I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
4
2
0
2
~
4
2
1
3
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
1
1
i
5
.
p
p
4
2
0
2
-
4
2
1
3
4202
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Desig
n of
m
icro
st
rip
p
a
tch
a
ntenna
t
o
d
eplo
y
u
n
m
a
n
ned
ae
ria
l
v
ehicle
a
s UE in
5
G
w
ireless
netw
o
r
k
Abu
Z
a
f
a
r
M
d.
I
m
ra
n
1
,
M
o
ha
mm
a
d L
utf
ul H
a
k
i
m
2
,
M
d.
Ra
zu
Ah
m
ed
3
,
M
o
ha
m
m
a
d
T
a
riqul
I
s
la
m
4
,
E
lia
s
H
o
s
s
a
in
5
1,
2,
3
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic an
d
T
e
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic Un
iv
e
rsit
y
Ch
it
tag
o
n
g
,
Ku
m
ira Ch
a
tt
o
g
ra
m
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
4
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic an
d
S
y
ste
m
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Bu
il
t
E
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
la
y
si
a
,
Ba
n
g
i
,
M
a
lay
sia
5
Da
ff
o
d
il
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Dh
a
k
a
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Sep
17
,
2
0
20
R
ev
i
s
ed
Ma
r
5
,
2
0
2
1
A
cc
ep
ted
Mar
1
9
,
20
2
1
T
h
e
u
se
o
f
u
n
m
a
n
n
e
d
a
e
rial
v
e
h
icle
(U
A
V
)
h
a
s b
e
e
n
in
c
re
a
sin
g
r
a
p
id
ly
in
th
e
c
iv
il
ian
a
n
d
m
il
it
a
r
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
b
e
c
a
u
se
o
f
U
A
V
'
s
h
ig
h
-
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
w
it
h
g
ro
u
n
d
c
li
e
n
ts,
e
sp
e
c
ially
f
o
r
it
s
in
tri
n
sic
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
su
c
h
a
s
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
a
lt
it
u
d
e
,
m
o
b
il
it
y
,
a
n
d
f
le
x
ib
il
it
y
.
UA
V
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
c
a
n
b
e
m
o
n
it
o
re
d
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
led
th
r
o
u
g
h
5
G
w
irele
s
s
n
e
t
w
o
rk
a
s
u
se
r
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
(UE)
a
lo
n
g
w
it
h
o
th
e
r
d
e
v
ice
s.
A
h
ig
h
l
y
d
irec
ti
v
e
m
icro
strip
p
a
tch
a
n
ten
n
a
(M
P
A
)
c
o
u
ld
e
sta
b
li
s
h
lo
n
g
-
d
is
tan
c
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
b
y
o
v
e
rc
o
m
in
g
a
ir
a
tt
e
n
u
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
e
c
o
-
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
in
terf
e
re
n
c
e
in
th
e
li
m
it
e
d
re
g
io
n
if
U
A
V
u
se
s
a
sp
e
c
i
f
ic
a
ll
y
d
e
d
ica
ted
b
a
n
d
,
w
h
ich
m
i
g
h
t
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
sp
a
ti
a
ll
y
re
u
se
o
f
th
e
sp
e
c
tru
m
.
A
lso
,
M
P
A
is
h
ig
h
ly
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
f
o
r
UA
V
b
e
c
a
u
se
o
f
it
s
lo
w
we
ig
h
t,
lo
w
c
o
st,
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
siz
e
,
a
n
d
f
lat
sh
a
p
e
.
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
d
e
sig
n
e
d
a
h
ig
h
ly
d
irec
ti
v
e
sin
g
le
-
b
a
n
d
2
×
2
a
n
d
4
×
4
a
n
ten
n
a
a
rra
y
f
o
r
5
.
8
G
Hz
a
n
d
2
8
G
Hz
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
f
o
r
U
A
V
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
in
a
f
o
c
u
s
to
d
e
p
l
o
y
U
A
V
th
ro
u
g
h
5
G
w
i
re
les
s
n
e
t
w
o
rk
.
He
re
,
T
h
e
Ro
g
e
r
RT
5
8
8
0
(lo
ss
y
)
m
a
teria
l
u
ti
li
z
e
a
s
a
su
b
stra
te
d
u
e
to
i
ts
lo
w
e
r
d
iele
c
tri
c
c
o
n
sta
n
t
w
h
ich
a
c
h
iev
e
s
h
ig
h
e
r
d
irec
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
g
o
o
d
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
sta
b
il
it
y
.
In
se
t
f
e
e
d
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
u
se
d
to
f
e
e
d
a
n
ten
n
a
f
o
r
lo
w
e
rin
g
in
p
u
t
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
w
h
ich
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
h
ig
h
e
r
a
n
ten
n
a
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
.
T
h
e
r
e
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
a
w
id
e
r
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
o
f
7
0
2
M
Hz
a
n
d
1
.
5
9
6
G
Hz
f
o
r
5
.
8
G
H
z
a
n
d
2
8
G
Hz
a
n
ten
n
a
a
rra
y
c
o
rre
sp
o
n
d
in
g
ly
w
it
h
a
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
siz
e
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
5
G
w
ir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
Hig
h
-
d
ir
ec
ti
v
it
y
Mic
r
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
UAV
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
A
b
u
Z
a
f
ar
Md
.
I
m
r
an
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ic
an
d
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
I
s
la
m
ic
U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
C
h
itta
g
o
n
g
Ku
m
ir
a
C
h
atto
g
r
a
m
-
4
3
1
8
,
B
an
g
lad
e
s
h
E
m
ail:
i
m
r
an
@
ii
u
c.
ac
.
b
d
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
u
n
m
a
n
n
ed
ae
r
ial
v
e
h
icle
(
UAV
)
,
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
d
r
o
n
es,
h
a
s
b
ec
o
m
e
a
n
i
n
te
n
s
i
v
e
to
p
ic
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
v
er
th
e
p
a
s
t
f
e
w
y
ea
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
i
ts
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
,
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
a
n
d
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
f
ie
ld
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
U
A
V
s
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
al
m
u
lti
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
lo
w
co
s
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
r
ap
id
l
y
i
n
civ
ilia
n
d
o
m
ai
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
p
u
b
lic
s
a
f
et
y
,
s
u
r
v
ei
lla
n
ce
,
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
r
e
s
c
u
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
i
n
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
c
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
,
an
d
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
[1
]
-
[
3
]
.
Natu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
s
u
ch
as
a
to
r
n
ad
o
,
h
u
r
r
ican
es,
an
d
f
lo
o
d
s
o
cc
u
r
tr
ag
icall
y
al
m
o
s
t
in
all
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies.
Sti
ll,
w
h
en
t
h
e
y
o
cc
u
r
ex
te
n
s
i
v
el
y
,
th
e
e
x
i
s
ti
n
g
ter
r
estrial
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
ca
n
b
e
d
estro
y
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Desig
n
o
f m
icro
s
tr
ip
p
a
tch
a
n
t
en
n
a
to
d
ep
lo
y
u
n
ma
n
n
ed
a
eria
l v
eh
i
cle
a
s
UE
in
…
(
A
b
u
Za
f
a
r
Md
.
I
mra
n
)
4203
o
r
d
am
ag
ed
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
to
en
s
u
r
e
p
u
b
lic
s
a
f
et
y
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
e
s
s
e
n
tial
f
o
r
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
r
esc
u
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
UAV
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
ca
n
d
o
th
at
o
p
er
atio
n
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
UAVs
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
ter
r
estrial
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
u
e
to
th
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
o
f
a
l
in
e
o
f
s
i
g
h
t
(
L
o
S)
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
UA
V
ca
n
also
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
b
ase
s
tatio
n
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
is
s
e
m
in
a
tio
n
o
f
d
ev
ice
to
d
ev
ice
(
D2
D
)
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
D2
D
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
t
io
n
f
o
r
o
f
f
lo
ad
i
n
g
d
ata
tr
af
f
i
c,
w
h
ic
h
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
co
v
er
ag
e
an
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
ca
p
ac
it
y
[
3
]
.
UA
V
i
s
th
e
k
e
y
en
ab
ler
f
o
r
m
m
-
w
av
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
U
AV
w
it
h
m
m
-
w
av
e
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
ca
n
e
s
tab
lis
h
L
o
S c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
w
i
th
g
r
o
u
n
d
u
s
er
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
lo
s
s
at
a
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
ap
id
g
r
o
w
th
o
f
m
o
b
ile
u
s
er
s
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
is
cr
ea
tin
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
r
f
ast
d
ata
r
ate,
h
ig
h
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
lo
w
late
n
c
y
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
m
et
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
5
G
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
T
h
e
t
h
ir
d
g
en
er
atio
n
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
(
3
G
P
P
)
d
iv
id
e
d
5
G
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
an
d
in
to
b
elo
w
6
GHz
an
d
ab
o
v
e
2
4
GHz
,
(
2
4
GHz
,
2
6
GHz
,
2
8
GHz
,
an
d
3
8
GHz
)
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
UA
V
ca
n
h
e
lp
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
er
o
n
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t o
f
q
u
alit
y
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
w
it
h
L
o
S.
UAVs
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
altit
u
d
es
s
u
c
h
as
H
AP
(
h
ig
h
altit
u
d
e
p
latf
o
r
m
)
an
d
L
A
P
(
lo
w
altitu
d
e
p
lat
f
o
r
m
)
.
H
A
P
is
g
e
n
er
all
y
q
u
asi
-
s
tatio
n
ar
y
an
d
al
titu
d
e
ab
o
v
e
1
7
k
m
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
L
A
P
ca
n
m
o
v
e
v
er
y
f
ast
a
n
d
f
le
x
ib
l
y
,
w
h
er
e
its
h
eig
h
t
i
s
1
0
m
eter
s
to
a
f
e
w
k
ilo
m
eter
s
[
5
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
altitu
d
e
o
f
L
A
P
ca
n
b
e
co
v
er
ed
w
it
h
a
h
i
g
h
d
ir
ec
tiv
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a
(
MP
A
)
[
1
0
]
.
An
te
n
n
a
d
esi
g
n
is
a
cr
u
c
ial
p
ar
t
o
f
a
n
y
U
A
V
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
w
ir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
s
h
ap
e
an
d
s
ize
o
f
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
to
f
it
it
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
U
AV
is
a
to
p
r
esear
ch
ar
en
a
f
o
r
in
n
o
v
atio
n
i
n
U
A
V
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a
ca
n
b
e
a
u
s
ef
u
l to
o
l f
o
r
UA
V
as a
b
ase
s
tatio
n
o
r
UE
[1
1
]
-
[
2
0
].
T
h
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a
f
o
r
5
G
w
ir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
is
ex
tr
e
m
e
l
y
d
esira
b
le
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
a
lo
w
co
s
t,
lo
w
p
r
o
f
ile
ea
s
y
to
d
esig
n
,
co
m
p
ac
t
s
ize,
a
n
d
ea
s
y
i
n
s
ta
llatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
f
lat
an
d
s
m
al
l
an
ten
n
a
is
p
r
ef
er
ab
le
f
o
r
UAV
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
b
ein
g
ea
s
y
to
i
m
p
la
n
t
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
U
A
V.
An
te
n
n
a
ar
r
a
y
s
en
h
an
ce
d
ir
ec
t
iv
it
y
a
n
d
g
ai
n
.
A
h
i
g
h
l
y
d
ir
ec
t
iv
e
an
te
n
n
a
is
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
as
it
r
ed
u
ce
s
co
-
c
h
an
n
el
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
an
d
co
v
er
s
lo
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
s
[
2
1
]
.
Fo
r
d
esig
n
in
g
U
A
V
a
n
ten
n
a
p
ap
er
s
[1
1
]
-
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
8
]
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ev
ie
w
ed
.
Yu
s
u
f
et
a
l.
[1
1
]
,
an
E
-
s
h
ap
ed
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
U
A
V
an
te
n
n
a
h
as
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
w
h
o
s
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
5
.
8
an
d
9
.
6
GHz
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
l
y
,
b
u
t
it
i
s
q
u
i
te
b
u
l
k
y
,
an
d
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
d
u
al
-
b
a
n
d
b
eh
av
io
r
g
ain
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
is
les
s
w
h
ic
h
i
s
9
.
1
1
d
B
i
an
d
5
.
3
7
d
B
i
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Deo
et
a
l.
[1
2
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
a
f
o
r
a
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
5
.
0
9
GHz
,
b
u
t
its
g
a
in
a
n
d
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
ar
e
4
.
3
6
d
B
i
an
d
1
2
0
MH
z,
r
es
p
ec
tiv
el
y
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
ex
tr
e
m
e
l
y
lo
w
.
A
r
ec
ta
n
g
u
lar
s
h
ap
e
2
×2
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
a
n
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
f
o
r
3
.
8
GHz
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Saj
j
a
d
et
a
l.
[1
3
]
w
h
er
e
th
e
g
ai
n
is
1
3
.
5
d
B
,
b
u
t
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
is
o
n
l
y
7
2
MH
z
w
h
ic
h
d
o
es
n
o
t
m
ee
t
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
5
G
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
.
Ka
n
g
et
a
l.
[1
4
]
,
a
p
lan
ar
s
q
u
ar
e
s
e
g
m
en
t
an
ten
n
a
i
s
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
U
A
V
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
f
o
u
r
r
eso
n
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cie
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
0
.
9
5
GHz
,
1
.
6
GHz
,
2
.
0
5
GHz
,
an
d
2
.
4
GHz
r
esp
e
ctiv
el
y
b
u
t
a
n
ten
n
a
g
ain
i
s
m
ea
g
er
b
ec
au
s
e
it
r
eso
n
a
tes
o
n
m
u
ltip
le
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
an
d
s
.
H
o
r
izo
n
tal
p
o
lar
ized
tr
i
-
b
an
d
a
n
ten
n
a
o
f
5
7
.
7
×1
1
7
×
2
9
.
6
m
m
s
ize
h
as
b
ee
n
d
esi
g
n
ed
in
[
1
5
]
f
o
r
th
e
UAV
ap
p
licatio
n
w
h
er
e
g
ai
n
an
d
b
an
d
w
id
th
ar
e
ex
tr
e
m
el
y
lo
w
d
u
e
to
o
m
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l
b
eh
av
io
r
s
.
A
co
ax
ial
f
ee
d
li
n
e
r
ec
ta
n
g
u
lar
m
icr
o
s
t
r
ip
p
atch
a
n
ten
n
a
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
A
r
p
aio
et
a
l.
[1
6
]
f
o
r
3
.
6
GHz
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
w
h
o
s
e
s
iz
e
is
ex
tr
e
m
e
l
y
lar
g
e
w
h
er
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
i
s
4
0
0
MH
z,
an
d
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
g
ai
n
i
s
12
d
B
i.
I
n
w
o
r
k
[
1
7
]
,
a
12
-
el
e
m
en
t
p
lan
er
p
r
i
n
ted
ar
r
a
y
a
n
ten
n
a
at
2
.
4
5
GHz
r
eso
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
p
r
esen
ted
w
it
h
a
g
o
o
d
g
ai
n
b
u
t
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
a
n
d
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
ar
e
lo
w
er
.
I
n
[
1
8
]
,
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
co
ax
ial
f
ee
d
a
n
n
u
lar
r
in
g
s
lo
t
an
te
n
n
a
at
2
.
7
6
GHz
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
w
it
h
r
ad
iu
s
4
7
.
2
m
m
an
d
A
r
lo
n
AD2
5
0
A
w
it
h
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
ta
n
t
2
.
5
u
s
ed
as
a
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
w
h
er
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
a
n
d
g
ain
a
r
e
p
o
o
r
.
Saf
ar
o
n
et
a
l.
[
19
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
clo
v
er
leaf
an
ten
n
a
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
FR
-
4
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
m
ater
ial
at
2
.
4
5
GHz
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
A
n
in
te
g
r
at
ed
f
ee
d
1
2
-
ele
m
en
t
p
lan
er
a
n
te
n
n
a
ar
r
a
y
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
2
0
]
w
h
ich
r
eso
n
ate
at
2
.
4
7
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
w
i
t
h
1
1
d
B
i
g
ain
b
u
t
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
is
o
n
l
y
4
0
MH
z.
T
h
e
an
te
n
n
a
ar
r
a
y
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
2
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ar
e
r
ev
ie
w
ed
b
elo
w
.
A
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
er
ies
f
ee
d
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
p
atch
a
n
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
is
p
r
esen
ted
f
o
r
2
8
GHz
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
y
Mo
h
a
m
ed
an
d
Am
m
o
r
[
2
2
]
w
h
er
e
an
te
n
n
a
g
ai
n
is
o
n
l
y
1
7
.
1
d
B
b
u
t
an
ten
n
a
s
ize
i
s
lar
g
e.
Nd
ip
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
,
h
as
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
a
f
o
u
r
elem
en
ts
an
te
n
n
a
ar
r
ay
o
f
2
8
GHz
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
w
h
o
s
e
g
ain
an
d
b
an
d
w
id
th
ar
e
1
2
.
2
d
B
i
an
d
0
.
9
GHz
,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
el
y
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
is
n
o
t
s
p
ec
i
f
ied
.
A
r
ec
ta
n
g
u
lar
p
atc
h
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
p
ap
er
[
2
4
]
th
at
h
as
a
g
ai
n
o
f
o
n
l
y
1
1
.
2
d
B
i
an
d
co
ax
ial
f
ee
d
u
s
ed
to
f
ee
d
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
w
h
er
e
A
r
izac
a
-
c
u
s
ic
u
n
a
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
er
ies
f
ee
d
16
-
ele
m
e
n
t
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
p
atch
a
n
ten
n
a
f
o
r
2
8
GHz
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
w
it
h
1
7
d
B
g
ain
,
b
u
t
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
a
n
d
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
ar
e
o
n
l
y
1
6
.
3
7
d
B
an
d
0
.
3
GHz
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
K
h
ab
b
a
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
,
A
1
0
ele
m
e
n
ts
b
ea
m
-
s
teer
i
n
g
a
n
te
n
n
a
ar
r
a
y
h
as
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
w
h
o
s
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
2
8
GHz
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
g
ain
is
1
6
.
5
d
B
,
b
u
t
th
e
an
ten
n
a
s
ize
is
h
e
f
t
y
a
n
d
f
ee
d
b
y
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
lin
e.
lin
e
f
e
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
also
u
s
ed
in
2
×2
U
s
lo
t
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
p
r
o
j
ec
ted
b
y
Yo
o
n
an
d
Seo
[
2
7
]
f
o
r
2
8
GHz
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
g
a
in
i
s
o
n
l
y
1
4
.
3
d
B
i.
Gh
ar
b
i
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
,
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
t
w
o
4
×1
an
d
2
×2
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
p
atch
an
te
n
n
as
w
h
er
e
th
e
g
ai
n
is
1
3
.
2
an
d
1
3
.
3
d
B
i
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
:
4
2
0
2
-
4213
4204
Gen
er
all
y
,
U
A
V
u
s
es
a
f
i
x
ed
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
.
P
r
esen
tl
y
5
.
8
GH
z
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
lar
c
h
o
ice
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
er
.
I
n
p
ap
er
[
1
1
]
-
[
2
0
]
,
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
ta
k
e
n
a
v
ital
s
tep
f
o
r
d
esig
n
i
n
g
an
ten
n
a
b
elo
w
6
GHz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
u
t
d
u
e
to
m
u
lti
-
b
an
d
o
r
f
ee
d
li
n
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
m
i
s
m
atc
h
,
t
h
e
g
ain
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
d
eg
r
ad
es
o
r
r
ed
u
ce
d
an
ten
n
a
o
p
er
a
tio
n
al
b
an
d
w
id
th
d
u
e
to
in
ap
t
d
esig
n
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
.
A
s
in
g
le
b
an
d
an
ten
n
a
w
i
th
p
r
o
p
er
f
ee
d
-
li
n
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
m
atc
h
in
g
ca
n
ac
h
i
ev
e
h
i
g
h
er
g
ai
n
a
n
d
b
etter
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
b
an
d
w
id
th
.
A
U
AV,
w
h
ich
is
o
p
er
ated
at
5
.
8
GHz
,
m
a
y
s
a
tis
f
y
th
e
5
G
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
en
t
s
.
B
u
t
s
o
o
n
,
w
e
w
il
l
h
a
v
e
to
m
o
v
e
to
w
ar
d
s
h
i
g
h
er
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
f
o
r
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
m
o
r
e
lo
w
er
late
n
c
y
a
n
d
w
id
er
b
an
d
w
id
th
s
o
th
at
w
e
ca
n
m
ee
t 5
G
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t c
o
m
p
letel
y
,
2
8
GHz
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t a
ttra
cti
v
e
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
a
n
d
s
.
I
n
p
ap
er
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
8
]
th
er
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
esi
g
n
ed
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
a
n
te
n
n
a
ar
r
a
y
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
u
p
co
m
i
n
g
5
G
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
2
8
GHz
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
I
n
th
is
p
er
s
p
ec
ti
v
e,
w
e
h
a
v
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
m
icr
o
w
a
v
e
a
n
d
m
m
-
w
av
e
an
te
n
n
a
w
it
h
t
h
eir
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
t
o
f
o
cu
s
o
n
U
A
V
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
in
5
G
w
ir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
.
A
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
an
a
l
y
s
is
i
s
also
s
tated
to
p
r
io
r
itize
mm
-
w
av
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
w
it
h
r
esear
ch
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
A
co
m
p
a
ct
s
ize,
h
i
g
h
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a
ar
r
ay
o
f
5
.
8
GHz
an
d
2
8
GHz
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
a
n
ice
m
i
x
u
p
o
f
h
ig
h
d
ir
ec
ti
v
it
y
as
w
e
ll
as
w
id
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
w
it
h
a
co
m
p
ac
t
s
ize
w
h
ic
h
i
s
ac
h
i
ev
ed
b
y
i
n
s
et
f
ee
d
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
29
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
s
u
b
s
tr
at
e
m
ater
ial
w
it
h
lo
w
er
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
ta
n
t
[
2
3
]
an
d
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
esig
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
On
l
y
h
i
g
h
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
a
n
d
f
ix
ed
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ca
n
m
iti
g
ate
th
e
co
-
ch
a
n
n
el
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
an
Un
m
an
n
ed
A
e
r
ial
Ve
h
icle
o
f
co
m
p
lex
i
m
p
le
m
en
tat
io
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
a
n
d
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
f
o
r
5
G
w
ir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
[
21
]
.
No
tab
l
y
,
w
id
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
w
il
l i
n
cr
ea
s
e
co
v
er
ag
e
an
d
ca
p
ac
it
y
w
h
er
e
s
m
al
l s
ize
r
ed
u
ce
s
co
s
t a
n
d
an
te
n
n
a
i
n
s
tallatio
n
s
p
ac
e,
w
h
ic
h
is
a
v
ital p
o
in
t
f
o
r
s
m
all
s
ize
U
A
V.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
ar
r
a
n
g
ed
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
w
a
y
.
Se
ctio
n
2
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
t
h
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
d
esig
n
i
n
d
etail.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
3
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
w
it
h
a
n
al
y
s
is
a
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
4
d
r
a
w
s
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ten
n
a
w
it
h
r
ec
en
t
w
o
r
k
[
1
1
]
-
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
8
]
.
Sectio
n
5
co
n
clu
d
es th
e
p
ap
er
.
2.
ANT
E
NNA
D
E
SI
G
N
T
h
e
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
p
atc
h
a
n
te
n
n
a
is
c
h
o
s
e
n
a
s
t
h
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
s
h
ap
e
b
ec
au
s
e
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
etter
r
e
s
u
lt
s
[
31
]
.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
h
a
v
e
ca
lcu
late
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
(
1
)
-
(
1
1
)
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
W
i
d
th
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a,
≈
2
√
2
+
1
(
1
)
w
h
er
e,
=
R
eso
n
a
n
t f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
c
=
Velo
cit
y
o
f
li
g
h
t
=
Su
b
s
tr
ate
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
ta
n
t
An
te
n
n
a
le
n
g
th
ca
lc
u
lated
b
y
,
≈
−
2
∆
(
2
)
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
len
g
t
h
an
d
its
d
ev
iatio
n
ca
lc
u
lated
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
.
≈
2
√
+
1
2
+
−
1
2
⌊
1
+
12
ℎ
⌋
−
1
2
(
3
)
∆
≈
0
.
412
(
+
0
.
3
−
0
.
258
)
(
ℎ
+
0
.
264
ℎ
+
0
.
8
)
(
4
)
Hig
h
t o
f
t
h
e
S
u
b
s
tr
ate
ca
lcu
lat
ed
b
y
(
5
)
.
ℎ
≈
0
.
0606
√
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
,
≈
(
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Desig
n
o
f m
icro
s
tr
ip
p
a
tch
a
n
t
en
n
a
to
d
ep
lo
y
u
n
ma
n
n
ed
a
eria
l v
eh
i
cle
a
s
UE
in
…
(
A
b
u
Za
f
a
r
Md
.
I
mra
n
)
4205
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
an
te
n
n
a
d
esi
g
n
,
f
ee
d
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
p
r
o
p
er
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
m
atc
h
in
g
in
th
e
f
ee
d
li
n
e
ca
n
en
s
u
r
e
n
o
r
ef
lectio
n
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
a
n
te
n
n
a
w
h
ich
in
cr
ea
s
es
a
n
t
en
n
a
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
s
et
f
ee
d
tech
n
iq
u
e
p
r
o
v
id
es l
o
w
est r
et
u
r
n
lo
s
s
an
d
h
ig
h
es
t g
ain
[
3
0
].
I
n
s
et
f
ee
d
d
ep
th
an
d
n
o
tch
g
ap
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
(
7
)
,
(
8
)
,
≈
0
.
822
×
2
(
7
)
≈
√
2
×
4
.
65
×
10
−
12
(
8
)
W
id
th
o
f
5
0
f
ee
d
lin
e
ca
lc
u
l
ated
b
y
(
9
)
,
≈
120
√
(
1
.
3
93
+
ℎ
+
2
3
ln
(
ℎ
+
1
.
444
)
)
(
9
)
Sin
g
le
an
ten
n
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
ca
lc
u
lated
b
y
(
1
0
)
an
d
(
1
1
)
,
w
id
th
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
is
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
s
.
≈
6
ℎ
+
(
1
0
)
≈
6
ℎ
+
(
1
1
)
T
h
e
R
o
g
er
R
T
5
8
8
0
(
lo
s
s
y
)
is
ch
o
s
en
a
s
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
m
ater
ial
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
it
s
lo
w
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
ta
n
t,
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
ig
h
er
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
a
n
d
lo
w
co
s
t
w
ith
a
v
aila
b
ilit
y
[
2
3
]
.
Dielec
tr
ic
c
o
n
s
tan
t
an
d
lo
s
s
tan
g
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
a
te
is
2
.
2
an
d
0
.
0
0
0
9
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
l
is
t
o
f
s
in
g
le
an
te
n
n
a
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
5
.
8
GHz
an
d
2
8
G
Hz
r
eso
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
an
d
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
v
ie
w
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
a
n
te
n
n
a
f
o
r
b
o
th
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies.
C
ST
m
icr
o
w
a
v
e
s
tu
d
io
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
an
d
s
i
m
u
lati
n
g
al
l th
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sin
g
le
an
ten
n
a
p
ar
a
m
eter
lis
t f
o
r
b
o
th
5
.
8
GHz
an
d
2
8
GHz
r
eso
n
an
t f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
5
.
8
G
H
z
(
mm
)
V
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
2
8
G
H
z
(
mm
)
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
5
.
8
G
H
z
(
mm
)
V
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
2
8
G
H
z
(
mm
)
Wp
2
0
.
6
5
4
.
8
Wf
2
0
.
3
1
Lp
1
5
.
8
1
3
G
a
p
0
.
8
2
0
.
1
Wg
3
3
.
6
2
8
.
7
8
hp
0
.
0
3
5
0
.
0
3
5
Lg
2
8
.
7
9
7
h
2
.
1
6
0
.
6
6
Fi
4
.
1
0
.
5
1
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fro
n
t v
ie
w
o
f
s
i
n
g
le
an
ten
n
a
f
o
r
b
o
th
5
.
8
GHz
an
d
2
8
GHz
r
eso
n
an
t f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
h
i
g
h
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
an
d
g
ain
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
d
esig
n
ed
an
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
to
o
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
f
r
o
n
t
v
ie
w
o
f
2
×2
an
te
n
n
a
f
o
r
b
o
th
5
.
8
3
GHz
an
d
2
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
I
n
T
ab
le
2
p
ar
am
eter
s
l
is
t
o
f
2
×2
an
te
n
n
a
ar
r
ay
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
.
T
h
e
atten
u
ati
o
n
d
u
e
to
r
ain
,
clo
u
d
,
an
d
f
o
g
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tiall
y
with
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
:
4
2
0
2
-
4213
4206
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
,
as
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lie
r
,
ca
n
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
an
ten
n
a
g
ai
n
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
at’
s
w
h
y
w
e
h
a
v
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
an
o
th
er
4
×4
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a
f
o
r
2
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a.
W
h
er
e
x
=2
.
3
2
m
m
,
y
=4
.
3
9
m
m
,
W
f
4
=
0
.
6
m
m
,
W
f
5
=1
.
0
1
m
m
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
ten
n
a
i
s
3
0
.
1
4
×3
2
.
0
4
m
m
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fro
n
t v
ie
w
o
f
2
×2
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
f
o
r
b
o
th
5
.
8
3
GH
z
an
d
2
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
T
ab
le
2
.
L
is
t o
f
2
x
2
an
te
n
n
a
ar
r
ay
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
5
.
8
GHz
an
d
2
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
5
.
8
G
H
z
(
mm
)
V
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
2
8
G
H
z
(
mm
)
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
5
.
8
3
G
H
z
(
mm
)
V
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
2
8
G
H
z
(
mm
)
x
1
3
.
4
1
.
2
Wf
2
1
.
0
2
0
.
5
7
y
1
5
.
6
6
4
Wf
3
5
.
1
2
0
.
5
7
Wf
1
1
.
6
3
0
.
2
4
W
6
7
.
6
7
1
4
.
8
0
L
6
5
.
5
2
1
6
.
0
4
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fro
n
t v
ie
w
o
f
4
×4
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
at
2
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
w
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
th
e
an
ten
n
a
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
,
v
o
ltag
e
s
t
an
d
in
g
w
av
e
r
atio
,
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
,
g
ain
,
a
n
d
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
.
C
o
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t e
le
m
e
n
t a
n
te
n
n
a
f
o
r
5
.
8
GHz
an
d
2
8
GHz
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
les 3
an
d
4
,
w
h
er
e
a
n
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
is
ti
n
g
an
ten
n
a
s
ets
w
it
h
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
5
.
8
3
GHz
2
×2
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
an
d
th
e
2
8
GHz
4
×4
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
les 5
an
d
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Desig
n
o
f m
icro
s
tr
ip
p
a
tch
a
n
t
en
n
a
to
d
ep
lo
y
u
n
ma
n
n
ed
a
eria
l v
eh
i
cle
a
s
UE
in
…
(
A
b
u
Za
f
a
r
Md
.
I
mra
n
)
4207
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
ele
m
e
n
t a
n
d
2
×
2
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
f
o
r
5
.
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
a
n
d
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
S
i
z
e
mm
2
R
e
so
n
a
n
t
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
G
H
z
)
R
e
t
u
r
n
l
o
ss
(
d
B
)
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
(
M
H
z
)
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
d
B
i
)
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
)
si
n
g
l
e
3
3
.
6
2
×
2
8
.
7
9
5
.
8
45
2
8
0
7
.
8
1
8
.
0
2
2
x
2
A
r
r
a
y
6
7
.
6
7
×
6
5
.
5
2
5
.
8
3
45
7
0
2
12
12
T
ab
le
4
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
ele
m
e
n
t,
2
×2
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
,
an
d
4
×4
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
f
o
r
2
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
a
n
d
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
S
i
z
e
mm
2
R
e
t
u
r
n
l
o
ss (d
B
)
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
(
M
H
z
)
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
d
B
i
)
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
)
si
n
g
l
e
8
.
7
8
×
6
.
9
9
41
2
.
3
5
1
8
.
2
3
8
.
3
7
2
×
2
A
r
r
a
y
1
4
.
7
8
×
1
6
.
0
4
2
8
.
5
1
.
9
5
1
3
.
2
1
2
.
8
4
×
4
A
r
r
a
y
3
0
.
1
3
×
3
2
3
0
.
3
1
.
5
9
6
1
8
.
4
1
7
.
9
T
ab
le
5
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
b
elo
w
6
GHz
U
A
V
an
ten
n
a
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
5
.
8
3
GHz
2
×2
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
R
e
f
.
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
S
i
z
e
R
e
so
n
a
n
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
G
H
z
)
R
e
t
u
r
n
l
o
ss
(
d
B
)
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
(
M
H
z
)
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
i
)
[
1
1
]
1
×
4
E
-
S
h
a
p
e
M
P
A
2
2
×
4
.
6
×
0
.
1
6
7
c
m
2
5
.
8
2
0
.
3
6
1
8
9
.
8
9
.
1
1
9
.
6
5
1
9
.
2
6
5
4
5
.
8
5
.
3
7
[
1
2
]
D
i
p
o
l
e
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
me
t
a
l
l
i
c
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
o
r
4
8
×
4
0
×
2
2
.
5
2
mm
2
5
.
0
9
32
1
2
0
4
.
3
6
[
1
3
]
2
×
2
M
P
A
a
r
r
a
y
--
3
.
8
26
72
1
3
.
5
[
1
4
]
S
e
g
me
n
t
e
d
l
o
o
p
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
7
5
×
7
5
×
0
.
8
mm
3
0
.
9
5
20
20
0
.
9
1
.
6
2
0
>
1
1
7
9
3
.
9
4
2
.
0
5
3
.
0
5
2
.
6
1
2
.
5
2
[
1
5
]
F
o
l
d
e
d
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
w
i
t
h
v
e
r
t
i
c
a
l
sl
o
t
i
n
si
d
e
me
t
a
l
b
o
x
5
7
.
7
×
1
1
7
×
2
9
.
6
mm
3
0
.
8
4
3
16
7
1
.
5
1
.
4
4
4
5
25
45
3
2
.
4
18
2
6
1
4
[
1
6
]
2
×
2
M
P
A
a
r
r
a
y
1
0
0
×
1
0
0
c
m
2
3
.
6
20
4
0
0
12
[
1
7
]
12
-
e
l
e
me
n
t
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
a
r
r
a
y
3
9
.
6
×
1
1
.
6
c
m
2
2
.
4
5
17
50
2
1
.
4
d
B
[
1
8
]
A
n
n
u
l
a
r
r
i
n
g
sl
o
t
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
R
a
d
i
u
s
4
7
.
2
mm
2
.
6
7
31
70
2
.
5
[
1
9
]
4
-
b
l
a
d
e
c
l
o
v
e
r
l
e
a
f
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
R
a
d
i
u
s
8
8
mm
2
.
4
5
19
1
0
0
6
.
3
8
[
2
0
]
12
-
e
l
e
me
n
t
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
a
r
r
a
y
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
f
e
e
d
4
5
8
.
8
×
1
6
1
×
1
.
2
7
mm
3
2
.
4
7
14
40
11
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
2
×
2
M
P
A
a
r
r
a
y
6
7
.
6
7
×
6
5
.
5
1
mm
2
5
.
8
3
45
7
0
2
1
2
d
B
T
ab
le
6
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
e
x
is
ti
n
g
2
8
GHz
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atc
h
an
te
n
n
a
ar
r
a
y
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
4
×4
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
R
e
f
.
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
S
i
z
e
(
mm
3
)
R
e
so
n
a
n
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
G
H
z
)
R
e
t
u
r
n
l
o
ss
(
d
B
)
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
(
G
H
z
)
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
i
)
[
2
2
]
16
-
e
l
e
me
n
t
r
e
c
t
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
a
r
r
a
y
88
×
25
×
0
.
7
8
2
7
.
8
5
6
2
.
3
1
d
B
2
.
5
2
1
7
.
1
d
B
[
2
3
]
2
×
2
M
P
A
a
r
r
a
y
-
28
3
6
d
B
0
.
9
1
2
.
2
[
2
4
]
2
×
2
M
P
A
a
r
r
a
y
7
.
0
7
×
3
1
.
6
7
7
mm
2
28
2
1
.
4
4
-
1
1
.
2
[
2
5
]
4
×
4
M
P
A
a
r
r
a
y
3
0
.
6
5
×
3
9
.
3
mm
2
28
1
6
.
3
7
0
.
3
1
7
d
B
[
2
6
]
1
×
1
0
M
P
A
a
r
r
a
y
60
×
100
×
0
.
7
28
35
1
.
2
1
6
.
5
[
2
7
]
2
×
2
U
-
sl
o
t
M
P
A
a
r
r
a
y
4
1
.
3
×
46
×
0
.
5
28
40
4
.
1
4
1
4
.
3
[
2
8
]
1
×
4
M
P
A
a
r
r
a
y
2
1
.
6
×
3
1
.
6
×
0
.
5
0
8
28
62
2
.
1
5
1
3
.
2
2
×
2
M
P
A
a
r
r
a
y
2
2
.
8
×
1
9
.
2
×
0
.
5
0
8
34
1
.
3
1
3
.
3
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
4
×
4
M
P
A
a
r
r
a
y
3
0
.
1
3
×
32
×
0
.
5
28
3
0
.
3
1
.
5
9
6
1
7
.
9
d
B
3
.
1
.
Ret
urn
-
lo
s
s
An
te
n
n
a
r
et
u
r
n
lo
s
s
o
r
S1
1
p
ar
a
m
eter
is
a
p
lo
t
t
h
at
d
e
n
o
te
s
th
e
r
atio
o
f
t
h
e
r
ef
lecte
d
p
o
w
er
to
t
h
e
in
cid
en
t
p
o
w
er
w
it
h
a
d
B
u
n
it
.
A
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e,
it
d
escr
ib
es
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
an
ten
n
a
m
atch
e
s
w
ith
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
lin
e
o
r
d
ev
ice,
t
h
e
lo
w
er
it
is
,
t
h
e
b
etter
t
h
e
m
atc
h
w
i
ll b
e
[
3
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
p
lo
t o
f
5
.
8
GHz
s
in
g
le
a
n
d
2
×2
ar
r
ay
an
ten
n
a
w
h
er
e
th
e
ar
r
a
y
a
n
te
n
n
a
r
es
o
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
m
o
v
e
s
s
l
ig
h
t
l
y
to
w
ar
d
s
u
p
p
er
at
5
.
8
3
GHz
d
u
e
to
ar
r
ay
an
te
n
n
a
f
ee
d
-
li
n
e
m
is
m
atc
h
b
u
t
it
s
t
ill
in
ac
ce
p
tab
le
le
v
el.
W
ith
S
1
1
<
-
1
0
d
B
c
r
iter
ia
th
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
2
×2
ar
r
ay
a
n
ten
n
a
is
7
0
2
MH
z.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
r
et
u
r
n
lo
s
s
p
lo
t
o
f
2
8
GHz
a
n
te
n
n
a
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ele
m
en
t
s
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
o
f
t
h
e
4
×4
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
is
1
.
5
9
6
GHz
u
s
in
g
S
1
1
<
-
1
0
d
B
cr
iter
ia.
Fig
u
r
es
4
an
d
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
t
h
e
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
at
t
h
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
2
×2
an
te
n
n
a
ar
r
ay
at
5
.
8
3
GHz
is
-
4
5
d
B
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
4
×4
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
at
2
8
GHz
h
as
a
-
3
0
d
B
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
.
I
t
cla
r
if
ies
t
h
at
r
ad
iatio
n
at
5
.
8
GHz
an
d
2
8
GHz
r
eso
n
an
t f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
is
q
u
ite
ac
ce
p
tab
le
an
d
h
ig
h
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
:
4
2
0
2
-
4213
4208
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
R
etu
r
n
-
lo
s
s
p
lo
t o
f
s
i
n
g
le
a
n
d
2
×2
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
f
o
r
5
.
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
R
etu
r
n
-
lo
s
s
p
lo
t o
f
s
i
n
g
le,
2
×2
an
d
4
×4
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
f
o
r
2
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
3
.
2
.
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
s
t
a
nd
ing
w
a
v
e
ra
t
io
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
ta
n
d
in
g
w
a
v
e
r
atio
(
VSW
R
)
p
ar
a
m
eter
o
f
th
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
in
d
icate
s
h
o
w
m
u
ch
o
f
a
n
an
ten
n
a
is
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
m
atc
h
e
d
w
ith
it
s
r
ad
io
o
r
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
lin
e
[
32
]
.
Fo
r
5
G
w
ir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
VSW
R
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
b
e
t
w
ee
n
1
-
2
,
an
d
t
h
e
lo
w
er
t
h
e
v
alu
e,
t
h
e
b
etter
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
w
il
l
m
atc
h
w
it
h
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
n
e.
T
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
id
ea
l
f
ield
i
s
1
,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
n
o
p
o
w
er
i
s
r
ef
lecte
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
ten
n
a.
F
ig
u
r
es
6
a
n
d
7
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
V
SW
R
p
lo
ts
o
f
all
d
esi
g
n
ed
5
.
8
3
GHz
an
d
2
8
GHz
a
n
ten
n
a
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
,
w
er
e
i
n
all
f
ie
ld
s
VSW
R
i
s
clo
s
e
to
1
w
h
ic
h
i
s
an
id
ea
l v
al
u
e.
3
.
3
.
Dire
ct
iv
i
t
y
a
nd
g
a
in
Dir
ec
tiv
it
y
o
f
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
i
n
d
i
ca
tes th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
g
ai
n
i
n
a
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
I
f
a
n
an
ten
n
a
r
ad
iates
ev
en
l
y
i
n
all
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
,
t
h
en
i
t
h
a
s
ze
r
o
d
ir
ec
tio
n
alit
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
i
s
1
o
r
0
d
B
.
I
n
co
n
tr
as
t,
th
e
an
ten
n
a
g
ain
s
h
o
w
s
h
o
w
m
u
ch
p
o
w
er
th
e
an
ten
n
a
ca
n
tr
a
n
s
m
it
to
w
ar
d
s
p
ea
k
r
ad
iatio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
is
o
tr
o
p
ic
s
o
u
r
ce
[3
2
].
5
G
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
h
i
g
h
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
a
n
d
g
ain
f
o
r
o
v
er
co
m
i
n
g
atte
n
u
a
ti
o
n
an
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
5
.
8
3
GHz
2
×
2
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
an
d
2
8
GHz
4
×4
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
,
h
av
e
ac
h
iev
ed
1
2
d
B
i
an
d
1
8
.
4
d
B
i
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
el
y
,
a
n
d
1
2
d
B
an
d
1
7
.
9
d
B
g
ain
co
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
in
g
l
y
.
Hi
g
h
er
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
r
e
s
o
n
ate
s
at
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
an
d
to
w
ar
d
s
a
s
i
n
g
le
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
m
ater
ial
i
s
u
s
e
d
w
it
h
lo
w
er
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
[
2
3
]
.
T
a
b
l
es
3
an
d
4
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
g
ai
n
an
d
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
o
f
th
e
al
l 5
.
8
GHz
an
d
2
8
GHz
an
ten
n
as.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
VSW
R
p
lo
t o
f
s
in
g
le
an
d
2
×2
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
f
o
r
5
.
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Desig
n
o
f m
icro
s
tr
ip
p
a
tch
a
n
t
en
n
a
to
d
ep
lo
y
u
n
ma
n
n
ed
a
eria
l v
eh
i
cle
a
s
UE
in
…
(
A
b
u
Za
f
a
r
Md
.
I
mra
n
)
4209
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
VSW
R
p
lo
t o
f
s
in
g
le
,
2
×2
an
d
4
×
4
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
f
o
r
2
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
3
.
4
.
E
f
f
iciency
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
e
f
f
icien
c
y
i
s
t
h
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
a
n
d
th
e
r
ad
iated
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
a
n
te
n
n
a.
Hi
g
h
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
h
a
s
b
ee
n
r
ad
iated
[
3
2
]
.
Fo
r
5
G
w
ir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
,
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
ab
o
v
e
7
0
%.
T
h
e
e
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
5
.
8
3
GHz
2
×2
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
is
9
9
%,
an
d
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
2
8
GHz
4
×
4
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
i
s
8
8
.
5
%
w
h
ic
h
is
a
g
o
o
d
v
alu
e
w
h
er
e
in
s
e
t
f
ee
d
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
i
th
p
r
o
p
er
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
p
la
y
a
v
i
tal
r
u
le
[
29
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
es 8
an
d
9
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
v
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
p
lo
t f
o
r
5
.
8
GHz
an
d
2
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
E
f
f
icie
n
c
y
v
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
p
lo
t f
o
r
5
.
8
3
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
E
f
f
icie
n
c
y
v
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
p
lo
t f
o
r
2
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
3
.
5
.
Ra
dia
t
io
n
pa
t
t
er
n
T
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
i
n
d
icate
s
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
(
an
g
u
lar
)
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
r
ad
io
w
av
e
s
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
3
-
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
(
3
D)
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
5
.
8
3
GHz
2
×
2
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
a
n
d
2
8
GHz
4
×4
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
0
(
a)
an
d
1
0
(
b
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
s
h
o
w
s
a
2
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
(
2
D)
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
5
.
8
3
GHz
2
×2
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
f
o
r
P
h
i=0
o
an
d
9
0
0
w
h
er
e
an
g
u
lar
w
id
th
is
3
9
.
2
an
d
4
2
d
eg
r
ee
s
,
s
id
elo
b
e
lev
el
i
s
-
1
9
.
0
d
B
an
d
-
5
.
2
d
B
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
2
s
h
o
w
s
a
2
D
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
2
8
GHz
4
x
4
a
n
te
n
n
a
ar
r
a
y
f
o
r
b
o
th
P
h
i=0
o
a
n
d
9
0
o
w
h
er
e
a
n
g
u
lar
w
id
t
h
is
1
9
.
7
d
eg
r
ee
an
d
2
0
.
4
d
eg
r
ee
,
s
id
elo
b
e
lev
el
is
-
1
4
.
2
d
B
an
d
-
1
1
.
4
d
B
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
:
4
2
0
2
-
4213
4210
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
3
D
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
,
(
a)
a
t 2
8
GHz
r
eso
n
an
t f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
f
o
r
4
x
4
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
,
(
b
)
a
t 5
.
8
3
GHz
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
f
o
r
2
×2
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
2
D
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
at
5
.
8
3
GHz
f
o
r
2
×2
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
w
h
er
e
P
h
i=0
o
an
d
9
0
o
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
2
D
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
at
2
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
f
o
r
4
×4
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
w
h
er
e
P
h
i=0
0
an
d
9
0
o
4.
CO
M
P
ARIS
O
N
Firstl
y
,
a
s
in
g
le
ele
m
e
n
t
5
.
8
GHz
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a
d
esi
g
n
ed
th
a
n
a
2
×2
ar
r
a
y
an
te
n
n
a
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
b
y
th
e
s
i
n
g
le
ele
m
e
n
t
w
h
er
e
g
a
in
a
n
d
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
l
y
also
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
i
s
w
id
er
co
m
p
ar
e
to
t
h
e
s
in
g
le
a
n
ten
n
a
b
u
t
r
eso
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
h
i
f
ted
5
.
8
GHz
to
5
.
8
3
GH
z
w
h
er
e
r
et
u
r
n
lo
s
s
r
e
m
ain
co
n
s
ta
n
t
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
a
b
le
3
.
2
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
as
h
ig
h
g
ai
n
an
d
d
i
r
ec
tiv
it
y
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
UA
V
b
u
t
h
i
g
h
er
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
h
i
g
h
er
atte
n
u
atio
n
in
th
e
air
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
S
o
a
4
×4
ar
r
ay
an
ten
n
a
also
d
esig
n
ed
at
2
8
GHz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
etter
g
ai
n
an
d
d
ir
ec
tiv
i
t
y
th
a
n
s
i
n
g
le
an
d
2
×2
ar
r
ay
a
n
te
n
n
a
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
4
.
A
lth
o
u
g
h
t
h
er
e
i
s
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
b
an
d
w
id
th
a
n
d
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
,
b
u
t
en
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
5
G
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
o
f
U
AV.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
5
.
8
3
GHz
2
×2
a
n
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
h
as
a
co
m
p
ac
t
s
i
ze
th
a
n
all
a
n
ten
n
a
li
s
ted
in
T
ab
le
5
w
it
h
a
s
i
m
p
le
r
ec
ta
n
g
u
lar
p
atch
wh
er
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
li
n
e
f
ee
d
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
q
u
ar
ter
-
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
l
in
e
[
1
3
]
an
d
co
ax
ial
f
ee
d
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
1
4
]
-
[2
0
]
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
f
ee
d
th
e
an
ten
n
a.
Desi
g
n
ed
in
s
et
-
f
ee
d
an
ten
n
a
h
a
s
ac
h
iev
ed
a
h
i
g
h
g
ai
n
b
e
tter
t
h
an
t
h
e
en
t
ir
e
an
te
n
n
a
s
li
s
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
5
ex
ce
p
t
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
7
]
an
d
also
h
a
s
r
ea
lized
a
w
id
er
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
w
it
h
g
o
o
d
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
w
h
ic
h
w
il
l
b
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
U
A
V
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
2
8
GHz
4
×4
an
te
n
n
a
h
as
h
ig
h
er
g
ain
t
h
an
a
n
ten
n
a
en
li
s
te
d
in
T
ab
le
6
alt
h
o
u
g
h
h
as
les
s
er
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
t
h
a
n
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Sti
ll,
s
ize
r
ed
u
ctio
n
is
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t,
w
h
ich
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
co
s
t
a
n
d
also
weig
h
t,
w
h
ic
h
allo
w
UAV
to
ca
r
r
y
t
h
e
an
ten
n
a
ef
f
o
r
tles
s
l
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Desig
n
o
f m
icro
s
tr
ip
p
a
tch
a
n
t
en
n
a
to
d
ep
lo
y
u
n
ma
n
n
ed
a
eria
l v
eh
i
cle
a
s
UE
in
…
(
A
b
u
Za
f
a
r
Md
.
I
mra
n
)
4211
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
UAV
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
w
ir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
i
s
n
o
t
a
r
e
g
u
lar
ca
s
e
r
at
h
er
it
i
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
an
ac
cid
e
n
t
o
r
ev
en
t.
Ob
v
io
u
s
l
y
,
i
n
co
n
s
id
er
at
io
n
o
f
f
li
g
h
t
ti
m
e
a
n
d
b
atter
y
li
f
eti
m
e,
all
m
u
s
t
en
co
u
r
ag
e
g
etti
n
g
a
h
an
d
s
o
m
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
to
co
v
er
m
o
r
e
p
eo
p
le
to
m
ak
e
t
h
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
d
ir
ec
ti
v
e
an
d
w
id
e
b
a
n
d
w
id
t
h
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
t
en
n
a
ar
e
p
r
ef
er
ab
le
f
o
r
U
AVs
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
it
’
s
lig
h
t
w
ei
g
h
t,
lo
w
co
s
t,
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
f
ab
r
icatio
n
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
t
w
o
co
m
p
ac
t
s
ize
p
lan
es
5
.
8
GHz
2
×2
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
a
n
d
2
8
GHz
4
×4
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
w
h
e
r
e
h
ig
h
er
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
h
as
b
ee
n
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
an
ten
n
a
s
r
eso
n
ate
i
n
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
d
ir
ec
ti
v
it
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
t
h
e
an
ten
n
a
'
s
c
o
v
er
ag
e
as
w
ell
a
s
r
ed
u
ce
s
co
-
c
h
a
n
n
el
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
U
AV
s
o
r
UE
s
,
w
h
ic
h
e
n
ab
le
s
m
o
o
t
h
U
AV
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
5
G
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
ab
les
5
an
d
6
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
as
ar
e
s
m
aller
t
h
an
t
h
e
e
x
is
ti
n
g
a
n
ten
n
a,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
s
et
to
an
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
U
AV
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
f
l
at
s
h
ap
e
.
A
ls
o
,
s
m
all
s
ize
w
il
l
r
ed
u
ce
f
ab
r
icatio
n
co
s
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
co
p
e
to
atta
ch
m
o
r
e
p
a
y
lo
ad
s
to
th
e
U
A
V
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
h
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
w
id
er
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
at
2
8
GHz
th
an
5
.
8
GHz
.
Us
e
o
f
2
8
GHz
ca
n
aid
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
an
d
lo
w
late
n
c
y
at
5
G
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
t
h
a
n
5
.
8
GHz
.
5
G
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
h
ad
ad
o
p
ted
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies
as
a
k
e
y
en
b
ler
d
u
e
to
th
e
af
o
r
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ad
v
an
ta
g
es.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
j
ec
t
is
f
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
I
I
UC
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
Gr
an
t,
a
n
in
i
tiati
v
e
o
f
C
e
n
ter
f
o
r
R
es
ea
r
ch
an
d
P
u
b
licatio
n
(
C
R
P
)
,
o
f
I
n
ter
n
a
tio
n
al
I
s
la
m
ic
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
C
h
i
ttag
o
n
g
(
I
I
UC
)
.
Sp
ec
ial
t
h
a
n
k
s
to
au
th
o
r
it
y
a
n
d
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
b
o
d
ies f
o
r
s
u
c
h
in
iti
ativ
e
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
K.
P
.
V
a
lav
a
n
is
a
n
d
G
.
J.
V
a
c
h
tse
v
a
n
o
s,
“
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
Un
m
a
n
n
e
d
A
e
rial
V
e
h
icle
s
,
”
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
P
u
b
l
ish
i
n
g
Co
m
p
a
n
y
,
In
c
o
rp
o
ra
ted
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
]
R.
W
.
Be
a
rd
a
n
d
T
.
W
.
M
c
lain
,
“
S
m
a
ll
Un
m
a
n
n
e
d
A
ircra
f
t:
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
,
”
P
r
in
c
e
to
n
U
n
iv
e
rsity
P
re
ss
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
M
.
M
o
z
a
ff
a
ri,
W
.
S
a
a
d
,
M
.
Be
n
n
is,
Y.
Na
m
,
a
n
d
M
.
De
b
b
a
h
,
“
A
T
u
to
rial
o
n
UA
V
s
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
:
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,
a
n
d
Op
e
n
P
ro
b
lem
s,
”
in
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
S
u
rv
e
y
s
and
T
u
to
ri
a
ls
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
3
3
4
–
2
3
6
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
]
K.
G
o
m
e
z
,
A
.
Ho
u
ra
n
i,
l.
G
o
ra
tt
i
,
R.
Rig
g
io
,
S
.
Ka
n
d
e
e
p
a
n
,
a
n
d
I
.
Bu
c
a
il
le,
“
Ca
p
a
c
it
y
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
A
e
rial
LT
E
Ba
se
-
S
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
P
u
b
li
c
S
a
f
e
t
y
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
”
2
0
1
5
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ne
two
rk
s
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
(
EUCC)
,
P
a
ris,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
–
1
3
8
.
[5
]
Y.
Zen
g
,
R
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
T
.
J.
L
im,
“
W
irele
s
s
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
W
it
h
Un
m
a
n
n
e
d
A
e
rial
V
e
h
icle
s:
Op
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
a
n
d
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
,
”
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
i
o
n
s M
a
g
a
zi
n
e
,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
6
–
4
2
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
6
.
[6
]
N.
Ru
p
a
sin
g
h
e
,
Y
.
Ya
p
ici,
I
.
G
u
v
e
n
c
,
a
n
d
Y
.
Ka
k
ish
im
a
,
“
No
n
-
Orth
o
g
o
n
a
l
M
u
l
ti
p
le
A
c
c
e
s
s
f
o
r
m
m
Wav
e
Dro
n
e
s
w
it
h
M
u
lt
i
-
a
n
te
n
n
a
T
ra
n
sm
is
sio
n
,
”
2
0
1
7
5
1
st
Asil
o
ma
r
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
i
g
n
a
ls,
S
y
ste
ms
,
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
s,
P
a
x
if
ic
G
ro
v
e
,
US
A
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
9
5
8
–
9
6
3
.
[7
]
ET
S
I,
“
5
G
;
NR;
Us
e
r
Eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
(UE)
ra
d
io
tran
sm
issio
n
a
n
d
re
c
e
p
ti
o
n
,
P
a
rt
1
:
Ra
n
g
e
1
S
tan
d
a
l
o
n
e
(3
G
P
P
T
S
3
8
.
1
0
1
-
1
v
e
rsio
n
1
5
.
2
.
0
Re
lea
se
1
5
),
”
F
ra
n
c
e
,
20
18.
[
O
n
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
e
tsi.
o
rg
/d
e
li
v
e
r/etsi
_
ts/1
3
8
1
0
0
_
1
3
8
1
9
9
/1
3
8
1
0
1
0
1
/1
5
.
0
2
.
0
0
_
6
0
/t
s_
1
3
8
1
0
1
0
1
v
1
5
0
2
0
0
p
.
p
d
f
.
[8
]
ET
S
I,
“
5
G
;
NR;
Us
e
r
Eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
(UE)
ra
d
io
tran
sm
issio
n
a
n
d
re
c
e
p
ti
o
n
,
P
a
rt
1
:
Ra
n
g
e
1
S
tan
d
a
l
o
n
e
(3
G
P
P
T
S
3
8
.
1
0
1
-
1
v
e
rsio
n
1
5
.
3
.
0
Re
lea
se
1
5
)
”
F
ra
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
e
t
si.o
rg
/d
e
li
v
e
r/etsi_
ts/1
3
8
1
0
0
_
1
3
8
1
9
9
/1
3
8
1
0
1
0
1
/1
5
.
0
3
.
0
0
_
6
0
/t
s_
1
3
8
1
0
1
0
1
v
1
5
0
2
0
0
p
.
p
d
f
.
[9
]
A
.
A
l
-
h
o
u
ra
n
i,
S
.
Ka
n
d
e
e
p
a
n
,
a
n
d
A
.
Ja
m
a
li
p
o
u
r,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
A
ir
-
to
-
G
ro
u
n
d
P
a
t
h
L
o
ss
f
o
r
L
o
w
A
lt
i
tu
d
e
P
latf
o
rm
s
in
Urb
a
n
En
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts,
”
2
0
1
4
I
E
EE
Glo
b
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
A
u
stin
,
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
2
8
9
8
–
2
9
0
4
.
[1
0
]
D.
G
e
tt
in
g
e
r
a
n
d
A
.
H.
M
ich
e
l,
“
Dro
n
e
S
ig
h
t
in
g
s
a
n
d
Clo
se
E
n
c
o
u
n
ters
:
a
n
A
n
a
l
y
sis
,
”
Ce
n
ter
f
o
r
th
e
S
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
Dro
n
e
,
Ba
rd
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
A
n
n
a
n
d
a
le
-
on
-
Hu
d
so
n
,
NY
,
USA
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
1
]
A
.
M
.
Yu
su
f
,
H.
W
ij
a
n
to
,
a
n
d
Ed
w
a
r,
“
Du
a
l
C
-
X
-
b
a
n
d
E
-
S
h
a
p
e
d
M
icro
stri
p
A
n
ten
n
a
A
rra
y
1
×
8
f
o
r
S
y
n
th
e
ti
c
A
p
e
rtu
re
Ra
d
a
r
o
n
UA
V
,
”
2
0
1
9
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
i
g
n
a
ls
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
(
ICS
IGS
Y
S
),
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
8
6
–
1
8
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICS
IG
S
YS.
2
0
1
9
.
8
8
1
1
0
8
5
.
[1
2
]
D.
S
e
o
,
S
.
A
h
n
,
C.
Je
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
W
.
L
e
e
,
“
U
A
V
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
A
n
ten
n
a
A
rra
y
w
it
h
W
id
e
Co
v
e
r
a
g
e
M
u
lt
i
-
Be
a
m
3
×
2
S
w
it
c
h
e
d
Be
a
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
Ne
tw
o
rk
,
”
2
0
1
9
I
EE
E
R
a
d
io
a
n
d
W
ire
les
s
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
(
RW
S
)
,
Orla
n
d
o
,
F
L
,
UA
S
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
–
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/RW
S
.
2
0
1
9
.
8
7
1
4
5
1
7
.
[1
3
]
H.
S
a
jj
a
d
,
W
.
T
.
S
e
th
i,
K.
Zeb
,
a
n
d
A
.
M
a
iraj,
“
M
icro
strip
P
a
tch
A
n
ten
n
a
A
rra
y
a
t
3
.
8
G
H
z
f
o
r
W
I
-
M
A
X
a
n
d
UA
V
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
2
0
1
4
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
An
ten
n
a
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
:
S
ma
l
l
An
ten
n
a
s
,
No
v
e
l
EM
S
tru
c
tu
re
s
a
n
d
M
a
ter
ia
ls,
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
s (
IW
A
T
),
S
y
d
n
e
y
,
NSW
,
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
–
1
1
0
.
[1
4
]
D.
Ka
n
g
,
J.
T
a
k
,
a
n
d
J.
C
h
o
i
,
“
W
id
e
b
a
n
d
L
o
w
-
P
r
o
f
il
e
P
lan
a
r
S
q
u
a
re
S
e
g
m
e
n
ted
L
o
o
p
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
UA
V
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
i
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
5
2
,
n
o
.
2
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
2
8
–
1
8
3
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
5
]
Y.
Cu
i,
P
.
L
u
o
,
Q.
G
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
R
.
L
i,
“
A
Co
m
p
a
c
t
T
ri
-
Ba
n
d
Ho
rizo
n
tally
P
o
lariz
e
d
Om
n
id
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
A
n
ten
n
a
f
o
r
UA
V
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
in
IEE
E
An
t
e
n
n
a
s
a
n
d
W
ire
les
s P
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
0
1
–
6
0
5
,
A
p
r.
2
0
1
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.