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Vo
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12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
,
p
p
.
497
~
505
I
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N:
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DOI
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1.
I
NT
RO
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O
N
T
h
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m
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d
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in
th
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u
s
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ar
t
tr
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th
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ac
cid
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ts
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en
h
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a
n
s
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tatio
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ter
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h
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.
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T
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
4
9
7
-
505
498
ex
itin
g
o
f
t
h
is
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th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
p
a
r
s
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
r
is
in
g
t
h
e
v
eh
icle
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
lead
s
to
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
etwo
r
k
clo
s
en
ess
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
h
ig
h
n
etwo
r
k
d
en
s
ity
with
lar
g
er
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
will b
u
r
d
en
t
h
e
ch
an
n
el.
T
o
s
o
lv
e
t
h
e
o
v
er
lo
a
d
in
th
e
ch
an
n
el
d
u
r
in
g
d
en
s
ity
n
etwo
r
k
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
an
d
th
e
co
n
ten
tio
n
win
d
o
w
ad
a
p
tatio
n
s
ch
em
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
is
p
ap
e
r
d
ev
elo
p
s
a
h
y
b
r
id
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
a
n
d
c
o
n
ten
tio
n
win
d
o
w
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
h
at
is
ca
lled
PW
C
W
to
allev
iate
th
e
wir
eless
ch
an
n
el
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
i
n
I
o
V
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
n
o
v
elty
a
n
d
m
ai
n
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
ar
e
g
iv
en
as f
o
llo
ws:
−
T
o
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
t
h
e
d
ata
c
h
an
n
el
co
n
g
esti
o
n
i
n
I
o
V
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ew
ch
a
n
n
el
co
n
g
esti
o
n
m
itig
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
o
n
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
co
n
ten
tio
n
win
d
o
w
(
PW
C
W
)
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ad
a
p
tin
g
b
o
th
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
an
d
co
n
ten
tio
n
win
d
o
w
s
ize
o
f
th
e
wir
eless
ch
an
n
el
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
an
d
d
en
s
ities
o
f
v
e
h
icles
in
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
o
n
ce
t
h
e
v
e
h
icle
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
g
esti
o
n
o
cc
u
r
s
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
co
m
p
etin
g
v
e
h
icles
to
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
ch
an
n
el
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
I
o
V
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
−
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
ten
tio
n
wi
n
d
o
w
s
ize
lea
d
s
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
r
ate;
b
u
t,
it
h
ar
m
s
th
e
b
ea
c
o
n
s
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
d
elay
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
in
th
is
p
ap
er
it
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
ef
u
lly
co
n
s
id
er
ed
b
y
co
n
s
id
e
r
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
eh
icles in
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
a
n
g
e.
−
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
ad
ap
tiv
e
(
PW
C
W
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
an
d
co
n
ten
tio
n
w
in
d
o
ws
s
ize
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
m
ess
ag
es.
I
t
also
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
f
air
n
ess
in
ch
a
n
n
el
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ata
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
−
An
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
is
ac
h
iev
ed
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
r
ec
eiv
ed
m
ess
a
g
es,
d
elay
tim
e,
m
ess
ag
es
lo
s
s
,
a
n
d
d
ata
co
llis
io
n
an
d
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
r
atio
.
T
h
is
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
clu
d
es
u
r
b
an
s
ce
n
ar
io
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
p
ar
ts
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
h
as
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
an
o
th
er
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
r
o
m
li
ter
atu
r
e.
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
t
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ec
eiv
ed
m
ess
ag
es,
r
ed
u
cin
g
d
elay
tim
e
to
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
tr
a
f
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
lo
s
s
m
ess
ag
es
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
co
n
g
esti
o
n
am
o
n
g
tr
an
s
m
itted
d
ata
h
e
lp
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
tr
af
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
h
elp
s
to
d
esig
n
a
b
etter
tr
a
f
f
ic
m
an
ag
em
en
t sy
s
tem
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
is
g
iv
en
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
Sectio
n
3
g
iv
es
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ar
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
L
astl
y
,
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
5
,
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
is
g
iv
en
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
s
an
d
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
wer
e
b
r
o
ad
ly
d
o
n
e
with
m
an
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
b
lem
i
n
I
o
V.
T
r
a
f
f
ic
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
,
n
et
wo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
an
d
/o
r
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
wir
eless
ch
an
n
el
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
(
a
1
-
h
o
p
e
n
o
d
e
d
en
s
ity
o
r
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
,
m
ess
ag
es
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate,
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
r
ec
eiv
ed
m
ess
ag
es,
n
o
d
es
esti
m
ated
d
is
tan
ce
,
ch
an
n
el
b
u
s
y
r
atio
,
t
h
e
q
u
al
ity
o
f
c
h
an
n
el
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
lo
s
s
)
ar
e
u
s
ed
b
y
a
d
ap
tiv
e
b
ea
co
n
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
t
o
ad
a
p
t
th
e
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
,
m
ess
a
g
es
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate,
c
o
n
ten
tio
n
win
d
o
w
s
ize
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
eir
v
ital
r
o
le
o
n
th
e
ch
an
n
el
co
n
g
esti
o
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
th
is
p
ap
er
co
n
ce
n
tr
ates
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
an
d
co
n
ten
tio
n
win
d
o
w
ad
ap
tatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
.
Du
e
to
its
h
ig
h
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
th
e
lin
k
life
tim
e
in
I
o
V
is
lim
ited
a
n
d
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
if
a
h
ig
h
er
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
we
r
is
d
ep
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
v
eh
icle
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
ch
an
n
el
co
n
g
esti
o
n
in
th
e
v
eh
icu
lar
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
t
h
e
p
o
wer
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itted
m
e
s
s
ag
es
f
o
r
e
ac
h
v
eh
icle
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
ad
ap
tiv
ely
r
eg
u
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
ch
an
n
el
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Ad
ap
tiv
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
in
g
v
e
h
icles
th
at
ca
n
r
ec
eiv
e
b
ea
co
n
s
en
t
b
y
t
h
eir
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
.
R
ec
eiv
in
g
/d
e
co
d
in
g
co
r
r
ec
tly
o
f
th
e
m
es
s
ag
es
o
f
l
o
w
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
wo
u
ld
ju
s
t b
e
allo
w
ed
f
o
r
th
e
n
ea
r
est n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
wo
u
ld
ex
p
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
a
n
g
e
en
a
b
lin
g
m
o
r
e
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
t
h
e
co
r
r
ec
tly
r
ec
eiv
ed
m
ess
ag
es b
u
t in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
am
o
n
g
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
’
s
n
o
d
es.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
s
en
d
in
g
tr
a
f
f
ic
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
at
a
f
ix
ed
r
ate
a
n
d
h
ig
h
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ch
a
n
g
e,
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
o
wer
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
c
an
b
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ch
a
n
n
el.
Var
io
u
s
ad
ap
tiv
e
b
ea
co
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
s
ch
em
e
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
u
ch
as
in
[
7
]
-
[
9
]
.
T
r
af
f
i
c
d
en
s
ity
is
u
s
ed
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Hyb
r
id
p
o
w
er c
o
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
c
o
n
ten
tio
n
w
in
d
o
w
a
d
a
p
ta
tio
n
fo
r
…
(
Ha
yd
er M.
A
mer
)
499
th
e
b
ea
co
n
p
o
wer
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
ch
e
m
e
in
[
7
]
wh
ich
is
d
eter
m
in
e
d
co
v
er
in
g
ea
c
h
v
eh
icle
as
an
e
s
s
en
tial
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
to
m
o
d
if
y
p
o
wer
co
n
t
r
o
l.
I
n
c
r
ea
s
in
g
lin
k
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
o
v
er
t
h
e
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l in
I
o
V
was th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
is
s
ch
em
e.
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
f
air
p
o
w
er
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
f
o
r
v
e
h
icu
lar
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
DFPAV)
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
0
]
.
Po
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
ev
er
y
v
eh
icle
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
ex
te
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
m
ess
ag
es
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
ev
er
y
v
eh
icle
e
n
co
u
n
ter
ed
m
e
s
s
ag
es
lo
ad
b
elo
w
t
h
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e
th
at
is
ca
lled
m
ax
im
u
m
b
ea
c
o
n
in
g
lo
a
d
(
MBL)
.
Mittag
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
two
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
es
k
n
o
wn
as
s
eg
m
e
n
t
-
b
as
ed
p
o
wer
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
f
o
r
v
eh
icu
lar
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
(
SP
AV)
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
ed
v
e
h
icle
d
en
s
ity
esti
m
atio
n
(
DVDE
)
.
T
h
e
m
ain
g
o
al
o
f
th
o
s
e
two
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
is
to
r
ea
ch
m
ax
im
u
m
m
ess
a
g
es
lo
ad
with
a
lo
w
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
b
u
r
d
en
.
Mo
r
en
o
et
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
D
-
FP
AV
th
at
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
o
f
e
m
er
g
en
cy
m
ess
ag
es
in
th
e
I
o
V
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
es
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
th
e
wate
r
f
illi
n
g
m
eth
o
d
to
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
d
esig
n
ate
th
e
p
o
wer
f
o
r
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
s
af
ety
m
ess
ag
es
f
o
r
ev
e
r
y
v
eh
icle.
L
u
an
d
Po
ellab
au
er
[
1
3
]
h
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
is
ca
lled
E
f
f
ici
en
t
tr
an
s
m
it
p
o
wer
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
E
T
PC
)
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
m
ess
ag
es
at
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
in
g
v
e
h
icles
at
a
d
esira
b
le
g
r
ea
test
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
B
y
p
ig
g
y
b
ac
k
in
g
th
e
p
o
we
r
co
n
tr
o
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
th
e
p
er
io
d
ic
b
ea
co
n
s
,
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
p
o
wer
v
alu
e
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
am
o
n
g
v
eh
icles
th
at
ar
e
in
th
e
s
am
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e.
E
T
PC
h
as
h
ig
h
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
r
ec
eiv
ed
m
ess
ag
es
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
D
-
FP
AV
b
u
t
at
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
h
ig
h
ch
an
n
el
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
p
-
p
e
r
s
is
ten
t
(
NT
PP
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
t
o
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
r
o
ad
tr
af
f
ic
d
en
s
ity
to
ad
ap
t
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
an
d
g
u
ar
an
tee
th
e
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
co
v
er
ag
e
r
ate
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
8
]
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itted
m
ess
ag
es.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
ad
ap
tin
g
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
f
o
r
co
n
s
tan
t
m
ess
ag
es
s
en
d
in
g
r
ate
b
y
e
x
am
in
in
g
th
e
ch
an
n
el
s
tate
p
ar
a
m
eter
th
at
is
ca
lled
co
llis
io
n
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
m
etr
ic
h
as
b
ee
n
esti
m
ated
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
v
e
h
ic
les
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ec
eiv
e
d
m
ess
ag
es.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
co
n
t
r
o
l
MA
C
lay
e
r
h
as
b
ee
n
m
o
d
elled
as
a
g
a
m
e
-
th
eo
r
etic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
[
1
5
]
.
A
m
o
d
el
o
f
B
ay
esian
n
o
n
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
g
am
e
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
r
m
u
lated
to
tr
an
s
m
it
tr
af
f
ic
d
ata
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
a
n
d
wid
t
h
in
d
ef
icien
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
.
T
h
ey
an
al
y
ze
d
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
as
B
ay
esian
Nash
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
g
ai
n
b
ased
th
r
esh
o
ld
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
tr
an
s
f
er
th
e
b
e
ac
o
n
p
ac
k
et
b
ased
o
n
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
.
T
h
ey
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
o
wer
p
r
ice
s
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
s
.
Simu
latio
n
s
h
av
e
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
th
e
g
am
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
th
e
W
AVE
p
r
o
to
co
l
g
iv
es
a
s
tead
y
r
esu
lt
o
n
ce
t
h
e
ch
a
n
n
el
is
co
n
g
ested
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
.
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
an
d
th
e
co
n
ten
tio
n
wi
n
d
o
w
s
ize
(
C
W
)
o
f
MA
C
ar
e
o
th
er
p
a
r
am
eter
s
th
at
g
r
ea
tl
y
af
f
ec
t
th
e
b
ea
co
n
co
llis
io
n
.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
ad
ap
tiv
ely
co
n
f
ig
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
a
r
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
MA
C
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
la
y
er
s
in
a
way
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
im
p
r
o
v
es
MA
C
lay
er
a
n
d
m
ess
ag
es
p
r
o
p
er
ties
to
o
p
tim
al
r
a
tes
f
o
r
I
o
V
[
1
6
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
d
e
n
s
ity
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
I
o
V
wa
s
n
o
t c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
wh
ich
ar
e
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
v
eh
icles
v
ar
iatio
n
b
etwe
en
d
e
n
s
e
an
d
s
p
ar
s
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
A
n
ew
C
W
v
alu
e
h
as
b
ee
n
esti
m
ated
to
ad
ap
tiv
e
C
W
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
b
ased
o
n
u
t
ilizin
g
th
e
d
en
s
ity
p
ar
am
eter
o
f
o
n
e
-
h
o
p
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
eh
icles
d
etec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
in
ter
v
al
o
f
t
an
d
λ
,
wh
er
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
er
i
v
ed
λ
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
Sev
er
al
s
im
u
latio
n
s
h
a
d
b
ee
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
am
o
n
g
th
e
co
n
ten
tio
n
win
d
o
w,
th
e
d
e
n
s
ity
o
f
v
eh
icles,
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
id
d
e
n
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
is
th
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
ten
tio
n
win
d
o
w
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
r
ec
ei
v
ed
m
ess
ag
es a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l
was
ex
am
in
ed
in
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
to
en
h
an
ce
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
o
f
b
ea
co
n
in
g
m
e
s
s
ag
es.
B
y
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ap
tin
g
th
e
co
n
t
en
tio
n
win
d
o
ws
to
s
atis
f
y
t
h
e
b
est
ch
an
n
el
ca
p
ac
ity
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
en
ts
an
d
weig
h
ted
f
air
n
ess
.
Z
em
o
u
r
i
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
e
v
alu
ated
t
h
e
MA
C
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
r
ec
e
p
tio
n
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
b
y
a
p
er
io
d
ic
b
ea
co
n
m
ess
ag
e
an
d
ea
ch
n
o
d
e’
s
ch
an
n
el
b
u
s
y
tim
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
o
f
a
b
ea
co
n
.
A
h
y
b
r
id
b
ea
c
o
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
g
tr
af
f
ic
-
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
I
o
V
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ch
an
n
el
ac
ce
s
s
(
E
DC
A)
m
ec
h
an
is
m
h
as
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
to
id
en
tify
v
a
r
io
u
s
ac
ce
s
s
ca
teg
o
r
ies
(
AC
s
)
at
th
e
MA
C
lay
er
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
at
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
(
PHY)
lay
er
a
n
d
o
f
f
er
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ice
(
Q
o
S).
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
we
r
an
d
c
o
n
ten
tio
n
win
d
o
w
was
v
er
if
ied
b
y
d
esig
n
er
s
em
p
lo
y
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
s
in
ns
-
2
s
im
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
d
elay
h
as
b
e
en
s
elec
ted
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
cr
iter
io
n
to
e
v
alu
a
te
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
E
DC
A
in
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
with
n
o
C
W
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
lo
w
d
elay
v
ar
i
atio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
s
ch
e
m
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
,
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ca
n
r
e
d
u
ce
t
h
e
d
elay
,
u
tili
ze
th
e
lin
k
f
air
ly
,
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
p
r
o
x
im
ity
o
r
lin
k
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
W
h
er
ea
s
,
th
e
s
c
h
em
es
ab
o
v
e
f
ail
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
I
o
V
a
n
d
tar
g
et
th
e
m
ain
k
ey
ch
a
llen
g
es
o
f
th
e
I
o
V
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e.
T
h
u
s
,
to
u
tili
ze
th
e
av
ailab
le
b
an
d
wid
th
ef
f
icien
tly
,
th
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wh
e
n
th
er
e
is
:
i)
a
s
lig
h
t
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
tim
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
ap
id
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
an
d
ii)
d
ata
ch
an
n
el
co
n
g
esti
o
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
an
d
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
d
ata.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
a
h
y
b
r
id
ad
ap
tiv
e
b
ea
co
n
in
g
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
f
air
n
ess
in
ch
an
n
el
o
cc
u
p
y
in
g
wh
ich
is
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
b
y
th
e
ad
a
p
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
an
d
co
n
ten
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
4
9
7
-
505
500
W
in
d
o
w.
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
th
e
d
elay
tim
e
o
f
d
eliv
er
in
g
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
at
ev
er
y
v
eh
icle
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
th
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
o
wer
an
d
co
n
ten
tio
n
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
elp
s
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
m
ess
ag
es lo
s
s
r
ate
an
d
wir
e
l
ess
ch
an
n
el
co
n
g
esti
o
n
.
3.
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
I
o
V,
th
e
d
ata
co
n
g
esti
o
n
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
e
to
s
en
d
m
ess
ag
es
at
m
ax
im
u
m
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
we
r
to
r
ea
ch
f
u
r
th
er
d
is
tan
ce
s
,
s
en
d
in
g
m
es
s
ag
es
at
h
ig
h
d
ata
r
ate
an
d
u
s
e
s
m
all
co
n
ten
tio
n
win
d
o
w
s
ize
am
o
n
g
c
o
m
p
etin
g
n
o
d
es
to
o
cc
u
p
y
in
g
th
e
ch
an
n
el.
T
h
e
co
n
g
esti
o
n
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
lead
to
h
ig
h
p
ac
k
ets
lo
s
s
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
d
ata.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
a
d
ju
s
t
b
o
th
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
a
n
d
co
n
ten
tio
n
win
d
o
w
s
ize
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
co
n
g
esti
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
in
th
e
I
o
V
.
3
.
1
.
T
ra
ns
m
is
s
io
n po
wer
a
da
pta
t
io
n
T
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
p
lay
s
a
m
ajo
r
r
o
le
in
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
g
esti
o
n
if
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
is
h
ig
h
,
its
SNR
w
ill
in
cr
ea
s
e,
b
u
t
o
th
er
SN
R
w
ill
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
h
as
b
ee
n
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
ea
r
est
n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
ad
ap
tin
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
.
Her
e,
let
ass
u
m
es
th
at
th
e
r
e
ar
e
6
n
o
d
es
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
n
o
d
e
0
an
d
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
0
h
as
b
ee
n
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
f
o
u
r
s
ec
to
r
s
as f
o
llo
ws:
Secto
r
1
h
as two
n
o
d
es
1
an
d
2
,
s
ec
to
r
2
h
as
n
o
d
es
n
u
m
b
er
3
an
d
4
s
ec
to
r
3
co
n
tain
s
o
n
ly
5
an
d
s
ec
to
r
n
u
m
b
e
r
4
in
clu
d
es n
o
d
e
n
u
m
b
er
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
An
ex
am
p
le
o
f
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
n
ea
r
est n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
I
n
ea
ch
s
ec
to
r
,
th
e
n
ea
r
e
s
t
n
o
d
e
h
as
b
ee
n
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
esti
m
ated
d
is
tan
ce
(
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
)
f
r
o
m
th
e
ce
n
t
r
al
0
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
a
ch
n
o
d
e
will
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
th
e
b
ea
co
n
m
ess
ag
e
ev
e
r
y
b
ea
co
n
p
e
r
io
d
.
I
n
th
is
m
ess
a
g
e,
v
eh
icle
p
o
s
itio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
r
ef
lecte
d
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
n
o
d
es
will
co
m
p
u
te
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
to
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
es.
Af
ter
t
h
e
n
ea
r
est
n
o
d
e
h
as
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
in
ea
ch
s
ec
to
r
(
1
,
3
,
5
an
d
6
)
.
T
h
en
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
d
is
tan
ce
is
s
el
ec
ted
am
o
n
g
f
o
u
r
s
s
ec
to
r
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
n
ea
r
est
n
o
d
e
(
1
,
3
,
5
,
6
)
an
d
th
is
d
is
tan
ce
is
u
s
ed
to
u
p
d
ate
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
is
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
(
1
)
:
2
2
)
4
(
dx
P
l
o
s
s
=
(
1
)
wh
er
e
th
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
m
o
d
el,
d
is
is
m
ax
im
u
m
d
is
tan
ce
th
at
h
as
b
e
en
s
elec
ted
am
o
n
g
f
o
u
r
s
s
ec
to
r
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
n
ea
r
est
n
o
d
e,
α
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
p
ath
lo
s
s
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
d
λ
is
th
e
wav
ele
n
g
th
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
u
p
d
ated
b
y
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
as (
2
)
:
l
o
s
s
s
t
P
r
P
=
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Hyb
r
id
p
o
w
er c
o
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
c
o
n
ten
tio
n
w
in
d
o
w
a
d
a
p
ta
tio
n
fo
r
…
(
Ha
yd
er M.
A
mer
)
501
wh
er
e
is
th
e
n
ex
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
t
h
at
v
eh
icles
will
s
en
d
m
ess
ag
es
with
it,
r
s
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
en
s
itiv
ity
wh
ich
is
g
iv
en
b
y
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
er
.
3
.
2
.
Co
nte
ntio
n windo
w
a
da
pta
t
io
n
T
h
e
co
n
ten
tio
n
win
d
o
w
(
C
W
)
in
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
co
o
r
d
in
ati
o
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
8
0
2
.
1
1
u
s
es
th
e
m
in
im
al
v
alu
e
.
T
h
en
th
e
C
W
will
b
e
d
u
p
licated
af
ter
ea
c
h
d
ata
c
o
llis
io
n
u
n
til
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
is
r
ea
ch
ed
.
T
h
e
is
r
eset
to
th
e
in
itial
v
a
lu
e
af
ter
ea
ch
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
with
o
u
t
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
v
e
h
icles
in
th
e
cr
o
wd
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
lead
s
to
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
co
n
g
esti
o
n
o
n
th
e
wir
eless
ch
an
n
el
d
u
e
t
o
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o
m
p
etin
g
m
a
n
y
n
o
d
es
to
ac
ce
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s
th
e
ch
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n
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el
an
d
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t
h
e
s
am
e
v
al
u
e
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
d
eg
r
ad
es
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
d
ata
co
llis
io
n
.
T
h
is
also
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
p
ac
k
ets lo
s
s
.
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e,
th
e
h
as
b
ee
n
ad
ap
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
eh
i
cles.
E
ac
h
v
eh
icle
s
en
d
s
b
ea
co
n
m
ess
ag
es
p
er
io
d
ically
th
at
co
n
tain
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
ch
as
s
p
ee
d
,
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
v
e
h
icle
I
D.
T
h
ese
m
ess
ag
es
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
ten
d
e
d
v
eh
icles
in
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
.
T
wo
m
ain
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
(
co
n
ten
tio
n
e
v
alu
atio
n
an
d
p
r
e
d
icted
o
f
f
s
et)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
lcu
lated
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
co
m
p
etitio
n
an
d
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
in
a
h
ig
h
-
d
e
n
s
ity
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
I
n
th
e
co
n
ten
tio
n
E
v
alu
a
tio
n
,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
o
f
th
e
s
en
d
er
v
eh
icles
is
esti
m
ated
b
ased
o
n
u
tili
zin
g
t
h
e
v
eh
icle
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
i
n
th
e
p
er
io
d
ic
b
ea
co
n
m
ess
ag
es.
T
h
en
ea
ch
v
eh
icle
s
elec
ts
th
e
p
r
ed
icted
Of
f
s
et
s
lo
ts
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
v
e
h
ic
le
s.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
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p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
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ac
h
is
to
d
im
in
is
h
d
ata
co
llis
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n
s
b
y
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th
e
tr
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m
is
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p
o
wer
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d
th
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s
ize
f
o
r
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r
y
n
o
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e.
T
h
e
is
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ly
ch
o
s
en
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
test
in
g
v
eh
icles.
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h
e
n
ew
v
alu
e
o
f
will
b
o
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t
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tili
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tio
n
o
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th
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cr
em
e
n
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
ec
eiv
ed
m
ess
ag
es.
T
h
e
esti
m
ated
v
alu
e
is
r
aised
lin
ea
r
ly
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
f
v
eh
icles
n
u
m
b
er
i
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
h
as
ac
h
iev
ed
a
s
tab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
wh
en
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
co
n
s
tan
t
s
ize.
n
Nj
E
n
j
N
=
=
1
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
esti
m
ated
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
ten
d
ed
v
e
h
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v
eh
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n
u
m
b
er
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th
at
ar
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p
ar
tic
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atin
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th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
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v
er
y
v
eh
icle
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
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f
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et
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lo
t
p
r
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v
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m
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etito
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atio
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1
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T
h
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n
,
it d
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m
in
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o
f
th
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r
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u
ir
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f
f
s
et
b
y
u
s
in
g
(
2
)
.
=
+
=
N
j
N
j
N
O
f
f
s
e
t
1
1
1
(
4
)
Fin
ally
,
th
e
n
ew
is
u
p
d
ated
as
(
5
)
:
o
l
d
n
ew
CW
o
f
f
s
e
t
CW
N
m
i
n
m
i
n
+
=
(
5
)
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
am
in
e
d
an
d
ass
ess
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
Vein
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
th
at
is
a
v
eh
icu
lar
n
etwo
r
k
s
im
u
lato
r
.
Vein
s
co
m
b
in
es
OM
NeT
++
n
etwo
r
k
s
im
u
lato
r
[
2
4
]
an
d
th
e
s
im
u
lato
r
f
o
r
u
r
b
an
m
o
b
ilit
y
(
SUMO)
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
an
d
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
am
o
n
g
v
eh
ic
u
lar
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
o
d
es.
An
u
r
b
an
r
o
ad
s
ce
n
ar
io
h
as
b
ee
n
cr
ea
ted
in
SUMO
an
d
f
e
d
t
o
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
im
u
lato
r
to
te
s
t
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as b
ee
n
test
ed
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ain
s
t v
ar
io
u
s
v
eh
i
cle
d
en
s
ities
to
ev
alu
ate
its
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
with
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
o
f
th
e
ch
an
n
el
co
n
g
esti
o
n
.
T
h
e
PW
C
W
h
as
b
ee
n
an
al
y
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an
d
co
m
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ar
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to
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o
th
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a
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p
r
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h
th
at
is
ca
lled
p
o
wer
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ased
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ay
esian
(
P
W
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Y)
an
d
it
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
f
r
o
m
liter
atu
r
e
as
in
[
1
5
]
.
Fiv
e
ty
p
es
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
e
d
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
as f
o
llo
ws
:
−
R
ec
eiv
ed
p
ac
k
ets (
Mb
p
s
)
:
I
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
to
tal
r
ec
eiv
ed
m
ess
ag
es a
t th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
v
eh
icle
.
−
T
o
tal
d
elay
tim
e
(
m
s
)
:
I
t
is
th
e
to
tal
tim
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
d
eliv
er
th
e
m
ess
ag
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
.
−
T
o
tal
p
ac
k
ets lo
s
s
:
I
t in
d
icate
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lo
s
t m
ess
ag
es d
u
e
to
c
h
an
n
el
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
.
−
T
o
tal
d
ata
co
llis
io
n
s
:
I
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
llis
io
n
am
o
n
g
tr
an
s
m
it
ted
d
ata
d
u
e
to
th
e
ch
an
n
el
o
cc
u
p
ied
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
4
9
7
-
505
502
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Vein
s
s
im
u
latio
n
u
r
b
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s
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n
ar
io
T
ab
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p
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u
r
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3
d
e
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icts
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m
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er
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r
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ed
m
ess
ag
es
at
th
e
d
esti
n
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n
v
eh
icles
wh
ich
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r
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o
r
d
e
d
b
y
PW
C
W
an
d
P
W
B
Y,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
f
ig
u
r
e
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
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p
r
o
p
o
s
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ap
p
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a
ch
h
as
b
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d
eliv
er
y
m
ec
h
an
is
m
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
PW
B
Y.
I
t
is
cl
ea
r
th
at
wh
en
th
e
co
n
g
esti
o
n
o
cc
u
r
s
in
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
ec
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e
d
m
ess
ag
es
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s
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ce
d
d
u
e
to
p
ac
k
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lo
s
s
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d
b
u
f
f
er
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v
er
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Ho
wev
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,
th
e
PW
C
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ap
p
r
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ac
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h
as
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ig
n
if
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tly
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d
th
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to
tal
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u
m
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r
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f
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ec
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m
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es
at
th
e
d
esti
n
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n
v
e
h
icles.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
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ad
ap
tatio
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o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
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p
o
w
er
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d
a
d
y
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a
m
ic
C
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m
in
th
at
is
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
v
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h
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wh
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th
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m
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f
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t
m
ess
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as
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m
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ar
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to
th
e
PW
B
Y.
T
h
e
PW
C
W
h
as
ad
ap
ted
th
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p
o
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an
s
m
is
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is
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ate
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t
tr
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s
m
is
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i
on
p
o
wer
th
at
v
eh
icles will sen
d
m
ess
ag
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it
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T
ab
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1
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te
d
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Fig
u
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4
d
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th
e
to
tal
d
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lay
v
ar
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n
as
co
m
p
a
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to
t
h
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
th
e
v
eh
icles.
I
t
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
with
th
e
in
cr
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s
e
in
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
v
eh
icles
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n
th
e
r
o
a
d
s
eg
m
en
t,
th
e
tim
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
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d
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m
ess
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es
is
also
in
cr
ea
s
ed
wh
ich
i
n
tu
r
n
b
o
o
s
t
d
elay
v
ar
ia
tio
n
.
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h
e
r
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lt
f
r
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m
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
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C
W
h
as
th
e
lo
west
d
elay
tim
e
as
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
PW
B
Y
wh
ich
h
as
a
s
h
ar
p
in
c
r
em
en
t
in
t
h
e
to
tal
d
el
ay
tim
e.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
lack
o
f
th
e
a
d
ap
tatio
n
a
p
p
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ac
h
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
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g
o
n
ly
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
m
eth
o
d
,
u
n
lik
e
th
e
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C
W
wh
ich
h
as
l
o
wer
d
elay
tim
e
in
d
eliv
er
in
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
m
ess
ag
es.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
co
n
s
id
er
two
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
p
a
r
am
eter
s
in
t
h
e
ad
a
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tatio
n
a
p
p
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h
t
h
at
ar
e
th
e
p
o
wer
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n
tr
o
l
o
f
m
ess
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es
wh
ich
is
s
elec
ted
o
p
tim
ally
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ased
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n
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
n
ea
r
est
n
o
d
e
to
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e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
en
d
e
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
ad
a
p
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n
o
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th
e
C
W
m
in
h
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elp
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th
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m
p
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n
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
v
eh
icles
to
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s
th
e
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ch
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e
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Fig
u
r
e
5
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
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f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
co
n
g
esti
o
n
o
n
th
e
to
tal
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o
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o
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ets
lo
s
s
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eg
ar
d
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g
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
r
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C
W
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d
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B
Y,
r
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e
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ely
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
to
tal
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
lo
s
t
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
b
y
PW
C
W
i
s
s
m
aller
th
an
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
b
y
PW
B
Y.
Fig
u
r
e
5
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
ev
en
with
a
n
in
c
r
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
th
e
v
e
h
icles
o
n
th
e
r
o
a
d
s
eg
m
en
t
th
e
PW
C
W
s
til
l
h
as
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
lo
s
s
,
u
n
lik
e
th
e
PW
B
Y
wh
ich
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
p
ac
k
ets
lo
s
s
with
th
e
in
c
r
em
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
e
h
icles
in
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
ar
ea
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
em
p
lo
y
in
g
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
C
W
m
in
wh
ich
ass
is
ts
to
allev
iate
th
e
b
o
ttlen
ec
k
in
o
n
th
e
wir
eless
ch
an
n
el.
T
h
is
m
in
im
i
ze
s
th
e
to
tal
lo
s
s
p
ac
k
ets,
d
esp
ite
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
th
e
v
eh
icle
s
th
at
ar
e
tak
en
i
n
to
th
e
ac
co
u
n
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Hyb
r
id
p
o
w
er c
o
n
tr
o
l a
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d
c
o
n
ten
tio
n
w
in
d
o
w
a
d
a
p
ta
tio
n
fo
r
…
(
Ha
yd
er M.
A
mer
)
503
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
o
tal
r
ec
eiv
ed
m
ess
ag
es
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
o
tal
d
elay
tim
e
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
o
tal
p
ac
k
ets lo
s
s
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
to
tal
d
ata
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llis
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th
at
is
o
cc
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r
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ed
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u
e
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ex
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d
ch
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ac
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d
in
g
m
a
n
y
m
ess
ag
es
o
v
er
th
e
ch
an
n
el
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e.
I
t
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
th
at
d
u
e
to
th
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
f
ac
to
r
s
in
t
h
e
ad
a
p
tatio
n
m
e
ch
an
is
m
(
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
an
d
C
W
m
in
)
b
y
th
e
PW
C
W
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
llis
io
n
in
d
ata
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
b
y
th
e
PW
B
Y
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
r
ed
u
cin
g
to
tal
co
llis
io
n
in
d
ata
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
a
n
ef
f
ec
t
an
d
ev
id
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
to
tal
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
lo
s
t
m
ess
ag
es
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
PW
B
Y
h
as
a
tr
em
en
d
o
u
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ata
co
llis
io
n
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
m
p
etitio
n
am
o
n
g
n
o
d
es
attem
p
tin
g
to
tr
an
s
m
it
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
with
h
ig
h
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
r
eq
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e
n
cy
an
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
d
is
tan
ce
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
av
ailab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
e
c
h
an
n
e
l
co
n
g
esti
o
n
r
atio
t
h
at
is
r
e
co
r
d
ed
b
y
b
o
t
h
PW
C
W
an
d
PW
B
Y,
re
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
t
is
clea
r
th
at
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ice
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
b
an
d
wid
th
,
d
elay
an
d
p
ac
k
ets
lo
s
s
h
as
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
4
9
7
-
505
504
h
u
g
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
ch
an
n
el
co
n
g
esti
o
n
r
atio
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ice
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
h
as
im
p
r
o
v
ed
an
d
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
h
as
b
ee
n
en
h
a
n
ce
d
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
ec
eiv
ed
m
ess
ag
es,
d
elay
tim
e
an
d
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
e
s
s
ag
es
lo
s
s
.
T
h
e
P
W
C
W
h
as
l
o
wer
ch
an
n
el
co
n
g
esti
o
n
r
atio
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
PW
B
Y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
two
ad
ap
tatio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
allev
iate
th
e
co
n
g
esti
o
n
o
n
th
e
wir
eless
ch
an
n
el.
PW
B
Y
h
as
h
ig
h
er
co
n
g
esti
o
n
r
atio
d
u
e
to
th
e
lack
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
t
h
e
v
eh
icles
in
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
an
d
r
ely
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
tatic
C
W
m
in
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
lead
s
to
i
n
cr
em
en
t th
e
c
h
an
n
el
co
n
g
esti
o
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
o
tal
d
ata
co
llis
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
h
an
n
el
co
n
g
esti
o
n
r
atio
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
ch
an
n
el
co
n
g
esti
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
o
cc
u
r
s
in
v
eh
ic
u
lar
n
e
two
r
k
s
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t
cities
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
em
en
t
in
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
th
e
v
eh
icles
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
o
n
th
e
r
o
ad
s
eg
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
ch
an
n
el
co
n
g
esti
o
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
is
tu
r
b
s
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
ef
f
ec
ts
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
am
o
n
g
d
r
iv
e
r
s
wh
ich
m
ig
h
t
b
e
n
o
lo
n
g
er
v
alid
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
m
ess
ag
es
lo
s
s
an
d
d
ela
y
v
a
r
iatio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
h
y
b
r
id
ad
ap
tatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
ad
ap
tatio
n
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
te
n
tio
n
win
d
o
w
s
ize.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
elp
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
o
d
e
s
elf
is
h
b
eh
av
io
u
r
b
y
tr
y
in
g
to
s
en
d
d
at
a
at
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
at
th
e
PW
C
W
h
as
a
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
P
W
B
Y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
illu
s
tr
ated
th
at
PW
C
W
h
as
a
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
th
e
PW
B
Y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
to
t
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ec
eiv
e
d
m
ess
ag
es a
t th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
e,
lo
s
t m
ess
ag
es,
d
ata
co
llis
io
n
s
,
d
elay
v
a
r
iatio
n
an
d
co
n
g
esti
o
n
r
atio
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
W
e
ar
e
ap
p
r
ec
iativ
e
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
I
r
aq
.
W
e
ar
e
also
g
r
atef
u
l to
t
h
e
So
u
th
er
n
T
ec
h
n
ical
Un
iv
er
s
ity
-
T
ec
h
n
ical
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
B
asra
H
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Hyb
r
id
p
o
w
er c
o
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
c
o
n
ten
tio
n
w
in
d
o
w
a
d
a
p
ta
tio
n
fo
r
…
(
Ha
yd
er M.
A
mer
)
505
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
C
.
C
a
st
i
l
l
o
,
S
.
Ze
a
d
a
l
l
y
,
a
n
d
J.
A
.
G
.
I
b
a
ñ
e
z
,
“
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
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o
f
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h
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s
:
A
r
c
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c
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e
,
p
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u
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,
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EEE
i
n
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e
r
n
e
t
o
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J
o
u
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a
l
,
v
o
l
.
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2
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.
[
2
]
F
.
L
y
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e
t
a
l
.
,
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h
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t
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n
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r
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to
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t
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[
3
]
G
.
J
.
S
u
t
t
o
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e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
n
a
b
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n
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c
h
n
o
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o
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i
e
s
f
o
r
u
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d
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w
l
a
t
e
n
c
y
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
:
F
r
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m
p
h
y
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d
m
a
c
l
a
y
e
r
p
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