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I
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-
8708
I
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e
in
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e,
an
d
b
elo
w
is
a
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
Stu
d
ies d
ea
li
n
g
w
it
h
th
i
s
to
p
ic:
E
ar
ly
w
o
r
k
i
n
[
1
]
,
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
ch
o
o
s
e
a
n
d
esti
m
ate
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
C
o
b
b
-
Do
u
g
la
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
w
it
h
ad
d
itiv
e
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
m
u
lt
ip
lica
tiv
e
er
r
o
r
s
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
s
elec
ted
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ies
o
f
B
an
g
lad
e
s
h
o
v
er
t
h
e
p
er
io
d
1
9
7
8
-
19
7
9
to
2
0
1
1
-
2
0
1
2
,
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
h
elp
f
u
l
in
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
i
t
ab
le
C
o
b
b
-
Do
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g
las
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
t
o
f
o
r
ec
ast
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
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elec
ted
m
an
u
f
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t
u
r
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g
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ies
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
li
k
e
B
an
g
lad
e
s
h
.
W
h
i
le
th
e
s
tu
d
y
i
n
[
2
]
test
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
C
o
b
b
-
Do
u
g
la
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
c
tio
n
r
eliab
il
i
t
y
f
o
r
th
e
C
ze
c
h
ec
o
n
o
m
y
to
an
al
y
ze
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
-
s
id
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
p
o
ten
tial.
He
ap
p
lied
a
m
o
r
e
g
en
er
al
f
o
r
m
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
allo
w
lab
o
r
s
h
ar
e
to
d
ev
elo
p
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
e
m
p
ir
ica
l
d
ata.
Fo
r
th
e
p
er
io
d
1
9
9
5
-
2
0
0
5
,
h
e
d
id
n
o
t
f
in
d
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
C
ze
ch
ec
o
n
o
m
y
b
y
th
e
C
o
b
b
-
Do
u
g
la
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
a
m
o
r
e
g
en
er
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Me
asu
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
n
d
s
ca
le
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ies
f
o
r
s
m
all
an
d
m
ed
i
u
m
s
ized
en
ter
p
r
is
e
s
in
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
r
esp
e
ctiv
el
y
i
n
A
lb
a
n
ia
a
n
d
Ma
c
ed
o
n
ia
w
as
e
x
a
m
in
ed
i
n
[
3
]
.
He
esti
m
ate
s
an
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
l
in
ea
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
lo
g
ar
ith
m
s
o
f
C
o
b
b
Do
u
g
la
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
in
g
es
ti
m
ated
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
C
o
b
b
-
Do
u
g
las
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
ar
e
o
u
tp
u
t
elas
ticitie
s
o
f
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
in
p
u
t
s
an
d
in
o
u
r
esti
m
atio
n
o
u
tp
u
t e
las
ticit
y
o
f
ca
p
ital is 0
.
4
6
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t e
last
icit
y
o
f
lab
o
r
is
0
.
7
8
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
[
4
]
tr
y
to
esti
m
ate
C
o
b
b
-
Do
u
g
la
s
an
d
C
E
S
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
w
a
y
.
T
h
e
y
u
s
e
ca
p
ita
l a
n
d
lab
o
r
s
er
v
ices i
n
s
tead
o
f
ca
p
ital
s
to
ck
an
d
lab
o
r
.
T
h
en
t
h
e
y
ca
m
e
to
co
n
clu
s
io
n
t
h
at
to
g
et
s
tatis
tical
l
y
s
o
u
n
d
r
esu
l
t
s
w
h
en
ela
s
ticitie
s
eq
u
al
f
ac
to
r
s
h
ar
es,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
u
s
e
th
e
latter
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
ea
l
w
it
h
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
´
s
u
t
il
izatio
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
d
o
in
g
s
o
r
e
v
ea
led
t
h
at
s
u
ch
m
o
d
i
f
ied
e
s
ti
m
ate
i
s
o
n
l
y
a
n
esti
m
ate
o
f
i
n
co
m
e
id
en
tit
y
in
d
is
g
u
is
e
as p
r
ed
icted
b
y
t
h
e
cr
itiq
u
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
t
h
e
to
u
r
is
m
s
ec
to
r
in
th
e
A
r
a
b
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
E
g
y
p
t,
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
C
o
b
b
-
Do
u
g
la
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
as
w
ell
a
s
s
tu
d
y
i
n
g
th
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
u
b
s
ti
tu
t
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
in
t
h
e
to
u
r
is
m
s
ec
to
r
w
as
e
x
a
m
i
n
ed
in
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
ir
s
tu
d
y
co
n
cl
u
d
es
t
h
at
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
y
ield
s
i
n
t
h
e
to
u
r
is
m
s
ec
to
r
T
h
e
E
g
y
p
t
ian
is
a
f
ix
ed
-
v
o
l
u
m
e
y
ield
,
as
t
h
e
to
tal
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
f
o
r
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
ele
m
e
n
ts
h
a
s
r
ea
ch
ed
a
tr
u
e
o
n
e.
W
h
ile
th
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
[
6
]
,
tr
y
to
u
s
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ct
io
n
to
o
b
tai
n
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
ag
r
ic
u
lt
u
r
al
in
p
u
ts
a
n
d
w
al
n
u
t
y
ield
i
n
v
ie
w
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
i
n
p
u
t
s
,
a
n
d
to
m
ak
e
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
al
y
s
is
i
n
w
al
n
u
t
(
J
u
g
la
n
s
r
eg
ia)
o
r
ch
ar
d
s
in
Ha
m
ed
a
n
,
I
r
an
.
E
co
n
o
m
e
tr
ic
an
al
y
s
i
s
r
esu
lt
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
a
t
h
u
m
a
n
lab
o
r
,
f
ar
m
y
ar
d
m
a
n
u
r
e,
ch
e
m
ical
f
er
ti
lizer
s
,
w
at
er
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
a
n
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
to
th
e
y
ield
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
i
n
p
u
t
s
s
h
o
w
e
d
th
at
th
e
m
ar
g
i
n
al
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
(
MP
P
)
v
alu
e
o
f
h
u
m
an
lab
o
r
w
as
t
h
e
h
ig
h
es
t,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
f
ar
m
y
ar
d
m
a
n
u
r
e
an
d
w
ater
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
en
er
g
y
i
n
p
u
t
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
b
en
ef
it
to
co
s
t
r
atio
,
m
ea
n
n
et
r
etu
r
n
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
f
r
o
m
w
al
n
u
t p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
w
as o
b
tain
ed
as 2
.
1
,
2
0
4
3
.
7
$
h
a
-
1
an
d
0
.
3
k
g
$
-
1
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
n
th
eir
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
[
7
]
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
tr
y
to
tes
t
e
m
p
ir
icall
y
t
h
e
C
o
b
b
-
Do
u
g
las
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
s
ec
to
r
o
f
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
Data
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal
v
al
u
e
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t,
to
tal
a
s
s
et,
to
tal
lia
b
ilit
ies,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
w
o
r
k
er
s
etc.
o
f
ab
o
u
t
s
i
x
m
aj
o
r
t
y
p
es
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
Gar
m
e
n
ts
,
T
ex
ti
les,
F
o
o
d
an
d
Fo
o
d
P
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
L
ea
t
h
er
an
d
L
ea
t
h
er
P
r
o
d
u
cts,
E
lectr
o
n
ics
a
n
d
C
h
e
m
ical
s
a
n
d
P
h
ar
m
ac
eu
tic
als
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
u
s
e
th
e
to
tal
v
al
u
e
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
as
Y,
to
tal
liab
ilit
ies
a
s
K,
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
w
o
r
k
er
s
(
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
o
f
f
i
c
i
a
l
’
s
m
a
n
a
g
e
r
s
,
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
)
a
s
L
.
S
t
u
d
y
f
i
n
d
s
t
h
a
t
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
f
o
r
K
a
n
d
L
a
r
e
0
.
4
9
a
n
d
0
.
5
1
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
s
e
c
t
o
r
.
I
n
c
a
s
e
o
f
G
a
r
m
e
n
t
s
,
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
f
o
r
K
i
s
0
.
3
0
a
n
d
L
i
s
0
.
6
1
i
m
p
l
y
i
n
g
th
at
lab
o
r
is
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
cti
v
e
th
a
n
ca
p
ital.
T
h
e
s
tate
m
en
t
is
also
tr
u
e
f
o
r
T
ex
tile
s
ec
to
r
an
d
L
ea
th
er
an
d
leath
er
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
C
ap
ital
is
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
th
a
n
lab
o
r
in
Fo
o
d
an
d
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
e
s
,
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
s
a
n
d
P
h
a
r
m
a
c
e
u
t
i
c
a
l
s
s
e
c
t
o
r
s
.
F
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
r
e
v
e
a
l
t
h
a
t
C
o
b
b
-
D
o
u
g
l
a
s
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
e
x
h
i
b
i
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[
8
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.
T
h
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tu
d
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s
b
ased
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s
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m
p
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co
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d
u
r
in
g
th
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p
er
io
d
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
2
to
2
0
0
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,
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a
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u
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o
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L
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L
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o
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d
ev
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f
r
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m
th
e
d
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ec
t
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
r
o
d
u
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n
f
u
n
ct
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n
s
,
an
d
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ev
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u
s
s
t
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d
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r
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o
n
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e
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s
ti
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co
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tr
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tio
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o
f
a
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an
g
e
o
f
o
th
er
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
o
f
i
n
s
u
r
an
ce
co
m
p
a
n
ie
s
,
as
a
n
atte
m
p
t
to
f
o
r
m
u
late
a
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
r
ep
r
esen
ti
n
g
p
r
o
f
itab
i
lit
y
i
n
th
e
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
i
n
s
u
r
an
ce
s
ec
to
r
in
Sau
d
i
A
r
ab
ia.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
L
I
M
I
T
S
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
i
n
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
i
s
li
m
ited
to
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
li
m
it
s
:
a)
Sp
atial
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies:
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
ea
lt
w
it
h
a
s
a
m
p
le
o
f
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
in
s
u
r
a
n
ce
co
m
p
an
ies
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
Sa
u
d
i
A
r
a
b
ia,
th
ese
co
m
p
a
n
ies
ar
e
(
T
aw
u
n
i
y
a
I
n
s
u
r
an
ce
C
o
m
p
an
y
,
B
u
p
a
Ar
ab
ia
f
o
r
C
o
o
p
e
r
ativ
e
I
n
s
u
r
a
n
ce
,
Sau
d
i
E
n
a
y
a
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
I
n
s
u
r
an
ce
,
Sa
n
ad
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
I
n
s
u
r
an
ce
)
.
b)
T
im
e
li
m
it
s
:
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
ea
lt
w
it
h
t
h
e
q
u
ar
ter
l
y
d
ata
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
t
h
e
f
in
a
n
cial
r
ep
o
r
ts
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
a
n
ie
s
i
n
q
u
esti
o
n
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
ti
m
e
p
er
io
d
b
eg
in
n
in
g
i
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t q
u
ar
ter
o
f
2
0
1
5
an
d
u
n
til th
e
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
th
q
u
ar
ter
o
f
2
0
1
8
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
f
in
a
n
cial
r
ep
o
r
ts
ac
co
m
p
a
n
y
in
g
t
h
i
s
ti
m
e
p
er
io
d
w
er
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
th
e
ex
is
te
n
ce
o
f
co
m
p
lete
d
ata
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ate.
c)
P
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
:
T
h
r
ee
f
o
r
m
u
la
s
w
ill
b
e
tes
ted
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
(
C
o
b
b
-
Do
u
g
las
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ct
io
n
,
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
Z
en
er
-
R
i
v
a
n
k
er
a
n
d
th
e
T
r
an
s
ce
n
d
en
tal
P
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
F
u
n
ct
io
n
)
,
t
h
en
s
elec
t
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
o
n
e
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
th
e
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
o
f
i
n
s
u
r
an
ce
co
m
p
a
n
ies
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
ea
r
n
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
to
ck
to
r
ef
lect
t
h
e
ele
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
th
e
s
o
cial
ca
p
ital
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
to
r
ef
l
ec
t
th
e
h
ea
d
ele
m
en
t
w
o
r
k
in
g
m
o
n
e
y
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
in
t
h
e
co
m
p
an
y
to
r
ef
lec
t
th
e
w
o
r
k
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
n
et
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
ed
p
r
em
i
u
m
s
a
n
d
n
et
clai
m
s
i
n
cu
r
r
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
e
x
p
lan
ato
r
y
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
w
a
s
also
test
ed
.
4.
T
H
E
E
CO
NO
M
I
CAL AND
M
AT
H
E
M
AT
I
CAL NAT
U
RE
O
F
P
RO
DUCT
I
O
N
F
U
NCTI
O
N
S
P
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
e
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
w
o
r
k
an
d
ca
p
ital
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
I
t
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
,
an
d
th
e
in
ter
est
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
is
ts
i
n
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
h
as
led
to
a
clea
r
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
c
an
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
a
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
f
u
n
ctio
n
u
s
ed
to
e
x
p
r
ess
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
a
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
as
a
r
es
u
lt o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ac
tiv
it
y
a
n
d
ta
k
e
t
h
i
s
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
in
it
s
s
i
m
p
lest
f
o
r
m
=
(
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
)
,
s
ee
[
10
-
13]
.
Sin
ce
th
e
Y
-
f
ac
to
r
v
ar
iab
le
r
ep
r
esen
ts
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
,
t
h
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
(
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
)
r
ep
r
esen
t
f
ac
to
r
s
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ci
n
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
in
ter
r
el
ated
an
d
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
,
b
u
t
m
an
y
ec
o
n
o
m
i
s
ts
h
a
v
e
id
en
ti
f
ied
th
e
m
w
it
h
th
r
ee
es
s
en
tia
l
ele
m
e
n
ts
t
h
at
ar
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
i
n
q
u
esti
o
n
.
T
h
es
e
f
ac
to
r
s
i
n
cl
u
d
e
b
o
th
ca
p
ital
s
ize
(
)
,
w
h
ic
h
r
ef
lec
ts
t
h
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
m
ea
n
s
a
v
ailab
le
an
d
u
s
ed
to
p
u
m
p
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
er
v
ice
s
.
A
s
w
ell
a
s
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
w
o
r
k
(
)
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
er
v
ice
s
t
h
at
co
m
e
a
s
a
r
es
u
lt
o
f
t
h
e
wo
r
k
ite
m
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
e
le
m
e
n
t
o
f
tec
h
n
ical
p
r
o
g
r
ess
an
d
r
en
e
w
al,
i
t
s
y
m
b
o
lizes
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
(
)
[
1
4
,
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
ese
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
is
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
o
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
n
etar
y
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
b
y
d
eletin
g
it
f
r
o
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v
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[
1
6
,
1
7
]
.
5.
M
AIN T
YP
E
S O
F
P
RO
DU
CT
I
O
N
F
UN
CT
I
O
NS
C
o
b
b
-
Do
u
g
las
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d
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n
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n
w
as
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
b
o
th
th
e
Am
er
ica
n
ec
o
n
o
m
is
t
P
au
l.
H
.
D
o
u
g
la
s
an
d
th
e
Am
er
ica
n
m
ath
e
m
aticia
n
C
OB
B
.
C
h
ar
le
s
.
W
.
,
an
d
th
is
f
u
n
c
tio
n
m
ea
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r
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th
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i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
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e
m
p
lo
y
m
en
t
an
d
ca
p
ital
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
's
co
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tr
ib
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to
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d
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n
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m
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s
t
i
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p
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to
o
ls
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n
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ic
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a
l
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s
is
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w
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ic
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as
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d
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an
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v
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14
-
1
7
]
.
6.
USE
O
F
P
RO
DUC
T
I
O
N
F
UNCT
I
O
NS
T
O
D
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S
CRIB
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NO
N
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P
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ST
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VAR
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AB
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S
6
.
1
.
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es
s
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t
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ins
ura
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pa
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Co
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[
1
8
-
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1
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.
Dep
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2
2
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2
3
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1
.
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s
es
th
e
ea
r
n
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
h
ar
e
b
y
1
3
.
9
8
8
%,
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
ite
m
b
y
1
% i
n
cr
ea
s
es t
h
e
ea
r
n
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
h
ar
e
b
y
1
9
.
5
3
2
%,
an
d
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
ed
p
r
em
iu
m
s
b
y
1
%
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
ea
r
n
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
h
ar
e
b
y
0
.
4
3
5
%
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
cla
i
m
s
in
cu
r
r
ed
b
y
1
%
w
i
ll
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
b
y
0
.
1
7
2
3
%.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
-
2
8
1
.
3
5
,
w
h
ic
h
r
ep
r
esen
ts
o
th
er
p
r
o
d
u
cti
v
e
f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
a
t
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
ea
r
n
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
to
ck
,
h
as
r
ea
ch
ed
a
n
eg
at
iv
e
ef
f
ec
t
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
a
lo
w
er
v
al
u
e
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
co
r
r
ec
t
o
n
e.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
i
s
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
a
l
l
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
i
n
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
,
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
p
r
e
m
i
u
m
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
l
a
i
m
s
i
n
c
u
r
r
e
d
i
n
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
ian
t o
f
th
e
ea
r
n
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
to
ck
.
7.
CO
M
P
ARING
T
H
E
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
O
F
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
S
E
D
M
O
DE
L
S
F
O
R
T
H
E
P
RO
DUCT
I
O
N
F
UNCTI
O
N
S
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
te
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
an
ies
i
n
q
u
est
io
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
ex
te
n
t
to
w
h
ich
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
ag
r
ee
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el,
as
w
el
l
as
t
h
e
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
o
n
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
tr
e
n
d
s
o
f
t
h
ese
v
ar
iab
les,
an
d
t
h
e
ex
p
la
n
ato
r
y
v
al
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
elec
t
io
n
f
ac
t
o
r
f
o
r
th
e
s
elec
ted
m
o
d
el
s
.
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
t
h
at
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
t
u
d
ied
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
co
m
p
a
n
ies,
also
T
ab
le
4
r
ef
lect
s
t
h
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
u
n
ct
io
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
t
h
e
lo
s
s
u
n
ctio
n
,
an
d
th
e
s
e
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t:
T
ab
le
4
.
Sh
o
w
s
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
an
d
t
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
m
o
d
el
*
Co
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
C
a
p
i
t
a
l
L
a
b
o
r
P
r
e
mi
u
ms
C
l
a
i
ms
F
i
n
a
l
L
o
ss
R
2
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
1
2
3
4
T
a
w
u
n
i
y
a
D
O
L
S
1
.
2
5
3
.
0
4
1
.
5
1
9
-
.
6
3
4
-
8
1
.
4
%
C
o
b
b
D
o
u
g
l
a
s
0
.
2
5
2
2
2
2
.
3
6
4
9
8
1
.
5
3
6
4
9
-
1
.
3
3
9
6
2
.
0
6
0
1
9
0
.
8
6
8
%
Z
e
n
e
r
-
R
i
v
a
n
k
r
0
.
7
5
6
1
0
.
6
0
0
8
1
.
5
3
8
6
-
0
.
1
5
0
0
.
9
6
1
0
2
9
6
.
8
3
2
%
T
r
a
n
sce
n
d
e
n
t
a
l
1
.
2
4
1
6
-
5
1
.
3
8
5
7
2
8
.
0
1
6
7
-
1
.
9
7
6
2
.
9
3
8
4
8
9
.
9
6
3
%
B
u
p
a
D
O
L
S
1
.
1
8
-
.
0
3
3
2
.
5
2
-
4
.
9
8
2
.
3
%
C
o
b
b
D
o
u
g
l
a
s
0
.
3
2
2
2
7
-
1
.
8
5
5
7
0
.
0
6
4
5
2
0
.
8
5
8
8
1
.
4
1
7
3
8
8
.
1
3
9
%
Z
e
n
e
r
-
R
i
v
a
n
k
r
0
.
0
0
3
7
4
-
0
.
7
2
9
9
0
.
1
0
0
0
0
.
1
0
0
0
0
.
0
8
9
9
8
.
3
1
1
%
T
r
a
n
sce
n
d
e
n
t
a
l
2
.
0
8
0
8
5
-
2
.
7
4
1
6
0
.
4
4
8
0
-
0
.
3
6
7
5
.
2
5
6
4
9
5
.
1
0
1
%
En
a
y
a
D
O
L
S
1
.
7
7
-
.
0
0
8
1
.
0
4
4
.
5
7
6
6
.
4
%
C
o
b
b
D
o
u
g
l
a
s
-
0
.
5
2
6
6
5
0
.
3
7
9
6
4
9
0
.
1
7
3
2
4
-
0
.
0
4
3
2
.
1
0
9
0
1
9
3
.
9
1
8
%
Z
e
n
e
r
-
R
i
v
a
n
k
r
0
.
2
7
2
1
-
2
.
5
4
7
2
-
0
.
1
2
2
5
2
.
0
5
7
9
2
.
5
0
7
%
T
r
a
n
sce
n
d
e
n
t
a
l
1
5
.
5
5
4
6
-
3
0
.
9
7
3
9
0
.
8
3
9
0
3
0
.
6
8
9
8
3
.
8
2
8
3
8
5
.
5
3
1
%
S
a
n
a
d
D
O
L
S
-
2
.
0
2
.
0
0
2
1
.
5
5
2
.
0
4
6
9
.
4
%
C
o
b
b
D
o
u
g
l
a
s
0
.
1
7
7
7
3
2
-
0
.
5
5
0
6
5
0
.
1
2
2
2
6
-
0
.
1
0
6
4
8
.
0
2
2
5
9
7
8
3
.
1
5
4
%
Z
e
n
e
r
-
R
i
v
a
n
k
r
-
0
.
1
6
1
9
1
.
3
2
7
5
0
.
1
9
8
4
-
7
.
5
5
6
8
2
.
4
7
0
%
T
r
a
n
sce
n
d
e
n
t
a
l
1
3
.
9
8
8
2
1
9
.
5
3
1
8
-
0
.
4
3
5
4
0
.
1
7
2
3
0
8
.
9
7
1
4
7
9
.
9
9
4
%
*
S
o
u
r
c
e
:
P
r
e
p
a
r
e
d
b
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
st
a
t
i
st
i
c
a
l
r
e
su
l
t
s o
f
t
h
e
EV
I
W
ES9
p
r
o
g
r
a
m.
I
t
is
c
lear
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
titati
v
e
e
x
a
m
in
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
tab
le
t
h
at
t
h
e
Z
en
er
-
R
iv
a
n
k
er
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
c
tio
n
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
i
tab
le
f
u
n
c
tio
n
f
o
r
T
aw
u
n
i
y
a
an
d
B
UP
A
C
o
lla
b
o
r
ativ
e
I
n
s
u
r
a
n
ce
C
o
m
p
an
ies
,
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
C
o
b
b
-
Do
u
g
la
s
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
l
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
T
aw
u
n
i
y
a
ca
r
e
an
d
S
a
n
ad
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
I
n
s
u
r
an
ce
C
o
m
p
an
ies
.
8.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
Z
en
er
-
R
iv
a
n
k
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
t
h
e
b
es
t
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
in
s
u
r
an
ce
co
m
p
a
n
y
,
as
it
h
as
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
co
e
f
f
icien
t
o
f
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
(
9
6
.
8
3
2
%),
it
is
clea
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
to
ck
o
f
t
h
e
T
a
w
u
n
i
y
a,
a
f
u
t
u
r
e
p
lan
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
w
h
ic
h
w
o
u
ld
in
c
lu
d
e
f
ir
s
t
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
th
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
p
r
e
m
i
u
m
s
co
llected
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
b
ein
g
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
an
y
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
W
ith
r
eg
ar
d
to
B
u
p
a
f
o
r
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
in
s
u
r
a
n
ce
,
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
w
i
th
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
Z
e
n
er
-
R
iv
a
n
k
er
f
u
n
c
tio
n
,
w
h
i
ch
is
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
f
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
a
m
o
u
n
t
ed
to
9
8
.
3
1
1
%
an
d
less
f
i
n
al
lo
s
s
(
0
.
0
8
9
)
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
ef
lect
a
d
ir
ec
t
co
r
r
e
latio
n
o
f
b
o
th
ca
p
ital
an
d
p
r
e
m
i
u
m
s
an
d
clai
m
s
in
cu
r
r
ed
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
s
h
ar
es
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
o
f
E
n
a
y
a
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
I
n
s
u
r
an
ce
co
m
p
a
n
y
ag
r
ee
d
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
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NC
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S
[1
]
M
d
.
M
o
y
a
z
z
e
m
Ho
ss
a
in
a
n
d
A
ji
t
Ku
m
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On
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ta
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ti
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ti
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ti
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.
1
,
p
p
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6
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0
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
]
Da
n
a
Há
jk
o
v
á
,
“
Co
b
b
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Do
u
g
las
P
r
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d
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F
u
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n
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m
y
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e
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h
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Fi
n
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n
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0
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p
p
.
4
6
5
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4
7
6
,
2
0
0
6
.
[3
]
Be
sa
X
h
a
f
e
ri,
“
P
r
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d
u
c
ti
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F
u
n
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ti
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o
f
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lb
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l.
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.
3
,
p
p
.
2
1
3
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1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
Ja
n
Ca
d
il
,
Kristy
n
a
V
lt
a
v
sk
a
,
Ig
o
r
Kre
jčí,
Da
v
id
Ha
rtm
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n
,
M
a
re
k
Bra
b
e
c
,
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A
g
g
re
g
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te
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c
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u
n
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ti
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n
d
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m
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ty
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m
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l
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ter
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t
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1
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.
[5
]
El
-
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led
,
“
A
n
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a
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to
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to
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n
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p
p
.
1
-
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6
,
2
0
0
0
.
[6
]
Ba
n
a
e
ian
N.,
a
n
d
Za
n
g
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e
h
M
.
,
“
Esti
m
a
ti
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P
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n
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ti
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f
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ln
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t
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d
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ti
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I
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,
”
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lt
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ra
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ro
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l.
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4
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o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
7
7
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8
9
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2
0
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2
.
[7
]
S
h
a
iara
Hu
sa
in
,
a
n
d
M
d
.
S
h
a
h
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d
u
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Isla
m
,
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Tes
t
f
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th
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b
Do
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P
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u
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ti
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in
M
a
n
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f
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to
r:
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s
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n
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h
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n
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t
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o
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n
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n
d
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c
s
R
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r
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h
,
v
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l
.
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
4
9
-
1
5
4
,
2016.
[8
]
Bil
e
l
Ja
rra
y
a
,
a
n
d
A
b
d
e
l
f
a
tt
e
h
Bo
u
ri,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
P
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
P
lan
a
n
d
P
ro
f
it
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f
ici
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n
c
y
in
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
No
n
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L
if
e
In
su
ra
n
c
e
Co
m
p
a
n
ies
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c
e
d
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a
Eco
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o
mic
s
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d
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n
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n
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e
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
p
p
.
6
9
-
8
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[9
]
Da
v
id
L
.
De
b
e
rti
n
,
“
A
g
r
icu
lt
u
ra
l
P
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
Eco
n
o
m
ics
,
”
Bi
b
li
o
g
ra
p
h
y
:
p
-
L
i
b
ra
ry
o
f
C
o
n
g
re
ss
Ca
t
a
lo
g
in
g
i
n
Pu
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
d
a
t
a
,
S
e
c
o
n
d
e
d
it
io
n
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
0
]
Eri
k
Hja
l
m
a
rss
o
n
a
n
d
P
a
r
Os
terh
o
lm
,
“
T
e
stin
g
f
o
r
Co
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
Us
in
g
th
e
Jo
h
a
n
se
n
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
w
h
e
n
V
a
riab
les
a
re
Ne
a
r
-
In
teg
ra
t
e
d
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
M
o
n
e
t
a
ry
Fu
n
d
,
p
p
.
1
-
19
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
1
]
S
c
h
u
b
e
rt
Ka
th
e
li
n
e
,
“
M
a
c
ro
e
c
n
o
m
ie
c
o
m
p
o
rte
m
e
n
ts,”
Vu
ib
e
rt
,
1
9
9
6
.
[1
2
]
Die
tma
r
L
in
d
e
n
b
e
rg
e
r,
“
S
e
rv
ice
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eco
n
o
mic
s
,
v
o
l.
8
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
7
-
1
4
2
,
2
0
0
3
.
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3
]
Zam
a
n
,
G
h
e
o
rg
h
e
a
n
d
G
o
sc
h
in
,
Zi
z
i
a
n
d
P
a
rtac
h
i
,
Io
n
a
n
d
He
rteliu
,
Clau
d
iu
,
“
T
h
e
Co
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
o
f
L
a
b
o
u
r
a
n
d
Ca
p
it
a
l
to
Ro
m
a
n
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a
n
d
M
o
l
d
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v
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’s
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n
o
m
ic
G
ro
w
th
,
M
u
n
ich
P
e
rso
n
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l
Re
P
Ec
A
rc
h
iv
e
,
”
2
0
0
7
.
[
O
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n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
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le:
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tt
p
s:/
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P
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N
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.
8
8
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4
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[1
4
]
Eri
c
A
.
Ha
n
u
sh
e
k
,
“
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
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n
F
u
n
c
ti
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n
s,”
T
h
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Ne
w
Pa
lg
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v
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Dic
ti
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s
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2
0
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[1
5
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Ro
m
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r,
“
A
d
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n
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d
M
a
c
ro
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M
c
G
ra
w
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Hill
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mp
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ies
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In
c
2
n
d
E
d
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o
n
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20
0
1
.
[1
6
]
Be
n
-
G
a
d
,
M
.
,
“
Im
p
o
rti
n
g
Hu
m
a
n
Ca
p
it
a
l:
Im
m
ig
r
a
ti
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E
n
d
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s
G
ro
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n
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ro
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s W
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rk
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W
P
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,
2
0
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[1
7
]
M
ish
ra
,
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4
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6
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