Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
N
o.
3
,
June
2020
,
pp.
2969
~
29
77
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
10
i
3
.
pp2969
-
29
77
2969
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Therm
al r
esponse
of
skin
d
isea
s
ed ti
ssue tr
eated
by plasm
onic n
anoante
nn
a
Ra
s
ha H.
Mahdi
,
H
ussein
A.
Jaw
ad
Instit
ute of La
se
r
for
Pos
tgra
du
ate
Studi
es,
Univ
e
rsit
y
of
B
aghda
d
,
Ir
aq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
11
, 2
019
Re
vised
Jan
4
,
2020
Accepte
d
Ja
n 1
2
, 2
020
The
th
ermal
dist
ribut
ion
in
th
e
d
isea
sed
t
issue
tr
ea
t
ed
b
y
diff
erent
m
et
hods
fac
es
the
probl
e
m
of
a
n
uncont
roll
able
def
used
hea
t
.
In
the
pre
sent
art
i
cle
,
we
use
a
pl
asm
onic
bowt
ie
n
ano
ant
enn
a
working
in
the
n
ea
r
infr
are
d
r
egi
on
to
enha
nc
e
the
te
m
per
at
ure
c
onfine
m
ent
in
the
ti
ss
ue.
Th
e
Com
pute
r
Sim
ula
ti
on
Tec
hnolog
y
Studio
Suite
pac
k
age
ver
sion
2019
was
used
to
exe
cu
te
the
d
esign
of
bo
th
pla
sm
onic
n
a
noant
enn
a
and
the
ti
ss
ue.
Gold
nanostruc
ture
and
sili
co
n
ca
rbide
diox
ide
are
the
c
om
ponent
s
the
pla
sm
onic
n
anoa
nt
enna
in
t
he
bowtie
shap
e.
Th
e
result
s
s
howed
tha
t
the
dista
nc
e
be
twee
n
the
tumor
ti
ss
ue
and
the
ant
enn
a
is
important
to
det
ermine
the
i
nte
nsit
y
f
ie
l
d
w
her
e
the
m
axi
m
um
fie
ld
is
5
.
9
*10
7
V/m
at
a
dista
n
ce
of
100
nm
.
T
he
m
axi
m
um
s
pec
if
ic
absorption
rate
is
1.
92*10
11
W
/kg
at
a
sim
il
ar
d
ista
nc
e
which
giv
es
a
highe
r
t
empera
tur
e
i
n
the
t
issue
of
58
0
C
o
.
It
is
con
cl
uded
tha
t
fro
m
t
he
obta
in
ed
result
s
that
the
ne
ar
infra
r
e
d
(1064
nm
)
resona
nce
wave
l
engt
h
is
r
ec
om
m
ende
d
in
the
tr
ea
tment
of
ca
nc
er
c
el
l
b
y
p
l
asm
onic
bowtie
nanoa
nt
enna
be
c
ause
highe
r
int
ensity
fi
el
d
i
s
gene
rat
ed
.
Th
e
cl
oser
dista
n
c
e
to
the
nanoa
n
te
nna
giv
es
highe
r
te
m
p
er
ature
in
the
t
issue
while
the
t
emper
at
ure
gr
adua
l
l
y
dec
re
ase
s
in
the
ti
ss
ue
t
il
l
40
0
nm
where
no
v
al
uab
le
te
m
per
a
t
ure
was d
et
e
cted
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Bow
ti
e
Op
ti
cal
n
a
noa
nt
enn
a
Plasm
on
ic
s
SA
R
Tem
per
at
ur
e
distribu
ti
on
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ra
sh
a
H.
Ma
hdi
,
In
sti
tute
of Las
er fo
r
P
os
tg
ra
duat
e Stu
dies
,
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f B
aghda
d
,
Ba
ghda
d,
Ir
a
q
.
Em
a
il
: rash
a@
il
ps
.uo
bagh
dad.ed
u.
iq
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
inte
racti
on
of
li
ght
wit
h
m
et
al
nan
ost
ru
ct
ure
is
th
e
bac
kbone
of
plasm
on
ic
s.
The
m
et
al
nanostr
uctu
re
i
s
freq
ue
ncy
de
pende
nt.
T
he
de
sign
e
d
na
no
-
s
tructu
res
a
re
w
el
l
known
t
o
ge
ner
at
e
t
he
ho
t
-
spots
wh
e
re
the
i
nci
den
t
fiel
d
is
e
nh
a
nce
d
by
sever
al
order
of
m
agn
it
ud
e
.
T
he
plasm
on
ic
re
so
n
ance
obser
ved
i
n
these str
uctu
re
s ope
ns
the
ab
i
li
ty
to
desig
n
a
nten
nas o
per
at
i
ng in
t
he op
ti
c
al
sp
ect
r
um
[1
,
2]
.
Op
ti
cal
na
noa
nten
nas
of
th
e
na
no
-
siz
ed
m
et
al
l
ic
par
ti
cl
e
can
im
pr
ov
e
the
m
is
m
a
t
ch
betwee
n
the
diffracti
on
lim
it
ed
sp
ot
of
the
e
xcita
ti
on
li
ght
an
d
f
luorescent
m
ol
ecules
that
are
m
uch
sm
al
le
r
tha
n
the
incide
nt
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
[3]
.
Confinem
e
nt
of
li
ght
on
s
ubwa
velen
gth
scal
es
wi
th
la
rg
e
local
fiel
ds
by
the
e
xploit
a
ti
on
o
f
surface
plasm
on
s,
w
hi
ch
are
colle
ct
ive
c
harge
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s,
le
a
ds
t
he
dem
on
strat
ion
of
revoluti
onary
con
ce
pts
[4]
.
P
la
s
m
on
ic
na
no
anten
na
ca
n
produce
ve
ry
hi
gh
near
fiel
d
i
nt
ensiti
es
due
to
their
local
iz
ed
surf
ace
plasm
on
resona
nce
(LSPR
)
[
2]
.
Different
ap
plica
ti
on
s
a
re
de
pe
nd
i
ng
on
nea
r
fiel
d
enh
a
ncem
ent
gen
e
rated
by
plasm
on
ic
op
ti
cal
nanoan
te
nnas
suc
h
as
s
urface
-
en
ha
nced
Ram
an
sp
ect
r
os
c
op
y
(S
ERS
),
biose
ns
in
g, cance
r
tr
eatm
ent, sp
ect
r
al
i
m
aging
,
so
l
ar a
pp
li
cat
ions,
and
near
-
fiel
d
pro
bes
[5,
6]
.
Am
on
g
va
rio
us
cat
e
gories
of
nanostr
uc
tures
re
ported
so
fa
r
to
m
anipu
la
te
L
SPR,
bowtie
nanoa
nten
na
holds
a
uniq
ue
po
sit
io
n
du
e
to
it
s
giant
el
ect
ric
fiel
d
e
nhan
ce
m
ent
at
the
sh
ar
p
m
et
a
l
ti
p
s
an
d
nano
fo
c
us
in
g
char
act
e
risti
cs
[7,
8]
.
He
nc
e
bowtie
nano
structu
res
have
been
us
e
d
f
or
high
-
perf
orm
ance
plasm
on
ic
ap
plica
ti
on
s
[
9]
.
The
well
-
kn
own
e
xam
ple
of
nanoa
nte
n
na
is
th
e
bowtie
ante
nn
a
,
w
her
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
296
9
-
297
7
2970
a
subwa
velen
gth
ai
r
ga
p
betwee
n
tw
o
m
et
al
l
ic
regi
on
s
ca
n
e
nhance
the
el
ec
tric
fiel
d
m
or
e
tha
n
100
ti
m
es
[10
,
11]
.
The
siz
e,
sh
a
pe,
an
d
m
or
phol
og
y
of
the
nanostr
uc
tu
re
cou
ld
be
en
gin
ee
red,
in
add
it
io
n
to
the
inter
par
ti
cl
e
distance
a
nd
diele
ct
ric
en
vir
on
m
ent
[12]
,
t
heir
L
SPRs
ca
n
be
tu
ned
fro
m
visible
to
th
e
NI
R
reg
i
on
(70
0
–
1400
nm
).
The
near
-
in
fr
a
red
reg
i
on
(NIR
re
gion)
is
the
so
-
cal
le
d
bi
ologica
l
window
w
hich
i
s
par
ti
cula
r
inter
est
fo
r
dee
p
-
ti
ssu
e
im
aging
and
treat
m
ent
[13]
.
Lig
ht
to
heat
conve
rsi
on
is
em
plo
ye
d
f
or
photo
t
her
m
al
thera
py
an
d
photo
t
her
m
al
dru
g
release
in
cance
r
cel
ls
[14]
The
go
l
d
na
nostr
uc
tures
,
especial
l
y
wit
h
plasm
on
ic
pro
per
ti
es
su
it
able
into
the
NI
R
reg
i
on,
sh
ow
gr
e
at
prom
ise
fo
r
cancer
photo
t
her
m
al
thera
py
thr
ough
nonradiat
i
ve
ph
oto
the
r
m
al
eff
ect
,
dem
on
strat
in
g
the
abili
ty
to
destr
oy
cancer
ous
le
sion
[
15]
,
Key
f
eat
ur
es
to
co
nsi
der
w
he
n
sel
ect
ing
a
nanostr
uctu
re
for
phot
oth
e
rm
al
therap
y
are
the p
la
sm
on
re
so
na
nce
w
a
vel
eng
t
h,
t
he
a
bso
rp
ti
on
c
ross
-
se
ct
ion
, a
nd t
he
s
iz
e o
f
the
na
nopar
ti
cl
e
[14
,
16].
The
opti
cal
pro
per
ti
es
of
the
sk
in
de
te
rm
ine
li
gh
t
distrib
ution
in
the
irra
diate
d
re
gion
(ep
i
der
m
is,
derm
is
and
subc
utaneous
)
[
17]
.
The
op
ti
cal
te
chnolo
gies
pro
m
ise
le
ss
dan
ge
r
to
the
patie
nt
[18]
.
Serio
us
ly
rese
arch
is
do
ne
to
in
vestigat
e
an
d
a
naly
ze
heat
tra
nsfer
thr
ough
t
he
sk
in
ti
ssu
e
t
o
obta
in
the
te
m
per
at
ure
distrib
utio
n
bu
t
th
e
heat
confinem
ent
sti
ll
a
chall
eng
e.
I
n
this
wor
k,
we
de
sig
n
bo
t
h
plasm
on
ic
bowtie
na
no
a
nte
nn
a
w
orkin
g
at
1046
nm
and
t
he
propose
d
tum
or
ti
ssu
e
us
in
g
C
om
pu
te
r
Si
m
ulati
on
Te
chnolo
gy
(CS
T)
softwa
re.
S
pecific
A
bsor
pt
ion
Ra
te
(SA
R)
an
d
te
m
per
at
ur
e
distrib
utio
n
i
n
the tum
or
c
ou
l
d be esti
m
at
ed.
2.
MA
TE
RIA
L
S
AND MET
H
ODS
The
plasm
on
ic
nanoan
te
nna
was
desig
ne
d
via
CST
Stud
i
o
Su
it
e
pack
a
ge
d
ve
r
sion
20
19.
The
m
at
erial
s
us
e
d
are
gold
and
SiO
2
.
T
he
resona
nce
wa
ve
le
ng
th
of
t
he
desig
ne
d
na
noanten
na
is
1064
nm
.
Tw
o
desi
gn
w
ear
accom
plished,
one
f
or
pl
as
m
on
ic
bowt
ie
and
the
othe
r
f
or
the
pro
po
s
ed
tum
or
t
issue.
The det
ai
ls o
f
t
he desig
n
a
re il
lustrate
d
i
n
t
he
foll
ow
i
ng sub
sect
ion
s.
2.1.
Plas
mo
nic
bo
w
tie
desig
n
A
three
-
dim
e
ns
io
nal
(
3D)
plasm
on
ic
bowtie
nanoa
ntenn
a
s
w
orkin
g
at
reso
na
nce
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
1064
nm
was
desig
ne
d.
It
is
com
po
sed
of
a
m
et
al/diele
ct
ri
c.
The
us
ed
re
al
and
im
aginar
y
par
ts
of
the
go
l
d
diele
ct
ric
func
ti
on
with
res
pe
ct
to
dif
fer
e
nt
i
nciden
t
wa
velen
gth
s
a
re
base
d
on
e
xp
erim
ental
data
[19]
.
The
refract
ive ind
e
x
of
the SiO
2
s
ub
st
rate
is 1.5
[20]
.
T
he
bowtie
str
uct
ur
e
is
norm
al
ly
ill
um
inate
d
by
li
near
l
y
po
la
rized
wa
ve
gu
i
de
excit
at
ion
s
ource
al
ong
the
x
-
a
xis
(x
-
pola
rizat
io
n).
The
s
urrou
ndin
g
en
vir
on
m
ent
of
the d
e
sig
n
str
uc
ture
is a
ssu
m
ed
to
b
e
air.
The
swee
ping
process
was
done
t
o
sel
ect
s
ui
ta
ble
ge
om
et
ri
c
pa
ram
et
ers
of
the
desig
ned
structu
re
t
o
get
the
re
quir
ed
res
onanc
e
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
[
21]
.
Th
e
res
ults
are
ante
nna
le
ng
th
an
d
width
(L=
W
=
29
4
nm
),
thickne
ss
(T=
60
nm
),
the
ape
x
wi
dth
(
A=
20
nm
),
the
gap
width
(G
=
20
nm
)
and
the
bowtie
ang
le
(
Θ
=90
o
),
and
t
he
le
ngth
,
the
wi
dth
,
a
nd
t
he
thick
ne
ss
of
t
he
SiO
2
su
bst
rate
was
set
as
(700,
700,
a
nd
20
0)
nm
r
especti
vely
,
a
s sho
wn in Fi
gure
1.
Figure
1. 3D
S
chem
at
ic
v
ie
w
of the
plasm
on
ic
b
owti
e n
a
no
anten
na
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Th
er
ma
l
resp
onse
of skin
d
ise
as
e
d
ti
ssu
e
treated
by pla
sm
onic
na
noante
nna
(
Rash
a H. Ma
hd
i
)
2971
2.2
. T
issue m
od
el
The
pro
posed
tum
or
ti
ssu
e
is
the
sk
in.
T
he
po
sit
io
n
of
the
tu
m
or
ti
ssu
e
is
in
the
center
of
the
sk
in
structu
re.
T
he
di
m
ension
s
of
sk
in
are
sel
ect
ed
in
relat
ion
with
the
bowtie
struct
ure
di
m
ension
s
wh
e
re
the
ti
ssu
e
le
ng
th
an
d
wi
dth
a
re
(L=
W=
600
nm
)
wh
il
e
the
thickne
ss
is
(
T=
300
nm
).
A
sphe
rical
sha
pe
of
the tum
or
ti
ssue
of (D=
100 n
m
)
in d
ia
m
e
te
r
is pro
po
s
ed
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 2
.
The
the
rm
al
pr
operti
es
of
th
e
ti
ssu
e
are
li
ste
d
in
Table
1.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
the
diele
ct
ric
pro
per
ti
es
of
the
ti
ssu
e p
la
y
an
im
po
r
ta
nt
r
ole
in
the
i
nv
e
s
ti
gation
of
t
he
pro
pag
at
io
n
c
ha
racteri
sti
c
of
t
he
plasm
on
ic
opti
cal
nanoa
nten
na.
These
pro
per
t
ie
s
are
m
ai
nl
y
dep
e
ndin
g
on
ti
ssu
e
ty
pe
an
d
the
wa
velen
gth
of
interest
.
The
desig
ne
d
t
issue
is
s
ubj
ec
te
d
to
t
he
plas
m
on
ic
nanoa
ntenn
a
ra
diati
on
at
dif
fer
e
nt
distances,
t
he
re
su
lt
e
d
patte
rn is s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
3.
Table
1.
T
he
propertie
s
of the
ti
ssu
es
[22]
Tissu
e
Ther
m
a
l Co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
K
(
W
/
m
)
Sp
ecif
ic Hea
tC
(kJ
/K/k
g
)
Mass Den
sit
y
ρ
(kg
/
m
3
)
Sk
in
0
.2
3
.6
1200
tu
m
o
r
0
.5
3
.6
1050
Figure
2. 3D
S
chem
at
ic
v
ie
w
of the t
um
or
e
m
bed
ded
i
n
t
he
sk
i
n
ti
ssu
e
Figure
3. The
fi
nal p
at
te
r
n of
bowtie
n
a
noant
enn
a
in fr
ont o
f
the
d
esi
gn
e
d
t
issue
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
The
perf
or
m
a
nce
of
t
he
pl
asm
on
ic
bowt
ie
,
SA
R
c
al
culat
ion
s
an
d
t
e
m
per
at
ure
es
tim
a
ti
on
in
the ti
ssu
e a
re i
nv
e
sti
gated
a
nd a
naly
zed.
3.1.
Perf
orm
ance
of
plasm
oni
c bo
w
tie
n
ano
an
te
nn
a
The
re
flect
ivit
y
in
dB
as
a
functi
on
of
t
he
wa
vele
ng
t
h
is
sh
ow
n
in
Figure
4.
T
he
m
axi
m
u
m
ref
le
ct
ivit
y
is
de
te
ct
ed
at
the
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
of
1064
nm
wh
er
e
it
reac
hes
-
27.
70
dB
.
T
he
l
eng
t
h
of
na
noa
nten
na
play
s
an
i
m
po
r
ta
nt
ro
le
in
the
sh
ifte
d
re
sona
nce
wa
velen
gt
h.
Fig
ure
5
s
hows
t
hat
the
el
ect
ric
fiel
d
is
highly
confine
d
i
n
the
ga
p
of
t
he
bowtie
struct
ur
e
.
The
e
nhance
d
near
el
ect
ric
fi
el
d
is
2
*1
0
8
V
/
m
and
t
he
ga
p
widt
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
296
9
-
297
7
2972
of
20
nm
exp
ect
ed.
The
f
ar
el
ect
ric
fiel
d
in
th
ree
di
m
ension
s
f
or
the
anten
na
a
t
diff
e
ren
t
dis
ta
nces
(10
0,
200,
300,
an
d
400)
nm
,
was
in
vestigat
ed
as
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
6
(a
,
b,
c,
a
nd
d)
.
T
he
est
i
m
at
ed
far
fiel
d
(5.9*
10
7
,
2.95
*10
7
,
1.9
7*10
7
and 1.4
7*10
7
)
V/m
at dista
nces (100, 2
00, 3
00, a
nd 40
0) nm
, r
especti
vely
.
Figure
4. The
re
flect
ivit
y of
pl
as
m
on
i
c bo
wtie
nanoa
nten
na
at
1064 nm
Figure
5. Ele
ct
ric fiel
d dist
ri
buti
on at the
LS
PR
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
of p
l
asm
on
ic
b
owti
e n
a
no
a
nten
na
at
a
gap of
20
nm
Figure
6. The
fa
r
-
fiel
d patt
ern o
f nan
oa
nten
na
at dif
fer
e
nt
distances;
(a)
100 nm
, (b)
200 nm
, (
c)
30
0 nm
,
(d
)
40
0 nm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Th
er
ma
l
resp
onse
of skin
d
ise
as
e
d
ti
ssu
e
treated
by pla
sm
onic
na
noante
nna
(
Rash
a H. Ma
hd
i
)
2973
3.2.
S
AR calc
ulat
i
on
SA
R
is
a
m
easur
e
of
el
ect
rom
agn
et
ic
pow
er
de
ns
it
y
an
d
su
bse
que
nt
abs
orptio
n
of
el
ec
trom
agn
et
ic
rad
ia
ti
on a
nd c
onve
rsion to
hea
t by hum
an
ti
ssu
e.
It is e
xpr
essed
a
s
[
23]
.
SA
R =
σ|E|
2
/2ρ
(1)
w
he
re:
σ = the
con
du
c
ti
vity
o
f
the
ti
ssu
e
-
sim
ulati
ng
m
at
erial
(
S/
m
)
E = the
total
R
MS fiel
d st
rength (
V/m
)
ρ = the m
ass densit
y of t
issue
-
sim
ulatin
g
m
at
erial
(
kg/m
3
)
The
res
on
a
nce
wav
el
en
gth
1064
nm
was
detect
ed
f
or
the
desig
n
na
noante
nn
a
al
on
e
bu
t
when
the
pro
po
se
d
ti
ssu
e
is
expose
d
to
the
anten
na
at
diff
ere
nt
di
sta
nces,
the
es
tim
a
te
d
SA
R
va
lues
co
uld
be
var
i
e
d
du
e
to
the
va
ri
at
ion
in
t
he
refl
ect
ivit
y
and
he
nce
in
t
he
far
fiel
d
patte
r
n.
Now,
t
he
ir
radi
at
ed
ti
ssu
e
by
bowtie
nanoa
nten
na
a
t
diff
e
re
nt
dist
ances
(10
0,
200,
300,
an
d
400)
nm
is
sh
own
i
n
Fi
gure
7.
T
he
var
ia
t
ion
i
n
the
re
flect
ivit
y
of
the
desig
ne
d
a
nte
nna
is
stud
ie
d
f
or
ev
ery
distance
.
Wh
e
re
th
e
re
flect
ivit
y
m
easur
ed
i
s
(
-
15.33,
-
19.71,
-
27.
57,
a
nd
-
43.
84)
dB
f
or
t
he
dista
nc
es
(10
0,
200,
300,
a
nd
400)
nm
resp
ect
iv
el
y.
It
is
ob
s
er
ved
that
the
detect
ed
re
f
le
ct
ivit
y
is
red
sh
ift
sta
rting
from
10
0
nm
.
T
he
m
axi
m
u
m
w
avele
ng
t
h
sh
i
ft
was
detect
ed
at
a
distance
of
40
0
and
m
a
y
be
reached
to
the
resona
nce
wa
ve
le
ng
th
at
a
certai
n
distance
as
i
n
Figure
8.
The
far
fiel
d
distri
bu
ti
on
i
n
the
pro
po
se
d
ti
ss
ue
at
dif
fer
e
nt
distances
from
the
nanoa
nten
na
was
inv
est
igate
d
w
h
ere
t
he
m
axi
m
u
m
far
-
fiel
d
m
easur
ed
is
(6.
87*10
7
,
3.1
4*10
7
,
2.42*
10
7
,
a
nd
2.1
5*10
7
)
V/m
fo
r
the
distances
(
100,
200,
30
0,
and
400)
nm
resp
ect
ively
.
T
he
fa
r
-
fiel
d
pa
tt
ern
f
or
eve
ry
distance
is
s
hown
i
n
Figure
9, w
hic
h
in
dicat
ed
tha
t t
he
fa
r
-
fiel
d d
ecr
eased
a
s t
he
d
ist
ance
inc
re
ased
.
Figure
7. Side
view o
f
the
propo
s
ed
ti
ssu
e e
xpose
d t
o plasm
on
ic
bowtie
na
no
a
nten
na
at
d
i
ff
e
ren
t
distanc
es;
(a)
100 nm
, (b) 200 nm
, (
c)
30
0 nm
, (
d) 40
0 nm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
296
9
-
297
7
2974
Figure
8. The
re
flect
ivit
y of
pl
as
m
on
ic
bo
wtie
n
a
no
a
nten
na
at
d
iffe
re
nt d
ist
ances
from
the tissue;
(a)
100 nm
, (b) 200 nm
, (
c)
30
0 nm
, (
d) 40
0 nm
Figure
9. The
fa
r
-
fiel
d patt
ern in the
pr
opos
e
d
ti
ssu
e
at di
ff
e
ren
t
distances;
(a)
100 nm
, (b) 200 nm
, (
c)
30
0 nm
, (
d) 40
0
nm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Th
er
ma
l
resp
onse
of skin
d
ise
as
e
d
ti
ssu
e
treated
by pla
sm
onic
na
noante
nna
(
Rash
a H. Ma
hd
i
)
2975
Af
te
r
t
he
re
fle
ct
ivit
y
and
the
far
-
fiel
d
patte
rn
a
re
stu
died
,
the
point
S
A
R
inside
the
propose
d
ti
ssu
e
cou
l
d
be
est
im
at
ed.
As
(
1.9
2*10
11
,
8.76*
10
10
,
6.23*
10
10
,
6.1
3*10
10
)
at
di
sta
nces
(
100,
200,
30
0,
a
nd
400)
nm
resp
ect
ively
.
T
he
cal
culat
ed
SA
R
at
diff
e
re
nt
distances
is
ob
s
er
ved
in
Fi
gure
10.
It
see
m
s
that
the
calcu
la
te
d
SA
R i
s
dec
reas
ed wit
h dist
anc
e.
Figure
10. T
he
calc
ulate
d p
oin
t S
AR in
the
pro
po
se
d
ti
ss
ue
at dif
fer
e
nt
distances
from
the an
te
nna;
(a)
100 nm
, (b) 200 nm
, (
c)
30
0 nm
, (
d) 40
0 nm
3.3.
Te
mper
ature c
alcula
tio
n
The
ab
sorptio
n
of
power
fro
m
el
ect
ro
m
agnet
ic
fiel
ds
caus
es
a
tem
per
at
ure
rise
in
ti
ssue
s.
The
high
le
vels
of
a
bsor
bed
powe
r
ca
n
cause
ir
rev
e
rs
ible
ti
ssu
e
da
m
age.
The
te
m
per
at
ur
e
co
ul
d
be
cal
c
ulate
d
f
ro
m
the S
AR esti
m
at
io
n values
r
el
at
ed
to
(
2)
[
24
]
.
ΔT=
(
S
AR
t
)/ C
(2)
wh
e
re:
-
T = the
tem
per
at
ur
e i
n Kelvin
(
K
)
t
= the tim
e p
erio
d
C = t
he
s
pecifi
c h
eat
(J
/K
. kg)
Fr
om
the
ob
ta
ined
re
su
lt
s
of
po
int
S
AR,
t
he
te
m
per
at
ure
distrib
ution
in
the
tum
or
cou
l
d
be
cal
c
ulate
d.
The
est
im
at
ed
tem
per
at
ur
e
va
riat
ion
in
the
pro
posed
ti
ss
ue
is
580
C
o
at
100
nm
,
116
C
o
at
200
nm
,
4
C
o
at
300 nm
an
d 0 C
o
at
4
00
nm
r
especti
vely
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
296
9
-
297
7
2976
4.
DISCU
SSI
ON
The
op
ti
cal
pl
asm
on
ic
nano
anten
na
prov
e
s
high
a
bili
ty
to
dest
ru
ct
t
he
tum
or
ti
ssue
s
especial
ly
the
cance
r
cel
ls
due
to
t
hese
anten
nas
a
re
re
garde
d
as
a
ho
t
po
i
nt
sourc
e
wh
ic
h
m
eans
that
the
desire
d
ti
ssu
e
cou
l
d
be
destr
oyed
without
aff
ect
in
g
surr
oundin
g
h
eal
thy
ti
ssu
es.
O
ur
pur
po
se
is
to
est
i
m
at
e
the
t
her
m
al
distrib
ution
in the
ti
ssu
e
at
diff
ere
nt
distance
s
fr
om
the
nanoan
te
nn
a
.
The
desig
ne
d
of
p
la
sm
on
ic
nan
oa
nt
enn
a
work
i
ng
in
ne
ar
-
in
fr
a
re
d
is
directl
y
influ
e
nced
by
dif
fere
nt
param
et
ers
(the
s
hap
e
,
th
e
le
n
gth,
an
d
t
he
ga
p
dim
ension
)
i
n
ad
diti
on
t
o
t
he
m
at
erial
us
ed
wh
e
re
the
resona
nce
wavel
eng
th
play
s
an
im
po
rtant
r
ole
in
the
fiel
d
e
nh
a
ncem
ent.
In
r
ecent
work,
t
he
bowtie
sh
a
pe
of
plasm
on
ic
na
noante
nn
a
is
sel
ect
ed
be
caus
e
the sh
ar
p
ti
ps
of the
bowtie
ant
en
na,
th
e g
r
ou
p
an
d
phase ve
locit
ie
s o
f
surf
ace plasm
on
ic
wav
e
s d
ecrea
s
e w
it
h
the
distance
of
prop
a
gatio
n
and
finall
y
becom
e
zero
at
the
sh
ar
p
ti
ps
of
th
e
bowtie
[25]
.
The
ge
ne
rated
fiel
d
cou
l
d
be
e
nha
nced
se
ver
al
orde
r
of
m
agn
it
ud
e
in
t
h
e
ga
p,
so
the
ga
p
w
idth
s
houl
d
be
sel
ect
ed
acc
urat
el
y.
The
m
axi
m
u
m
nea
r
fiel
d
is
gen
e
rated
at
the
resona
nce
wav
el
e
ng
t
h.
T
he
go
l
d
m
et
al
is
the
best
c
hoic
es
i
n
the p
la
sm
on
ic
structu
re i
n
the
m
edical
ap
plica
ti
on
s
for diffe
ren
t
reasons
, n
on
-
to
xic m
at
eri
al
,
anti o
xid
iz
e
d
a
nd
work
i
ng
at
re
so
na
nce
wa
vel
eng
t
h
530
nm.
The
opti
cal
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
giv
es
a
highe
r
intensit
y
fiel
d
wh
i
c
h
represse
d
a
good
s
ource
t
o
treat
the
tu
m
or
c
el
ls.
The
diele
ct
ric
m
at
erial
(
SiO
2
)
is
sel
ect
ed
to
af
fect
the
wa
velen
gt
h
s
hift
in
the
resona
n
ce
w
avelen
gth
.
It
i
s
w
or
th
m
entio
ne
d
her
e
t
ha
t
the
interact
ion
of
the
incide
nt
fi
el
d
with
nanoa
nten
nas
is
a
nonlinea
r
inte
ra
ct
ion
.
s
o,
we
usual
ly
exp
ect
e
d
that
the
tw
o
-
photon
abs
orption
occ
ur
s
bec
ause
of
the
res
on
a
nce
wa
velen
gth
in
th
e
NI
R
re
gi
on
,
the
res
on
ance
wa
velen
gt
h
of
the
go
l
d
ca
nnot
be
ob
ta
in
ed
unle
ss
t
he
t
w
o
-
phot
on
ab
sorptio
n
ta
kes
pl
ace.
T
he
res
onance
wav
el
e
ngth
is
ob
ta
ine
d
a
fter
diff
e
re
nt
trie
s
w
her
e
t
he
a
ff
ect
ed
pa
ram
et
ers
(thic
kn
e
s
s,
ga
p,
le
ng
t
h,
width,
fla
re
ang
le
)
are
va
ried
m
any
tim
es.
Th
e
m
or
e
eff
ect
ive
par
am
et
er
in
the
de
sig
n
of
bowtie
na
noa
ntenn
a
is
t
he
ga
p
wi
dth
.
It
is
us
e
fu
l
t
o
m
ention
th
at
the
va
riat
ion
of
e
ver
y
par
am
et
er
eff
ect
s
directl
y
on
the
oth
e
rs
s
o,
the
com
prom
is
at
ion
betwee
n
tho
se
pa
ram
et
e
rs
s
houl
d
be
re
garde
d.
T
he
tu
m
or
ti
ssu
e
dim
ensio
ns
a
re
des
ign
e
d
relat
ed
to
t
he
bowtie
na
noan
te
nn
a
ta
ken
i
n
to
acco
unt
th
ree
m
ai
n
factor
s
the
posit
ion
of
t
he
tum
or
inside
the
sk
i
n,
the
l
ocati
on
of
the
tum
or
in
the
sk
in
hu
m
an
body
an
d
the
distance
betwe
en
na
noante
nna
an
d
the
tum
or
cel
l
s.
It
is
obser
ve
d
that
the
dis
ta
nce
eff
ect
s
on
the
fiel
d
rea
chin
g
to
the
ti
ssu
e
w
he
re
th
e
fiel
d
reduce
d
wh
e
n
the
dista
nce
i
nc
reased
w
hic
h
m
eans
the
te
m
p
distribu
ti
on
in
the
ti
ssu
e
is
dec
rease
d
as
seen
la
te
r.
The
SAR
cal
culat
ion
for
dif
fer
e
nt
cases
is
i
m
po
rtant
to
est
i
m
ate
the
tem
per
at
ur
e
distri
bu
ti
on
in
the
ti
ssu
e.
T
he
cal
culat
ed
res
ul
ts
of
the
S
AR
pro
ved
that
the
best
value
of
t
he
S
AR
is
the
cl
os
est
to
the
ti
ssue
wh
ic
h
ca
us
es
t
o
the
hi
gh
e
r
te
m
per
at
ur
e
ge
ne
rated
i
n
the
ti
ssu
e,
kn
ow
i
ng
that
the
res
onance
wav
el
e
n
gt
h
is
var
ie
d
relat
ed
to
e
ver
y
distanc
e
an
d
does
n'
t
rep
rese
nt
the
be
st.
The
cal
c
ulate
d
S
AR
in
t
he
wav
e
guide
w
hich
i
s
us
e
d
in
this
res
earch
is
hi
gh
e
r
than
use
d
by
[
26
]
.
w
hich
pro
ves
t
hat
N
IR
r
eso
nan
ce
wa
ve
le
ng
th
is
bette
r
than
m
illim
e
te
r
wave re
gion that
ge
ner
at
es less
S
AR.
The
m
ai
n
go
al
of
the
c
urre
nt
r
esearch
w
ork
is
to
est
i
m
at
e
the
therm
al
distri
bu
ti
on
in
the
ti
ssu
e
w
hich
is
inv
est
igate
d
thr
ough
t
he
t
e
m
per
at
ure
ca
lc
ulati
on
i
n
th
e
ti
ssu
e
a
nd
t
he
reacti
on
of
the
ti
ssu
e
a
ga
inst
plasm
on
ic
bowtie
nanoan
te
nn
a
.
The
est
im
at
ed
patte
rn
of
fa
r
fiel
d
di
stribu
ti
on
in
the
ti
ssu
e
sho
wed
that
the
distri
bu
ti
on
of
fa
r
fi
el
d
is
var
ie
d
de
pe
nd
i
ng
on
the
dista
nce
f
r
om
the
anten
na.
T
he
m
axim
u
m
tem
pe
ratur
e
gen
e
rated
i
n
th
e
ti
ssu
e
unde
r
the
ef
fect
of
pla
sm
on
ic
bo
wtie
nanoa
nten
na
is
detect
ed
at
a
distance
of
100
nm
,
wh
ic
h
giv
es
a
cl
ear
ind
ic
at
io
n
that
the
distance
from
bo
wtie
nan
oa
nten
na
In
fl
uen
ces
on
the
distrib
ution
fiel
d
in the tiss
ue
a
nd
hens
on the
ge
ner
at
e
d
te
m
per
at
ur
e
.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
te
m
per
at
ure
distri
bu
ti
on
in
the
tum
or
ti
ssu
e
at
tract
ed
m
any
resear
cher
s
due
to
i
ts
eff
ect
on
the
destr
uctio
n
of
the
cance
r
cel
ls.
The
fiel
d
co
nf
i
nem
ent
gen
e
rated
by
plasm
on
ic
bowtie
nanoan
te
nn
a
was
the
m
ai
n
too
l
to
de
struc
t
the
cance
r
cel
ls
l
eavin
g
t
he
hea
lt
hy
ti
ssu
e
un
a
ff
ect
ed
.
From
the
obta
ine
d
r
esults,
we
ca
n
c
on
cl
ud
e
that:
the
NI
R
(10
64
nm
)
reso
na
nce
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
of
plasm
on
ic
bo
wtie
na
no
a
n
te
nn
a
is
reco
m
m
end
ed
in
the
treat
m
ent
of
cance
r
cel
l
becau
s
e
highe
r
intensit
y
fiel
d
is
ge
ner
at
e
d.
The
cl
os
e
r
dis
ta
nce
to
the
nanoa
nt
enn
a
gi
ves
hi
gh
e
r
te
m
per
atu
re
in
the
ti
ssu
e
w
hich
re
ga
rd
s
ov
e
r
the
al
lowed
inc
r
easi
ng
tem
per
at
ur
e
in t
he
ti
ssu
e.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
We
ap
pr
eci
at
e
the
effor
ts
of
the
Insti
tute
of
Laser
f
or
P
os
tgra
duat
e
Stud
i
es,
Un
i
ver
sit
y
of
Ba
gh
dad,
Ba
ghda
d
-
Ir
a
q,
to s
upport the
re
search
wo
rk.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Th
er
ma
l
resp
onse
of skin
d
ise
as
e
d
ti
ssu
e
treated
by pla
sm
onic
na
noante
nna
(
Rash
a H. Ma
hd
i
)
2977
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
D.
P.
From
m
,
A
.
Sundara
m
urth
y
,
P.
J.
Schuck
,
G.
Kino,
and
W
.
E.
Moerne
r
,
“
Gap
-
Depe
nden
t
o
pti
c
al
coup
li
ng
of
single
‘bowt
ie
’
n
anoa
nt
enna
s r
esona
nt in
t
h
e
v
isi
ble
,
”
Nano
Lett
.
,
vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 957
–
961,
Ma
y
2004.
[2]
P.
Mühlschle
g
el,
H.
-
J.
Ei
sl
er,
O
.
J.
F.
Mar
ti
n,
B.
Hec
h
t,
and
D.
W
.
Pohl
,
“
Resonant
op
ti
c
al
ant
enn
as
,
”
Scien
ce
,
vol.
308
,
no
.
572
8,
pp
.
1607
–
160
9,
Jun.
2005.
[3]
L.
Rogobete,
F.
Kam
inski,
M.
Agio,
and
V.
Sandoghdar,
“
De
sign
of
pla
sm
o
nic
nanoa
n
te
nn
a
e
for
e
nhancing
spontane
ous e
m
i
ss
ion,
”
Opt
.
Let
t.,
vol
.
32
,
no
.
12
,
pp.
1623
–
1625
,
Jun.
2007.
[4]
A.
E.
Cet
in
,
S.
Aks
u,
M.
Tur
km
en,
D.
Et
eza
di,
and
H.
Alt
ug,
“
The
ore
t
ic
a
l
and
expe
rimen
ta
l
an
aly
sis
of
subw
av
el
engt
h
b
owtie
-
shape
d
an
t
enna
s,”
J
.
El
e
ct
r
omagn.
Wav
es
A
ppl
.
,
vol
.
29
,
no
.
13,
pp
.
1686
–
16
98,
Sep
.
2015
.
[5]
B.
B.
Yous
if
and
A.
S.
Sam
ra,
“
Mo
del
ing
of
opt
i
ca
l
n
anoa
nt
ennas
,
”
Phy
si
cs
Re
se
arch
Inte
rnation
al,
Ph
ys.
R
es.
Int
.,
vol.
2012
,
pp
.
10
,
2012
.
[6]
R.
M.
Ta
ha
and
H.
A.
Jawad,
“
C
har
acte
ri
zation
o
f
gold
coa
ti
ng
o
n
nano
struct
u
re
CR39
pol
y
m
er
a
s
SERS
sensor,”
Iraqi
J. of l
aser
part
A
,
vol
.
17
,
2
018.
[7]
P.
J.
Schuck
,
D.
P.
From
m
,
A.
S
undar
amurth
y
,
G.
S.
Kino,
and
W
.
E.
Moern
er,
“
Im
proving
the
m
ism
at
ch
bet
we
e
n
li
ght and
n
anosc
al
e
objects
wi
th gold
bowti
e
n
an
oant
enn
as,
”
Phys
.
Rev. Let
t
.
,
vol
.
94,
no.
1,
p
p
.
01
7402,
Jan
.
2005
.
[8]
N.
Yu,
E.
Cubu
kcu,
L
.
Dieh
l
,
D.
Bour,
S.
Cor
zi
ne
,
J.
Zhu
,
G.
Höfle
r,
K.
B.
Crozi
er
,
and
F.
Capa
ss
o,
“
Bowtie
pla
sm
onic
quan
t
um
ca
sca
d
e
l
ase
r
antenna
,
”
Opt.
Ex
press
,
vol
.
15
,
no.
20,
p
p
.
1327
2
–
13281,
Oct
.
2
007.
[9]
D.
Hasan,
C.
P.
Ho,
P.
Pit
cha
pp
a,
and
C
.
Le
e
,
“
Dipola
r
r
esona
n
ce
enha
n
ce
m
ent
and
m
agne
t
ic
re
sonanc
e
in
cro
ss
-
coupl
ed
bow
-
tie
nanoa
nt
enna a
rr
a
y
b
y
p
la
sm
oni
c ca
vi
t
y
,
”
ACS
Ph
otoni
cs
,
vol
.
2
,
n
o.
7
,
pp
.
890
–
89
8,
Jul.
2015.
[10]
D.
K.
Gram
otne
v,
A.
Pors
,
M.
W
il
latze
n
,
an
d
S.
I.
Bozhe
v
oln
y
i,
“
Gap
-
plas
m
on
nano
ant
enna
s
and
bowti
e
resona
tors
,”
Ph
y
s.
Rev. B
,
vo
l. 85
,
no
.
4
,
p
p
.
0454
34,
Jan
.
2012
.
[11]
P.
B.
Johns
on
and
R.
W
.
Christ
y
,
“
Optic
al
c
onstant
s
of
the
noble
m
et
al
s,”
Phy
s.
Re
v
.
B
,
vol.
6,
no.
12
,
pp.
4370
–
4379
,
Dec
.
1972.
[12]
J.
Jee
v
ana
ndam,
A.
B
arh
oum
,
Y.
S.
Ch
an,
A.
Dufresne,
and
M.
K.
Danqu
ah
,
“
Review
on
n
anopa
rt
ic
l
es
and
nanostruc
tur
ed
m
at
eri
a
ls:
histo
r
y
,
source
s
,
to
xic
ity
and
reg
ula
ti
ons
,
”
Be
i
lst
ei
n
J
.
o
f
nano
te
chno
l
,
vo
l.
9
,
pp.
1050
-
1074,
Apr.
2018
.
[13]
L.
A
.
Sordil
lo,
S.
Prat
avieir
,
Y.
Pu,
K.
S.
-
Ramire
z
,
L
.
Shi
,
L.
Z
han
g,
Y.
Budansk
y
,
R.
R.
Alfa
no
,
“
T
hird
th
era
p
eut
i
c
spec
tral
windo
w
for
dee
p
ti
s
sue
imagi
ng,
”
The
Inte
rnation
al
Societ
y
for
Optic
al
Engi
ne
ering
,
vol
.
894
00,
pp.
89400V
,
Ma
r.
2014
.
[14]
Y.
Gao
and
Y.
Li
,
“
Gold
nanostruc
tur
es
for
cance
r
imaging
an
d
the
rap
y
,
”
in
Adv
anc
es
in
Nanothe
ranos
ti
cs
I
:
Design
and
Fab
ricat
ion
o
f
Ther
anosic
Nanopart
ic
l
es
,
Z
.
Da
i,
Ed
.
Ber
li
n,
Heid
el
b
erg
:
Spring
er
Be
rli
n
Heid
el
b
erg
,
pp.
53
–
101
,
201
6.
[15]
L.
C.
Kenne
d
y
,
L.
R.
Bic
kford
,
N.
A.
Le
winski,
A.
J.
Coughli
n,
Y.
Hu,
E.
S.
D
a
y
,
J.
L.
W
est,
a
nd
R.
A.
Drez
ek,
“
A
new
era
for
c
anc
er
treatment
:
gold
-
nanopa
r
ti
c
l
e
-
m
edi
ated
t
h
er
m
al
the
rap
ie
s,
”
Small
We
inh
Ber
gstr
Ger
.
,
vol.
7,
no.
2
,
pp
.
169
–
1
83,
Jan
.
2011
.
[16]
O.
Brzobohat
y
,
M.
Sile
r
,
J.
Tro
je
k,
L
.
Chva
ta
l
,
V.
Kar
ase
k,
A.
Pata
k
,
Z
.
Poko
rna
,
F.
Mika
an
d
P.
Z
emane
k,
“
Thr
ee
-
dimensio
nal
opt
ic
a
l
tr
app
ing
of
a
p
la
sm
onic
nanop
article
using
low
num
eri
c
al
ape
rtur
e
o
pti
c
al
twe
ezers
,”
Sci
.
R
ep
.
,
vol
.
5
,
pp.
8106
,
Jan
.
2
015.
[17]
A.
N.
Bashkat
ov
,
E.
A.
Gen
ina
a
nd
V.
V.
Tuc
hin
,
“
A
rev
ie
w:
opt
ic
a
l
prope
rt
ie
s
of
skin,
su
bcut
an
eous,
and
m
us
cl
e
ti
ss
ues,
”
J. of In
novat
i
ve
Opt
.
H
e
alt
h
S
ci
en
ce
s
,
vo
l.
4
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
9
-
38,
Jan
.
2011
.
[18]
A.N.
Bashka
tov,
E.
A
.
Genin
a,
V.I.
Kochube
y
,
an
d
V.
V.
Tuc
hin
,
“
Optic
al
prop
erties
of
hum
an
ski
n,
subcut
ane
ou
s
and
m
ucous
ti
ssue
s
in
the
wave
l
engt
h
ran
ge
fr
o
m
400
to
200
0
\
hspac
e0.
167
emnm
,
”
J.
Phy
s.
Ap
pl.
Phy
s.
,
vol.
3
8,
no.
15
,
pp
.
2543
–
2555,
Jul.
2005
.
[19]
Y.
F.
Chau
,
H.
H.
Yeh,
and
D.
P.
Tsai,
“
A
new
t
y
p
e
of
op
tical
a
nte
nna
:
pl
asm
onic
s
nanoshe
ll
bo
wti
e
an
te
nn
a
wit
h
die
l
ec
tr
ic hol
e
,
”
J.
Elec
tromagn.
Wav
es
App
l
.
,
vo
l
.
24
,
no
.
11
,
pp
.
1621
–
1632,
Jul.
2010.
[20]
M.
A.
Gat
ea
an
d
H.A.
Jawad
,
“
The
rm
opla
sm
onic
of
sing
le
Au
@S
iO2
and
SiO2@
Au
cor
e
shel
l
nanoparti
cl
es
i
n
dei
oni
ze
d
w
art
e
and
pol
y
-
v
in
y
lp
y
rrol
idone m
at
ri
x,
”
Baghdad
S
cienc
e
J
.
,
vol
.
16
,
no.
2
,
2019
.
[21]
M.K.A.
Rahi
m
,
M.Z
.
A.
Abdu
l
Aziz
and
C.
S.
Goh,
“
Bow
-
tie
m
i
cro
strip
ant
enn
a
design,
”
13th
I
E
EE
Int
ernati
ona
l
Confe
renc
e
on
Net
works
Joi
n
tly
he
ld
wi
th
th
e
2005
IE
EE
7
t
h
Malay
sia
Int
ernati
onal
Con
f
on
Comm
unic
,
Kuala
Lumpur,
pp.
4
,
2005
.
[22]
K.
Shurrab,
N.
Kocha
ji,
and
W
.
Bac
hir,
“
Deve
l
opm
ent
of
te
m
p
era
tur
e
distri
but
i
on
and
li
ght
propa
gation
m
odel
in
biol
ogical
ti
ss
ue
irra
d
ia
t
ed
b
y
98
0
nm
la
ser
d
io
de
and
using
coms
ol
sim
ula
ti
on
,
”
J
.
Las
ers
Me
d.
S
c
i
.
,
vol
.
8,
no.
3,
pp.
118
–
122
,
Ju
n.
2017
.
[23]
B.
M.
Hochwal
d
,
D.
J.
Love,
S.
Yan,
and
J.
Jin,
“
SA
R
code
s,”
in
Information
Theory
and
Appl
i
c
ati
ons
Workshop
(
ITA
)
,
pp.
1
–
9
,
2
013.
[24]
A.
H.
Sall
om
i,
“A
the
ore
tical
ap
proa
ch
for
SA
R
ca
l
cul
a
ti
on
in
hu
m
an
hea
d
expose
d
to
RF
signal
s
,
”
J.
of
Eng
.
and
Dev
.
,
vol
.
16
,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
304
-
313
,
Dec
.
2012
.
[25]
G.
Ja
y
aswa
l,
A.
Bel
kadi,
A.
Mer
edov,
B.
Pel
z,
G
.
Moddel
and
A.
Sham
im,
“A
Ze
ro
-
Bia
s,
comple
t
ely
passive
28
THz
re
ct
enn
a
for
ene
rg
y
h
ar
vesti
ng
from
i
nfra
red
(wast
e
hea
t)
,
”
IEEE
/
MTT
-
S
Int.
Mi
crow.
Symp.
-
I
MS
,
pp.
355
–
358
,
20
18.
[26]
T.
Ham
ed
and
M.
Maqsood,
“
S
AR
ca
lc
u
la
t
ion
&
te
m
per
a
ture
r
esponse
of
hum
an
bod
y
exposure
to
elec
tromagn
e
ti
c
rad
iations
a
t
28
,
40
and
60
GH
z m
m
wave
fre
que
nci
es,
”
Prog.
Elec
tromagn. Res.
M
,
vol
.
73
,
pp
.
4
7
-
49
,
2018
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.