Inter
national
J
our
nal
of
Electrical
and
Computer
Engineering
(IJECE)
V
ol.
9,
No.
1,
February
2019,
pp.
452
459
ISSN:
2088-8708,
DOI:
10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp452-459
452
An
ultra
wideband
antenna
f
or
K
u
band
applications
Aziz
El
F
atimi
1
,
Seddik
Bri
2
,
and
Adil
Saadi
3
1,3
Modeling,
Information
Processing
and
Control
Systems
(MIPCS),
National
Graduate
School
of
Arts
and
Crafts,
Moulay
Ismail
Uni
v
ersity
,
Meknes,
Morocco
2
Materials
and
Instrumentation
(MIM),
High
School
of
T
echnology
,
Moulay
Ismail
Uni
v
ersity
,
Meknes,
Morocco
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
Mar
21,
2018
Re
vised
No
v
12,
2018
Accepted
No
v
26,
2018
K
eyw
ords:
K
u
band
W
ideband
Microstrip
patch
Finite
element
method
ABSTRA
CT
This
paper
presents
a
candidate
ultra
wideband
antenna
for
K
u-band
wireless
communi-
cations
applications,
analyzed
and
optimized
by
the
finite
element
method
(FEM).
This
three-dimensional
modeling
w
as
realized
and
compared
with
published
antennas
for
v
al-
idate
the
performances
of
the
proposed
antenna.
Its
design
is
based
on
the
insertion
of
se
v
eral
symmetrical
slots
of
dif
ferent
sizes
on
the
ground
plane
of
a
mono-layer
patch
antenna
to
o
v
ercome
the
main
limitation
of
the
narro
w
bandwidth
of
patch
antennas.
The
proposed
antenna,
made
on
an
FR-4
epoxy
mono-layer
substrate
with
a
defected
ground
plane
(dielectric
constant
"
r
=
4,4,
loss
tangent
tan
=
0,02
and
thickness
hs
=
1.6
mm).
The
simulated
numerical
results
obtai
ned
are
v
ery
satisfying;
Bandwidth
=
10.48
GHz
from
f
1
=
9.34
GHz
to
f
2
=
19.82
GHz,
S
11
=
-34.17
dB,
V
oltage
Stationary
W
a
v
e
Ratio
VSWR
=
1.04
,
Gain
=
6.27
dB.
Copyright
c
2019
Institute
of
Advanced
Engineering
and
Science
.
All
rights
r
eserved.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
Aziz
Elf
atimi,
Modeling,
Information
Processing
and
Control
Systems
(MPICS),
National
Graduate
School
of
Arts
and
Crafts,
Moulay
Ismail
Uni
v
ersity
,
Meknes,
Morocco,
B.P
.
15290
EL
Mansour
Meknes
50500,
Meknes,
Morocco.
Email:
aziz.elf
atimi@edu.umi.ac.ma
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
The
adv
ent
of
the
microstrip
patch
antenna
has
brought
a
technological
re
v
olution
in
the
field
of
wireless
communication
because
the
adv
antages
the
y
of
fer
in
terms
of
manuf
acturing
cost,
fle
xibility
and
mobility
[1],
[2].
T
oday
,
it
is
omnipresent
in
our
daily
li
v
es
including
the
GSM
phone,
satellite
TV
and
other
commercial
applications
[3],
[4],
[5].
The
typical
patch
antenna
consists
of
a
metal
plane
(called
patch)
placed
on
a
dielectric
substrate
in
contact
with
a
ground
plane
[6].
The
patch
antenna
of
fers
better
g
ain
performance
compared
to
con
v
entional
dipole
or
monopole
antennas
used
in
the
past
[7],
[8].
Ho
we
v
er
,
it
suf
fers
from
se
v
eral
limitations
in
relation
to
the
lo
w
ef
ficienc
y
and
lo
w
ability
to
radiate
electromagnetic
ener
gy
in
the
free
space
[9],
[10].
Dif
ferent
forms
of
microstrip
patch
antennas
are
possible
depending
on
the
performance
and
the
resonances
frequencies
required
[11],
[12].
T
oday
,
the
increasing
demand
for
frequencies
has
led
to
the
appearance
of
se
v
eral
frequenc
y
bands.
Among
them,
there
is
the
K
u
band
(K
urz-unten),
it
is
the
most
used
of
all
other
frequenc
y
bands
for
satellite
tele
vision.
It
is
con
v
entionally
defined
in
the
electromagnetic
spectrum
defined
by
the
micro
w
a
v
e
frequenc
y
band
from
12.4
GHz
to
18
GHz.
This
band
is
the
most
widespread
i
n
the
w
orld,
because
of
the
small
size
of
the
parables
needed
for
its
reception.
Ho
we
v
er
,
it
require
man
y
demodulators
as
well
as
se
v
eral
uni
v
ersal
lo
w
noise
block-con
v
erter
(LNBs)
to
recei
v
e
K
u-band
satellites
[13],
[14],
[15].
The
shape
chosen
for
the
proposed
antenna
is
the
rectangular
and
trapeze
shapes
since
the
y
are
v
ery
easy
to
analyze
using
both
the
transmission
line
and
the
ca
vity
model,
which
are
the
most
accurate
for
thin
substrates
[16].
J
ournal
Homepage:
http://iaescor
e
.com/journal/inde
x.php/IJECE
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJECE
ISSN:
2088-8708
453
In
a
general
w
ay
in
ph
ysics,
before
proceeding
to
the
realization
of
such
a
ph
ysical
model
one
passes
by
the
reduced
model.
In
the
field
of
electromagnetism,
se
v
eral
numerical
simulation
methods
ha
v
e
been
used
to
design
three-dimensional
structures
of
patches.
These
methods
are
the
finite
dif
ference
time
domain
(FDTD),
the
transmission
line
matrix
(TLM),
the
finite
element
method
(FEM),
the
finite
inte
gration
technique
(FIT)
and
other
numerical
methods
[17],
[18],
[19],
[20],
[21].
In
the
follo
wing
of
this
paper
,
the
first
section
will
be
de
v
oted
to
the
mathematical
formulation
of
the
maxwell’
s
equations,
then
the
foll
o
wing
section
will
describe
in
detail
the
proposed
antenna
and
ho
w
to
determine
its
parameters,
at
the
end
of
this
document
a
comparison
between
this
antenna
and
other
antennas
presented
in
[22],
[23],
[24]
will
be
done.
2.
UL
TRA
WIDEB
AND
ANTENN
A
DESIGN
The
microstrip
patch
antennas
(MSA)
principle
consists
of
v
ery
thin
metallic
strip
(called
patch)
placed
abo
v
e
a
ground
plane
where
the
thickness
of
the
metallic
strip
is
restricted
by
t
<<
0
and
the
height
hs
is
restricted
by
0
:
003
0
hs
0
:
05
0
[9][25].
In
this
section,
a
Defected
Ground
Structure
antenna
is
presented,
studied
and
optimi
zed
using
the
finite
element
method.
The
antenna
is
designed
on
a
lo
w
cost
FR-4
epoxy
substrate
with
dielectric
constant
"
r
=
4
:
4
and
loss
tangent
tan
=
0.02
with
thickness
of
1.6
mm.
2.1.
Design
of
initial
patch
antenna
The
calculation
of
the
initial
parameters
of
the
proposed
microstrip
antenna
is
based
on
the
classical
equa-
tions
presented
in
[9].
a)
Microstrip
line
width:
F
or
W
>
h
:
"
ef
f
=
"
r
+
1
2
+
[
"
r
1
2
q
1
+
12
h
W
]
(1)
And
Z
0
=
120
p
"
ef
f
[
W
h
+
1
:
393
+
2
3
l
n
(
W
h
+
1
:
444)]
(2)
T
o
ha
v
e
an
input
impedance
equal
to
50
,
the
width
of
the
microstrip
must
be
equal
to
W
f
=
3.08
mm
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
1).
In
this
case
we
will
tak
e
a
rounded
v
alue
of
W
f
=
3
mm.
R
esul
t
8
<
:
W
idth=H
eig
ht
=
1
:
875
E
f
f
ectiv
e
D
iel
ectr
ic
C
onstant
=
3
:
325
I
mp
edanc
e
=
50
:
83
Figure
1.
Ef
fecti
v
e
dielectric
constant
and
impedance
vs
microstrip
line
width
An
ultr
a
wideband
antenna
for
K
u
band
applications
(Aziz
Elfatimi)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
454
ISSN:
2088-8708
b)
Microstrip
line
length:
The
choice
of
the
start
length
of
the
microstrip
line
w
as
calculated
using
equation
(3).
It
is
based
on
a
condition
for
the
maximum
signal
coupling
[26].
Then,
the
design
process
w
as
based
on
the
optimization
of
these
parameters
on
a
numerical
platform
based
on
the
finite
element
method
(FEM).
L
f
=
L
g
=
2
(3)
T
able
1
presents
a
parametric
study
of
the
ef
fect
of
the
v
ariation
of
L
f
on
the
resonance
frequenc
y
and
the
return
loss.
The
microstrip
line
length
has
been
v
arie
d
from
8
mm
to
12
mm
by
a
step
of
1
mm.
The
chosen
v
alues
of
the
starting
parameters
are
W
f
=
3
mm
and
L
f
=
10
mm.
T
able
1.
Ef
fect
of
the
v
ariation
of
L
f
on
the
resonance
frequenc
y
and
the
return
loss
L
f
[mm]
Resonance
frequenc
y
[GHz]
Return
loss
[dB]
8
25.18
-29.68
9
22.8
-21.83
10
21.05
-15.17
11
19.52
-11.45
12
23.6
-11.62
c)
Slot
antenna:
The
multiple
slot
allo
w
to
control
the
resonance
frequenc
y
,
the
reflection
coef
ficient
and
the
bandwidth
by
adjusting
the
width
and
length
of
the
slot
(
W
sl
ot
and
L
sl
ot
).
The
parameter
L
f
allo
ws
to
control
the
characteristic
input
impedance
of
the
antenna.
The
slot
is
modeled
as
a
w
a
v
e
guide
inserted
into
the
substrate.
Its
parameters
are
calculated
from
the
follo
wing
classical
equations
gi
v
en
in
[27].
L
sl
ot
=
g
2
(4)
g
=
0
p
"
ef
f
(5)
"
ef
f
=
"
r
+
1
2
(6)
0
=
c
f
r
(7)
2.2.
Design
of
the
pr
oposed
antenna
Figure
2
sho
ws
the
final
design
of
the
antenna
for
a
wider
bandwidth
co
v
ering
the
K
u
band
is
achie
v
ed
by
de
v
eloping
se
v
eral
symmetrical
slots.
This
ne
w
structure
uses
four
slots
with
nine
parameters
namely
W
1
,
W
2
,
W
3
,
L
1
,
L
2
,
L
3
,
H
,
D
1
and
D
2
to
get
better
performance;
L
f
is
al
w
ays
used
to
match
the
impedance
of
the
antenna
to
50
.
In
this
article,
the
v
alue
of
these
parameters
mentioned
abo
v
e
w
as
determined
using
a
numerical
platform
with
a
discretization
of
0.01
GHz
for
the
calculation
of
the
frequenc
y
.
The
total
dimension
of
the
proposed
antenna
is
22
20
1
:
6
mm
3
.
Figure
2.
T
op
vie
w
and
bottom
vie
w
of
the
proposed
antenna
IJECE
V
ol.
9,
No.
1,
February
2019
:
452
–
459
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJECE
ISSN:
2088-8708
455
T
able
2
illustrates
the
dif
ferent
dimensions
of
the
proposed
antenna
after
a
series
of
numerical
optimiza-
tion.
T
able
2.
The
Optimum
Dimensions
of
the
Proposed
Antenna
P
arameter
Symbol
Dimension
(mm)
Ground
width
W
g
22
Ground
length
L
g
20
Substrate
thickness
h
s
1.6
W
idth
of
the
slot
1
W
1
17
Length
of
the
slot
1
L
1
4
W
idth
of
the
slot
2
W
2
8.5
Length
of
the
slot
2
L
2
1.5
W
idth
of
the
slot
3
W
3
21
Length
of
the
slot
3
L
3
4
T
op
width
of
the
slot
4
H
4
Base
width
of
the
slot
4
D
1
1
Height
of
the
slot
4
D
2
15
3.
NUMERICAL
RESUL
TS
3.1.
Analysis
of
the
pr
oposed
antenna
The
fundamental
criterion
for
designing
an
antenna
is
the
v
alue
of
the
return
loss
(
S
11
).
F
or
this
purpose,
the
v
arious
parameters
of
the
antenna
are
v
aried,
analyzed
and
optimized
on
a
numerical
platform
based
on
the
finite
element
method
(FEM).
The
ef
fect
on
the
return
loss
by
v
arying
W
1
,
H
,
D
1
and
W
3
are
depicted
in
the
Figures
3,
4,
5
and
6
respecti
v
ely
.
Figure
3
sho
ws
that
with
increasing
the
width
W
1
,
the
resonant
frequenc
y
shifts
to
the
left
side.
While
increasing
the
height
H
,
the
resonance
frequenc
y
shifts
to
the
right
side
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
4).
In
both
cases,
the
bandwidth
impro
v
es
considerably
by
increasing
W
1
and
H
.
Similar
in
v
estig
ations
are
observ
ed
by
v
arying
the
tw
o
parameters
D
1
and
W
3
.
From
the
analysis
of
figures
5
and
6,
we
can
conclude
that
the
base
width
D
1
and
the
width
W
3
of
the
slots
primarily
control
the
v
alue
of
the
reflection
coef
ficient
of
the
antenna.
Simulated
return
loss
shifts
to
the
upper
with
the
increase
of
the
v
alue
of
D
1
and
it
shifts
to
the
lo
wer
with
the
increase
of
W
3
.
The
v
ariation
of
D
1
and
W
3
has
no
ef
fect
on
the
bandwidth
size.
The
result
obtained
from
the
final
geometry
of
the
proposed
antenna
is
sho
wn
in
Figure
7.
The
graph
sho
ws
a
maximum
v
alue
of
S
11
=
-
34.17
dB
at
a
resonance
frequenc
y
of
10.82
GHz.
The
graph
also
sho
ws
that
belo
w
a
threshold
of
-10
dB,
the
antenna
has
reached
a
bandwidth
of
10.48
GHz
from
9.34
GHz
to
19.82
GHz.
This
which
represents
more
than
the
bandwidth
reached
in
[22],
[23],
[24].
Figure
8
sho
ws
the
v
ariation
of
antenna
g
ain
relati
v
e
to
the
frequenc
y
.
The
antenna
has
maximum
g
ain
of
6.27
dB
at
11
GHz
and
a
g
ain
greater
than
4.08
dB
o
v
er
the
entire
frequenc
y
band
from
9.34
GHz
to
19.82
GHz.
The
antenna
radiation
patterns
in
the
E
and
H
planes
at
10.98
GHz,
14.3
GHz,
16
GHz
and
18.6
GHz
are
illustrated
in
Figure
9,
10,
11
and
12.
A
directional
diagram
is
observ
ed
in
the
plane
E
and
the
pseudo
omni-
directional
diagram
in
the
plane
H.
3.2.
Comparison
between
the
pr
oposed
antenna
and
antennas
cited
in
[22],
[23],
[24]
The
antenna
proposed
in
[22]
achie
v
es
a
reflection
coef
fici
ent
of
-26
dB,
a
bandwidth
of
2.8
GHz
from
11.20
GHz
to
14.0
GHz
and
a
g
ain
of
4,65
dB.
Another
antenna
structure
w
as
pr
esented
in
[23]
achie
v
es
a
max-
imum
reflection
coef
ficient
of
-33
dB
at
a
resonance
frequenc
y
of
14.13
GHz.
It
also
achie
v
es
belo
w
-10
dB,
a
bandwidth
of
2.5
GHz
from
12
GHz
to
14.5
GHz
with
an
a
v
erage
g
ain
of
8
dB
o
v
er
the
entire
band
range
of
12
GHz
to
14.5
GHz.
According
to
[24],
an
impro
v
ed
bandwidth
microstrip
antenna
has
been
proposed
for
satellite
communications.
Bandwidth
has
been
impro
v
ed
by
using
parasit
ic
patches.
This
antenna
has
a
bandwidth
of
4.08
GHz,
a
return
loss
of
-49.07
dB
at
the
center
frequenc
y
,
a
maximum
g
ain
of
8.25
dB.
In
summary
,
T
able
3
presents
a
comparison
between
the
performances
of
these
antennas.
W
e
find
that
our
proposed
antenna
realized
on
a
lo
w
cost
FR-4
epoxy
substrate
realizes
a
competiti
v
e
performance
compared
to
An
ultr
a
wideband
antenna
for
K
u
band
applications
(Aziz
Elfatimi)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
456
ISSN:
2088-8708
the
other
antennas
presented
in
[22],
[23],
[24].
It
also
of
fers
a
v
ery
wide
bandwidth
can
be
candidate
for
satellite
communication
applications
or
other
cogniti
v
e
applications
in
the
frequenc
y
range
from
9.34
GHz
to
19.83
GHz.
4.
CONCLUSION
In
this
w
ork,
a
structure
of
a
miniaturized
ultra
wideband
patch,
ha
ving
a
simplicity
of
construction
at
lo
w
cost
and
a
better
performance,
has
been
proposed
for
wireless
communication
applications
in
the
K
u
band.
It
can
also
be
performed
in
antenna
array
to
increase
g
ain
and
directi
vity
.
Th
i
s
patch
has
a
lo
w
cost
FR-4
epoxy
substrate
with
constant
dielectric
"
r
=
4.4
and
tan
=
0.02.
Se
v
eral
symmetrical
slots
ha
v
e
been
inserted
on
the
ground
to
increase
the
size
of
the
bandwidth.
This
antenna
of
fers
a
g
ain
of
6.27
dB,
a
v
ery
wide
band
of
10.48
GHz
from
9.34
GHz
to
19.82
GHz,
a
lo
w
cost
of
implementation
and
a
simplicity
of
manuf
acture.
The
comparati
v
e
study
conducted
in
the
last
section
s
ho
wed
a
better
performance
achie
v
ed
especially
the
bandwidth.
So
this
antenna
can
be
a
v
ery
good
candidate
for
telecommunication
applications
in
K
u-band
or
other
cogniti
v
e
applications.
Figure
3.
Return
loss
by
v
arying
W
1
Figure
4.
Return
loss
by
v
arying
H
Figure
5.
Return
loss
by
v
arying
D
1
Figure
6.
Return
loss
by
v
arying
W
3
IJECE
V
ol.
9,
No.
1,
February
2019
:
452
–
459
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJECE
ISSN:
2088-8708
457
Figure
7.
Return
loss
vs
frequenc
y
Figure
8.
Gain
vs
frequenc
y
Figure
9.
Directi
vity
at
f
=
10.98
GHz
Figure
10.
Directi
vity
at
f
=
14.3
GHz
Figure
11.
Directi
vity
at
f
=
16
GHz
Figure
12.
Directi
vity
at
f
=
18.6
GHz
An
ultr
a
wideband
antenna
for
K
u
band
applications
(Aziz
Elfatimi)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
458
ISSN:
2088-8708
T
able
3.
Comparison
between
antennas
P
arameter
Proposed
antenna
Ref.[22]
Ref.
[23]
Ref.
[24]
Substrate
material
FR-4
epoxy
FR-4
epoxy
T
eflon
PTFE
-
Dielectric
constant
4.4
4.4
2.55
-
Frequenc
y
range
[GHz]
[9.34
-
19.82]
[11.2-14]
[12
-
14.5]
-
Return
loss
[dB]
-34.17
dB
-26
-33
dB
-49.07
dB
Bandwidth
[GHz]
10.48
GHz
2.8
2.5
GHz
4.08
GHz
Gain
[dB]
6.27
dB
5.65
8.44
dB
8.25
dB
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