Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al
of El
e
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
4
,
Aug
us
t
201
9
, p
p.
2354
~
2364
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
4
.
pp2354
-
23
64
2354
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Evo
luti
on
of
mi
croc
on
tro
ller
-
b
ase
d remot
e moni
tor
ing
system
ap
pli
ca
tion
s
Wael
A.
Sa
l
ah
1
,
Basem
Abu
Z
neid
2
1
Depa
rt
m
ent
of Electrical E
ng
in
ee
ring
,
Co
ll
eg
e of
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
a
nd
Technol
og
y
,
Pale
stine T
ec
hn
i
ca
l
Univer
sit
y
-
K
adoor
ie,
Pa
le
stin
e
2
Facul
t
y
of Elect
ric
a
l
and
Com
pute
r Engineering
,
Univer
sit
y
of
Bu
siness a
nd
T
ec
h
nolog
y
CE
iT
,
Sa
udi
Arabi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
2
, 201
8
Re
vised
Jan
28
, 201
9
Accepte
d
Ma
r
6
, 2
01
9
Thi
s
stud
y
rev
iew
s
the
evol
u
ti
o
n
of
sm
art
appli
ca
t
ions
of
m
ic
r
ocont
roller
-
base
d
wire
le
ss
/
wire
d
remote
m
onit
oring
s
y
st
ems
.
Rapi
d
d
ev
el
opm
ent
s
in
scie
nc
e
and
t
echnolog
y
off
er
th
e
adva
n
ta
ges
of
using
int
egr
a
ted
embedde
d
chi
ps,
m
ic
roproc
essors
,
and
m
ic
roc
ontrol
l
ers.
Th
e
use
of
m
ic
roc
ontrol
lers
in
industri
al
pro
ces
ses,
such
as
aut
om
obil
es,
a
e
rona
utics,
spac
e
,
roboti
cs
,
el
e
ct
roni
cs,
def
e
nse
appl
icati
ons
,
m
obil
e
comm
u
nic
a
ti
ons,
ra
il
tr
ansport,
and
m
edi
ca
l
app
li
c
ations,
is
rap
idly
inc
re
asing.
Thi
s
stud
y
ai
m
s
to
rev
ie
w
th
e
progre
ss
of
m
ic
roc
om
pute
rs
in
sm
art
remote
m
onit
oring
and
cont
rol
li
ng
appl
i
ca
t
ions
for
the
cont
rol
an
d
m
ana
gement
of
diffe
ren
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
using
wire
le
ss
/wire
d
t
e
chni
ques.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Mi
cro
co
ntr
oller
Rem
ote
m
on
it
or
i
ng
Sm
art app
li
cat
i
on
W
i
reless/
wire
d
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ba
se
m
A
bu Z
ne
id
,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
an
d C
om
pu
te
r
E
ng
i
neeri
ng
,
Un
i
ver
si
ty
of
Business
and
T
echnolo
gy
CEi
T
,
Dh
a
ba
n
–
Nort
h
Je
ddah
, S
a
ud
i Ar
a
bia.
Em
a
il
: base
m
78
20
01@
gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Mi
cro
co
ntr
oller
e
vo
l
ution
ha
s
at
tract
ed
c
on
si
der
a
ble
i
nt
erest
f
ro
m
r
esearche
rs
in
aut
om
at
e
d
app
li
cat
io
ns
be
cause
of
thei
r
perf
or
m
ance
and
ef
fecti
ve
ness.
Mi
cr
ocontr
oller
ev
olu
t
ion
is
us
e
d
in
daily
app
li
cat
io
ns
in
diff
e
ren
t
fiel
ds,
su
c
h
as
m
ed
ic
al
app
li
cat
ion
s,
a
uto
m
at
ion
syst
e
m
s,
wireless
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s,
and
co
ntr
ol
sys
tem
s.
Con
tr
ol
syst
e
m
s
can
be
de
velo
ped
us
i
ng
va
rio
us
ty
pe
s
of
m
ic
ro
co
m
pu
te
rs,
su
c
h
as
PI
C,
ds
P
IC
m
ic
ro
c
on
t
ro
ll
er,
a
nd
Ardu
i
no
co
ntr
oller.
T
he
pri
m
ary
app
li
cat
ion
s
t
hat
us
e
PI
C1
6F
a
nd
Ardu
i
no
con
t
ro
ll
ers
are
re
viewe
d
i
n
t
his
stu
dy.
Th
e
eff
ic
ie
nt
ad
va
ntages
of
t
hese
co
ntr
ollers
a
r
e
us
e
d
t
o
de
ve
lop
t
he
pr
ese
nted
appli
cat
ion
s
[
1
,
2
]
.
En
gin
eeri
ng
s
of
t
war
e
t
oo
ls
su
c
h
as
MA
T
LAB
a
nd
Lab
VI
E
W
dem
on
s
t
rate
the
fle
xibl
e
con
tr
ol
of
integrate
d
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
s
[
3
,
4
]
.
Th
ese
to
ols
sat
isfy
the
ne
ed
f
or
flexi
bili
ty
,
per
f
orm
ing
m
easur
em
ent
s,
an
d
ob
s
er
v
in
g
ta
s
ks
in
d
if
fer
e
nt
f
ie
lds.
Mo
re
ov
e
r,
t
he
inc
reasi
ng
dem
and
s
of
the
in
dustry
to
exte
nd
the
re
m
ot
e
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
an
d
m
on
it
or
in
g
of
var
i
ous
de
vices
are
fu
lf
il
le
d.
These
t
oo
ls
al
s
o
co
nst
ru
ct
the
gr
a
ph
ic
a
l
pr
ese
ntati
on
of m
easur
ed valu
es b
ase
d o
n
use
r
re
quirem
ents and
pr
e
f
ere
nc
es.
2.
MICRO
C
ONT
ROLLE
R A
PPLIC
ATIO
NS
Sm
art
ho
us
e
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
ca
n
be
us
e
d
to
perform
un
lim
it
ed
ta
sk
s,
inc
lud
in
g
intel
li
ge
nt
pa
rk
i
ng,
wh
ic
h
m
a
y
l
ikely
fu
lfil
l
the
aim
of
m
anag
ing
a
nd
protect
ing
cars
in
re
s
identia
l
parkin
g
areas.
T
he
pa
rk
i
ng
area can be m
a
nag
e
d
a
nd
orga
nized wit
h
sm
a
rt tec
hnologies
an
d
t
oo
ls
base
d
on im
age r
ecognit
ion
tec
hnology
and the
A
rduin
o
c
on
t
ro
ll
er t
o effecti
vely
inte
gr
at
e im
age
-
pr
ocessin
g
te
c
hnologies
[
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Evolutio
n of
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
er
-
ba
s
ed
remote
monitori
ng sys
te
m
ap
plicati
ons
(
Wa
el
A. S
al
ah
)
2355
Mon
it
ori
ng
an
d
m
easur
em
en
t
can
al
so
be
im
ple
m
ented
to
increase
ef
fici
ency
and
decr
e
ase
the
cos
t
of
s
pecific
ta
s
ks
.
C
on
t
ro
l
a
nd
de
sig
n
ca
n
be
ac
hieve
d
w
it
h
the
ai
d
of
prof
e
ssio
nal
s
of
t
war
e,
su
c
h
as
the
Nati
on
al
I
ns
tr
um
ent
Labo
rat
or
y
En
gi
neer
i
ng
Wor
kb
e
nc
h
(LabVIE
W)
,
m
od
ular
m
eas
ur
em
ent,
and
con
t
ro
l
hard
war
e.
E
qu
ipm
ent
can
be
rem
otely
m
on
it
or
e
d
us
in
g
vir
tual
instru
m
ents.
The
data
ca
n
then
be
sa
ve
d
an
d
analy
zed
for
c
om
par
ison wit
h
tra
diti
on
al
t
ools a
nd provid
e a safe
syst
em
for
us
e
rs
[
4
]
.
Desig
n
a
nd
im
plem
entat
ion
of
bl
ueto
oth
vide
o
s
urveil
la
nce
dev
ic
es
base
d
on
m
ic
ro
con
tr
ollers
are
offer
e
d
in
ref
e
ren
ce
[
5
]
.
Port
able
wireless
vid
e
o
s
urveil
la
nce
de
vices
a
r
e
widely
us
e
d
du
e
t
o
the
blue
too
t
h
hard
war
e
em
bed
de
d
i
n
thei
r
syst
e
m
s.
Fu
rt
he
rm
or
e,
the
pr
esented
desi
gn
was
i
nten
de
d
for
vid
e
o
s
urv
ei
ll
ance
dev
ic
es
capa
bl
e
of
vid
e
o
data
transm
issi
on
be
tween
vi
deo
s
erv
e
rs
a
nd
cl
ie
nts
[
5
]
.
Va
rio
us
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
hav
e
al
so
bee
n
de
ve
lop
e
d
in
di
ff
e
r
ent
fiel
ds
,
s
uc
h
as
syringe
pum
ps
,
gas
le
akag
e
wa
rn
i
ng
sys
tem
s,
and
sm
art
gr
een
hous
es
.
2.1.
S
yring
e
p
ump
In
this
sc
hem
e,
the
de
velo
pm
ent
of
a
co
nt
ro
ll
ed
in
j
ect
io
n
pum
p
is
pr
esented
.
The
plann
e
d
a
nd
m
anu
fact
ur
e
d
enh
a
nce
d
in
j
ec
ti
on
pum
p
is
a
m
edical
app
li
cat
ion
r
obot
tha
t
can
be
us
e
d
in
healt
h
ce
nter
s.
The
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
of
this
de
vic
e
includes
the
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
com
plete
m
e
chan
ic
al
an
d
con
t
ro
l
syst
em
s
that
use
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller.
This
devi
ce
is
design
e
d
and
pr
ogram
m
ed
to
act
ivate
the
pu
m
pin
g
of
s
pecific
am
ounts
of
m
edical
so
luti
on
s
as
re
quest
ed
by
the
us
e
r.
Vo
l
um
e
and
s
peed
of
the
fl
ui
d
are
c
on
tr
oll
ed
with
t
he
ass
ist
ance
of the m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller b
a
sed
on u
s
er
prefe
re
nce.
Fig
ure
1
sho
ws
that
the
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
was
su
cc
essfu
ll
y
im
ple
m
ented
an
d
functi
one
d
sat
isfact
or
il
y.
The
res
ults
re
vealed
good
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
the
dev
el
op
e
d
de
vice
in
te
rm
s
of
accura
cy
an
d
pr
eci
si
on.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
a
flo
w
detect
ion
s
ens
or
was
int
egr
at
e
d
to
m
on
it
or
the
re
fere
nce
value
,
and
th
e
m
easur
ed
va
lu
e
was
obta
ine
d
from
the
de
ve
lop
e
d
dev
ic
e
.
The
pro
posed
syst
e
m
su
ccess
fu
ll
y
f
un
ct
i
on
e
d
with
high
acc
ur
acy
and
obta
ine
d
a
n
a
ver
a
ge
e
rror
of
ap
pro
xim
a
t
el
y
le
ss
than
1.5%,
w
hich
c
ou
ld
be
co
ns
ide
re
d
a
n
excell
ent
val
ue
com
par
ed
with
th
os
e
of
existi
ng
de
vices.
The
pro
pose
d
desi
gn
ha
s
the
ad
va
ntage
of
su
pp
or
ti
ng
the
us
e
of
com
m
ercial
ly
avail
a
ble
inj
ect
io
n
s
yri
ng
es
.
The
f
igure
al
so
s
hows
that
the
sy
stem
is
co
st
-
e
ff
ect
ive
c
om
par
ed wit
h sim
il
ar d
evices
av
ai
la
ble i
n
th
e m
ark
et
.
Finall
y,
the
sy
rin
ge
pu
m
p
m
odule
was
te
st
ed
at
a
fi
xed
s
peed
of
100
m
l/
h,
wit
h
vo
l
um
e
rate
siz
e
changes
from
2
m
l
to
10
m
l.
Figure
2
pres
ents
the
c
om
par
iso
n
bet
ween
the
ref
e
re
nce
and
m
easu
re
d
values
.
The
res
ults
show
that
the
pr
opos
e
d
m
od
el
fu
ct
io
ns
with
s
at
isfact
or
y
acc
ur
acy
at
t
he
c
omm
on
ly
us
ed
sp
ee
d
with
ref
e
ren
ce
to sim
i
la
r
de
vices
[
6
]
.
Figure
1. De
ve
lop
e
d
syri
ng
e
pu
m
p
syst
em
Figure
2. Er
ror
at 1
00 m
l
/h
2.2.
G
as
le
akag
e
warnin
g s
ys
te
m
Liqu
e
fied
petr
oleum
gas
(LPG)
was
in
ven
te
d
in
1910
a
nd
is
now
wi
dely
us
e
d
in
hom
es
for
c
ooki
ng
pur
po
ses
[
7
]
.
Desp
it
e
the
hi
gh
e
r
c
os
t
of
L
PG
c
om
par
ed
with
ne
w
ty
pe
s
of
f
uels,
s
uc
h
as
fu
el
woo
d,
LP
G
is
sti
ll
con
sidere
d
cl
eane
r
f
or
ho
m
e
us
age
owin
g
to
it
s
lo
w
im
pact
on
ai
r
poll
ution
[
8
,
9
]
.
I
n
s
om
e
cases
,
g
as
le
aks
m
ay
cause
acci
dent
s
that
can
le
a
d
to
increase
d
finan
ci
al
loss
es,
apar
t
f
ro
m
the
hu
m
an
inj
uri
es
cause
d
by
the
exp
l
os
io
n
of
ga
s
cy
li
nd
ers
.
T
he
ris
k
of
thes
e
exp
l
os
io
ns
ha
s
increase
d
in
recent
ye
ars
be
cause
of
e
xter
nal
factor
s
,
su
c
h
as
c
orr
os
io
n,
c
on
str
uction
defec
ts,
m
at
erial
fail
ur
es,
old
valve
s,
worn
-
ou
t
re
gula
tors,
and lac
k o
f
a
w
aren
es
s in
the
us
e
of g
a
s cyl
ind
e
rs.
To
a
vo
i
d
the
ha
zard
of
a
gas
le
ak
or
fire,
a
syst
e
m
that
war
ns
us
of
gas
l
eakag
e
is
in
ve
sti
gated
a
nd
i
m
ple
m
ented.
Figure
3
sho
w
s
a
g
en
eral
sc
hem
e
of
t
he
pro
posed
ga
s
le
akag
e
warnin
g
syst
em
.
The
LPG
le
akag
e
detect
ion
syst
em
dete
ct
s
le
akag
e
by
util
iz
ing
sp
eci
f
ic
gas
sens
or
s
with
the
hel
p
of
a
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
4
,
A
ugust
201
9
:
23
54
-
2364
2356
A
bu
zze
r
is
a
ct
ivate
d
t
o
gen
e
r
at
e
a
series
of
warnin
g
m
essages
as
au
dio
or
vis
u
al
al
arm
s,
there
by
r
esulti
ng
in
the
cl
osure
of
the
ga
s
s
upply
valve
.
A
sm
all
a
m
ou
nt
of
L
PG
gas
le
a
ka
ge
nea
r
the
sen
s
or
is
detect
ed
and
the
bu
zze
r
act
ivate
s
the
aud
i
ov
is
ual
al
arm
,
causing
the
gas
s
upply
valve
to
sh
ut
do
wn.
T
he
co
nsum
er
a
nd
fire
sta
ti
on
are
al
er
te
d
by t
he
syst
e
m
w
he
n
the
L
PG
gas
le
a
ka
ge
r
eac
hes
a
crit
ic
al
level.
Figure
3. Ge
ne
ral schem
e o
f
a
g
as
leaka
ge w
arn
i
ng syst
em
The
pri
m
ary
featur
e
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
m
od
el
is
it
s
us
e
of
a
m
ob
il
e
phon
e
app
li
cat
io
n
bas
ed
on
a
le
a
k
detect
ion
gas
sens
or
with
t
he
help
of
a
m
i
cro
c
ontrolle
r
,
wh
ic
h
is
needed
to
pro
fici
en
tl
y
and
c
on
ti
nuously
sense
t
he
LP
G
gas
with
a
rap
i
dly
w
orkin
g
c
ontr
oller.
T
he
s
ens
or
,
w
hich
is
us
e
d
to
detect
the
prese
nce
of
ga
s
in the ai
r,
m
us
t be se
ns
it
ive t
o pro
pan
e
and
buta
ne. T
he dev
e
lop
e
d
sc
hem
e
sen
ses
the lea
k wit
h
the
h
el
p of t
he
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r,
w
hich
a
utom
at
ic
ally
initi
at
es
an
instr
uc
ti
on
f
or
t
he
syst
e
m
to
lock
the
re
gu
la
t
or
s
olen
oi
d
valve
a
nd
a
void
furthe
r
le
aka
ge
from
the
cy
li
nd
er
.
Sim
ultan
eo
us
ly
,
a
buz
zer
al
arm
is
act
ivate
d
i
n
the
r
oo
m
.
A
m
essage
is
t
hen
se
nt
to
the
hous
e
owne
r
an
d
the
fi
re
sta
ti
on
by
m
eans
of
a
global
syst
em
f
or
m
ob
il
e
(
GS
M
)
te
chnolo
gy. F
i
gure
4
s
hows
t
he flo
w of
syst
e
m
f
unct
ion
al
it
y.
Figure
4. Syst
em
f
un
ct
ion
al
it
y flo
wc
har
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Evolutio
n of
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
er
-
ba
s
ed
remote
monitori
ng sys
te
m
ap
plicati
ons
(
Wa
el
A. S
al
ah
)
2357
The
desig
ne
d
syst
e
m
con
ta
ins
a
wireless
transm
issi
on
s
yst
e
m
based
on
Bl
ueto
ot
h,
with
power
su
pply
an
d
de
te
ct
ion
ga
s
se
ns
or
as
in
pu
ts
to
the
Ard
ui
no
m
ic
ro
con
tr
oller
f
or
f
ur
t
he
r
pr
ocessin
g
con
t
ro
l.
Figure
5
s
how
s
the
input
sen
so
r
to
reso
l
ve
the
re
qu
i
red
outpu
t
of
the
wa
r
ning
syst
e
m
.
The
s
yst
e
m
will
then
sh
ut
down
the
so
le
noid
v
al
ve, act
ivate
a
bu
z
zer,
a
nd tra
ns
m
it
alert
m
essages as
SMS
v
ia
GS
M.
Figure
5. Gas
leakage
w
a
r
ning syst
em
2.
3.
Sm
art gr
een h
ou
se
The
pro
po
s
ed
rem
ote
con
tr
ol
syst
e
m
is
a
m
od
el
of
a
Gr
ee
n
-
House
,
wh
ic
h
us
es
sm
art
te
chnolo
gy
t
o
pro
vid
e
s
uitab
le
plantat
ion
e
nv
i
ronm
ent
s.
The
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
aims
t
o
s
upply
pla
nts
an
d
trees
wi
th
th
e
require
d
no
ur
is
hm
ent
fr
om
su
nligh
t
a
nd
prot
ect
the
m
fr
om
the
ha
rm
fu
l
effe
ct
s
of
the
s
un.
Figure
6
s
how
s
t
he
rem
ote
con
trol
syst
e
m
us
e
d
with
the
Ard
ui
no
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
er
to
a
djus
t
hu
m
idit
y
an
d
te
m
per
at
ur
e,
so
il
m
oistur
e, light
sens
or
,
r
el
ay
node
s fo
r
m
on
it
or
i
ng, a
nd au
t
om
at
ic
co
ntro
l.
Figure
6. Syst
em
p
ro
cess
A
gr
ee
nhouse
m
od
el
is
dev
el
op
e
d
a
nd
propose
d
to
su
cces
sfu
ll
y
co
ntr
ol
syst
e
m
s
that
m
on
it
or
plan
t
grow
t
h
by
cl
ose
ly
analy
zi
ng
the
relat
ion
s
hip
betw
een
indo
or
en
vir
on
m
ental
inform
at
ion
a
nd
m
on
it
ore
d
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
s
uch
as
te
m
per
a
ture
a
nd
s
oil
hum
idity.
This
s
yst
e
m
al
so
aut
om
atical
ly
collects
inf
or
m
at
ion
a
nd
eff
ect
ively
co
ntr
ols
the
gree
nhouse
f
r
om
a
rem
ote
lo
cat
i
on
t
hro
ugh
a
GS
M
m
od
em
.
Figure
7
sho
ws
th
e
gen
e
ral fl
ow of
the syste
m
.
The
m
ai
n
adv
antage
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
sm
art
gr
een
hous
e
is
th
e
us
e
of
sm
art
te
chnolo
gies,
wh
ic
h
co
uld
m
ake
sm
art
gr
een
hous
e
s
use
r
f
rien
dly
at
low
co
st.
C
o
nse
que
ntly
,
the
m
idd
le
cl
ass
can
af
for
d
sm
art
gr
ee
nhouses
a
nd
be
nef
it
f
rom
th
ei
r
conve
ni
ence
an
d
sa
fety
.
Figure
8
sho
ws
the
flo
wchart
of
how
t
he
syst
e
m
works.
I
n
the
beg
i
nn
i
ng,
the
syst
e
m
receives
analo
g
data
m
easur
ed
by
the
sens
or.
T
he
syst
e
m
detec
ts
the
m
easur
ed
qua
nt
it
ie
s
and
co
nv
erts
the
a
nalo
g
data
into
dig
it
al
data
by
usi
ng
an
anal
og
di
gital
conver
te
r
with
the
help
of
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller.
T
he
data
ar
e
then
recor
de
d
an
d
tra
ns
m
itted
v
ia
GS
M
transm
issi
on
sy
stem
.
Figure
8 pr
e
se
nts the
overall
flo
w of
t
he
des
ign
e
d pro
gr
am
m
ing
contr
ol c
od
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
4
,
A
ugust
201
9
:
23
54
-
2364
2358
Figure
7. Ge
ne
ral flow
diag
ra
m
o
f
the syst
e
m
Figure
8. O
veral
l flow o
f
th
e
desig
ne
d progr
a
m
m
ing
c
ontro
l cod
e
This
propose
d
prototype
off
ers
a
fu
ll
y
aut
om
at
ed
gr
ee
nhou
s
e
m
anag
em
ent
syst
e
m
.
Ex
per
im
ents
validat
e
that
t
he
syst
em
fu
lfil
ls
al
l
the
r
equ
i
rem
ents
relat
ed
to
gr
ee
nhouse
m
on
it
or
i
ng.
T
he
a
ut
om
a
ti
c
gr
ee
nhouse
se
ns
or
desi
gn
ca
n
assist
i
n
i
nc
reasin
g
plantat
ion
pro
duct
ivit
y.
The
propos
ed
desig
n
pro
vid
es
autom
at
ic
con
trol
over
dif
fere
nt
de
vices,
suc
h
as
li
gh
t
an
d
m
oto
r
pum
p.
This
desi
gn
al
s
o
has
the
m
echan
ism
to
al
ert
far
m
er
s
on
pa
ram
et
e
r
changes
in
t
he
gr
ee
nh
ou
se
to
facil
it
at
e
e
arly
pr
ecauti
onary
ste
ps
.
Fi
gure
9
sh
ows
the h
ar
dware
de
sig
n
of
the
gr
ee
nhous
e
m
on
it
or
in
g
s
yst
e
m
.
The
i
mp
le
m
entat
ion
of
the
pro
po
se
d
desig
n
cou
l
d
c
on
ti
nu
ou
sly
inc
rease
the
pr
oductiv
it
y
of
cr
oppi
ng,
le
a
ding
to
a
res
olu
ti
on
of
the
fam
ine
pro
ble
m
arou
nd
t
he
world.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
t
he
gree
nhouse
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
em
can
be
inte
gr
at
e
d
with
G
SM
to
m
ake
it
bette
r
tha
n oth
er s
yst
em
s u
sin
g diff
e
re
nt tech
no
l
og
ie
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Evolutio
n of
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
er
-
ba
s
ed
remote
monitori
ng sys
te
m
ap
plicati
ons
(
Wa
el
A. S
al
ah
)
2359
Figure
9
.
H
a
rdwar
e
d
esi
gn of
the gree
nhouse
m
on
it
or
in
g
sy
stem
2.4.
Micr
ocon
tro
ll
er
an
d
el
ectro
-
optic
tec
hnique
Mi
cro
co
ntr
oller
-
base
d
syst
em
s
are
sim
ple,
low
cost,
an
d
use
r
f
rien
dly.
Fi
gure
10
prese
nt
s
a
fibe
r
-
op
ti
c
rem
ote
m
on
it
or
ing
te
chn
i
qu
e
desig
ned
to
m
easur
e
the
CO
co
nce
ntrati
on
in
the
env
i
ron
m
ent.
The
pr
opos
e
d desig
n
is
eq
uipped
with a
n
el
ect
ro
c
hem
ic
a
l sens
or
ar
ray
to
sense
CO c
ontam
inat
ion
and
con
t
ro
l
and
m
on
it
or
ai
r
qual
it
y.
The
resu
lt
s
obta
ine
d
from
co
m
pute
r
analy
sis
and
the
m
ic
ro
con
tr
oller
-
based
m
od
el
sh
ow
a
n
inc
rea
sed
degree
of
safe
ty
.
The
re
m
ote
op
erati
on
in
places
unde
r
haza
r
dous
c
onditi
ons
th
rough
t
he
fiber
-
op
ti
c
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
netw
ork
pro
vi
des
the
re
quir
ed
isolat
ion
f
or
s
uch
e
nvir
on
m
ents
.
Mor
eov
e
r,
m
on
it
or
ing
bec
om
es
a
dem
and
i
n
the
detect
ion
of
t
ox
ic
ga
s
es
in
t
he
s
urr
oundin
g
en
vir
onm
ent
.
The
detect
ion
of
these
gase
s
is
ba
sed
on
diff
e
re
nt
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
,
s
uc
h
as
inf
rar
e
d
sp
ect
r
ogra
p
h
te
chn
i
que
f
or
CO
2
m
on
it
or
ing
[
10
,
11]
.
Figure
10. T
G
S2600
gas
sen
s
or m
easur
em
en
t ci
rcu
it
A
m
on
it
or
in
g
syst
e
m
based
on
t
he
Zig
bee
te
chnolo
gy
sen
so
r
netw
ork
for
coal
m
ine
protect
ion
has
been
dev
el
op
e
d
t
o
c
ollec
t
an
d
recor
d
the
va
lues
of
m
et
han
e
c
oncentr
at
ion
.
T
he
pro
po
sed
syst
em
is
li
kew
ise
capab
le
of
m
easur
i
ng
t
he
am
ount
of
hu
m
idit
y
in
undergro
und
m
ines
us
ing
t
he
Zig
bee
sens
or
l
ocat
ed
inside
the
co
al
m
ine
[12
,
13]
.
T
he
desig
ne
d
m
odel
al
so
im
ple
m
ents
a
n
em
bedded
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er
f
or
co
ntr
olli
ng
and
m
on
it
ori
ng
fl
uid
tra
nsp
ort
in
the
per
ist
al
ti
c
pu
m
p.
Th
e
syst
e
m
el
ectr
onic
ha
r
dw
a
r
e
m
a
inly
con
si
sts
of
STM3
2F4
de
ve
lop
m
ent
bo
a
r
d,
ste
ppe
r
m
o
t
or
dr
i
ver
ci
rc
uit,
an
d
cu
rr
e
nt,
m
agn
et
ic
,
and
a
rterial
pr
essure
sens
or
s
.
Se
ns
or
ci
rcu
it
s
were
dev
el
op
e
d
i
n
pa
rall
el
with
the
dev
el
opm
ent
of
em
bed
de
d
s
of
t
war
e
,
wh
ic
h
m
ai
nly
con
sist
s
of
diff
e
ren
t
r
ou
ti
ne
s.
T
hese
routines
are
pro
gr
am
m
ed
and
desi
gn
e
d
f
or
m
on
i
toring
c
urre
nt,
pr
ess
ure,
a
nd
m
agn
et
ic
sen
s
or
s
,
as
well
as
pu
m
p
s
peed
co
ntr
oller
r
outi
ne
s
.
T
he
per
ist
al
ti
c
pu
m
p
syst
e
m
was
te
ste
d
with
a m
ixtur
e
of
water
and g
ly
ceri
n w
it
h
a v
isc
os
it
y
si
m
il
ar to
hum
an blo
od [1
4].
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
a
n
aut
om
at
ed
do
uble
-
rin
g
in
filt
ro
m
et
er
(D
RI
)
syst
em
has
been
dev
el
op
e
d
util
iz
ing
a
n
Ardu
i
no
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er.
T
he
propose
d
desi
gn
incl
udes
a
Hall
eff
ect
sen
so
r
,
pe
rista
lt
ic
pu
m
p,
water
le
vel
sens
or
,
a
nd
co
ns
ta
nt
-
le
vel
flo
at
valve.
The
desig
ne
d
syst
em
is
us
ed
in
sing
le
-
rin
g
fall
ing
head
a
nd
double
-
rin
g
co
ns
ta
nt
he
ad
in
filt
rati
on
m
easur
e
m
ents.
This
syst
em
op
e
rates
wit
hout
the
ne
ed
for
a
portable
c
om
pu
te
r
in
the
fiel
d
be
cause
real
-
ti
m
e
data
are
s
tore
d
in
the
a
tt
ached
m
ic
ro
-
SD
flash
m
e
m
or
y
card
.
T
he
m
ai
n
requirem
ent
for
th
is
syst
em
i
s
a
sin
gle
rese
rvoir
for
th
e
inn
e
r
a
nd
oute
r
rin
gs
wh
e
rein
water
ca
n
be
ad
de
d
anyt
i
m
e
as
nee
ded
wit
h
out
a
f
fecti
ng
the
m
e
asur
em
ents.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
de
sign
is
m
ou
nt
ed
on
a
porta
bl
e
an
d
weathe
r
-
resist
ant
box
t
o
te
st
and
r
un
t
he
DRI
syst
em
i
n
the
fiel
d
.
T
he
res
ults
sho
w
that
the
sys
tem
is
app
li
cable
for
portable
fiel
d m
easur
em
ent
set
-
up [1
5].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
4
,
A
ugust
201
9
:
23
54
-
2364
2360
Fig
ure
11
pres
ent
s
an
ultras
ound
scan
ne
r
prot
otype
hard
war
e
ba
sed
on
the
8051
m
icr
oc
ontrolle
r
,
wh
ic
h
is
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
from
a
host
la
ptop
us
in
g
M
ATL
AB
gra
ph
ic
al
us
e
r
inter
fac
e.
The
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er
interfaces
wit
h
MATLAB
software
th
rou
gh
an
interm
edia
te
MEX
“C
”
l
angua
ge
pro
gra
m
to
ob
ta
in
sm
oo
th
interfaci
ng of
t
he
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
ol
le
rs
with M
A
TLAB
[12,
16]
.
Figure
11. Ult
r
aso
und
sca
nner
pro
t
otype
hard
war
e
[
16
]
Anothe
r
sc
he
m
e
was
i
m
plem
ented
with
t
he
TMD
X
DOC
KH52
C
1
C
oncert
o
Kit
an
d
a
pair
of
ultraso
und
tra
ns
duce
rs.
T
he
pr
ese
nted
sc
hem
e
include
s
a
m
ic
ro
co
nt
ro
ll
er
syst
e
m
fo
r
tra
ns
m
is
sion,
acqu
isi
ti
on
,
a
nd
processi
ng
of
ultra
sou
nd
sig
nals
f
or
nondest
r
uctive
te
sti
ng
(
N
D
T)
of
w
ood
s
a
m
ples.
The
de
velo
pe
d
syst
e
m
can
gen
erate
hi
gh
-
am
plit
ud
e
pu
lse
s
(
up
to
500
Vpp)
to
excit
e
an
ul
traso
nic
t
ran
s
ducer
.
The
data
c
ollec
te
d
by
t
he
syst
e
m
can
be
use
d
to
dete
rm
ine
par
am
et
ers
su
c
h
as
vel
ocity
,
at
te
nu
at
io
n,
a
nd
oth
e
r
par
am
et
ers
of
ultraso
und
wa
ves
i
n
w
ood
sa
m
ples
fo
r
m
at
e
rial
char
a
ct
erizat
ion
.
The
res
ul
ts
of
syst
em
t
est
in
g
sh
ow
that
the
dev
el
op
e
d
pro
t
otype
m
eet
s
the
ND
T
a
ppli
cat
ion
re
qu
i
rem
e
nts
[
17
]
.
Fi
gur
e
12
s
hows
t
he
blo
c
k
diag
ram
o
f
the
dev
el
op
e
d sy
stem
.
Figure
12. Blo
ck diag
ram
o
f
t
he ND
T syst
e
m
[17]
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
a
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
syst
em
is
design
e
d
t
o
co
nt
ro
l
the
na
vig
a
ti
on
of
a
m
ob
il
e
robo
t
a
nd
avo
i
d
obsta
cl
es.
T
he
desig
ne
d
sc
hem
e
functi
on
al
it
y
is
base
d
on
ultraso
nic
sens
ors
th
at
w
ork
t
og
et
her
wi
th
th
e
nav
i
gation
sys
tem
.
The
pres
ented
desig
n
aim
ed
to
oper
at
e
a
m
ob
il
e
rob
ot
in
a
wa
reho
us
e
.
T
he
hybri
d
nav
i
gation
sy
stem
com
bin
es
pe
rcep
ti
on
an
d
dead
recko
ning
to
obta
in
sa
ti
sfactor
y
operati
on.
The
tra
nsfo
rm
at
ion
of
i
nfo
r
m
at
ion
into
a
f
un
ct
io
nal
form
is
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
for
pro
du
ct
io
n
na
vig
at
io
n
de
ci
sion
s
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n be c
on
si
der
e
d
sens
or fusio
n
[
1
3,
18
]
.
Figure
13
s
hows
a
m
ic
ro
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
-
base
d
interface
ci
r
cuit
for
in
du
c
ti
ve
sens
or
m
easur
em
ent
.
The
pro
posed
t
echn
i
qu
e
was
im
ple
m
ented
usi
ng
a
low
-
co
st
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
,
w
hich
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
ly
excit
es
RL
ci
rcu
it
s
to
m
easur
e
the
disc
ha
rg
i
ng
tim
e
of
t
he
vo
lt
age
acr
os
s
eac
h
i
nduc
ta
nce
(i.e
.,
se
nsi
ng
an
d
ref
e
re
nce).
The
n
,
the
m
eas
ur
e
d
disc
hargi
ng
ti
m
es
are
us
ed
to
est
i
m
at
e
sens
or
in
d
uctance.
T
he
res
ults
sh
ow
a
nonli
near
it
y
error
l
ow
e
r
tha
n
0.5%
at
fu
ll
-
scal
e
sp
an
w
he
n
m
easur
ing
i
nducta
nces
f
r
om
1
m
H
to
10
m
H
and
from
10
m
H
to
10
0
m
H.
T
he
ci
rc
uit
on
l
y
requires
a
n
exter
nal
resist
or
an
d
a
re
fe
r
ence
i
nductan
ce
in
a
ddit
ion
to
t
he
m
ic
ro
co
nt
ro
ll
e
r
a
nd senso
r
. H
ence,
t
wo RL c
ircuit
s w
it
h hi
gh
-
pass fil
te
r
ar
e f
or
m
ed
[
14
,
19
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Evolutio
n of
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
er
-
ba
s
ed
remote
monitori
ng sys
te
m
ap
plicati
ons
(
Wa
el
A. S
al
ah
)
2361
Figure
13. (a)
Mi
cro
co
ntr
oller
-
base
d
inter
fa
ce ci
rcu
it
f
or a
n
in
duct
ive se
nsor
(
L
x) a
nd
(b)
tra
ns
ie
nt
re
sp
onse
of t
he v
oltage at
pin
s
1 an
d 2 whe
n
m
easur
i
ng the R
L circuit t
hat inclu
des
L
x
[
14
]
A
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
ol
le
r
-
base
d
i
ns
t
ru
m
entat
ion
s
yst
e
m
fo
r
ai
r
pr
ess
ure
m
on
it
or
i
ng
is
al
so
im
ple
m
ented
us
in
g
op
ti
cal
fi
ber
sens
ors.
T
he
dev
el
op
e
d
s
yst
e
m
con
sist
s
of
a
la
se
r
s
our
ce,
a
beam
sp
li
tt
er,
tw
o
m
ultim
od
e
op
ti
cal
fibe
rs
,
two
li
gh
t
-
dep
e
ndent
re
sist
ance
(L
D
R)
-
based
ti
m
er
ci
rc
uits,
and
a
n
AT
89S
8252
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r.
T
he
beam
sp
li
tt
er
is
us
ed
to
div
ide
th
e
la
se
r
beam
into
tw
o
pa
rts,
a
nd
th
en
the
t
wo
bea
m
s
are
la
un
c
hed
int
o
t
wo
m
ultim
od
e
fibe
rs.
O
ne
of
the
m
ultim
od
e
fibe
rs
is
us
e
d
as
the
s
ens
or
fibe
r,
a
nd
t
he
oth
e
r
on
e
is
util
iz
ed
as
the
ref
er
enc
e
fiber
.
T
he
re
fer
e
nce
fibe
r
e
lim
inate
s
the
env
i
ronm
ental
e
ff
e
ct
s
distu
r
bing
the
ai
r
-
press
ur
e m
agn
it
ude m
eas
ur
em
ent.
Th
e lase
r
beam
s f
rom
the sen
so
r
and
r
e
fer
e
nce f
i
ber
s ar
e a
pp
li
e
d
to two
identic
al
LD
R
-
base
d
tim
er circu
it
s.
The
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller sa
m
ples
the f
re
quencies
of
t
he
tim
er circu
it
s usi
ng
it
s
counter
s
, a
nd the
n t
he
c
ounte
r values a
re
processe
d
to
ide
nt
ify
the m
easur
e
d
m
agn
it
ude
of air
pr
es
sure
[20].
A
P
V
em
ulato
r
that
m
od
el
s
the
el
ect
rical
char
act
e
risti
c
of
a
ph
otov
oltai
c
(PV)
pa
nel
is
al
s
o
pr
ese
nted
to
a
uth
e
ntica
te
the
desi
gn
an
d
te
sti
ng
of
P
V
powe
r
syst
em
s.
T
he
I
–
V
c
urv
e
of
P
V
is
th
e
key
char
act
e
risti
c
for
PV
m
od
el
ing
.
T
he
pro
pose
d
m
et
ho
d
us
es
piece
wise
li
near
approac
h
beca
us
e
of
it
s
si
m
plici
t
y
in
der
i
ving
an
d
im
ple
m
enting
a
low
-
c
os
t
m
i
cro
c
ontrolle
r
.
A
two
-
switc
h
bu
c
k
–
boos
t
DC/DC
conve
rter
is
s
el
ect
ed
as
the
P
V
em
ulator.
The
e
xperim
ental
res
ults
of
the
de
velo
pe
d
m
od
el
of
th
e
P
V
e
m
ulator
s
how
the e
ff
ect
ive
ne
ss of t
he
propose
d
a
ppro
ac
h [21].
The
desi
gn
a
nd
im
ple
m
ent
at
ion
of
a
c
hi
p
-
ty
pe
ai
rborne
s
ound
wa
r
ning
syst
em
i
s
prese
nted
.
The
pro
posed
syst
e
m
m
ai
nly
con
sist
s
of
a
m
on
olit
hic
integrated
ci
rc
ui
t
P8
7C52
X2F
N
an
d
a
vo
ic
e
chip
IS
D
4003
-
8
M
as the c
or
e
. T
he
m
a
in advan
ta
ges of t
he pr
op
os
e
d
wa
r
ning s
yst
e
m
include st
rong fun
ct
i
on, h
i
gh
pr
eci
sio
n,
a
nd
easy
op
erati
on
[2
2].
Mo
re
over
,
a
dev
ic
e
th
at
con
tr
ols
the
E
-
te
st
strip
app
li
cat
ion
is
de
sign
e
d.
The
de
velo
ped
de
vice
wa
s
i
m
ple
m
ented
ba
sed
on
a
PI
C
16F87
7A
m
ic
r
ocontr
oller.
Th
e
m
a
in
f
un
ct
io
n
of
th
e
dev
el
op
e
d
de
vi
ce
is
to
com
bin
e
tw
o
dev
i
ces,
wh
ic
h
are
need
e
d
for
the
E
-
te
st
strip
app
li
cat
ion
'
s
sta
ges
,
into
on
e
to
reduce
the
co
st.
The
pro
po
s
ed
desig
n
was
im
plem
ented
and
te
ste
d
in
t
he
l
aborato
ry
an
d
act
ua
l
env
i
ronm
ent
. Th
e test
resu
lt
s
show
that t
he desig
ne
d
syst
e
m
can
be
use
d
in hos
pital
s [2
3].
Nu
m
erous
stu
dies
ha
ve
sho
wn
that
arti
fi
ci
al
hypo
the
r
m
ia
of
the
brai
n
unde
r
the
conditi
on
of
anesthesia
with
a
rectal
temperat
ur
e
dec
re
ased
to
33
°C
pro
du
ces
rem
ark
a
ble
pr
ophyla
ct
ic
eff
ect
s,
t
her
e
by
protect
ing
t
he
br
ai
n
f
ro
m
anoxia.
I
n
t
he
pres
ented
st
ud
y,
a
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
-
base
d
de
sig
n
for
the
hum
an
br
ai
n
h
yp
oth
e
rm
ia
s
yst
e
m
(H
BHS
)
is
co
ns
tr
uct
ed
f
or
co
olin
g
an
d
heati
ng
the
brai
n.
H
BHS
c
on
sist
s
of
a
therm
oelect
ric
hypothe
rm
ic
hel
m
et
,
a
con
tr
ol
un
it
,
a
nd
a
powe
r
un
it
.
Hel
m
et
tem
per
at
ur
e
is
co
ntro
ll
e
d
by
an
8
-
bit
PI
C
16
F
877
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller,
wh
ic
h
is
adjuste
d
be
t
ween
−
5°
C
and
+
46°C
w
it
h
an
accu
ra
cy
of
+/
−0.
5
°C
[
24]
.
More
over
,
a h
eat
ing
rate
c
ontr
oller
is
obta
ined
us
i
ng
a
n
A
T8
9C55
WD
m
ic
ro
c
on
tr
oller
f
or
t
he
m
easur
em
ent
of
the
rm
o
lu
m
inescence
(TL
)
in
al
kali
halides
an
d
ot
her
relat
ed
com
pounds
.
T
he
pr
opose
d
dev
ic
e
ca
n
al
so
m
easur
e tem
p
eratur
e
and t
he
am
ou
nt of lig
ht
e
m
it
te
d
by th
e sam
ple f
or T
L stu
dies [2
5].
An
i
ntell
igent
distrib
uted
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
is
de
sign
e
d
f
or
fr
e
sh
wate
r
aq
uac
ultur
e
plant.
T
he
pro
pos
e
d
desig
n
is
ba
sed
on
a
n
A
Tm
ega8
535
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
platfo
rm
tha
t
e
nab
le
s
the
con
t
ro
l
of
var
i
ous
env
i
ronm
ental
pa
ram
et
ers
un
de
r
optim
u
m
co
nd
it
io
ns
.
T
he
pr
ese
nte
d
desig
n
is
a
c
om
pact,
fast,
fl
exible
,
distrib
uted,
a
nd
cost
-
e
ffec
ti
ve
so
luti
on
f
or
t
he
co
ntr
ol
of
r
equ
i
red
par
am
et
ers,
su
c
h
as
tem
per
at
ure,
li
ghti
ng,
disso
l
ved
ox
yg
en,
a
nd
pH
val
ues
[26].
Anot
her
resea
rch
pr
esents
the
desi
gn
an
d
devel
opm
ent
of
a
res
on
a
nt
sens
or
f
or
lo
w
range
(
0
–
10
gra
m
s
)
m
ass
m
e
asur
em
ent
.
Th
e
us
e
of
the
m
i
cro
c
ontrolle
r
i
n
the
pro
posed
sensor
has
t
he
a
dv
a
nt
age
of
easi
ly
ex
te
ndin
g
th
e m
easur
e
d q
uan
ti
t
ie
s to
a
ny r
a
nge
[
27
]
.
To
m
easur
e
the
con
ce
ntrati
on
of
s
od
i
um
in
blo
od
ser
um
,
a
low
-
c
os
t
m
icr
oc
ontrolle
r
-
ba
sed
sodium
analy
zer
is
de
velo
ped.
T
he
pro
posed
de
sig
n
is
base
d
on
a
n
ATm
ega8
53
5
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
an
d
it
s
ass
ociat
ed
per
i
ph
e
rals.
T
he
s
od
i
um
ion
sel
ec
ti
ve
el
ect
rode
is
us
ed
as
a
se
ns
or
for
the
m
easur
e
m
ent.
A
platf
or
m
is
dev
el
op
e
d
in
“C
”
la
nguag
e
to
m
easur
e,
analy
ze,
an
d
di
sp
la
y
the
coll
ect
ed
data
.
T
he
resu
lt
s
of
s
od
i
um
con
ce
ntrati
on
m
easur
em
ent
fr
om
the
colle
ct
ed
sam
ples
validat
e
the
effe
ct
ive
perform
an
ce
of
the
de
sign
e
d
instru
m
ent
wit
h
the
aid
of li
ne
ar r
e
gressi
on
analy
sis [
28
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
4
,
A
ugust
201
9
:
23
54
-
2364
2362
Si
m
il
arly
,
a
m
i
cro
c
ontrolle
r
-
ba
sed
rep
et
it
ive
transc
ran
ia
l
m
agn
et
ic
sti
m
ula
tor
(TMS)
was
de
velo
ped
and
te
ste
d
at
low
volt
age
le
vels.
Design
par
am
et
ers
of
the
T
MS
wer
e
de
te
rm
ine
d
an
d
three
PI
C
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
ers
we
re
use
d
to
co
ntr
ol
these
par
am
et
ers
in
the
de
ve
lop
e
d
syst
em
.
The
f
reque
nc
y
of
stim
ulati
on
pu
l
ses
can
be
set
to
a
predeterm
ined
value
via
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller,
wh
e
rein
on
e
of
the
ou
t
pu
ts
is
pu
lse
width
m
od
ulati
on
(PWM
).
T
he
ot
her
a
dv
a
ntage
of
the
desig
ne
d
syst
em
is
t
he
rem
ote
cont
ro
l
of
stim
ulati
on
pu
l
se,
w
hich
us
e
s
AS
K
m
od
ulat
ion
te
ch
nique.
A
pe
rfor
m
ance
te
st
of
the
syst
e
m
was
con
duct
ed
and sti
m
ulatio
n pu
lse
w
as
ana
ly
zed [29
]
.
The
desig
n
a
nd
te
st
of
the
dig
it
al
tem
perat
ur
e
c
on
t
ro
l
syst
e
m
is
pr
esented
by
re
fe
ren
ce
[
30
]
.
The
de
velo
pe
d
syst
e
m
us
es
an
al
gorithm
that
i
m
ple
m
ents
a
100%
du
ty
cy
cl
e
fo
r
te
m
per
at
ur
e
e
rrors
of
2°
C
or
higher
a
nd
a
25%
duty
cy
cl
e
for
te
m
per
at
ur
e
e
rror
s
of
1
°C
f
or
t
he
co
ntro
ll
er
.
T
he
te
m
per
at
ure
rate
m
easur
em
ents
wer
e
c
onsta
nt
for
po
sit
ive
a
nd
neg
at
ive
te
m
per
at
ur
e
gradi
ents.
T
he
syst
e
m
al
so
ena
bl
ed
the
incu
bato
r
to
r
e
ach th
e
steady
-
sta
te
te
m
per
at
ure in
l
ess tha
n 70 s
[30].
A
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
l
le
r
-
ba
sed
syst
e
m
fo
r
diele
ct
ri
c
con
sta
nt
m
e
asur
em
ent
in
li
qu
id
s
was
de
sign
e
d
an
d
dev
el
op
e
d.
Th
e
syst
e
m
m
ea
su
res
t
he
cha
nge
in
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
of
an
XR
–
2206
f
un
ct
io
n
gen
e
rato
r
us
i
ng
a
n
Atm
e
l
'
s
AT89
C51
m
ic
ro
co
nt
ro
ll
er
once
t
he
li
qu
i
d
f
orm
s
the
diele
ct
ric
m
edium
of
the
diele
ct
ric
cel
l
.
The
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
cov
ers
a
wide
ra
ng
e
of
diele
ct
ric
c
onsta
nts
f
or
va
rio
us
li
quids
at
va
rio
us
c
on
ce
ntr
at
ions
and
at
diff
e
re
nt
te
m
per
at
ures
[
31
]
.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
a
po
l
arogr
a
phic
-
ty
pe
oxyge
n
gas
sens
or
a
nd
a
gas
con
ce
ntrati
on
con
t
ro
ll
er
ci
rc
uit
are
desi
gned
for
m
edical
ap
plica
ti
on
s.
A
case
e
xam
ple,
su
c
h
as
i
nc
ub
at
or
env
i
ronm
ents
,
dr
ie
s
t
he
ai
r
of
the
inc
ubat
or
en
vir
on
m
ent
durin
g
t
he
c
ontrol
processes
,
an
d
t
he
ox
y
ge
n
gas
flo
w
is
hum
idi
fied
by
the
des
ign
e
d
ultras
oni
c
nebuliz
er.
T
he
sig
nal
co
nd
it
ion
ing
ci
rcu
it
ob
ta
in
s
the
re
qu
i
red
vo
lt
age
levels
and co
ntr
ol
pro
cesses
us
in
g
a
high
-
s
pee
d
P
I
C
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller [32
]
.
A
BLDC
m
oto
r
dr
i
ve
syst
em
is
an
exam
ple
of
an
i
ndust
rial
app
li
cat
ion
of
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
-
base
d
syst
e
m
s.
A
m
ic
ro
c
on
tr
oller
-
base
d
te
chn
i
que
is
pro
pose
d
to
m
ini
m
ize
the
tor
qu
e
rip
ples
from
current
com
m
utatio
n
to
i
m
pr
ove
the
perform
ance
of
the
BLDC
dri
ve
syst
e
m
.
This
stud
y
pr
ese
nts
a
new
s
witc
hing
te
chn
iq
ue
that
has
bee
n
suc
cessf
ully
i
mp
le
m
ented
us
ing
a
m
id
-
range
PI
C
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er,
whic
h
is
com
m
ercial
ly
avail
able
at
an
afforda
ble
pri
ce.
The
PI
C
18F
is
us
ed
t
o
generate
the
re
quir
ed
P
WM
sig
na
ls
and
con
t
ro
l
the
po
wer
s
witc
hes.
Com
par
ed
with
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
te
chn
iq
ue,
th
e
resu
lt
s
of
th
e
pr
op
os
e
d
syst
e
m
validat
e
it
s
effe
ct
iveness
with
sm
oo
ther
out
pu
t
to
r
qu
e
a
nd
current
with
50%
re
duct
io
n
of
t
orqu
e
rip
pl
es
[33].
These
m
oto
rs
are
no
w
wides
pr
ea
d
due
to
t
he
ad
van
cem
ent
of
di
gital
con
t
ro
ll
ers
i
n
high
-
dem
and
ap
plica
ti
on
s
,
su
c
h
as
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
s
[
34]
.
Re
search
on
bio
lo
g
ic
al
sig
nal
m
easur
e
m
ent
syst
e
m
s
us
ing
a
sm
artphon
e
is
pr
ese
nted
.
T
he
pro
posed
s
yst
e
m
m
a
inly
co
ns
ist
s
of
an
inst
ru
m
entat
ion
am
plifie
r
,
filt
er,
a
nd
AC/DC
conve
rter.
T
he
us
ef
ul
el
ect
rical
sign
al
with
the
ai
d
of
an
a
lgorit
hm
par
al
l
el
iz
es
the
pr
oc
ess
and
ca
n
ex
ecute
the
outp
ut
of
earph
on
e
anal
og
sig
nal
an
d
m
ic
ro
phone
te
rm
inal
at
the
sa
m
e
tim
e.
The
ex
per
im
ental
resu
lt
s
dem
on
strat
e th
at
the prese
nte
d
sc
hem
e o
perat
es p
r
operly
[35
]
.
Finall
y,
this
re
view
pa
per
pre
sents
the
dif
fere
nt
de
velo
pe
d
low
-
cost
a
nd
s
m
art
te
ch
nique
s
f
or
sa
fety
and
rem
ote
m
on
it
ori
ng
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s.
Su
c
h
app
li
cat
io
ns
ar
e
integrate
d
w
it
h
sm
artph
one
too
ls
f
or
en
d
us
ers
’
conve
nience
.
The
de
velo
ped
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
m
ay
be
im
ple
m
e
nted
i
n
the
in
dustry
or
t
he
m
ark
et
beca
us
e
of
t
heir
us
er
-
f
rien
dly
pl
at
fo
rm
and
a
f
ford
a
ble
pri
ces
.
The
us
e
of
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
rs
in
diff
e
re
nt
ho
m
e
and
in
dustria
l
app
li
cat
io
ns
he
lps to
im
ple
m
e
nt up
-
to
-
date te
chnolo
gy, suc
h as easy
inte
gr
a
ti
on
with Inter
net of T
hings
(
Io
T
).
Io
T
te
c
hnol
ogy
has
the
a
dvanta
ges
of
c
onnecti
ng
wit
h
eve
ryt
hing
in
the
w
orl
d
and
bein
g
gr
e
en
or
env
i
ronm
ental
l
y fr
ie
ndly
due t
o
it
s lo
w p
ow
e
r
c
on
s
um
ption
[36].
3.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
An
over
view
i
s
co
nducted
on
the
e
voluti
on
of
a
m
ic
ro
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
with
low
-
cost
a
nd
us
er
-
f
rien
dly
app
li
cat
io
ns
f
or
safety
a
nd
healt
h
m
on
it
or
i
ng,
a
nd
sm
artho
us
e
ap
plica
ti
on
s
.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
thes
e
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
-
base
d
sm
art
dev
ic
es
ca
n
be
us
ed
in
in
dustria
l
app
li
cat
ions,
su
c
h
as
the
BLDC
dr
i
ve
s
yst
e
m
s.
These
syst
em
s
can
be
ob
t
ai
ned
us
i
ng
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
dev
ic
es
wit
h
wireless
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
un
it
s.
The
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
pro
po
se
d
i
n t
his work aim
e
d
to
r
e
view
t
he
sign
i
ficance
of n
e
w
te
c
hnology an
d
m
ob
il
e
phone
app
li
cat
io
ns
to
i
m
ple
m
ent
diff
e
ren
t
de
velo
ped
te
ch
nique
s.
Accord
i
ng
ly
,
an
a
uto
m
at
e
d
bu
il
di
ng,
w
hich
i
s
integrate
d
with
tod
ay
’s
sm
art
te
chnolo
gies,
c
an
help
re
al
iz
e
a
co
nvenie
nt
a
nd
sec
ur
e
daily
li
fe.
T
he
pro
pose
d
i
m
ple
m
ented
app
li
cat
io
ns
s
how
good
perf
or
m
ance
an
d
r
apid
respo
ns
e.
Lo
ng
-
li
fe
de
vi
ces
can
li
kewi
se
be
us
e
d
a
nyw
her
e
to fulfill
the
r
e
qu
i
red jo
b.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
utho
rs
would
li
ke
to
than
k
Pale
s
ti
ne
Tec
hnic
al
U
niv
e
rs
ity
-
Kado
or
ie
(P
T
UK)
a
nd
th
e
Pale
sti
nian
Mi
nistry
of
Ed
uc
at
ion
a
nd
Higher
Ed
ucati
on
f
or
f
unding
t
hi
s
researc
h.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
the
auth
or
s
than
k
the
te
ch
ni
ci
ans
an
d u
ndergrad
uate st
udents
who
pro
vid
ed
te
ch
nical
a
ssist
ance a
nd lab
wor
k
s
up
po
rt.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Evolutio
n of
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
er
-
ba
s
ed
remote
monitori
ng sys
te
m
ap
plicati
ons
(
Wa
el
A. S
al
ah
)
2363
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M.
Rehman,
M
.
Abdul
Muje
eb
u,
T
.
B
.
Kheng,
and
B
.
A.
J
.
A.
Abu
Izn
e
id,
"A
Micropr
oce
s
sor
-
Based
Nove
l
Instrum
ent
for
Te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
The
rm
al
Con
duct
ivit
y
Mea
s
ure
m
ent
s,"
Ex
p
erime
ntal
Te
ch
nique
s
,
vol
.
36
,
pp.
62
-
70
,
2012
.
[2]
B.
A.
I
zne
id
,
I
.
Sukar,
M.
Ali
,
a
nd
M.
Soui
y
ah,
"
Dev
el
opment
of
wirel
ess
Bl
u
et
o
oth
heart
rat
e
re
mote
monitoring
system
,
"
in
IET
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
Confer
ence
on
W
ire
le
ss
Com
m
unic
at
ions
and
Appli
ca
t
ions
(ICW
CA
2012)
,
pp.
1
-
4,
2012.
[3]
A.
Abu
Sneine
h
and
W
.
A.
Sal
ah,
"P
al
est
ine
A
uto
m
oti
ve
Lice
n
se
Ide
nti
t
y
R
ecogniti
on
for
Int
el
li
g
ent
Parkin
g
S
y
stem,"
Journa
l
of
Engi
n
ee
ring
Sci
en
ce and
Tec
hnology
,
vol
.
12
(5),
2017
.
[4]
W
.
A.
Sal
ah,
A
.
B.
Mus
a,
B
.
A.
Zne
id
,
A.
A
.
Sne
ine
h,
and
M.
S.
J
adi
n,
"Im
ple
m
ent
at
ion
of
Vir
tua
l
Instrum
ent
s
as
a
Pow
er
Qu
al
ity
A
naly
s
is T
oo
l,
"
Jo
urnal
of
Low
Po
wer
Elec
troni
cs
,
vol.
12
,
pp
.
83
-
9
0,
2016
.
[5]
Y.
Yu,
X.
Duan,
S.
W
ang,
and
B.
Jiao
,
"
The
d
e
sign
and
impl
eme
ntat
ion
of
bluet
ooth
vi
d
eo
sur
veill
anc
e
d
ev
i
ce
s
,"
in
2010
3rd
Int
er
nat
ion
al
Congr
ess on
Im
age
and S
igna
l
Proc
essi
ng
,
pp
.
495
-
498
,
2010.
[6]
W
.
A.
Sala
h
and
A.
A.
Sneine
h,
"Expl
oring
the
Know
le
dge
and Atti
tude
of
Eng
i
nee
ring
Studen
ts i
n
the
Im
it
ation
of
The
ore
ti
c
al Knowledge
,
"
Mode
r
n
Applied
S
cienc
e
,
vo
l. 11, pp. 74
-
78,
2017
.
[7]
M.
Marc
hionn
a,
R.
Pa
tri
ni
,
D
.
Sanfil
ippo
,
and
G.
Migli
avacc
a
,
"F
undamenta
l
i
nvesti
gations
on
di
-
m
et
h
y
l
et
h
er
(DM
E)
as
LPG
subs
ti
tut
e
or
m
ak
e
-
up
for
d
om
estic
uses,"
Fue
l
Pr
oce
ss
ing
Techno
logy
,
vol
.
89(12)
,
pp.
1255
-
1261
,
2008.
[8]
A.
N.
Anozie,
A.
R.
Baka
r
e,
J.
A.
Sonibare
,
a
nd
T.
O.
O
y
ebi
s
i,
"Eva
lua
t
ion
o
f
cooki
ng
en
erg
y
cost
,
eff
ic
i
ency
,
impact
on
a
ir
pol
lut
ion and
po
lic
y
in
Nig
eria,
"
Ener
gy
,
vol
.
32(7
), p
p.
1283
-
1290
,
2
007.
[9]
S.
D.
Pohekar
,
D.
Kum
ar,
and
M.
Ramacha
ndra
n
,
"D
issem
ina
ti
on
of
cooki
ng
ene
rg
y
alter
n
at
iv
es
in
India
a
rev
i
ew,
"
Re
newab
le
and
Sustai
nable E
ne
rgy
Revi
ews
,
vol
.
9(8)
,
pp
.
379
-
3
93,
2005
.
[10]
B.
A.
Zneid,
M
.
Al
-
zi
d
i,
and
T
.
Al
-
khar
a
zi,
"
Non
-
inv
asiv
e
bloo
d
press
ure
remo
te
monitoring
in
strum
ent
based
microc
ontroll
er
,
" i
n
2014
IEEE R
egi
on
10
S
y
m
p
osium
,
pp.
248
-
2
53,
2014
.
[11]
Basem
Abu
Izn
ei
d
,
Ahm
ed
Abdulra
hm
an
,
Ta
req
Al
-
khar
a
zi
,
"
Dev
e
lopme
nt
of
remot
e
monitoring
(
CO)
measur
eme
nt
instrument
based
microc
ontroll
er
and
el
ectro
-
optic
te
chn
ique
,
"
2013
IEE
E
Inte
r
nat
ion
al
RF
and
Microwa
ve
Conf
ere
nc
e
(RFM
)
,
p
p.
433
-
436
,
201
4.
[12]
K.
Mollgaard, "
Acoustic
g
as
m
e
asure
m
ent
",
Bi
o
medic
al
Instrum
ent
ati
on
and
Te
c
hnology
,
”
pp
.
49
5
-
7,
1989
.
[13]
L.
Yu,
A
.
Li,
Z.
S
un,
and
H,
Li
“
Design
of
Mon
i
toring
Syst
em
f
or
Coal
Min
e
S
afe
t
y
Based
on
Wirel
ess
Sensor
Net
work
,
”
in
IE
EE
/ASM
E
Inte
r
nat
ion
al
Confe
r
enc
e
on
Mec
htr
onic
and
Embe
dded
S
y
st
ems
and
Applic
a
ti
ons
(MESA
2008)
,
pp.
409
-
414
,
200
8.
[14]
Pratondo
Busonoa,
Andi
Isw
ah
y
ud
ib,
M.
Akbar
Aulia
R
a
hm
anb,
Ario
Fitri
an
toa,
"
Desi
gn
of
Embedde
d
Microc
ontro
ll
er
for
Control
li
ng
and
Monitori
ng
Blood
Pum
p
,
"
Proce
dia
Comput
er
Sci
en
ce
,
vol.
72,
pp.
217
-
224
,
2015.
[15]
M.
Fate
hni
aa,
S.
Para
nb,
S.
Kishc
K.,
Ta
w
fiqa
,
"A
utomating
double
ring
infi
lt
rom
eter
with
an
Arduin
o
m
ic
roc
ontroller
,
"
Geode
rm
a
,
vol
.
262
,
pp
.
133
-
1
3915,
Janua
r
y
2
016.
[16]
Raj
,
Je
an
Ross
ar
io,
S.
M.
K.
Rah
m
an,
and
Sneh
Anand.
"M
ic
roc
ontrol
ler
US
B
int
erf
a
ci
ng
with
MA
TL
AB
GU
I
for
low
cost
m
edi
cal
ult
rasound
sca
nner
s
,
"
Eng
ine
er
ing
Sci
en
ce
and
Technol
ogy
,
an
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
,
vol.
19(2)
,
pp.
964
-
969
,
20
16.
[17]
Fabia
no
C.
Do
m
ingosaJoaqui
m
M.
Maia
a
Oz
a
na
M.
A.
Mai
a
b
Fábio
K.
Schnei
der
a,
"M
ic
ro
cont
rolle
r
base
d
Control
S
y
s
te
m
for
Ultra
sound
ND
T
in
W
ood
,
"
Phy
sics
Proce
d
i
a
,
vol
.
70
,
pp
.
42
8
-
432,
2015
.
[18]
Aziz
a
M
.
Za
ki
,
Os
ama
Arafa
,
Sanaa
I.
Am
er,
"M
ic
roc
ontroll
er
-
base
d
m
obil
e
robot
positi
oni
ng
and
obstac
l
e
avoi
dan
ce
,
"
Jour
nal
of
Elec
tric
al
Syste
ms
and
In
fo
rm
ati
on
Technology
,
vol
.
1(1)
,
p
p.
58
-
71
,
Ma
y
2
014.
[19]
Kokolanski,
Z
iv
ko,
Jos
é
Jordana
Barni
ls,
Manu
el
Gasulla
Forner,
Vladi
m
ir
Dim
ce
v,
and
Ferr
an
Reve
rt
er
Cubars
í.
"M
ic
roc
ontroller
-
base
d
in
te
rf
ac
e
ci
rcu
it
for
indu
ctive
sensors
,
" vo
l
.
87
,
pp
.
1251
-
1
254,
2014
.
[20]
D.
Haz
ari
k
a,
D.
S.
Pegu1,
"M
ic
ro
-
cont
rol
le
r
bas
ed
ai
r
pre
ss
ure
m
onit
oring
instrumenta
ti
on
s
y
st
em
using
opti
ca
l
fibe
rs a
s
sensor
,
"
Optic
a
l
F
ibe
r T
ec
hnolog
y
,
vol.
19
(2),
pp
.
83
-
87
,
Marc
h
2013.
[21]
D
y
la
n
D.
C
.
Lu,
Quang
Ngoc
N
gu
y
en
,
"A
photovol
ta
i
c
pan
el
emulat
or
us
ing
a
bu
ck
-
boost
DC/DC
conve
rt
er
and
a
low
cost
m
icro
-
c
ontrol
ler
,
"
So
lar
Ene
rgy
,
vol
.
86
(
5),
pp
.
1477
-
148
4,
Ma
y
2012.
[22]
Shi
y
anb
ina
GU
O
Jianb
SH
I
Yanlic,
"D
esign
of
the
Sound
-
W
arn
ing
S
y
ste
m
base
d
on
the
Micro
-
Controll
er
,
"
Phy
sics
Proce
d
i
a
,
vol
.
25
,
pp
.
13
01
-
1
306,
2012
.
[23]
Baha
r
Cil
ik,
Nih
al
Fatma,
İn
an
Güler
,
"D
esign
an
d
Rea
liza
ti
on
of
a
Microc
on
trol
l
e
r
Based
E
-
T
est
Strip
Applic
a
ti
o
n
Devic
e
,
"
Instru
mentat
ion
Scien
ce
&
Technol
ogy
,
vo
l. 37(6), pp. 676
-
682,
2009.
[24]
Kapide
re
M.
,
A
hiska
R.
,
Gül
er
I.
,
"A
new
m
ic
r
ocont
roller
-
base
d
hum
an
bra
in
h
y
poth
ermia
s
y
s
te
m
,
"
Journal
o
f
Me
dic
a
l
Syst
ems archi
v
e
,
vol
.
29
(5),
pp
.
501
-
512
,
Octobe
r
2005.
[25]
A.
Raj
endr
an,
P.
Nee
la
m
ega
m
,
"A
utomate
d
H
ea
t
ing
Rat
e
Co
ntrol
ler
for
Therm
o
luminesce
nce
Mea
surem
ents
Us
ing
a
Mic
roc
o
ntrol
ler
,
"
Instru
mentat
ion
Scien
ce
&
Technol
ogy
,
vo
l. 32(4), pp. 379
-
386,
2004.
[26]
P.
Nee
la
m
ega
m
,
S.
Kum
ara
vel
&
R.
Raghuna
t
han,
"M
ic
roc
on
t
roll
er
Based
Di
stribut
ed
Monit
oring
S
y
stem
for
Fresh Wate
r
Fis
h
Aquac
ul
ture
,
"
Instrum
ent
ati
on
Sci
en
ce
&
Technol
ogy
,
vol
.
36(5)
,
pp
.
515
-
524
,
2
008.
[27]
G.
Um
a,
M.
Um
apa
th
y
,
A.
M.
J
osephine
,
S
.
Aishw
ar
y
a
&
K.
Suresh,
"D
esign
of
Microc
ontro
ll
e
r
Based
Resonant
Sensor
with
Pi
ez
oe
le
c
tric
Ex
c
it
ation
and
Det
ec
t
ion
,
"
In
stru
mentat
ion
S
cie
nce
and
Techn
ology
,
vol
.
36
(4
),
pp.
367
-
374
,
20
08.
[28]
P.
Nee
l
amega
m
,
K.
Murugana
nt
han,
R
.
Raghun
at
han
&
A.
Ja
m
al
udee
n,
"A
Tmega
8535
Micr
ocont
roller
Bas
e
d
Blood
Sodium
Anal
y
ze
r
Us
ing
Ise
Dire
ct
Poten
ti
om
et
r
y
,
"
Instru
mentat
ion
Sc
ie
n
ce
&
Technol
ogy
,
Volum
e
38
(1),
pp.
63
-
71
,
2009
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.