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s
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
ch
an
g
i
n
g
th
e
ac
t
iv
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
w
h
i
le
m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
a
s
tab
le
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
v
o
lta
g
e
to
th
e
lo
ad
d
e
m
a
n
d
.
2.
T
O
AN
I
N
T
E
L
L
I
G
E
N
T
P
O
WE
R
E
L
L
E
C
T
R
I
CA
L
NE
T
WO
RK
2
.
1
.
C
o
nv
ent
io
na
l po
w
er
el
ec
t
ric
net
w
o
rk
T
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
o
w
er
g
r
id
is
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
ass
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
e
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
to
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
I
t
in
cl
u
d
es
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
g
en
er
ato
r
s
,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
lin
es,
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
ev
ices
an
d
f
in
all
y
t
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
Fi
g
u
r
e.
1
.
An
elec
tr
ical
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
u
s
t
also
g
u
ar
an
tee
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
eg
i
m
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
-
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
-
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
i
m
p
le
m
en
tin
g
ad
j
u
s
t
m
en
t
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
tab
ili
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
[
3
,
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
p
r
esen
t
s
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
r
ela
ted
to
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
at
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
co
al
a
n
d
o
il
(
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
ases
)
,
it
is
e
v
e
n
ce
n
tr
alize
d
i
n
o
n
e
p
lace
(
h
i
g
h
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
co
s
t)
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
m
aj
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
t
h
e
K
y
o
to
P
r
o
to
co
l
m
u
s
t
m
u
ltip
l
y
th
e
ir
ac
tio
n
s
i
n
r
en
e
w
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
[
1
-
3
]
.
At
p
r
esen
t
d
a
y
,
s
e
v
er
al
elec
tr
ical
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
in
cl
u
d
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
s
b
ased
i
n
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
s
u
c
h
as
w
i
n
d
,
s
o
lar
,
etc.
.
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
in
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
s
s
i
v
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
en
e
w
a
b
le
en
er
g
ie
s
a
n
d
t
h
eir
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
i
n
to
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
a
l
ar
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
ca
n
n
o
t b
e
f
u
ll
y
s
to
r
ed
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
lem
an
d
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
b
atter
ies
[
5
]
.
I
t
is
in
ter
esti
n
g
to
m
an
a
g
e
t
h
is
en
er
g
y
i
n
an
ef
f
ic
ien
t
an
d
in
te
lli
g
en
t
w
a
y
,
f
o
r
th
at
th
e
elec
tr
ical
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
u
s
t
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
to
SG
[
6
,
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
r
ea
ch
ed
b
y
t
h
e
C
OP
(
C
o
n
f
er
e
n
ce
s
o
f
th
e
P
ar
ties
)
o
n
2
1
/1
2
/2
0
1
5
m
ar
k
s
th
e
w
i
s
h
o
f
m
an
y
co
u
n
tr
ies
a
n
d
elec
tr
icit
y
m
ar
k
et
s
th
a
t
r
eg
ar
d
S
m
ar
t
Gr
id
s
a
s
an
o
b
li
g
atio
n
a
n
d
as
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
ce
r
tain
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
li
k
e
s
a
f
et
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
en
er
g
y
q
u
alit
y
,
en
e
r
g
y
co
s
t
s
,
an
d
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
d
em
a
n
d
w
it
h
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
i
cie
n
c
y
[
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Stru
ct
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
n
el
elec
tr
ic
n
et
w
o
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
ctive
a
n
d
r
ea
ctive
p
o
w
er
s
h
a
r
in
g
in
micro
g
r
id
u
s
in
g
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l (
Oma
r
F
ed
d
a
o
u
i
)
2237
3.
I
NT
E
L
L
I
G
E
N
T
P
O
WE
R
E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
NE
T
WO
RK
SG
is
a
n
elec
tr
icit
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
th
a
t
u
s
es
co
m
p
u
ter
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
a
n
d
co
o
r
d
in
ate
elec
tr
icit
y
g
en
er
atio
n
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
a
n
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
9
,
10
]
.
T
h
e
SG
m
a
n
a
g
es
th
e
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
r
e
m
o
te
m
o
n
ito
r
in
co
n
tr
o
l
th
at
is
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
as
an
in
telli
g
en
t
n
o
d
e
w
h
er
e
u
s
i
n
g
S
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
y
C
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
Data
A
cq
u
is
it
io
n
(
S
C
A
D
A
)
o
r
A
d
v
a
n
ce
d
M
et
er
in
g
M
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
(
A
MI
)
.
Gen
er
all
y
SG
i
s
o
p
er
ated
as
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
A
n
o
t
h
er
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
SG
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
e
s
an
d
in
telli
g
en
t
b
u
ild
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
m
ar
t
m
ete
r
to
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
(
MG
)
,
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
an
d
elec
tr
ical
v
eh
ic
les….etc
[
14
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
s
h
o
w
s
a
co
m
p
ac
t
o
u
tlo
o
k
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
in
te
g
r
ated
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
th
a
t
me
r
g
e
s
i
n
ter
n
e
t
a
n
d
g
r
id
f
ea
t
u
r
es.
T
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
s
a
SG
w
it
h
a
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
a
d
ata
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
a
n
d
a
lo
ad
co
n
tr
o
l
ce
n
ter
s
u
c
h
as
a
r
es
id
en
tial
h
o
m
e
[
15
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
a
lo
ca
l
co
n
tr
o
l
ce
n
ter
is
to
k
ee
p
s
tatis
t
ics
o
f
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
a
n
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
r
esp
o
n
d
to
u
s
er
s
’
r
eq
u
e
s
t
s
i
n
an
o
p
ti
m
ized
m
a
n
n
er
.
I
f
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
th
a
n
u
s
u
al
d
e
m
a
n
d
an
d
d
o
n
’
t
w
a
n
t
to
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
g
r
id
,
th
e
y
c
an
m
ak
e
r
eq
u
e
s
t
to
lo
ca
l
co
n
tr
o
l
ce
n
ter
an
d
ca
n
g
et
r
eq
u
ir
ed
en
er
g
y
i
f
a
v
aila
b
le
[
16
]
.
T
h
ese
n
e
w
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
w
il
l
m
a
k
e
i
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
av
e
m
o
n
e
y
b
y
s
m
o
o
t
h
i
n
g
p
ea
k
s
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
u
n
its
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
ca
lls
f
o
r
lo
ad
s
t
h
at
ar
e
co
s
tl
y
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
p
o
llu
ti
n
g
.
I
n
th
i
s
w
a
y
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
y
s
te
m
w
ill
b
e
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
th
e
co
s
t o
f
elec
tr
i
ca
l e
n
er
g
y
co
u
ld
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Stru
ct
u
r
e
o
f
SG
[
9
]
3
.
1
.
O
bje
ct
iv
es by
SG
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
o
f
SG
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
ar
e
m
u
ltip
le.
T
h
e
a
d
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
f
lo
ws
b
et
w
ee
n
s
u
p
p
lier
s
a
n
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t.
E
ac
h
co
n
s
u
m
er
is
a
n
ele
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
is
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
h
e
ca
n
p
ar
tic
ip
ate
in
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
h
is
n
ee
d
s
,
s
o
t
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
ca
n
d
ec
id
e
to
p
u
r
ch
ase
o
r
s
ale
t
h
is
e
n
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
MG
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
SG
ca
n
ad
j
u
s
t
th
e
ir
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
co
n
s
u
m
er
d
em
a
n
d
.
T
h
e
y
w
ill
b
e
ab
le
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
p
u
b
lic
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
tl
y
w
a
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
ea
k
s
i
n
d
em
a
n
d
w
it
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
17
]
.
3
.
2
.
T
he
t
ec
hn
ica
l
-
ec
o
no
m
i
c
cha
lleng
es o
f
SG
Desp
ite
o
f
m
an
y
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
SGs
,
t
h
e
y
p
r
ese
n
t
tec
h
n
ical
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
.
H
o
w
ca
n
w
e
f
i
n
d
a
s
o
lu
t
io
n
to
t
h
e
s
ize
a
n
d
p
r
ice
o
f
to
d
ay
's
s
to
r
ag
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies?
Mo
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
MG
s
w
i
ll
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
an
d
s
to
r
e
en
o
u
g
h
en
e
r
g
y
to
co
n
n
ec
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
g
r
id
[
3
,
9
]
.
T
h
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t o
f
SG
a
n
d
th
eir
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
to
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
g
r
id
is
co
m
p
lex
,
a
n
d
g
en
er
all
y
t
h
ese
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
s
e
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
tab
ilit
y
[
18
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
ese
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
n
o
t a
l
w
a
y
s
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
all
t
y
p
es o
f
r
e
n
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
ie
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
s
o
u
r
c
e
is
n
o
t
ta
k
e
n
ac
co
u
n
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
d
e
m
an
d
an
d
t
h
eir
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
.
T
h
is
last
ch
a
llen
g
e
is
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
f
o
r
s
e
v
er
al
r
esea
r
ch
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
f
o
cu
s
in
g
i
n
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
n
e
w
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
ar
all
elin
g
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
in
v
er
ter
s
to
d
o
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t o
f
th
is
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
is
is
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
o
u
r
w
o
r
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
0
:
2
2
3
5
-
224
4
2238
3
.
3
.
C
o
ntr
o
l Techni
qu
e
s
o
n s
m
a
rt
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
Sev
er
al
r
esear
c
h
p
ap
er
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
u
b
li
s
h
ed
b
y
m
a
n
y
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
ts
o
f
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
b
y
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
ies
o
n
t
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
SG
s
[
19
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
i
es
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
th
a
t
s
o
m
e
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
t
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
MG
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
as
s
iv
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
en
e
w
ab
le
e
n
er
g
ie
s
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
a
MG
is
s
h
o
w
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Gen
er
all
y
i
t
is
a
s
m
all
SG
.
I
t
i
n
cl
u
d
es
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
w
i
n
d
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
an
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
te
m
(
e
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e)
.
E
ac
h
s
o
u
r
ce
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
AC
b
u
s
v
ia
an
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
in
ter
f
ac
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
A
C
b
u
s
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
m
a
in
s
w
it
c
h
[
4
,
20
]
.
T
h
e
Dr
o
o
p
c
o
n
tr
o
l
as
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
r
i
m
ar
y
co
n
tr
o
l
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
p
er
f
ec
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
p
ar
allel
o
p
er
atio
n
in
v
er
ter
s
.
I
t
co
n
s
is
ts
as
a
f
u
n
c
tio
n
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
b
a
s
ed
o
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
er
ato
r
s
,
w
h
er
e
P
an
d
Q
a
r
e
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
an
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
s
,
i
n
f
l
u
en
c
in
g
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
o
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
v
al
u
es.
I
n
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
,
w
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
o
u
r
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it
f
o
r
a
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
m
u
ltis
o
u
r
ce
g
en
er
ato
r
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
m
u
ltip
le
c
ases
o
f
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
c
h
an
g
es.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Stru
ct
u
r
e
o
f
Mic
r
o
-
Gr
id
b
ased
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
[
20
]
4.
DRO
O
P
CO
NT
RO
L
L
E
R
S
YST
E
M
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
o
f
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
r
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
s
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
in
p
o
w
er
s
h
ar
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
[
4
,
21
,
22
]
:
Me
th
o
d
s
u
s
in
g
ce
n
tr
alize
d
co
n
tr
o
l.
Me
th
o
d
s
u
s
in
g
lo
ca
l c
o
n
tr
o
l.
C
en
tr
alize
d
co
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
t
h
at
u
s
e
a
S
C
A
D
A
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
i
s
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
b
ased
o
n
a
m
a
s
ter
-
s
la
v
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
t
h
at
u
s
e
lo
ca
l
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
s
h
ar
e
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
AC
b
u
s
v
ia
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel
[
23
,
24
]
.
Sev
er
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
s
u
ch
as
Dr
o
o
p
C
o
n
tr
o
l,
w
h
ic
h
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
u
s
ed
.
I
n
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
w
e
w
ill
u
s
e
th
i
s
d
r
o
o
p
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
a
d
etailed
s
tu
d
y
.
U
n
li
k
e
lo
ca
l
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
th
e
clas
s
ic
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
d
r
o
o
p
allo
w
s
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
s
h
ar
i
n
g
w
it
h
o
u
t
n
ec
es
s
ar
il
y
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
li
n
k
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
o
in
t
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
i
ts
s
i
m
p
lici
t
y
,
Dr
o
o
p
C
o
n
tr
o
l
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
in
s
ev
er
al
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
jects
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
p
ar
allel
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
w
h
e
n
th
e
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
b
y
lo
ad
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
iv
es
t
h
e
o
r
d
er
to
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
s
to
v
ar
y
t
h
eir
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies,
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
an
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
o
r
a
s
lo
w
i
n
g
d
o
w
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
tar
y
m
ac
h
i
n
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
i
n
er
tia
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
[
3
]
.
A
m
icr
o
-
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
is
ass
u
m
ed
w
h
ich
i
n
cl
u
d
es
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
P
C
C
p
o
in
t.
T
h
e
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
b
ased
i
n
itiall
y
o
n
t
h
is
co
n
s
id
er
ati
o
n
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
g
iv
e
s
th
e
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
(
s
o
u
r
ce
-
lin
e
-
p
o
in
t
P
C
C
)
.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
ef
in
e
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
w
it
h
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
a
n
d
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
an
d
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
In
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
[
3
,
4
]
:
)
s
i
n
(
L
g
inv
X
V
V
P
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
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&
C
o
m
p
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n
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I
SS
N:
2
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8
8
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A
ctive
a
n
d
r
ea
ctive
p
o
w
er
s
h
a
r
in
g
in
micro
g
r
id
u
s
in
g
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l (
Oma
r
F
ed
d
a
o
u
i
)
2239
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Mic
r
o
-
Gr
id
b
ased
Dr
o
o
p
C
o
n
tr
o
l te
ch
n
iq
u
e
[
25
]
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Dr
o
o
p
C
o
n
tr
o
l f
o
r
t
w
o
-
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
[
25
]
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
p
h
ase
g
en
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
V
inv
.
X
L
is
th
e
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
V
in
v
an
d
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
at
t
h
e
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
n
o
d
e
V
g
.
g
iv
e
n
b
y
:
in
v
g
L
VV
P
X
(
3
)
)
(
g
i
n
v
(
4)
L
g
i
n
v
g
X
V
V
V
Q
)
(
(
5
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th
ese
eq
u
atio
n
s
s
h
o
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th
e
li
n
k
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ac
ti
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e
p
o
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a
n
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ase
a
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a
n
d
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n
th
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
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an
d
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e
v
o
lta
g
e
le
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el.
Ho
w
e
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er
,
lo
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o
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li
n
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ar
e
n
o
r
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al
l
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o
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e
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it
w
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ld
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e
m
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ap
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iate
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ip
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et
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n
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[
4
,
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f
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w
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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0
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.
3
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u
n
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2
0
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2
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u
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6
s
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ap
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20
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.
A
s
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l
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m
atic
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ia
g
r
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g
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h
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P
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ates
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ates
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o
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ate
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n
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n
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eg
u
lated
b
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n
g
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e
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m
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tp
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n
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in
v
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ter
[
4
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.
Fig
u
r
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6
.
P
r
in
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o
f
Dr
o
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p
C
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n
tr
o
l te
ch
n
iq
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e
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Si
m
p
li
f
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d
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r
a
m
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f
d
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I
n
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n
u
m
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o
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ter
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s
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ter
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t
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Fig
u
r
e
8
.
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m
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it
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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l
[
25
]
5.
SI
M
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AT
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O
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S
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n
th
e
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t,
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s
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Fig
u
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14
an
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u
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9
.
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u
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1
0
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Ma
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f
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ltag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
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0
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Vo
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10
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3
,
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n
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u
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ter
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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d
r
ea
ctive
p
o
w
er
s
h
a
r
in
g
in
micro
g
r
id
u
s
in
g
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l (
Oma
r
F
ed
d
a
o
u
i
)
2243
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
A
n
e
w
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
i
n
is
la
n
d
ed
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
g
r
id
s
u
s
i
n
g
p
ar
allel
in
v
er
ter
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
s
p
ec
ialy
,
a
d
r
o
o
p
c
o
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
th
r
ee
p
ar
allel
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
s
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
u
s
in
g
P
-
f
&
Q
-
V
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
s
h
ar
in
g
t
h
e
lo
ad
p
o
w
er
w
ith
a
s
tab
le
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
Fro
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
it
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ted
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
-
f
&
Q
-
V
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
e
m
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
ex
ce
lle
n
t
d
ec
o
u
p
le
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
f
lu
x
an
d
s
p
ee
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
e
m
e
w
ith
r
esp
ec
t
to
ch
an
g
e
s
in
ac
t
iv
e
p
o
w
er
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
.
T
w
o
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
s
ar
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
eh
av
io
r
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
m
iti
g
atio
n
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
C.
S
.
A
N,
T
.
Ha
sh
ig
u
c
h
i,
a
n
d
T
.
G
o
d
a
,
"
Co
n
tro
l
sc
h
e
m
e
o
f
h
y
b
rid
w
in
d
-
d
ies
e
l
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
,
"
in
Fro
m
T
u
rb
i
n
e
to
W
in
d
Fa
rm
s
-
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Req
u
ire
me
n
ts
a
n
d
S
p
i
n
-
Off
Pr
o
d
u
c
ts
,
e
d
:
In
tec
h
O
p
e
n
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
]
R.
S
e
b
a
stian
,
M
.
Ca
stro
,
E.
S
a
n
c
risto
b
a
l,
F
.
Ye
v
e
s,
J.
P
e
ire,
a
n
d
J.
Qu
e
sa
d
a
,
"
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
in
g
h
y
b
rid
w
in
d
-
d
ies
e
l
s
y
ste
m
s a
n
d
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
A
re
a
Ne
t
w
o
rk
,
"
in
IEE
E
2
0
0
2
2
8
t
h
An
n
u
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
In
d
u
stri
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
S
o
c
iety
.
IECON
0
2
,
S
e
v
il
la,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
2
3
0
0
-
2
3
0
5
,
2
0
0
2
.
[3
]
A.
-
M
.
I
m
o
k
ra
n
e
,
"
In
tég
ra
ti
o
n
d
e
s
c
o
m
m
a
n
d
e
s
d
e
sta
ti
s
m
e
a
u
x
s
o
u
rc
e
s
d
'
é
n
e
rg
ies
re
n
o
u
v
e
lab
les
d
é
c
e
n
tralisé
e
s,"
Éco
le d
e
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ie su
p
é
rieu
re
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
C.
G
u
z
m
a
n
,
"
Ét
u
d
e
d
e
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
e
t
g
e
stio
n
d
'
u
n
sy
stè
m
e
d
'
é
n
e
r
g
ies
re
n
o
u
v
e
lab
les
m
u
lt
iso
u
rc
e
s,"
Un
iv
e
rsité
d
u
Qu
é
b
e
c
à
T
ro
is
-
Riv
ière
s,
2
0
1
3
.
[5
]
H.
Ka
n
c
h
e
v
,
"
G
e
stio
n
d
e
s
f
lu
x
é
n
e
rg
é
ti
q
u
e
s
d
a
n
s
u
n
sy
stè
m
e
h
y
b
rid
e
d
e
so
u
rc
e
s
d
’é
n
e
rg
i
e
re
n
o
u
v
e
lab
le:
Op
ti
m
isa
ti
o
n
d
e
la
p
la
n
if
ica
ti
o
n
o
p
é
ra
ti
o
n
n
e
ll
e
e
t
a
ju
ste
m
e
n
t
d
’u
n
m
icro
ré
se
a
u
é
lec
tri
q
u
e
u
r
b
a
in
,
"
Eco
le
c
e
n
trale
d
e
L
il
le,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
S
.
Bo
u
c
k
a
e
rt,
"
Co
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
d
e
s
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
s
à
la
tran
siti
o
n
é
n
e
rg
é
ti
q
u
e
:
é
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
d
a
n
s
d
e
s
sc
é
n
a
rio
s
lo
n
g
term
e
,
"
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
C.
W
.
G
e
ll
in
g
s,
“
T
h
e
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
:
e
n
a
b
li
n
g
e
n
e
rg
y
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
re
sp
o
n
se
,”
T
h
e
F
a
irm
o
n
t
P
r
e
ss
,
In
c
.
,
2
0
0
9
.
[8
]
Ca
rv
a
ll
o
a
n
d
J.
C
o
o
p
e
r,
“
T
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
sm
a
rt
g
rid
:
Ed
g
e
p
o
w
e
r
d
riv
in
g
su
sta
in
a
b
il
it
y
,”
A
rtec
h
Ho
u
se
,
2
0
1
5
.
[9
]
S
.
M
.
M
a
li
k
,
X.
A
i,
Y.
S
u
n
,
C.
Zh
e
n
g
q
i,
a
n
d
Z.
S
h
u
p
e
n
g
,
"
Vo
l
tag
e
a
n
d
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
ies
o
f
h
y
b
rid
A
C/DC
m
icro
g
rid
:
a
re
v
ie
w
,
"
IET
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
T
r
a
n
sm
issio
n
&
Dist
rib
u
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
3
-
3
1
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
0
]
Y.
Yo
ld
a
ş,
A
.
Ön
e
n
,
S
.
M
u
y
e
e
n
,
A
.
V
.
V
a
silak
o
s,
a
n
d
İ
.
A
lan
,
"
En
h
a
n
c
in
g
sm
a
rt
g
rid
w
it
h
m
i
c
ro
g
rid
s:
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
,
"
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
7
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
5
-
2
1
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
1
]
H.
R.
Ba
g
h
a
e
e
,
M
.
M
irsa
li
m
,
G.
B.
G
h
a
re
h
p
e
ti
a
n
,
a
n
d
H.
A
.
Tale
b
i,
"
A
d
e
c
e
n
tralize
d
p
o
w
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
slid
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
y
f
o
r
h
y
b
rid
A
C/DC
m
icro
g
rid
s
in
c
lu
d
in
g
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
re
s
o
u
rc
e
s,"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
c
s,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
2
]
Y.
S
u
n
,
X
.
Ho
u
,
J.
Ya
n
g
,
H.
Ha
n
,
M
.
S
u
,
a
n
d
J.
M
.
G
u
e
rre
ro
,
"
Ne
w
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s
o
n
d
ro
o
p
c
o
n
tro
l
in
A
C
m
icro
g
rid
,
"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
6
4
,
p
p
.
5
7
4
1
-
5
7
4
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
3
]
C.
Do
u
,
Z
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
D.
Yu
e
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
o
n
g
,
"
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
d
r
o
o
p
c
o
n
tr
o
l
b
a
se
d
o
n
v
irt
u
a
l
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
v
irt
u
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
so
u
rc
e
in
lo
w
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
m
icro
g
rid
,
"
IET
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
T
ra
n
sm
issio
n
&
Distrib
u
t
io
n
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
6
-
1
0
5
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
4
]
M
.
Ho
ss
a
in
,
N.
M
a
d
lo
o
l,
N.
Ra
h
im
,
J.
S
e
lv
a
ra
j,
A
.
P
a
n
d
e
y
,
a
n
d
A
.
F
.
Kh
a
n
,
"
Ro
le
o
f
sm
a
rt
g
rid
in
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
:
A
n
o
v
e
rv
ie
w
,
"
Ren
e
wa
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
6
0
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
8
-
1
1
8
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
5
]
J.
Jin
a
n
d
W
.
P
e
n
g
,
"
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
P
a
rtn
e
rsh
i
p
o
f
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
ies
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
S
m
a
rt
Grid
in
Ch
i
n
a
,
"
in
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le Ci
ti
e
s a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
i
t
ies
De
sig
n
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
,
e
d
:
E
lse
v
ier
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
-
1
2
8
.
[1
6
]
R.
Zaf
a
r,
A
.
M
a
h
m
o
o
d
,
S
.
Ra
z
z
a
q
,
W
.
A
li
,
U.
Na
e
e
m
,
a
n
d
K
.
S
h
e
h
z
a
d
,
"
P
ro
su
m
e
r
b
a
se
d
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
sh
a
rin
g
in
sm
a
rt
g
rid
,
"
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
8
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
7
5
-
1
6
8
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
7
]
E.
Ka
b
a
lci
a
n
d
Y.
Ka
b
a
lci,
"
In
tr
o
d
u
c
t
io
n
to
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
A
rc
h
it
e
c
t
u
re
,
"
in
S
ma
rt
Gr
id
s
a
n
d
T
h
e
ir
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Sy
ste
ms
,
e
d
:
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r,
p
p
.
3
-
45
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
8
]
C.
W
a
n
,
J.
Zh
a
o
,
Y.
S
o
n
g
,
Z.
Xu
,
J.
L
in
,
a
n
d
Z
.
Hu
,
"
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic a
n
d
so
lar p
o
w
e
r
f
o
re
c
a
stin
g
f
o
r
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
"
CS
EE
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
3
8
-
4
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
9
]
B.
S
c
h
ä
f
e
r,
C.
G
ra
b
o
w
,
S
.
A
u
e
r,
J.
Ku
rth
s,
D.
W
it
th
a
u
t,
a
n
d
M
.
T
i
m
m
e
,
"
Ta
m
in
g
in
sta
b
il
it
ies
in
p
o
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