Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
2
,
A
pr
il
2020
, p
p.
13
98
~
1405
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
10
i
2
.
pp1398
-
14
05
1398
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Des
i
gn a
nd
simu
la
tion
of
an analo
g beamf
or
min
g
ph
ase
d
arra
y ant
enna
Moham
ed El
h
efn
awy
Depa
rt
m
ent
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering,
Oc
tobe
r
6
Univer
sit
y
,
E
gypt
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r 1
, 2
019
Re
vised
Oct
10
,
2019
Accepte
d
Oct
17, 201
9
In
thi
s
p
ape
r
,
a
phase
d
arr
a
y
antenna
is
designe
d
and
sim
ulated
.
The
ant
enn
a
arr
a
y
consists
of
four
ci
rcu
la
r
l
y
po
la
ri
ze
d
sl
ott
ed
wav
egui
d
e
elem
ent
s.
The
antenna
arr
a
y
is
sim
ula
te
d
using
CS
T
M
WS.
The
sim
ula
ti
o
n
result
s
for
the
proposed
an
te
nna
arr
a
y
at
diffe
ren
t
val
u
es
of
progre
ss
ive
phase
shift
demons
tra
te
that
the
S‒para
m
et
er
s for
al
l
four
ports
are
le
ss
tha
n
‒10
dB
over
at
l
ea
st
2%
b
andwidt
h,
the
sim
ula
te
d
m
axim
um
gai
n
is
13.
95
dB
,
the
sim
ula
te
d
b
ea
m
width
ca
n
b
e
19˚
or
nar
ro
wer
base
d
on
t
he
val
ue
of
the
progre
ss
ive
phase
shift.
T
he
ran
ge
of
fre
quenc
i
es
over
which
the
sim
ula
t
ed
Axial
Ra
ti
o
(AR)
is
bel
ow
3
dB
is
not
f
ixe
d
and
v
ari
e
d
ac
cor
d
ing
to
the
sele
c
te
d
progr
essive
phase
shif
t.
The
proposed
fo
ur
-
el
eme
n
t
RF
front
-
end
is
sim
ula
te
d
using
Advanc
ed
Design
Sy
st
em
(AD
S
)
at
oper
ating
fre
qu
e
nc
y
of
9.
6
GH
z
.
The
ob
tained
sim
ula
ti
on
resul
ts
b
y
AD
S
indi
c
at
e
the
fe
a
sibil
ity
of
impl
ementi
ng
the
p
roposed
RF
-
fron
t
end
for
fee
ding
the a
n
tenna
arr
a
y
to
r
ea
l
i
ze
analog
be
amform
ing
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
A
nal
og b
eam
fo
rm
ing
C
ircular
pola
ri
zat
ion
P
hase
d
a
rr
ay
a
nten
na
RF fro
nt
-
e
nd
Slott
ed w
ave
guide
a
nten
na
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Moh
am
ed
Elhe
fn
a
wy
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng,
Octo
ber 6
Uni
ver
sit
y,
6th
of
Octo
ber
Ci
ty
, Eg
ypt.
Em
a
il
:
m
mm
elh
ef
na
wy.eng@
o6u.
e
dy.e
g
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ph
ase
d
a
rr
ay
a
nten
na
with
a
na
log
beam
fo
rm
ing
is
re
ga
rd
e
d
in
orde
r
t
o
im
pro
ve
the
perf
or
m
ance
of
wireless
c
ommun
ic
at
io
n
syst
e
m
s
by
increasing
t
he
c
ov
e
rage
area
an
d
dec
reasin
g
the
i
nterf
e
ren
ce
.
I
n
a
nalo
g
beam
fo
rm
ing
te
chnolo
gy,
t
he
ph
a
se
of
eac
h
sign
al
recei
ve
d
an
d
tra
ns
m
it
t
ed
by
t
he
ante
nn
a
a
rray
el
e
m
ent
is
adjuste
d,
s
o
th
at
the
rad
ia
ti
on
patte
r
n
of
th
e
anten
na
arr
a
y
is
ste
ered
in
the
desire
d
di
recti
on.
The
I
F
ph
a
se
sh
ifti
ng
is
i
m
ple
m
ented
in
this
researc
h
beca
us
e
it
can
pro
vi
de
m
uch
bette
r
perf
or
m
ance
com
pa
red
to
R
F
and
LO
phase
s
hift
ing
[
1
-
1
4
]
.
Th
e
slott
ed
wa
ve
gu
i
de
a
nten
na
arr
ay
is
sel
ect
e
d
because
it
ca
n
prov
i
de
high
powe
r
handlin
g
ca
pa
bili
ty
,
low
l
os
s
,
sm
al
l
siz
e,
nar
r
ow
be
am
wi
dth
,
go
od
bandw
i
dth
,
a
nd
hi
gh
gai
n
[
1
5
-
25
]
.
Thi
s
pap
e
r
is
orga
ni
zed
as
f
ollows
.
The
desig
n
of
the
pro
pose
d
anten
na
arr
ay
el
e
m
ent
is
exp
la
ined
i
n
Sect
ion
2.
The
arc
hitec
tur
e
of
the
pro
pos
ed
phased
a
rr
a
y
syst
e
m
is
int
rod
uced
in
Sec
ti
on
3
.
I
n
Sect
ion
4,
t
he
sim
ul
at
ion
r
esults a
re
pr
es
ented
.
T
he
c
oncl
us
io
ns
a
re
prov
i
ded in
Sect
ion
5
.
2.
DESIG
N OF
THE
PROPO
SED
AN
TE
N
NA AR
RAY E
LE
MENT
Fo
r
the
pro
pose
d
Slott
e
d
Wav
e
guide
A
nten
na
Array
(
S
WAA
)
,
t
he
broa
d
wall
widt
h
of
the
rectan
gula
r
wav
e
guide
is
sel
ect
ed
to
m
a
ke
the
c
ut
-
off
f
reque
ncy
of
T
E
10
m
od
e
is
86.9
%
of
th
e
ope
rati
ng
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
at
9.6
GH
z
.
T
he
na
rrow
wall
widt
h
of
the
rectan
gu
la
r
wav
e
guide
is
sel
ect
e
d
t
o
be
half
t
he
broa
d
wall
w
idt
h.
Th
e w
a
veguide
wavel
en
gth
(
)
is c
al
culat
ed
as
[
1
9
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd simu
l
ation of
an
analog
be
am
f
ormin
g phase
d arr
ay an
te
nna
(
M. Elhefn
awy
)
1399
=
1
√
1
2
−
1
2
(1)
wh
e
re
is t
he
c
utoff wa
velen
gt
h
at
the
op
e
rat
ing
m
od
e.
The
r
e is a phase s
hi
ft of (
π/
2)
betw
een th
e
ge
ner
at
ed
wav
e
s
from
the
longit
ud
i
nal
slot
fiel
ds
(sl
ot
#1
an
d
slot
#3)
a
nd
t
he
wa
ve
pro
duced
by
the
transv
e
rs
al
slot
fiel
ds
(
slot
#2
and
sl
ot
#4
).
T
he
Ri
gh
t
Ha
nd
Ci
rcu
la
r
Po
la
r
iz
at
ion
(RHCP
)
is
ob
ta
ine
d
by
op
tim
iz
ing
the
slot
offset
f
ro
m
the
central
l
ongi
tud
inal
li
ne
in
order
to
c
ha
nge
the
value
of
to
be
eq
ual
to
the
value
of
,
wh
e
re
,
are
m
agn
it
ud
e
s
of
the
res
ultant
wa
ves
f
r
om
the
lo
ng
it
udin
al
and
tran
sv
e
rsal
slot
fiel
ds,
resp
ect
ively
,
a
s sho
wn in Fi
gure
1.
Figure
1.
Str
uc
ture of
the
res
onat
ing ci
rc
ularl
y po
la
rized
S
WAA
3.
THE
ARCHI
TE
CTUR
E
O
F THE P
ROP
OSED P
H
ASE
D
A
R
RAY S
YS
TE
M
The
pro
pose
d
ph
a
sed
ar
ray
anten
na
co
ns
ist
s
of
f
our
-
el
e
m
ent
slott
ed
wa
veguide
a
nten
na
arra
y
an
d
the
RF
fro
nt
-
e
nd
t
o
fee
d
the an
te
nna
ar
ray. Th
e
blo
c
k
dia
gram
of
the
pro
po
s
ed
phased
a
rr
ay
ante
nn
a
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ur
e
2
.
I
n
the
receiv
i
ng
m
od
e,
t
he
RF
fro
nt
-
e
nd
has
four
cha
nnel
;
an
d
two
-
s
ta
ge
do
wn
-
c
onver
si
on
(9.6
G
Hz
t
o
2.4
GH
z
&
2.4
GH
z
to
400
M
Hz).
Als
o
i
n
th
e
transm
it
ti
ng
m
od
e,
there
ar
e
oth
e
r
fou
r
c
ha
nn
el
;
and
t
wo
-
sta
ge
up
-
c
onversi
on
(40
0
MHz
to
2.4
GH
z
&
2.4
GH
z
t
o
9.6
G
Hz).
Each
c
ha
nn
el
in
t
he
rec
ei
vin
g
m
od
e
a
m
plifies,
dow
n
-
c
onve
rts
(9.6
GH
z
t
o
2.4
G
Hz
)
,
a
dju
sts
the
phas
e
of
,
a
nd
dem
odulate
s
the
in
com
ing
sign
al
from
the
ante
nn
a
ar
ra
y
el
e
m
ent.
Th
e
W
il
ki
ns
on
powe
r
c
om
bin
er
is
us
ed
to
co
m
bin
e
the
f
our
sig
nal
s
com
ing
fr
om
t
he
anten
na
ar
r
ay
to
on
e
signa
l
wh
ic
h
is
ent
ered
to
the
I/
Q
dem
od
ulator
t
o
be
do
wn
-
co
nverte
d
again
f
ro
m
2.
4
GH
z
to
40
0
MHz.
The
de
m
od
ulate
d
(I&
Q)
c
om
plex
si
gn
al
s
are
fed
t
o
the
input
of
the
analo
g
to
di
gital
conv
erter
(
A
DC).
I
n
the
tran
sm
i
tt
i
ng
m
od
e,
the
(
I&
Q)
si
gn
al
s
f
ro
m
the
dig
it
al
to
a
nalo
g
c
onver
si
on
(DAC)
a
re
m
od
ulate
d
an
d
up
-
c
onve
rted
from
40
0
M
Hz
to
2.4
GH
z
,
th
en
it
is
div
ide
d
into
f
our
ide
ntica
l
sign
al
s,
eac
h
si
gn
al
is
tra
ns
m
i
tt
ed
thr
ough
di
ff
e
ren
t
c
ha
nn
el
,
a
nd
it
s
phase
is
ad
j
ust
ed
t
he
n
up
-
c
onve
rted
from
2.4
G
Hz
to
9.6
G
Hz,
the
n
i
t
is
filt
ered
an
d
am
plifie
d
bef
ore
tran
sm
i
tting
to
the
a
nt
e
nn
a
a
rr
ay
el
e
m
ent.
The
powe
r
det
ect
or
is
us
e
d
t
o
m
on
it
or
the
re
cei
ved
sig
nal
powe
r,
an
d
t
hen
the
c
ontrol
pa
rt
is
im
ple
m
ent
ed
t
o
change
the
pro
gr
essi
ve
phase
sh
ift
if
the
rec
e
ived
power
is
l
ow
e
r
tha
n
a
thr
esh
old
val
ue.
The
ante
nna
ar
ray
is
al
ign
ed
in
a
4×
1
li
near
ar
ray
with
center
to cen
te
r
dista
nce
between
the
a
dj
ace
nt
el
em
en
ts
of
0.7
05
as sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ures
3
(
a)
,
an
d
3
(b)
,
t
he
dim
ension
s
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
s
lott
ed
wa
ve
gu
i
de
a
nten
na
el
e
m
ent
is
ind
ic
at
ed
in
Table
1.
Table
1.
Dim
e
ns
io
ns
of the
P
rop
os
ed
Anten
n
a
Array El
em
ent
Para
m
eter
Di
m
en
sio
n
s (
mm
)
W
av
elen
g
th
in th
e
wav
eg
u
id
e
g
6
3
.18
7
5
Bro
ad
-
wall width
o
f
the rec
tan
g
u
lar
wav
eg
u
id
e
18
Narr
o
w
-
wall
wid
th
of
the rec
tan
g
u
lar
wav
eg
u
id
e
9
W
av
elen
g
th
3
1
.25
Slo
t leng
th
1
5
.39
0
6
2
5
Slo
t width
1
.20
4
Slo
t of
f
set f
rom
th
e ce
n
tral
lon
g
itu
d
i
n
al line
7
.44
7
Mon
o
p
o
le leng
th
7
.81
2
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
2
,
A
pr
i
l
2020
:
1398
-
1405
1400
Figure
2.
Bl
oc
k diag
ram
o
f
th
e pro
posed
pha
sed
a
rr
ay
a
nten
na
(a)
(b)
Figure
3.
Ge
om
et
ry o
f
the
propose
d
S
WAA
:
(a)
Pers
pecti
ve
v
ie
w
,
(b)
Cr
oss
-
sect
io
nal p
la
ne view
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
The
pro
posed
anten
na
a
rr
ay
i
s
sim
ulate
d
us
ing
CST
M
WS,
at
an
ope
rati
ng
f
reque
ncy
of
9.6
G
Hz.
The
S
-
par
am
et
ers
for
al
l
fo
ur
po
rts
are
belo
w
‒10
dB
ove
r
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
ra
ng
e
f
r
om
9.
5
GH
z
to
9.7
G
Hz
as
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fi
gure
4
.
The
sim
ulate
d
t
wo
-
di
m
ension
al
a
nd
three
-
dim
ensi
on
al
ra
diati
on
patte
rn
s
are
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ure
s
5
a
nd
6
, res
pecti
vely
.
Th
e
beam
w
id
th
is
belo
w
19
°
, an
d
the
an
te
nna
ga
in is at l
east
13.
38 d
B
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
4. Sim
ulate
d
S
-
par
am
et
ers
f
or the
pro
po
s
ed
S
WAA
:
(a)
Pro
gr
essi
ve
phase s
hift
=
0
°
,
(b)
P
rog
ressive
phase s
hift
=
±
45
°
Circu
lato
r
Mix
e
r
w
it
h
i
m
a
g
e
rejec
ti
o
n
Mi
x
e
r
BPF
LN
PA
T/R
switch
Circu
lato
r
Mix
e
r
w
it
h
i
m
a
g
e
rejec
ti
o
n
Mi
x
e
r
BPF
LN
PA
T/R
switch
Ph
a
s
e
s
h
i
f
t
e
r
W
ilk
in
so
n
Po
wer
d
iv
id
er/
co
m
b
in
er
Circu
lato
r
I/Q
de
m
od
ulator
I
Q
Co
n
t
r
o
l
l
er
Po
wer
d
etector
Ph
a
s
e
s
h
i
f
t
er
I/Q
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
I
Q
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd simu
l
ation of
an
analog
be
am
f
ormin
g phase
d arr
ay an
te
nna
(
M. Elhefn
awy
)
1401
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
5. Sim
ulate
two
-
dim
ension
al
rad
ia
ti
on
patte
rn for
th
e pro
posed
S
W
AA
:
(a) Pr
ogre
ssive
ph
a
se
sh
ift
=
0
°
, (b)
Pro
gr
essi
ve p
hase
sh
ift=
45
°
, (
c)
P
rog
ressive
phase
s
hift
=
−
45
°
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
6
.
Sim
ulate
d
three
-
dim
ensio
nal r
a
diati
on p
at
te
r
n for t
he pr
opos
e
d
S
WAA
;
(a)
Pro
gr
essi
ve p
hase
sh
ift
=
0
°
,
(
b)
Pro
gr
essi
ve p
hase
sh
ift =
45
°
,
(c)
Pro
gr
essi
ve p
hase
s
hift
=
−
45
°
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
2
,
A
pr
i
l
2020
:
1398
-
1405
1402
The
propose
d
anten
na
ar
ray
is
ci
rcu
la
rly
pol
arized
ov
e
r
f
re
qu
e
ncy
ra
nge
f
ro
m
9.
5
G
Hz
to
9.7
G
Hz
,
bu
t
the
purity
of
the
ci
rcu
l
ar
pola
rizat
ion
decr
ease
s
as
the
pro
gr
es
siv
e
ph
ase
is
far
from
0
°
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
7.
T
he
RF
t
ran
sc
ei
ver
fro
nt
-
e
nd
is
sim
u
la
te
d
us
ing
A
DS
as
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
8
.
In
recei
ving
m
od
e,
the
incom
ing
sign
al
f
r
om
e
ach
ante
nn
a
a
rr
ay
el
em
ent
i
s
entere
d
to
a
ny
port
of
th
e
ci
rcu
la
to
r
(
TRAK
Mi
cro
wa
ve
C
orp
or
at
io
n
X
-
Ba
nd
SMT
Ci
rcu
la
to
r)
to
be
transm
it
te
d
to
the
ne
xt
port
i
n
r
otati
on,
w
hile
the
ot
her
port
is
isolat
ed,
the
n
the
si
gnal
is
am
plifie
d
by
Mi
ni
-
ci
rcu
it
s
P
MA2
-
12
3LN
+
low
noise
am
plifie
r
(LNA),
an
d
th
en
it
is
down
-
c
onve
rted
f
r
om
9.6
G
Hz
to
2.4
GH
z
by
A
NALOG
DE
VI
CE
S
HMC1
056L
P4
B
E
m
ixer.
L
NA
is
sim
ulate
d
by
c
al
li
ng
the
S2P
file
of
PMA
2
-
123L
N+
i
n
t
he
ADS.
HM
C105
6LP4BE
m
ixer
consi
sts
of
tw
o
balanced
m
ixers
an
d
quad
rat
ur
e
hybr
i
d
at
t
he
input,
an
othe
r
quad
ratu
re
hy
br
id
is
co
nn
e
ct
ed
at
it
s
ou
tp
ut
to
m
ake
this
m
ixer
works
as
an
i
m
age
rej
ect
io
n
m
ixer
wh
ic
h
has
the
a
b
il
it
y
to
sel
ect
the
de
sired
sign
al
a
nd
ca
nc
el
out
the
im
a
ge
si
gn
al
.
On
e
of
these
qua
drat
ur
e
hybri
ds
i
s
desi
gned
at
9.6
G
Hz
a
nd
is
us
e
d
to
sp
li
t
the
RF
inp
ut
int
o
inphas
e
and
q
ua
dr
at
ure
sign
al
s
,
the o
the
r
quad
ratu
re
hybri
d
is
de
sign
e
d
at
2.4
G
Hz
an
d
us
e
d
to
ad
d
90
degrees
phase
sh
ift
betwee
n
the
two
I
F
out
pu
ts
befor
e
c
om
bin
ing
them
tog
et
he
r.
T
he
SPD
T
RF
switc
h
(Mi
ni
-
ci
rc
uits
CS
WA2
-
63DR+
)
is
i
m
ple
m
ente
d
to
s
witc
h
between
the
tran
s
m
itti
ng
a
nd
re
cei
ving
m
od
e.
The
firs
t
sta
ge
IF
signa
l
(2
.
4
G
Hz)
i
s
app
li
ed
to
th
e
dig
it
al
ph
ase
sh
ifte
r
(M
ACOM
MAPS
-
01
0144
)
,
there
is
one
dig
it
al
ph
a
se
s
hifter
f
or
eac
h
c
hannel
to
ad
ju
st
the
pr
ogress
ive
phase
of
t
he
rec
ei
ve
d
si
gn
al
i
n
order
to
m
axim
iz
e
the
received
sig
nal
po
wer.
This
dig
i
ta
l
ph
ase
sh
ift
er
is
si
m
ulated
in
ADS
b
y
cal
li
n
g
the
S
2P
file
.
The
4×
1
W
il
ki
ns
on
powe
r
di
vid
er/c
om
bin
er
is
desig
ne
d
us
in
g
ADS.
T
he
I/Q
dem
odulator
(ANALO
G
D
EVI
CE
S
AD
R
F6821)
is
sim
ulate
d
i
n
ADS.
A
qua
dr
at
ur
e
hybri
d
is
de
sig
ned
at
2
GHz
t
o
s
plit
the outp
ut
fro
m
the local
os
c
il
la
tor
into t
wo quadrat
ure s
i
gnal
s.
The
outp
uts
f
r
om
I/Q
dem
o
du
la
to
r
are
e
nt
ered
to
the
va
riable
gai
n
am
pl
ifie
r
VGA
(ANA
L
O
G
DEVICES
A
D
RF652
0)
to
a
djust
this
I/Q
si
gn
al
s
in
orde
r
to
fit
within
the
in
put
ra
nge
of
the
ne
xt
st
age.
If
the
I/
Q
sig
na
ls
are
s
m
al
l,
t
hen
t
he
V
GA
will
gain
up
t
he
se
sig
nals;
w
hi
le
if
it
exceed
that
range,
VGA
will
at
te
nu
at
e
thes
e
I/Q
sig
nals.
A
lso
this
V
GA
(
ANAL
OG
D
E
VI
CES
AD
RF
6520)
has
a
bu
il
t
in
pro
gr
am
m
able
filt
er
to
filt
er
up
t
he
I/
Q
sig
nals
be
fore
A
DC
in
or
der
t
o
pre
ven
t
the
al
ia
sing
co
nte
nt
from
being
sam
ple
d.
The
fr
e
quency
dom
ai
n
analy
sis
is
do
ne
by
us
in
g
Har
m
on
i
c
Ba
la
nce
(H
B
)
sim
ulati
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
in
A
D
S
t
o
determ
ine
the
sp
ect
ral
c
on
te
nts
f
or
the
RF
receive
r
f
r
on
t
-
en
d.
For
I
a
nd
Q
c
hannels
at
the
outp
ut
of
I/Q
dem
od
ulato
r,
Figure
9
s
how
s
that
the
sp
e
ct
ral
w
it
h
fr
e
quency
400
M
Hz
has
m
axim
u
m
value
an
d
oth
e
r
sp
ect
ral
c
onte
nts
ca
n
be
i
gnor
e
d.
Th
e
I/
Q
outp
ut
sig
nal
s
f
ro
m
the
D
AC
is
upco
nv
erted
from
400
M
Hz
to
2.4
G
Hz
by
us
in
g
I/Q
m
odula
tor
(
ANAL
OG
DE
SVICE
S
A
DRF
6821)
.
The
outp
ut
f
r
om
the
I/Q
m
od
ulator
is
div
ide
d
i
nto
four
sig
nals
by
us
in
g
4×
1
W
il
kin
s
on
po
wer
div
ide
r,
t
he
n
the
p
hase
of
ea
ch
sig
nal
is
a
dju
ste
d
,
after
t
hat
the
sign
al
is
upc
onve
rted
f
ro
m
2.4
GH
z
to
9.
6
GH
z
by
us
i
ng
the
m
ixer
(
ANAL
OG
D
E
VI
CES
HMC5
53ALC
3B).
V
GA
(
A
NA
L
O
G
D
EV
ICES
HMC9
96LP
4E
)
is
us
e
d
to
fit
the
m
ix
er’
s
outp
ut
to
t
he
in
pu
t
range
of
the
ne
xt
sta
ge.
The
sign
al
is
pass
ed
thr
ough
the
band
pass
filt
er
with
center
fr
eq
ue
ncy
9.6
GH
z
(K&L
Mi
crowav
e
,
I
nc
3FV20
-
9600/T
300
-
SM/
SM
),
th
en
am
plifie
d
by
the
power
a
m
plifie
r
(AN
A
L
O
G
DEVICES
H
MC
7149)
be
f
or
e
tra
ns
m
it
ted
thr
ough
th
e
ci
rcu
la
tor
to
the
ante
nna
ar
ray
el
em
ent.
The
tra
ns
m
itte
r’
s
var
ia
ble
ga
in
am
plifie
r,
ba
nd
pass
filt
er,
an
d
po
wer
a
m
pl
ifie
r
are
si
m
ula
te
d
in
A
DS
by
cal
li
ng
th
ei
r
S
2P
file
s
.
Fig
ure
1
0
s
hows
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
dom
ai
n
analy
sis
for
the
RF
tra
ns
m
it
te
r
fr
ont
-
end
a
t
the
inputs
of
t
he
anten
na
ar
r
ay
el
e
m
ents,
wh
ere
al
l
sp
ect
ra
l
con
te
nts
can
be
igno
red
c
om
par
ed
to
the
sp
ect
ral
with
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
of
9.6 GHz
.
Figure
7. Sim
ulate
d
A
xial R
at
io (AR)
v
e
rs
us
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
for
t
he pr
opos
e
d
S
WAA
at
dif
fere
nt v
al
ue
s
o
f
the pr
ogressive
phase s
hift
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd simu
l
ation of
an
analog
be
am
f
ormin
g phase
d arr
ay an
te
nna
(
M. Elhefn
awy
)
1403
Figure
8.
A
DS
si
m
ulati
on
m
od
el
for t
he p
ropo
s
ed
RF tra
nsc
ei
ver
fro
nt
-
e
nd
Figure
9. Fr
e
quency
dom
ai
n
analy
sis at
the
ou
t
pu
t
of I
/
Q d
e
m
od
ulato
r f
or the RF
r
ecei
ve
r
f
r
on
t
-
e
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
2
,
A
pr
i
l
2020
:
1398
-
1405
1404
Figure
10. Fre
qu
e
ncy
do
m
ai
n
analy
sis at
the
inputs
of
the a
nten
na
a
rr
ay
el
e
m
ents f
or
the RF tra
ns
m
i
tt
er f
r
ont
-
en
d
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
pa
per,
the
analo
g
bea
m
fo
r
m
ing
is
r
eal
iz
ed
by
des
ign
in
g
a
pro
posed
phase
d
a
rray
antenna
wh
ic
h
operates
at
9.
6
G
Hz,
a
nd
c
on
sist
s
of
4×1
slott
e
d
wa
veguide
a
nten
na
arr
ay
with
RF
transceive
r
fr
ont
-
end
as
a
fee
der.
T
he
slott
e
d
w
aveguide
a
nten
n
a
a
rr
ay
is
sim
ulate
d
i
n
CST
M
W
S;
the
sim
ulati
on
res
ults
sh
ow
that
the
pr
op
ose
d
phased
a
rr
a
y
antenn
a
can
achieve
a
m
axi
m
u
m
gain
of
13.
95
dB,
a
bea
m
width
equ
al
or
le
ss
than
19
°
in
t
he
el
evati
on
pla
ne,
an
d
S
-
pa
ram
e
te
rs
bel
ow‒
10
dB
ov
e
r
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
range
f
r
om
9.
5
G
Hz
to
9.7
G
Hz.
T
he
purity
of
the
ci
rc
ular
pola
rizat
ion
de
pe
nd
s
on
t
he
val
ue
of
t
he
pro
gressi
ve
phase
sh
ift.
The
A
DS
sim
ulati
on
so
ft
war
e
is u
sed
to sim
ulate
the p
r
opose
d
RF
transce
iver
f
ront
-
e
nd. T
he
A
DS
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
s
how
t
he
possi
bili
ty
of
us
in
g
the
pro
po
se
d
RF
t
ran
scei
ver
fro
nt
-
e
nd
as
a
fe
eder
for
the
s
lott
ed
wav
e
guide a
nt
enn
a
ar
ray to
obta
in a
nalo
g be
a
m
fo
rm
ing
at
9.6 GHz
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
D.
Eh
y
ai
e
,
“
Novel
Approac
hes
t
o
the
Design
of
Phased
Arra
y
Antenna
s,
”
Doctor
of
Philoso
phy
.
The
Univer
sit
y
of
Michi
gan
,
2011
.
[2]
G.
L.
Charv
at
,
L.
C.
Kem
pel,
E.
J.
Rothwell,
C.
M.
Cole
m
an
,
and
E.
L
.
Mokole,
"A
n
U
lt
raw
ide
band
(UW
B)
Sw
it
che
d
-
Anten
na
-
Arra
y
Rad
ar
Im
agi
ng
S
y
stem
,
"
IEEE
Int
ernat
ional
Symposiu
m
on
Phased
Ar
ray
Syste
ms
and
Technol
ogy
,
W
a
lt
ham,
MA
,
pp.
543
-
550,
2010
.
[3]
M
.
T
.
Islam,
N
.
Misran,
and
B
.
Yat
im,
“
Smart
Ant
enna
U
KM
Te
stbed
fo
r
Digital
B
ea
m
form
ing
S
y
stem,
”
EURA
SIP
Journ
al
on
Adv
an
ce
s i
n
Signal P
roc
es
sing
,
2009
.
DO
I:
1
0.
1155/2009/
12
8516
.
[4]
W
.
W
ang,
J.
W
ang,
D
.
L
ia
ng
,
Y.
Tian
,
and
T.
Ren,
"D
ev
el
opm
ent
of
RF
Front
-
End
for
R
eal
-
Tim
e
MIM
O
Rada
r
Im
agi
ng
S
y
stem,"
Six
th
In
te
rnati
onal
Confe
renc
e
on
Instrum
ent
ati
on
&
Me
asu
rement
,
Computer,
Comm
unic
ati
o
n
and
Control
(
IMCCC)
,
Harbi
n
,
p
p.
968
-
973
,
201
6.
[5]
M.
Hos
su,
S.
H.
Jam
al
i,
P.
Mous
avi
,
K.
N
ari
m
ani
,
M
.
Fa
khar
za
d
eh
,
and
S.
Safa
vi
-
Na
e
ini
,
"M
ic
row
av
e
B
ea
m
form
ing
using
Analog
Signal
Proc
essing
,
"
I
EE
E
Antennas
a
nd
Propagati
on
Soci
e
ty
In
te
rnati
onal
Symposium
,
San
Diego, CA,
pp.
1
-
4
,
2008
.
[6]
N.
A.
Male
k
,
O.
O.
Khali
fa
,
Z
.
Z.
Abidin,
S.
Y.
Moham
ad,
and
N.
A.
A.
Rahman,
"
Bea
m
Stee
ring
u
sing
the
Acti
v
e
El
ement
Pattern
of
Antenna Arra
y
,
"
TEL
KOMNIKA
,
v
o
l.
16
,
n
o
.
4,
pp.
1542
-
1550,
Augus
t
2018.
[7]
H.
Xu,
H.
Al
iakbari
an
,
and
G.
A.
E
.
Vande
nb
osch,
"O
ff
-
th
e
-
S
hel
f
Low
-
Cost
Ta
rge
t
Tr
ac
king
Archi
tectur
e
fo
r
W
ire
le
ss
Com
muni
cations,
"
I
EEE
Syst
ems J
ourn
al
,
vo
l. 9, no. 1,
pp.
13
-
21
,
Mar
c
h
2015.
[8]
R.
Rotm
an,
M.
Tur
,
and
L
.
Yar
on,
"True
Ti
m
e
Delay
in
Phased
Arra
y
s,"
Proc
eedings
of
the
IEEE
,
vol
.
104,
no.
3,
pp.
504
-
5
18
,
Ma
rch
2016.
[9]
D.
L.
Le
m
es,
M.
V.
T.
Hec
kl
er
,
and
A.
W
interstei
n
,
"A
Low
-
Cost
Modular
Tra
nsm
it
Front
-
End
with
Analog
Bea
m
form
ing
Capa
bi
li
t
y
,
"
SBM
O/IEE
E
MTT
-
S
I
nte
rnational
Micr
owave
and
Opt
oel
e
ct
ronics
Co
nfe
renc
e
(
IMOC)
,
Aguas de
Li
ndoi
a,
pp
.
1
-
5
,
2
017.
[10]
Y.
Yao,
F.
Zha
ng
and
F.
Zha
ng,
"A
New
Approa
ch
to
Design
Circ
ula
r
l
y
Polar
ize
d
Bea
m
-
Stee
ring
Antenna
Arra
y
s
W
it
hout
Phase
Shift
Cir
cui
ts,"
in
IEE
E
Tra
nsa
ct
i
ons
on
Antenna
s
and
Propaga
ti
o
n,
vol.
66,
no
.
5,
pp.
2354
-
236
4
,
Ma
y
2018.
[11]
Y.
Yashch
y
sh
yn,
K.
Godzisz
e
ws
ki,
G.
Bogda
n
and
P.
Piase
cki
,
"X
-
band
a
nte
nna
arr
a
y
fo
r
low
-
cost
be
a
m
sca
nning,
"
in
I
E
T
Microwa
v
es,
Antenna
s &
Propaga
t
ion, vol
.
11
,
no
.
15
,
pp
.
217
4
-
2178,
10
12
2
017.
[12]
H.
Zhu,
H.
Sun,
B.
Jones,
C.
Ding
and
Y.
J.
Guo,
"W
ide
band
Dual
-
Polar
iz
ed
M
ult
iple
Be
am
-
Form
ing
Antenna
Arra
y
s,"
in
I
EEE
Tra
nsa
ct
ions
on
Antenna
s
and
P
ropa
gation,
vol.
67,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
15
90
-
1604,
Mar
ch 2019.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd simu
l
ation of
an
analog
be
am
f
ormin
g phase
d arr
ay an
te
nna
(
M. Elhefn
awy
)
1405
[13]
R.
Bagge
n,
S.
Holzwa
rth,
M.
Bott
cher
and
S.
Otto,
"Innovat
i
ve
Antenna
Front
Ends
from
L
-
Band
to
Ka
-
Band
[Ante
nna
Applicati
ons
Corner
]
,
"
in
IEE
E
Anten
nas
and
Propaga
ti
on
Maga
z
ine,
vol.
59,
no.
5,
p
p.
116
-
129,
Oc
t
.
2017.
[14]
A.
S.
Y.
Poon
and
M.
Ta
gh
iva
nd,
"S
upport
ing
and
Ena
bl
i
ng
Circ
ui
ts
for
Antenna
Arra
y
s
in
W
ir
el
ess
Com
m
unic
at
ions,"
in
Proc
ee
din
gs of
the IEEE
,
vol.
100
,
no
.
7
,
p
p.
2207
-
2218
,
Ju
l
y
2012.
[15]
M
.
W
.
Sabri,
N
.
A.
Murad,
and
M
.
K.A.
Rah
im,
"Bi
-
dire
c
ti
on
al
Bea
m
s
W
ave
gui
de
Slott
ed
Ante
nna
at
Mill
ime
ter
W
ave
,
"
TEL
KOMNIKA
,
v
o
l. 16,
n
o.
4,
pp.
1515
-
1521,
Augus
t
20
18
.
[16]
A.
Oline
r
,
"Th
e
Im
peda
nce
Properties
of
Narro
w
Radi
a
ti
ng
Slo
ts
in
th
e
Bro
ad
Face
of
Recta
ng
ula
r
W
ave
gu
id
e
:
Part
I
--
Th
eor
y
,
"
IRE
Tr
ansacti
on
s on
Antennas a
nd
Propagati
on
,
vol.
5
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
4
-
11,
Janu
ar
y
19
57.
[17]
M.
Orefi
c
e
and
R.
S.
E
ll
io
tt,
"D
esign
of
W
ave
g
uide
-
Fed
Seri
es
Slot
Arra
y
s
,
"
Mi
crowave
s,
Opt
ics
and
Ant
ennas
,
IE
E
E
Pro
c
ee
din
gs H
,
vol
.
129
,
n
o.
4
,
pp
.
165
-
16
9,
Augus
t
1982
.
[18]
R.
K.
Enjiu
an
d
Perotoni
M.
B.
,
"S
lot
t
ed
W
a
vegui
de
Ant
enn
a
Design
u
sing
3D
EM
Sim
ula
ti
on
,
"
Mic
rowav
e
Journal,
Hor
izo
n
Hous
e
Publica
ti
ons
,
2013
.
[19]
S.
Roze
nber
g
and
A.
Yaha
l
om
,
"A
THz
Slot
Antenna
Optimiza
ti
on
using
Anal
y
t
ic
a
l
Techni
que
s,
"
RA
DIO
ENGINE
ER
ING,
vo
l. 25,
no.
1
.
Sep
.
2016
.
[20]
B.
P
y
n
e,
P
.
R.
Akbar,
V.
Ravi
ndr
a,
H.
Sait
o
,
J.
Hi
roka
wa
and
T.
Fukam
i,
"S
lot
-
Arr
a
y
Antenn
a
Feed
er
Network
f
o
r
Space
-
Borne
X
-
Band
S
y
n
the
t
ic
Apert
ure
R
ada
r
,
"
in
IE
EE
Tra
ns
ac
t
ion
s
on
Ante
nnas
and
Propag
at
ion
,
vol
.
66
,
n
o.
7,
pp
.
3463
-
347
4,
Jul
y
2018
.
[21]
P.
Kum
ar,
A.
Keda
r
and
A.
K.
Singh,
"D
esi
gn
and
Deve
lop
m
ent
of
Low
-
Cost
Low
Sidel
o
be
Le
v
el
Slot
ted
W
ave
guide
Ant
enna
Arra
y
in
X
-
Band,
"
in
IEE
E
Tra
nsa
ct
ions
on
Antenna
s
an
d
Propaga
ti
on,
vol.
63,
no.
11
,
pp.
4723
-
4731
,
Nov.
2015.
[22]
H.
Guan
-
Long,
Z.
Shi
-
Gang,
C
.
Ta
n
-
Huat
and
Y.
Ta
t
-
Soon,
"Bro
adba
nd
and
high
gai
n
wave
guid
e
-
fed
slot
antenna
arr
a
y
in
th
e
Ku
-
band,
"
in
IET
Microwa
ves,
An
te
nnas
&
Propa
gat
ion
,
vol.
8
,
no.
13,
pp.
1041
-
1
046,
21
Octob
er
2014.
[23]
A.
Ghasem
i
and
J.
La
urin,
"A
Conti
nuous
Bea
m
Stee
ring
Slott
e
d
W
ave
guide
Antenna
Us
ing
Rota
ti
ng
Di
el
e
ct
ri
c
Slabs,"
in
IEEE Transacti
ons on
Antenna
s a
nd
Pr
opaga
t
ion, vol
.
6
7,
no
.
10
,
pp
.
63
62
-
6370,
Oc
t. 20
19.
[24]
Y.
T
y
ag
i, P.
Me
vada
,
S.
Ch
akr
a
bar
t
y
and
R.
J
y
o
ti
,
"H
igh
-
eff
i
ci
e
nc
y
broa
db
and
s
lot
te
d
wave
gu
id
e
arr
a
y
ant
enn
a,
"
in
IET
Mi
cro
wave
s
,
Antenn
as
&
Propaga
t
ion, vol
.
1
1,
no
.
10
,
pp
.
14
01
-
1408,
16
8
2
017.
[25]
H.
C.
Zha
o
,
R
.
R
.
Xu
and
W
.
W
u
,
"Broadb
and
wa
vegui
de
slot
arr
a
y
f
or
SA
R,
"
in
E
le
c
tr
onic
s L
e
tt
er
s,
vol.
47,
no.
2
,
pp.
76
-
77
,
Janu
a
r
y
2011.
BIOGR
AP
H
Y
O
F
AU
TH
OR
Mohame
d
Elhefna
w
y
r
ec
e
ived
PhD
degr
ee
in
Com
m
unic
ations
Engi
ne
eri
n
g
from
US
M
Univer
sit
y
,
Ma
lay
sia
,
in
2010.
H
e
has
strong
ac
a
dem
ic
bac
kgrou
nd
tha
t
in
cl
udes:
RF
/Mic
rowave
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Elec
tromagne
ti
c
T
heor
y
and
Ante
nna
The
or
y
.
He
has
a
par
ti
cu
la
r
set
of
skill
s
in
El
e
ct
rom
agne
t
ic
sim
ula
ti
on
tools
such
as
A
DS
and
CS
T,
and
Sim
ula
ti
on
of
S
y
stems
using
MA
TL
AB
and
Sim
uli
nk.
In
ad
dit
ion
to
his
ex
per
ti
se
in
ant
en
na
design
,
h
e
h
as
e
xper
ie
n
ce
in
designi
ng
and
t
esti
ng
RF
/Mic
ro
wave
componen
ts
such
as
ampl
ifi
ers,
m
ixe
rs,
o
scil
lators,
and
m
ic
rowave
fi
lt
er
s.
He
got
“
Sang
gar
Sajung
”
Aw
ard
for
Ex
celle
n
ce
in
Publishing
,
Univer
si
t
y
of
Scie
nc
e
Mal
a
y
si
a
(US
M),
2009.
He
publi
shed
hi
gh
impact fact
or
rese
arc
h
pap
ers.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.