
a
n
d
lo
ad
s
w
it
h
D
R
.
SMG
p
lan
n
i
n
g
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
t
h
e
ag
g
r
e
g
ato
r
,
w
h
ic
h
tr
ies
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
f
its
o
f
th
e
SMG.
T
h
en
,
th
e
a
g
g
r
eg
ato
r
m
i
n
i
m
izes
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
t
w
h
ile
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
i
n
co
m
e
s
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
th
e
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
i
n
elec
tr
icit
y
m
ar
k
et
s
g
en
er
ate
p
r
o
f
it.
B
esid
es,
th
e
ag
g
r
eg
ato
r
h
as
as
s
ets,
s
u
c
h
as
E
V
s
B
SS
s
an
d
E
SS
s
,
w
h
ic
h
b
ec
o
m
e
p
r
o
s
u
m
er
s
as
t
h
e
y
ca
n
eith
er
b
u
y
o
r
s
ell
e
n
er
g
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
e
v
ie
w
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
w
it
h
E
Vs
B
SS
No
DR
G
e
n
ESS
EV
P
B
S
S
U
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
so
u
r
c
e
s
1
No
Y
e
s
No
No
Y
e
s
EV
s a
n
d
P
V
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
[
3
]
2
No
No
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
EV
s a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
mark
e
t
s
[
6
]
3
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
No
EV
s,
P
V
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
mark
e
t
s,
a
n
d
l
o
a
d
s w
i
t
h
D
R
[
9
]
4
Y
e
s
No
No
No
No
EV
s,
w
i
n
d
-
p
o
w
e
r
,
a
n
d
P
V
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
[
1
1
]
5
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
No
No
Y
e
s
EV
s a
n
d
P
V
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
[
1
2
]
6
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
No
No
EV
s
[
1
3
]
7
No
Y
e
s
No
No
Y
e
s
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
mark
e
t
s a
n
d
w
i
n
d
-
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
[
1
4
]
8
No
Y
e
s
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
d
e
man
d
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
mark
e
t
s
[
1
5
]
9
No
Y
e
s
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
P
V
a
n
d
w
i
n
d
-
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
l
o
a
d
d
e
man
d
a
n
d
EV
s
[
1
6
]
10
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
EV
s,
P
V
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
mark
e
t
s,
a
n
d
l
o
a
d
s
w
i
t
h
D
R
(
T
h
i
s
S
M
G
mo
d
e
l
i
s fo
r
mu
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
)
T
h
e
B
SS
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
DR
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
is
u
s
u
all
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
in
DR
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
[
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
B
SS
m
o
d
el,
t
h
e
ag
g
r
eg
a
to
r
n
eg
o
tiat
es e
n
er
g
y
i
n
th
e
elec
tr
icit
y
s
p
o
t p
r
ice.
I
n
th
e
B
SS
,
o
n
e
av
ailab
le
a
s
s
et
i
s
t
h
e
b
atter
y
b
a
n
k
in
th
e
B
S
S
th
at
ca
n
b
e
en
co
d
ed
w
ith
a
E
Vs
B
SS
m
atr
ix
.
T
h
e
ag
g
r
eg
ato
r
d
ea
ls
w
it
h
th
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
in
t
h
e
ar
r
iv
al
ti
m
e
o
f
E
Vs
a
n
d
th
e
v
o
lat
ilit
y
o
f
m
ar
k
et
p
r
ices.
F
o
r
b
o
th
,
th
e
u
n
ce
r
ta
in
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
ar
e
esti
m
ated
w
it
h
t
h
e
K
-
m
ea
n
s
g
r
o
u
p
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
.
I
n
t
h
e
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
v
e
h
icle
d
r
iv
in
g
p
atter
n
s
ar
e
f
o
r
ec
ast
b
ased
o
n
NW
S
tr
a
f
f
ic
[
6
]
.
L
o
ad
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
f
o
r
E
V
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
tack
le
co
n
g
est
io
n
ti
m
e
s
an
d
r
elie
v
e
t
h
e
s
ca
r
cit
y
o
f
en
er
g
y
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
SOC
ea
s
e
s
th
e
s
ch
ed
u
li
n
g
th
e
b
atter
ie
s
ch
ar
g
e
o
r
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e
as in
d
icato
r
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
th
is
w
a
y
,
SMG
m
o
d
el
10
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
e,
tak
i
n
g
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
ev
is
io
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Satis
f
ac
t
o
r
y
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
o
f
v
ital
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
ar
e
i
n
s
p
ec
ted
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
m
et
h
o
d
s
[
9
,
21]
.
T
h
ese
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
w
id
el
y
s
tu
d
ied
,
h
o
w
ev
er
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
s
till
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
g
ap
s
r
elate
d
to
y
ield
s
,
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
[
2
1
]
.
A
v
ast
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
m
eta
h
eu
r
i
s
tics
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
s
eq
u
en
t
ial
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
h
eu
r
is
tic
s
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
[
2
1
]
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
a
h
ier
ar
ch
y
a
n
al
y
s
is
i
s
s
et
o
u
t
a
m
o
n
g
s
e
v
er
al
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
ch
as
e
n
h
an
ce
d
v
elo
cit
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
tial
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
p
ar
ticle
s
w
ar
m
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
t
h
e
m
a
in
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
t
h
e
l
iter
atu
r
e
ar
e
o
r
g
a
n
ized
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
h
ier
ar
ch
y
o
f
a
b
etter
s
u
b
o
p
tim
a
l
s
o
lu
t
i
o
n
[
9
,
2
2
]
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
VN
S
-
DE
E
P
SO
alg
o
r
ith
m
t
u
r
n
s
o
u
t
to
h
av
e
a
g
r
ea
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Op
tima
l sch
ed
u
lin
g
o
f sma
r
t
micro
g
r
id
s
co
n
s
id
erin
g
elec
tr
i
c
ve
h
icle
…
(
J.
Ga
r
cia
-
Gu
a
r
in
)
5097
h
ier
ar
ch
y
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
SMG
m
o
d
el
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
9
,
2
2
]
an
d
it is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
t
w
o
(
VNS
an
d
DE
E
P
SO)
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
b
elo
w
.
VNS
-
DE
E
P
SO
is
w
id
el
y
tes
ted
in
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
i
n
d
s
o
u
t
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
w
i
th
lo
w
s
e
n
s
ib
ilit
y
to
s
o
m
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
P
V
p
o
w
er
f
o
r
ec
ast,
lo
ad
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
E
Vs p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
an
d
w
h
o
lesale
a
n
d
lo
ca
l
m
ar
k
et
s
[
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Hier
ar
ch
y
o
f
t
h
e
b
est
s
u
b
o
p
ti
m
al
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
[
9
,
22]
2
.
1
.
Va
ria
ble neig
hb
o
rho
o
d sea
rc
h
-
VNS
VNS
is
u
s
ed
in
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
,
as
it
ca
n
f
in
d
a
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
u
m
w
it
h
q
u
alit
y
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
s
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
m
a
k
es
a
u
to
m
atics
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
ch
an
g
e
s
an
d
ai
m
s
to
ex
te
n
d
th
e
lo
ca
l
s
ea
r
ch
.
T
h
e
VNS
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
d
ef
i
n
ed
in
t
w
o
m
ai
n
s
ta
g
es:
i
n
it
ializatio
n
a
n
d
r
ep
etitio
n
.
T
h
e
in
itializatio
n
s
ta
g
e
co
n
s
is
t
s
in
d
ef
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
I
n
th
e
r
ep
etitio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
i
n
t
h
r
ee
s
tep
s
.
F
i
r
s
t
s
tep
,
th
e
in
itial
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
f
o
u
n
d
in
t
h
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
.
Seco
n
d
s
tep
,
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
m
et
h
o
d
lo
o
k
s
f
o
r
an
i
n
itial
s
o
lu
tio
n
ca
lled
lo
ca
l
o
p
ti
m
u
m
.
I
n
th
e
th
ir
d
s
t
ep
,
th
e
lo
ca
l
o
p
ti
m
u
m
is
s
to
r
ed
.
Af
ter
w
ar
d
,
w
h
e
n
th
e
n
e
w
s
o
lu
t
io
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
th
e
lo
ca
l
o
p
ti
m
u
m
s
o
l
u
tio
n
,
th
en
th
e
lo
ca
l
o
p
ti
m
u
m
s
o
lu
tio
n
w
ill
b
e
u
p
d
ated
.
T
w
o
ca
s
es
ca
n
h
a
p
p
en
:
f
ir
s
t,
t
h
e
n
e
w
s
o
l
u
tio
n
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
s
w
o
r
s
e
t
h
an
th
e
lo
ca
l o
p
tim
u
m
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
,
th
e
n
e
w
s
o
l
u
tio
n
f
o
u
n
d
is
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
as
th
e
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
u
m
.
I
n
b
o
th
ca
s
es,
t
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
co
n
ti
n
u
es
f
o
r
th
e
n
e
x
t
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
ese
s
tep
s
ar
e
r
ep
ea
ted
u
n
til
th
e
last
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
[
2
3
,
2
4
]
.
2
.
2
.
Dif
f
er
ent
ia
l e
v
o
lutio
na
r
y
pa
rt
icle
s
w
a
r
m
o
pti
m
iza
t
io
n
-
DE
E
P
SO
DE
E
P
SO
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
as
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
m
eta
h
eu
r
i
s
tics
:
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
tial
ev
o
l
u
t
io
n
(
DE
)
,
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
E
A
)
an
d
p
ar
ticle
s
w
ar
m
o
p
ti
m
izati
o
n
(
P
SO)
.
T
h
ese
m
et
h
o
d
s
tr
y
to
f
i
n
d
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
co
r
r
ec
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
j
o
in
tl
y
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
[
2
5
]
.
E
A
al
g
o
r
ith
m
u
s
es
b
io
lo
g
ic
al
o
p
er
ato
r
s
s
u
ch
a
s
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
m
u
tatio
n
,
r
ec
o
m
b
in
at
io
n
,
a
n
d
s
elec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
e
v
o
lv
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
b
io
lo
g
ical
tech
n
iq
u
es.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
f
itn
es
s
d
eter
m
i
n
es t
h
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
q
u
alit
y
[
2
6
]
.
P
SO
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
a
s
et
o
f
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
as
s
w
ar
m
p
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
y
f
lo
w
i
n
tr
ac
k
s
o
f
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
is
th
e
b
e
s
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
n
d
t
h
eir
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
[
2
7
]
.
DE
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
a
s
th
r
ee
o
r
f
o
u
r
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
an
d
in
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
2
0
lin
es
,
it
in
clu
d
es
a
s
i
m
p
le
an
d
ad
ap
tab
le
m
u
tatio
n
o
p
er
ato
r
[
2
6
]
.
Fin
all
y
,
DE
E
P
SO
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
as
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
as
a
m
eta
h
e
u
r
is
tic
tec
h
n
ic
an
d
is
a
h
y
b
r
id
a
m
o
n
g
E
A
,
P
SO,
a
n
d
DE
.
I
t
h
a
s
b
e
s
t
o
u
tco
m
es
t
h
an
o
th
er
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
h
o
w
ev
er
,
i
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
ed
u
cti
v
e
de
m
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
[
2
5
]
.
3.
SM
ART
M
I
CRO
G
R
I
D
M
O
DE
L
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
m
ai
n
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
B
SS
m
o
d
el
10
o
f
SMG
t
h
at
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
th
e
p
r
o
f
its
(
in
clu
d
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
co
s
t
s
a
n
d
in
co
m
es).
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
m
ai
n
ele
m
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
S
MG
(
E
SS
,
E
V
B
SS
,
lo
ad
w
it
h
DR
,
d
a
y
-
ah
ea
d
m
ar
k
ets,
P
V
g
e
n
er
atio
n
an
d
DG)
.
T
h
e
ar
r
o
w
s
m
ea
n
b
u
y
o
r
s
ell
en
er
g
y
:
s
e
l
lin
g
is
s
y
m
b
o
lized
b
y
t
h
e
li
n
e
e
n
ter
i
n
g
to
th
e
a
g
g
r
eg
ato
r
an
d
b
u
y
in
g
b
y
t
h
e
li
n
e
co
m
in
g
o
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
ag
g
r
eg
ato
r
.
T
h
e
r
ed
lin
e
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
t
h
e
ele
m
en
ts
w
it
h
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
.
T
h
e
S
MG
m
o
d
el
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
co
d
if
y
in
g
a
b
lack
b
o
x
m
o
d
el
o
f
SMG
f
r
o
m
[
2
8
]
an
d
a
d
ec
is
io
n
m
atr
ix
i
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
co
llectin
g
av
ai
lab
le
d
ata
f
r
o
m
[
2
9
,
3
0
]
,
to
g
eth
er
w
it
h
t
h
e
E
V
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
r
o
m
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
S
MG
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
lis
ted
b
elo
w
.
V
a
r
ia
b
le
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
s
ea
r
c
h
d
if
f
er
en
tia
l
ev
o
lu
tio
n
a
r
y
p
a
r
tic
le
s
w
a
r
m
(
VN
S
-
D
E
E
P
S
O)
F
i
r
s
t
h
i
er
a
r
c
h
y
E
v
o
l
u
tio
n
a
r
y
p
a
r
tic
l
e
s
w
a
r
m
o
p
timi
z
a
tio
n
(
E
VD
E
P
S
O
)
S
ec
o
n
d
h
ie
r
a
r
c
h
y
A
n
t
c
o
lo
n
y
o
p
ti
mi
z
a
tio
n
(
A
CO
)
,
c
h
a
o
tic
ev
o
lu
t
io
n
a
r
y
s
w
a
r
m
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
(
C
E
S
O),
c
u
c
k
o
o
s
ea
r
c
h
(
CS
)
,
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
a
r
y
p
a
r
tic
l
e
s
w
a
r
m
o
p
timi
z
a
tio
n
(
E
P
S
O
)
,
f
l
o
w
er
p
o
l
l
i
n
a
tio
n
(
F
P
)
,
d
i
f
f
er
en
tia
l
ev
o
l
u
ti
o
n
(
D
E
)
,
g
en
etic
a
l
g
o
r
i
th
m
(
GA
)
,
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
i
mu
l
a
ted
a
n
n
ea
l
i
n
g
(
H
S
A
)
,
h
y
b
r
i
d
d
i
f
f
er
en
ti
a
l
s
ea
r
c
h
a
l
g
o
r
i
th
m
(
H
D
S
A
)
,
p
a
r
tic
l
e
s
w
a
r
m
o
p
timi
z
a
tio
n
(
P
S
O
)
,
q
u
a
n
tu
m
p
a
r
tic
l
e
s
w
a
r
m
o
p
timi
z
a
tio
n
(
Q
P
S
O
)
,
s
i
mu
l
a
ted
a
n
n
ea
l
i
n
g
(S
A
)
a
n
d
T
a
b
u
s
ea
r
c
h
(
T
S
)
.
T
h
i
r
d
h
ie
r
a
r
c
h
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
5
0
9
3
-
5107
5098
-
SMGs
is
a
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
,
b
u
t
also
SMGs
o
p
er
ate
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
an
d
s
e
lf
-
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
l
y
.
B
y
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
to
k
e
n
,
SMGs
co
n
s
i
s
t
o
f
a
s
et
o
f
lo
ad
s
a
n
d
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
o
p
er
atin
g
a
s
a
u
n
iq
u
e
s
y
s
te
m
[
3
1
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
co
n
te
x
t,
SMG
s
h
a
v
e
ag
g
r
eg
ato
r
s
t
h
at
tr
y
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
SMG
p
r
o
f
it
s
.
-
SMGs a
r
e
f
le
x
ib
le
i
n
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
er
atio
n
(
DG
)
an
d
P
V
g
en
er
atio
n
[
3
2
]
.
-
T
wo
elec
tr
icit
y
m
ar
k
e
ts
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
w
h
o
lesale
an
d
lo
ca
l,
an
d
th
e
E
V
p
r
ices
ar
e
e
s
ti
m
ated
w
it
h
th
e
A
u
s
tr
alia
n
Ma
r
k
et
Op
er
ato
r
f
r
o
m
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
1
6
to
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
9
.
P
r
ices
f
r
o
m
elec
tr
ici
t
y
m
ar
k
et
s
lead
to
r
ev
en
u
es
f
o
r
s
el
li
n
g
o
r
ex
p
en
s
es f
o
r
b
u
y
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
[
2
8
]
.
-
A
r
ea
lis
t
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
SMG
in
clu
d
e
s
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
w
it
h
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
.
T
h
e
u
n
ce
r
ta
in
t
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
(
a)
P
V
r
en
e
w
ab
le
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
(
b
)
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
iles
,
(
c)
v
is
it
o
f
E
Vs
to
B
SS
s
,
a
n
d
(
d
)
elec
t
r
icit
y
m
ar
k
et
p
r
ices f
o
r
w
h
o
lesale,
lo
ca
l,
an
d
elec
tr
icit
y
s
p
o
t
f
o
r
E
Vs
[
6
,
2
8
]
.
-
T
h
e
ag
g
r
eg
ato
r
u
s
es
E
S
S
an
d
B
SS
as
th
eir
o
w
n
as
s
ets
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
o
f
en
er
g
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le
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s
[
2
1
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.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Dep
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o
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ased
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ated
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h
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em
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g
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[
2
8
]
.
Fix
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ts
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e
r
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to
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e
p
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atter
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eg
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ath
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h
e
d
er
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ze
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Fix
ed
co
s
t
s
ar
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n
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o
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t
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6
]
.
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r
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p
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ter
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f
(
1
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e
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m
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lated
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r
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m
(
2
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to
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7
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q
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atio
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(
2
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r
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ts
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e
p
r
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ad
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w
it
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R
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ar
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s
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ilit
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(
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n
(
3
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n
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th
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V
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I
n
(
5
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,
B
SS
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v
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lat
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f
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Vs
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atter
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lcu
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ted
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ased
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th
e
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tr
ac
tio
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a
s
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g
n
ed
b
atter
y
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r
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m
E
V
s
b
atter
y
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e
m
a
n
d
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
(
5
)
,
th
e
e
f
f
icien
c
ies
(
an
d
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r
ef
er
to
ch
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from
[
29,
30]
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s
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n
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th
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g
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is
ex
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as s
h
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7
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.
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e
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24
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PC
Pe
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PC
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T
h
e
en
er
g
y
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alan
ce
h
as
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
s
h
o
w
n
in
(
8
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.
T
h
e
co
n
s
er
v
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v
e
b
alan
ce
s
h
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l
d
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h
e
en
er
g
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s
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u
p
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s
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h
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i
n
t
h
e
g
e
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er
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n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
[
2
8
]
.
E
Vs
B
SS
h
as
an
o
t
h
er
an
al
y
s
i
s
eq
u
al
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t
h
e
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n
er
g
y
b
ala
n
ce
s
h
o
w
n
f
r
o
m
(
10
)
to
(
17
)
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
also
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
at
E
Vs
a
n
d
lo
ad
s
ar
e
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
D
R
p
r
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g
r
a
m
s
.
E
q
u
atio
n
(
9
)
f
o
r
m
u
lates
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co
n
s
tr
ain
t
f
o
r
th
e
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ad
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a
t
th
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y
s
h
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u
ld
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d
if
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er
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n
t
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n
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th
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t
1
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o
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h
e
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l
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er
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y
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ein
g
s
u
p
p
lied
f
o
r
all
p
er
io
d
s
[
3
2
]
.
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
is
s
u
b
j
ec
t
to
(
8
)
an
d
(
9
)
.
E
Vs
e
n
co
m
p
as
s
th
e
DR
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
an
d
s
ch
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le
th
e
B
S
S
ar
r
iv
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ti
m
e
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i
th
th
e
f
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n
g
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
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h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
v
is
it
s
o
f
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Vs
is
e
x
p
ec
te
d
to
b
e
f
ix
ed
[
6
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
v
is
i
tin
g
h
o
u
r
s
ar
e
esti
m
ated
w
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h
e
K
-
m
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ter
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et
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[
6
]
.
T
h
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o
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h
o
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r
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r
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[
1
6
]
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T
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SS
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atter
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
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I
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2
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load
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PC
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ax
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Je
,
t
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s
S
(
9
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Fu
ll
y
ch
ar
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ed
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atter
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ar
e
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ailab
le
p
er
h
o
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r
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t
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ll
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atter
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s
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ar
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ee
d
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er
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io
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in
th
e
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SS
.
I
n
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h
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e
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e
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t
t
h
at
elec
tr
ic
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icles
v
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s
it
t
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b
s
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tio
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w
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e
s
m
a
y
o
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u
r
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n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
s
e,
th
e
b
atter
y
is
n
o
t
s
w
ap
p
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
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g
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eg
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to
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d
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o
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co
n
s
id
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it
co
m
p
elli
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g
o
r
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
b
atter
ies
av
ai
lab
le.
T
h
ese
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
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n
te
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p
late
t
h
at
th
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ag
g
r
eg
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s
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en
al
ized
,
s
o
th
ese
s
it
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
u
n
d
es
ir
ab
le
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
b
atter
y
i
s
s
w
ap
p
ed
.
T
h
e
d
ay
b
eg
i
n
s
w
i
th
a
f
u
ll
y
c
h
ar
g
ed
b
atter
y
b
an
k
.
E
V
s
ar
r
iv
i
n
g
at
t
h
e
B
SS
h
a
v
e
co
m
p
letel
y
d
ep
leted
b
atter
ies
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
/
d
is
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
E
Vs
b
atter
ies
is
co
n
s
ta
n
t.
T
h
is
is
esti
m
ated
w
ith
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
ti
m
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
ch
ar
g
er
an
d
th
e
E
V
b
r
an
d
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
s
w
ap
p
in
g
ti
m
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
n
eg
li
g
ib
le
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
h
as
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
atter
ies
[
3
3
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
SO
C
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
v
is
its
o
f
E
Vs
a
n
d
th
e
d
e
cisi
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
ag
g
r
eg
ato
r
[
1
6
]
.
B
atter
y
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
is
es
ti
m
a
ted
as
a
f
i
x
ed
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s
t.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
il
it
y
o
f
co
s
ts
f
o
r
b
atter
y
d
eg
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ad
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n
is
a
s
s
u
m
ed
n
eg
lig
i
b
le
f
o
r
d
a
y
-
a
h
ea
d
p
lan
n
i
n
g
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
ag
g
r
eg
at
o
r
ca
n
s
w
ap
s
e
v
er
al
b
atter
ies
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
[
3
3
]
.
I
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
th
e
af
o
r
e
m
en
t
io
n
ed
co
n
s
id
er
at
io
n
s
,
th
e
r
es
tr
ictio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
o
f
E
V
s
ar
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
ated
.
I
n
(
10
)
,
f
u
ll
y
-
c
h
ar
g
ed
b
atter
ies
(
)
in
clu
d
e
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
u
ll
y
-
c
h
ar
g
ed
b
atter
ies i
n
ea
ch
p
er
io
d
,
n
e
w
b
atter
ies
th
at
ar
e
f
u
l
l
y
-
c
h
ar
g
e
d
(
)
an
d
d
ep
leted
b
atter
ies
th
at
ar
e
s
w
ap
p
ed
f
o
r
f
u
ll
y
-
c
h
ar
g
e
d
b
atter
ies
(
)
.
An
ad
d
itio
n
al
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
E
V
b
atter
ies
co
n
s
is
t
s
in
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
th
e
SMG
d
e
m
a
n
d
.
I
n
(
11
)
,
th
e
w
aiti
n
g
ti
m
e
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
o
r
d
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ch
ar
g
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n
g
is
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
in
ter
v
al
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
ti
m
e
(
)
o
r
in
ter
v
al
d
is
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
ti
m
e
(
).
is
ca
lc
u
lated
as
th
e
r
atio
b
et
wee
n
t
h
e
v
eh
ic
le
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
it
y
(
)
an
d
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
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f
th
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o
n
-
b
o
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d
E
V
(
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an
d
th
e
all
o
w
ed
p
o
w
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r
o
m
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
er
lev
el
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
(
)
.
T
h
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
r
ate
is
l
i
m
i
ted
b
y
th
e
E
V
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
r
d
is
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
in
B
S
S.
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
lev
el
s
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
g
r
o
u
p
ed
in
to
t
h
r
ee
ca
teg
o
r
ies
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
2
[
3
4
]
.
L
ev
el
1
ch
ar
g
er
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
eith
er
at
h
o
m
e
o
r
in
o
v
er
n
i
g
h
t
p
r
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ce
s
s
.
L
ev
el
2
ch
ar
g
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s
h
a
v
e
t
w
o
u
s
es
in
p
u
b
lic
o
r
p
r
iv
ate
f
ac
ilit
ies.
L
e
v
el
3
ch
ar
g
er
s
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
w
it
h
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
allo
w
s
a
q
u
ick
c
h
ar
g
e
in
a
s
h
o
r
t
ti
m
e
;
h
o
w
ev
er
,
th
e
s
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
ar
e
at
a
p
r
em
at
u
r
e
p
h
ase
y
et
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
E
V
r
estrict
io
n
(
1
2
)
estab
lis
h
es
t
h
e
i
n
it
ial
b
atte
r
ies
in
th
e
s
tatio
n
(
)
.
Fu
ll
y
-
ch
ar
g
ed
b
atter
ies
(
)
s
h
o
u
ld
m
ai
n
tai
n
t
h
is
li
m
it.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
d
is
ch
a
r
g
in
g
(
)
an
d
s
w
ap
p
in
g
(
)
b
att
er
ies
ar
e
allo
w
ed
w
ith
o
u
t
s
u
r
p
ass
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
itia
l
b
atter
ies
(
1
3
)
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
E
V
cu
s
to
m
er
s
d
e
m
a
n
d
(
)
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
t
h
e
b
att
er
ies b
ein
g
s
w
ap
p
ed
(
1
4
)
.
T
h
e
b
atter
ies
to
b
e
ch
ar
g
ed
(
)
d
ep
en
d
(
−
(
,
)
)
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
av
ai
la
b
ilit
y
an
d
t
h
e
allo
ca
ted
b
atter
ies
to
s
w
ap
in
th
e
ac
tu
al
p
er
io
d
(
15
)
.
I
n
(
16
)
,
th
e
SOC
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
io
n
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
(
∑
(
−
,
)
−
1
=
0
)
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
∑
(
−
,
)
−
1
=
0
)
p
er
io
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
s
e
t
w
o
ter
m
s
ca
n
n
o
t
ex
ce
ed
th
e
in
itial
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
atter
ies.
I
n
(
17
)
,
d
ec
is
io
n
v
ar
iab
les ar
e
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
o
r
eq
u
al
to
ze
r
o
.
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
is
th
e
n
s
u
b
j
ec
t to
1
,
,
,
,
,
f
c
t
s
c
t
s
d
t
s
s
w
t
s
f
c
t
s
N
N
N
N
N
,
t
T
s
S
(
1
0
)
m
i
n
,
or
(
1
1
)
,
0
i
f
c
t
s
NN
,
t
T
s
S
(
1
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
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Op
tima
l sch
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u
lin
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f sma
r
t
micro
g
r
id
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co
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s
id
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tr
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h
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…
(
J.
Ga
r
cia
-
Gu
a
r
in
)
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,,
i
d
t
s
s
w
t
s
N
N
N
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t
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(
1
3
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,
t
T
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S
(
1
4
)
,
,
,
i
c
t
s
f
c
t
s
s
w
t
s
N
N
N
N
,
t
T
s
S
(
1
5
)
1
1
,,
00
i
c
t
f
s
d
t
f
s
ff
N
N
N
,
t
T
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(
1
6
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,
,
,
,
,
,
0
i
s
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t
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c
t
s
d
t
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(
1
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,
i
N
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s
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t
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ℤ
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2
.
Sp
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if
icatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
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p
o
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v
el
[
3
4
]
P
o
w
e
r
L
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v
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l
Ty
p
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c
a
l
u
se
C
h
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4
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1
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1
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4.
UNCER
T
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I
NT
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URC
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h
e
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tain
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y
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h
r
ee
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ese
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ted
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elo
w
.
4
.
1
.
Uncer
t
a
inty
o
f
P
V
g
ener
a
t
io
n,
elec
t
ricit
y
m
a
r
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et
s
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nd
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h DR
T
h
e
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te
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in
g
5
0
0
0
s
c
en
a
r
i
o
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
i
s
r
es
e
a
r
ch
l
o
o
k
s
f
o
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o
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n
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e
r
ta
in
ty
p
ar
am
et
e
r
s
,
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u
ch
as
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o
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f
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d
w
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m
a
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ts
[
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8
]
.
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PV
p
o
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a
b
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tie
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[
3
5
]
.
,
f
o
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c
a
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o
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s
S
X
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x
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(
1
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)
4
.
2
.
Uncer
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f
driv
en
pa
t
t
er
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nd
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t
ricit
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po
t
price
f
o
r
EV
s
Data
o
n
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ip
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n
d
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ce
s
f
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m
Ne
w
So
u
th
W
ales
(
NS
W
)
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
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t
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ate
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r
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h
o
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r
2
4
[
6
]
.
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lectr
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Fi
g
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[
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clu
s
ter
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atter
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s
[
6
]
.
,,
s
w
t
s
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atter
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t.
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