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y
o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
,
th
e
d
etai
ls
o
f
th
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
w
h
ich
i
n
cl
u
d
es
th
e
n
e
w
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
s
ch
e
m
e
an
d
s
i
g
n
a
lin
g
f
lo
w
d
u
r
in
g
in
tr
a
-
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll a
n
d
in
t
er
-
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll h
an
d
o
v
er
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
an
d
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
d
esi
g
n
ed
.
T
h
e
p
a
p
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
et
o
f
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
s
ele
ctin
g
th
e
b
est
A
P
.
On
th
e
b
asis
o
f
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
,
it
th
e
n
d
escr
ib
es
t
h
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
h
an
d
o
v
er
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
o
f
t
h
es
e
t
w
o
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
w
ill
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
n
v
e
h
ic
u
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
m
ai
n
d
er
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
as
f
o
ll
o
w
s
.
Sectio
n
2
p
r
esen
t
s
r
elate
d
w
o
r
k
.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e.
Sectio
n
4
p
o
r
tr
ay
s
t
h
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
al
g
o
r
ith
m
co
m
b
i
n
ed
w
it
h
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
etti
n
g
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
d
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
.
Sectio
n
5
p
r
esen
t
s
a
n
d
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
a
n
d
f
in
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
p
ap
er
co
n
clu
d
es in
S
ec
tio
n
6
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ict
io
n
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
r
ed
u
c
in
g
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
laten
c
y
,
p
ac
k
et
j
itter
,
an
d
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
ela
y
.
On
e
k
e
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
is
u
s
i
n
g
Ma
r
k
o
v
C
h
ain
p
r
ed
icto
r
.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
a
m
o
b
il
it
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
v
ia
Ma
r
k
o
v
C
h
ai
n
a
s
a
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
ass
is
t
t
h
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
in
th
e
v
eh
icu
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
v
i
e
w
o
f
e
n
v
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
v
eh
icles
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
ata
av
ailab
le
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
is
e
x
p
lai
n
e
d
f
ir
s
t
b
ef
o
r
e
d
escr
ib
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
W
ir
eless
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
r
in
v
e
h
icles
th
at
tr
a
v
eli
n
g
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
ce
ll
to
an
o
t
h
er
is
as
s
u
m
ed
to
h
a
v
e
o
p
en
ac
ce
s
s
m
o
d
e.
E
v
er
y
n
o
d
e
o
r
A
P
r
ec
o
r
d
s
its
co
o
r
d
in
ates
as
w
e
ll
as
its
I
D
n
u
m
b
er
.
B
esid
es,
th
er
e
is
a
ce
n
tr
alize
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
co
llec
t
th
e
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
an
d
ex
ec
u
te
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
alg
o
r
i
th
m
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
tr
aj
ec
to
r
y
o
f
th
e
v
e
h
icle
s
is
d
en
o
ted
b
y
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
A
P
I
D
n
u
m
b
er
s
,
w
h
ich
f
o
r
m
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
ch
e
m
i
n
g
.
Ma
r
k
o
v
C
h
ai
n
p
r
ed
icto
r
is
b
a
s
ed
o
n
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
m
a
tr
ix
t
h
at
u
tili
ze
s
tr
aj
ec
to
r
y
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
s
th
at
ar
e
st
o
r
ed
in
a
d
atab
ase.
T
h
e
d
ata
b
ase
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
m
u
lt
ip
le
av
a
i
lab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
a
n
d
is
o
r
g
an
ized
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
ata
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
I
n
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
d
atab
ase
is
co
llected
f
r
o
m
u
s
er
’
s
d
ata
tr
ac
es
u
s
i
n
g
lo
g
g
in
g
r
ep
o
r
t,
w
h
ich
ar
e
t
h
en
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
in
to
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
d
atab
ase.
T
h
e
Ma
r
k
o
v
c
h
ai
n
eq
u
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
as:
n
nt
p
p
P
(
1
)
W
h
er
e,
in
itial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
atr
i
x
,
cu
r
r
en
t tr
an
s
itio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
m
atr
i
x
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tate
tr
a
n
s
it
io
n
.
2
.
1
.
User
m
o
bil
it
y
pa
t
t
er
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
ed
ict
v
eh
icle
’
s
n
e
x
t
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
p
ar
am
e
ter
f
o
r
th
is
eq
u
ati
o
n
is
T
P
M.
Ma
n
y
s
t
u
d
ies
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
v
al
u
e
i
n
T
P
M
is
tr
ai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
u
s
er
’
s
m
o
b
ilit
y
h
is
to
r
y
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
co
llectio
n
of
u
s
er
’
s
m
o
b
ile
h
is
to
r
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
u
s
e
f
u
l
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
c
h
as
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
v
i
s
ited
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
co
m
m
o
n
r
o
u
tes
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
r
ad
io
s
ig
n
a
l.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
is
n
o
t
ea
s
y
to
d
ea
l
w
it
h
s
u
c
h
d
ata.
T
h
e
u
s
er
’
s
m
o
b
ilit
y
h
i
s
to
r
y
m
a
y
co
n
s
u
m
e
m
u
ch
m
e
m
o
r
y
,
en
er
g
y
,
a
n
d
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
esp
ec
iall
y
at
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
t
h
at
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
v
i
s
ited
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
d
ata
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ch
ec
k
ed
an
d
p
r
e
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
th
e
an
a
l
y
s
is
.
A
m
et
h
o
d
ca
lled
d
ata
m
i
n
in
g
i
s
n
ee
d
e
d
to
ex
tr
ac
t
a
n
d
an
al
y
ze
d
ata.
I
n
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
f
o
r
m
al
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
s
to
m
o
d
el
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
atter
n
an
d
r
u
les ar
e
g
i
v
e
n
.
Defin
itio
n
1
.
Let
C
and
a
s
a
s
et
o
f
a
cc
ess
p
o
in
t
I
D
a
n
d
time
r
esp
ec
tively.
Th
e
o
r
d
ered
p
a
ir
s
,
w
h
ere
a
n
d
,
is
ca
lled
a
p
o
in
t.
Den
o
te
to
b
e
th
e
s
et
o
f
a
ll
p
o
in
ts
{
}
.
T
w
o
p
o
in
ts
an
d
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Po
in
t
is
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t
to
,
if
a
n
d
o
n
l
y
if
an
d
.
I
f
,
p
o
in
t
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
an
ea
r
li
er
lo
ca
tio
n
th
a
n
p
o
in
t
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
u
s
er
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
p
o
in
t
b
ef
o
r
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
p
o
in
t
.
Defin
itio
n
2
.
A
tr
a
jecto
r
y
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
er
is
d
efin
e
d
a
s
a
fin
ite
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
in
ts
in
s
p
a
ce
w
h
ere
p
o
in
t
fo
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Ha
n
d
o
ve
r
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
b
a
s
ed
V
LP
u
s
in
g
Mo
b
ilit
y
P
r
ed
ictio
n
Da
ta
b
a
s
e
…
(
A
r
fa
h
A
.
Ha
s
b
o
l
la
h
)
2479
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
o
in
t
p
m
u
s
t
b
e
u
n
iq
u
e
in
t
h
e
tr
aj
ec
to
r
y
f
o
r
ea
ch
u
s
er
(
e.
g
.
)
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
u
s
er
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
s
a
m
e
A
P
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
t
i
m
e.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
ti
m
e
s
h
all
b
e
u
n
iq
u
e
in
t
h
e
tr
aj
ec
to
r
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
A
P
I
D
ca
n
b
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ti
m
e,
.
Me
an
s
,
th
e
u
s
er
ca
n
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
s
a
m
e
A
P
,
b
u
t
at
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ti
m
e.
I
f
th
er
e
i
s
a
ca
s
e
w
h
e
r
e
p
o
in
t
is
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
a
s
o
th
er
p
o
in
t
,
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
is
s
et
as
a
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
e
ea
r
lier
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
is
s
to
r
e
d
w
h
i
le
o
th
er
d
u
p
licate
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
s
h
all
b
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
lo
g
f
ile.
Defin
itio
n
3
.
Time
in
terva
l
is
a
n
in
terva
l
time
b
etw
ee
n
tw
o
s
eq
u
en
ce
p
o
in
ts
.
Time
g
a
p
t
g
is
a
ma
ximu
m
i
n
terva
l
time
th
a
t
th
e
u
s
er
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
p
o
i
n
t
p
.
I
f
th
e
time
in
terva
l
,
th
e
u
s
er is
a
s
s
u
med
to
s
to
p
mo
vin
g
o
r
r
ea
ch
its
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
.
T
h
e
tim
e
g
ap
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
c
r
ea
te
a
p
ar
titi
o
n
b
etw
ee
n
tr
aj
ec
to
r
ies
an
d
id
en
tify
th
e
last
d
esti
n
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
er
.
T
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
al
d
at
ab
ase
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
w
h
e
n
th
e
ti
m
e
g
ap
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
t
h
e
ti
m
e
g
ap
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ch
o
s
e
n
p
r
o
p
er
ly
b
ec
au
s
e
i
t
m
a
y
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
er
’
s
n
e
x
t lo
c
atio
n
.
Fro
m
th
e
lo
g
f
ile,
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
-
d
esti
n
atio
n
tab
le
is
co
m
p
u
ted
th
en
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ac
t
io
n
al
d
atab
ase
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
a
l
d
atab
ase
s
h
o
w
s
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
A
P
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
est
in
at
io
n
A
P
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
f
i
n
al
s
tep
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
er
’
s
m
o
b
ilit
y
h
i
s
to
r
y
s
c
h
e
m
e
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
al
d
atab
ase
is
u
tili
ze
d
i
n
th
e
Ma
r
k
o
v
C
h
ai
n
e
q
u
atio
n
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
n
ex
t
lo
ca
tio
n
.
2
.
2
.
T
ra
ns
a
ct
io
na
l
d
a
t
a
ba
s
e
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
i
n
d
ata
m
i
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
to
cr
ea
te
a
lo
g
f
ile
a
s
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
at
o
f
t
h
e
lo
g
f
ile
i
s
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
[
1
5
]
.
Data
co
n
tai
n
ed
in
t
h
e
lo
g
f
ile
ar
e
a
d
ate
,
ti
m
e,
lo
ca
tio
n
,
a
n
d
t
y
p
e
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t.
T
h
e
d
ate
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
a
d
ate
t
h
e
u
s
er
co
n
n
ec
t
to
th
e
A
P
.
L
o
ca
tio
n
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
A
P
I
D
n
u
m
b
er
th
e
u
s
e
r
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
a
t
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ti
m
e.
T
im
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
ti
m
e
t
h
e
u
s
er
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
A
P
.
A
n
d
last
l
y
,
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
w
h
at
k
i
n
d
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
th
e
y
u
s
e
at
th
e
p
ar
tic
u
la
r
ti
m
e
b
ec
au
s
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
eh
i
cles
h
a
v
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
is
lo
g
f
ile
w
ill
b
e
u
p
d
ated
ea
ch
ti
m
e
u
s
er
m
o
v
e
s
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
lo
ca
tio
n
to
a
n
o
t
h
er
.
Data
co
llectio
n
i
s
d
o
n
e
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
s
o
m
e
a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
:
1
)
W
ir
eless
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
in
ca
m
p
u
s
is
o
p
en
ac
ce
s
s
m
o
d
e.
2
)
A
ll
A
P
s
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
in
ev
er
y
b
u
ild
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
o
g
f
ile
Data
co
llectio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
o
n
e
w
h
e
n
th
e
m
o
b
ile
clie
n
t
is
i
n
’
i
d
le’
m
o
d
e
an
d
n
o
t
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atin
g
w
it
h
an
y
A
P
.
T
h
e
id
le
m
o
d
e
is
c
h
o
s
en
b
ec
au
s
e
to
av
o
id
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ac
tu
al
d
ata
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
n
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
,
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
r
ea
l
v
eh
icle
s
u
s
er
m
o
b
ilit
y
tr
ac
es
i
n
U
n
i
v
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
UT
M
)
ar
e
u
s
ed
w
h
ich
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
,
p
o
s
t
-
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
a
n
d
s
taf
f
.
W
ith
o
u
r
p
r
e
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
n
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
d
ata,
th
e
m
o
b
il
it
y
tr
ac
e
d
en
o
tes
a
s
s
o
ci
ated
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
ea
c
h
v
e
h
icle
b
y
t
h
e
ce
ll
n
u
m
b
er
i
n
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
u
n
d
er
a
s
i
m
p
le
m
o
b
il
it
y
m
o
d
el
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Af
ter
lo
g
g
i
n
g
r
ep
o
r
t
is
ac
q
u
ir
ed
,
th
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
al
d
atab
ase
is
cr
ea
ted
to
r
ela
te
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
v
i
s
ited
b
ase
s
tatio
n
w
il
l
b
e
d
etec
ted
v
ia
th
e
d
atab
ase.
F
ig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
tep
o
f
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
a
l d
atab
ase
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
So
u
r
ce
-
d
esti
n
atio
n
t
ab
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
1
8
:
2
4
7
7
–
2
4
8
5
2480
First,
lo
g
g
i
n
g
r
ep
o
r
t
is
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
-
d
es
tin
a
tio
n
tab
le
to
id
en
ti
f
y
u
s
er
’
s
tr
aj
ec
to
r
y
.
Fro
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
-
d
es
tin
a
tio
n
tab
le,
a
tr
an
s
ac
t
io
n
al
d
atab
ase
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
A
P
.
Da
y
an
d
ti
m
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
w
h
e
n
co
n
v
er
tin
g
lo
g
g
i
n
g
r
ep
o
r
t
in
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
-
d
esti
n
atio
n
tab
le.
T
h
e
s
tar
t
in
g
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
a
y
i
s
s
et
a
s
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
an
d
t
h
e
n
n
e
x
t
lo
ca
tio
n
w
il
l
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
I
f
t
h
er
e
is
t
h
i
r
d
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
a
f
ter
t
h
at,
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
lo
ca
tio
n
w
ill
b
ec
o
m
e
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
n
e
x
t
lo
ca
tio
n
w
ill
b
ec
o
m
e
t
h
e
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
s
tep
s
w
i
ll
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
a
y
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
lo
g
g
i
n
g
r
ep
o
r
t.
T
h
e
last
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
th
at
d
a
y
will
b
ec
o
m
e
t
h
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
T
h
en
f
o
r
th
e
n
e
x
t
d
a
y
lo
ca
tio
n
,
it
w
ill b
ec
o
m
e
t
h
e
n
e
w
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Fro
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
-
d
e
s
tin
a
tio
n
t
ab
le,
th
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
al
d
atab
ase
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ase
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
est
in
atio
n
A
P
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
co
lu
m
n
i
n
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
al
d
atab
ase
r
ep
r
es
en
ts
s
o
u
r
ce
A
P
a
n
d
th
e
f
ir
s
t
r
o
w
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
d
esti
n
atio
n
A
P
.
T
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
ea
c
h
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
d
eter
m
i
n
e
s
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
u
s
er
attac
h
ed
to
ea
ch
A
P
.
T
h
e
g
r
an
d
to
tal
is
th
e
to
tal
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
u
s
er
’
s
tr
a
n
s
it
io
n
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
b
ase
s
tatio
n
to
an
o
th
er
.
On
ce
th
e
tr
a
n
s
ac
t
io
n
al
d
atab
as
e
is
cr
ea
ted
,
th
e
T
P
M
is
g
en
er
ated
.
T
P
M
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
b
y
d
iv
i
d
in
g
ea
c
h
v
al
u
e
b
y
t
h
e
to
tal
v
alu
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
r
o
w
i
n
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
a
l
d
atab
ase.
T
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
tr
a
n
s
it
io
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
i
s
v
e
r
if
ied
u
s
i
n
g
s
u
m
m
atio
n
f
o
r
ea
c
h
r
o
w
i
n
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
al
d
atab
ase
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
eq
u
al
to
1
.
T
P
M
v
alu
e
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
E
q
u
at
io
n
(
2
)
.
T
h
is
w
ill
b
e
ap
p
lie
d
to
all
v
alu
e
i
n
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
al
d
ata
b
ase.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
il
l
o
cc
u
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
alo
n
g
w
i
th
t
h
e
a
cq
u
ir
ed
d
ata.
T
h
en
,
th
is
T
P
M
u
s
ed
in
Ma
r
k
o
v
e
q
u
atio
n
to
p
r
ed
ict
v
e
h
icle
’
s
n
ex
t
lo
ca
tio
n
.
A
f
ter
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
is
ca
lcu
la
ted
,
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
is
co
m
p
u
ted
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
er
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
u
s
er
’
s
n
ex
t
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
d
icted
r
esu
lt
w
ill
b
e
v
er
if
ied
to
le
s
s
e
n
an
y
er
r
o
r
in
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
F
ig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
tep
of
g
e
n
er
ati
n
g
T
P
M
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
a
l
d
atab
ase.
1
1
i
i
p
TP
M
p
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
est
in
at
io
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Step
f
o
r
g
en
er
at
i
n
g
T
P
M
T
h
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
af
ter
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
th
e
in
itial
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
r
in
iti
al
s
tate
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
u
s
er
.
As
m
e
n
tio
n
b
ef
o
r
e,
in
itial
s
tate
ca
n
b
e
ca
l
cu
lated
b
y
s
o
m
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
,
v
elo
cit
y
o
f
m
o
b
ile
u
s
er
o
r
d
is
tan
ce
tar
g
et,
o
r
lo
ca
tio
n
,
etc.
T
h
is
p
ar
am
eter
is
p
r
esen
ted
as
in
it
ial
s
tat
e
m
atr
i
x
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
b
y
u
s
in
g
u
s
er
’
s
i
n
itial
s
tate
o
r
GP
S
l
o
ca
tio
n
an
d
v
e
lo
cit
y
a
s
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
in
it
ial
s
ta
te
m
atr
i
x
an
d
T
P
M
as E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
,
th
e
n
ex
t lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
u
s
er
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
la
ted
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
d
icted
r
esu
lt
th
en
c
h
ec
k
ed
to
m
i
tig
a
te
an
er
r
o
r
in
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
.
I
d
ea
l
ca
s
e
in
h
an
d
o
v
e
r
is
m
o
b
ile
u
s
er
s
h
o
u
ld
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
to
th
e
ad
j
ac
en
t
AP
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
if
p
r
ed
icted
AP
is
n
o
t
ad
j
ac
en
t
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
AP
,
th
e
p
r
ed
icted
AP
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
er
r
o
r
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e,
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
i
s
ca
lcu
la
te
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
atio
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
r
r
ec
t
p
r
ed
i
ctio
n
an
d
t
h
e
to
ta
l
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
as
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
3
)
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Pr
cp
p
N
e
d
ic
ti
o
n
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
N
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
r
r
ec
t
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
ed
i
ctio
n
s
.
F
ig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
f
VL
P
m
et
h
o
d
an
d
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
m
e
th
o
d
[
1
3
]
.
Si
m
u
la
tio
n
r
es
u
lt
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
t
h
at
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Ha
n
d
o
ve
r
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
b
a
s
ed
V
LP
u
s
in
g
Mo
b
ilit
y
P
r
ed
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n
Da
ta
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a
s
e
…
(
A
r
fa
h
A
.
Ha
s
b
o
l
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h
)
2481
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
m
o
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ilit
y
s
ch
e
m
e
o
u
tp
er
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o
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m
ed
a
h
e
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r
is
tic
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r
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s
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h
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m
e
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s
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V
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P
m
et
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g
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n
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r
ac
y
w
h
ic
h
p
ea
k
s
at
ab
o
u
t
0
.
9
6
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
h
e
u
r
is
t
i
c
m
et
h
o
d
w
h
ic
h
i
s
p
ea
k
s
at
ab
o
u
t 0
.
7
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
P
r
ed
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n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
V
L
P
m
et
h
o
d
an
d
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
m
eth
o
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
VL
P
tech
n
iq
u
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
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lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
1
8
:
2
4
7
7
–
2
4
8
5
2482
3.
H
ANDO
VE
R
A
L
G
O
RI
T
H
M
F
O
R
VE
H
I
CULA
R
NE
T
WO
RK
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
6
]
,
a
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
co
n
s
i
s
ts
i
n
it
iatio
n
s
tep
,
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
elec
tio
n
s
tep
,
an
d
ex
ec
u
tio
n
s
tep
.
I
n
in
itiat
io
n
s
tep
,
UE
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
q
u
alitie
s
s
u
c
h
as
R
ec
ei
v
ed
Si
g
n
al
Stre
n
g
th
(
R
SS
)
,
Si
g
n
a
l
to
I
n
te
r
f
er
en
ce
R
at
io
(
SIR),
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
o
th
er
s
f
r
o
m
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
c
ell.
T
h
en
UE
s
en
d
s
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
r
ep
o
r
t
b
ac
k
to
th
e
s
er
v
i
n
g
ce
ll.
T
h
e
s
er
v
i
n
g
ce
ll
t
h
e
n
f
o
r
w
ar
d
s
t
h
e
m
e
asu
r
e
m
en
t
r
ep
o
r
t
to
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
u
n
i
t
d
ec
i
d
es
w
h
ic
h
ce
l
l
is
t
h
e
b
est
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
i
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
elec
tio
n
s
tep
.
A
t
th
is
r
ate,
t
h
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
i
ll
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
ased
o
n
h
an
d
o
v
er
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
.
I
f
th
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
,
th
e
n
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it
i
n
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
tar
g
e
t
ce
ll
an
d
lets
s
er
v
i
n
g
ce
ll
s
en
d
th
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
co
m
m
a
n
d
to
UE
.
Fin
all
y
,
in
ex
ec
u
t
io
n
s
tep
,
th
e
UE
s
tar
t
s
to
s
et
u
p
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
w
it
h
th
e
tar
g
et
ce
ll
b
y
s
en
d
i
n
g
a
u
t
h
en
tica
tio
n
,
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
,
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
,
etc.
Af
ter
t
h
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
co
m
p
leted
,
UE
s
e
n
d
s
an
i
n
d
ic
atio
n
s
i
g
n
al
to
t
h
e
tar
g
et
ce
ll.
Fro
m
th
e
s
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
it
in
v
o
lv
es
m
a
n
y
w
ir
el
es
s
an
d
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e
ex
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
s
ig
n
al.
I
t
m
a
y
ta
k
e
s
o
m
e
ti
m
e
to
co
m
p
lete
t
h
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
a
h
an
d
o
v
er
alg
o
r
ith
m
t
h
at
o
v
er
co
m
e
s
th
i
s
p
r
o
b
lem
is
d
eli
v
er
ed
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
v
eh
ic
u
lar
lo
c
atio
n
p
r
ed
ictio
n
h
an
d
o
v
er
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
V
L
P
_
HA
)
w
a
s
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
b
y
ad
o
p
t
in
g
Ma
r
k
o
v
c
h
ain
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
f
ea
tu
r
e,
w
a
s
a
p
r
o
m
i
s
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
w
as
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
d
ela
y
an
d
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
A
s
e
x
p
lai
n
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
d
ec
is
io
n
p
h
ase
is
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t p
ar
t to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
o
b
ile
u
s
er
h
as
g
o
o
d
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
q
u
alit
y
.
V
L
P
_
HA
r
eq
u
ir
es
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
v
eh
ic
le
lo
ca
tio
n
p
r
ed
ictio
n
(
VL
P
)
to
ass
is
t t
h
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
d
ec
is
io
n
.
VL
P
_
HA
is
s
tar
ted
b
y
t
h
e
s
er
v
in
g
ce
ll
r
ec
ei
v
es
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
r
ep
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
UE
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
u
n
i
t
th
e
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
r
ep
o
r
t
an
d
d
ec
id
ed
th
e
tar
g
et
ce
ll
b
y
e
x
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
ce
l
l
w
ith
h
i
g
h
est
R
SS
v
alu
e.
A
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e,
t
h
e
b
est
n
eig
h
b
o
r
ce
ll
w
as
v
er
if
ie
d
w
ith
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
r
esu
lt
s
.
I
f
th
e
b
est
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
ce
ll
w
as
s
a
m
e
as
t
h
e
p
r
ed
icte
d
ce
ll,
it
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
th
at
th
e
ta
r
g
et
ce
ll
is
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
th
at
U
E
s
h
o
u
ld
g
o
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
w
as
n
ee
d
ed
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
if
t
h
e
b
est
n
eig
h
b
o
r
ce
ll
w
a
s
n
o
t
s
a
m
e
a
s
p
r
ed
icted
c
ell,
it
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
th
e
tar
g
et
ce
ll
w
a
s
n
o
t
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
t
h
at
UE
s
h
o
u
ld
g
o
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
w
as
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
a
n
d
it
w
il
l b
e
d
elay
ed
f
o
r
a
w
h
ile.
T
h
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
ca
n
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
w
h
en
t
h
e
tar
g
et
ce
ll
R
SS
i
s
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
an
s
o
u
r
ce
ce
ll
R
S
S
at
least
b
y
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
tr
i
g
g
er
o
f
f
s
et.
T
h
i
s
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
th
a
t
lead
to
p
in
g
-
p
o
n
g
e
f
f
ec
t.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
VL
P
_
HA
w
a
s
a
s
i
m
p
le
al
g
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
co
u
ld
ac
h
ie
v
e
f
ast
h
an
d
o
v
er
.
Sin
ce
t
h
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
ar
e
a
o
f
A
P
i
s
s
m
all,
UE
m
a
y
p
ass
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
ar
ea
w
ith
i
n
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
ti
m
e,
w
h
ich
i
s
w
h
y
f
ast
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
w
a
s
n
ee
d
ed
.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
ar
e
s
et
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
ti
m
e
w
a
s
s
et
f
o
r
1
0
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
t
h
e
o
v
er
al
l
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
s
w
e
ll
as
t
h
e
ar
r
i
v
al
t
i
m
e
f
o
r
UE
.
All
A
P
s
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
w
h
ich
tr
a
n
s
m
it
s
3
0
d
B
m
p
o
w
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
o
p
en
a
cc
ess
m
o
d
e
f
o
r
all
A
P
s
.
Hen
ce
,
t
h
e
UE
ca
n
co
n
n
ec
t to
th
e
A
P
s
w
i
th
o
u
t a
n
y
r
est
r
ictio
n
.
T
h
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
i
n
g
Q
u
alNe
t
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
h
e
n
th
e
UE
s
p
ee
d
is
v
ar
ied
.
E
ac
h
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
w
as
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
,
ta
b
u
lated
an
d
th
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
a
s
a
n
al
y
ze
d
.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
is
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
l
to
p
o
lo
g
y
in
UT
M
w
it
h
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
1
.
5
k
m
1
.
5
k
m
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
is
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ce
n
ar
io
co
n
s
is
t
s
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
w
ir
ele
s
s
A
P
s
o
r
g
an
ized
f
o
r
1
m
o
b
ile
u
s
er
.
I
t
also
co
n
s
is
t
s
4
m
o
b
ilit
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
e
n
tit
y
(
MM
E
)
an
d
s
er
v
i
n
g
g
ate
w
a
y
(
SGW
)
n
o
d
es
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
to
th
e
A
P
r
e
g
io
n
an
d
a
co
r
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
SGW
s
h
al
l
f
o
r
w
ar
d
t
h
e
d
ata
t
h
at
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
a
n
d
p
ac
k
et
d
ata
n
et
w
o
r
k
g
a
te
w
a
y
.
MM
E
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
h
ig
h
-
le
v
el
o
p
er
atio
n
s
u
c
h
as
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
r
ig
h
t
S
GW
f
o
r
th
e
UE
a
n
d
a
u
th
e
n
ticat
in
g
t
h
e
m
.
MM
E
also
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
L
T
E
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
w
it
h
o
th
er
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s.
As
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
tar
t
s
,
UE
m
o
v
es
to
w
ar
d
th
e
d
es
tin
at
io
n
.
As
i
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
n
e
x
t
eNB
,
UE
s
t
ar
ts
to
lo
s
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
v
er
ag
e.
UE
w
ill
s
tar
t
s
en
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
r
ep
o
r
t
to
n
ex
t
eNB
to
s
tar
t
h
an
d
o
v
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
ch
al
len
g
e
h
er
e
is
eNB
s
is
clo
s
ed
w
ith
ea
c
h
o
th
er
an
d
m
o
b
ile
UE
is
n
o
t
allo
w
ed
UE
to
d
o
n
o
r
m
al
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
P
in
g
p
o
n
g
ef
f
ec
t
also
h
ap
p
en
ed
at
th
is
s
ta
g
e.
B
u
t
w
it
h
p
r
ed
i
ct
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
ch
e
m
e,
th
e
n
ex
t
eNB
is
p
r
ed
icted
an
d
h
an
d
o
v
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ti
m
e
w
i
ll
b
e
s
h
o
r
ten
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
d
ec
is
io
n
is
tak
e
n
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ed
icted
n
ex
t e
NB
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sim
u
latio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
V
a
l
u
e
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
T
i
me
1
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0
s
T
r
a
n
smissi
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
3
0
d
B
m
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
U
E
1
U
E
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
1
–
1
0
m/
s
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
S
e
n
si
t
i
v
i
t
y
-
8
0
d
B
m
H
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
R
S
S
T
r
i
g
g
e
r
-
7
2
d
B
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Ha
n
d
o
ve
r
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
b
a
s
ed
V
LP
u
s
in
g
Mo
b
ilit
y
P
r
ed
ictio
n
Da
ta
b
a
s
e
…
(
A
r
fa
h
A
.
Ha
s
b
o
l
la
h
)
2483
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Net
w
o
r
k
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
4.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
a
n
al
y
ze
d
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
lt
o
f
th
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
in
d
etail.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
w
e
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
ter
m
o
f
d
eliv
er
y
d
ela
y
,
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
an
d
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
.
D
eliv
er
y
d
ela
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
to
lo
o
k
at
th
e
d
eliv
er
y
d
ela
y
r
ate
w
h
en
d
ata
w
as
b
ein
g
s
en
t
to
A
P
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
I
f
th
e
d
el
iv
er
y
d
ela
y
r
ate
is
h
i
g
h
,
it
m
e
an
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
is
in
t
h
e
co
n
g
es
ted
s
tate.
A
j
itter
ar
r
iv
in
g
,
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
,
ti
m
i
n
g
d
r
if
t
s
,
o
r
r
o
u
te
ch
an
g
es.
So
,
d
eliv
er
y
d
ela
y
p
la
y
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
j
itter
as
th
e
lo
w
er
d
eliv
er
y
r
ate,
th
e
le
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
j
itter
o
cc
u
r
s
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t i
s
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
d
ata
r
ates t
h
at
ar
e
d
eli
v
er
ed
to
all
eN
B
s
n
o
d
es o
r
A
P
s
i
n
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
P
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
is
th
e
r
atio
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
s
e
n
t
b
y
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
es
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
et
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
F
ig
u
r
e
7
d
ep
icts
th
e
d
eliv
er
y
d
ela
y
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
p
ee
d
b
etw
ee
n
1
m
/
s
to
1
0
m
/
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
h
an
d
o
v
er
,
n
et
wo
r
k
d
elay
r
ate
f
o
r
p
r
ed
icted
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
c
h
e
m
e
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
4
5
%
w
h
ich
is
in
d
icate
s
A
P
s
tr
ig
g
er
h
an
d
o
v
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
f
aster
th
a
n
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
ch
e
m
e.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
k
n
o
w
i
n
g
w
h
er
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
es
ar
e
h
ea
d
in
g
w
it
h
h
ig
h
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
p
ac
k
ets
f
o
r
w
ar
d
er
s
ca
n
m
a
k
e
b
etter
d
ec
is
io
n
s
to
ch
o
o
s
e
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
h
o
p
.
I
t
co
u
ld
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
t
h
at
V
L
P
-
HA
ca
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
f
as
ter
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
.
F
ig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
v
er
s
u
s
u
s
er
’
s
s
p
ee
d
(
1
-
1
0
m
/s
)
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
UE
is
m
o
v
i
n
g
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
n
a
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
p
ath
,
an
d
th
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
w
o
u
ld
f
lu
c
t
u
ate
w
h
e
n
th
e
UE
i
s
m
o
v
i
n
g
in
to
t
h
e
c
ell
ce
n
ter
o
r
m
o
v
i
n
g
o
u
t
to
th
e
ce
ll
ed
g
e
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
,
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
4
%
f
o
r
p
r
ed
icted
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
c
h
e
m
e
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
c
h
e
m
e.
T
h
is
co
n
clu
d
es
th
a
t
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ca
n
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
an
d
s
tab
l
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
u
s
er
s
in
t
h
e
v
eh
ic
le,
th
u
s
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t h
ig
h
d
ata
r
ate
s
er
v
ices.
F
ig
u
r
e
9
p
lo
ts
th
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
r
atio
.
I
t
tu
r
n
s
o
u
t
t
h
at
th
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
(
P
DR
)
is
al
m
o
s
t
s
a
m
e
f
o
r
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
an
d
p
r
ed
icted
h
an
d
o
v
er
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
r
atio
b
et
w
e
en
t
w
o
s
ch
e
m
e
s
is
al
m
o
s
t
id
e
n
tical
a
n
d
n
o
t
m
u
c
h
d
if
f
er
en
ce
.
P
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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d
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3
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1
3
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4
)
.
RE
F
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NC
E
S
[1
]
H.
M
a
h
a
jan
,
P
a
y
a
l;
S
in
g
h
,
Ku
ld
e
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p
;
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u
r,
“
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n
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terw
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o
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ies
u
sin
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ra
d
ial
b
a
sis f
u
n
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ti
o
n
s,”
IAE
S
In
t.
J
.
Arti
f.
I
n
tell.
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
9
-
8
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
]
M
.
M
o
u
to
n
,
G
.
Ca
stig
n
a
n
i,
R.
F
ra
n
k
,
a
n
d
T
.
En
g
e
l,
“
En
a
b
li
n
g
V
e
h
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lar
M
o
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y
in
Cit
y
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w
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8
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.
1
1
Ne
tw
o
rk
s T
h
ro
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P
re
d
ictiv
e
Ha
n
d
o
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rs,”
Veh
.
Co
mm
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n
.
,
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2
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o
.
2
,
p
p
.
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9
-
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9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
]
A
.
S
.
S
a
d
iq
,
K.
A
.
Ba
k
a
r,
K.
Z.
G
h
a
f
o
o
r,
a
n
d
A
.
J.
G
o
n
z
a
lez
,
“
M
o
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ty
a
n
d
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ig
n
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tren
g
th
-
Aw
a
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e
H
a
n
d
o
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De
c
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n
in
M
o
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e
I
P
v
6
b
a
se
d
W
irele
ss
LA
N,”
in
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
M
u
lt
iCo
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fer
e
n
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e
o
f
En
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e
e
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a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
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c
ien
ti
sts,
2
0
1
1
.
[4
]
W
.
X
iao
n
a
n
a
n
d
Q.
Hu
a
n
y
a
n
,
“
M
o
b
i
li
ty
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
o
lu
ti
o
n
f
o
r
IP
v
6
-
b
a
se
d
V
e
h
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lar
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
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mp
u
t.
S
ta
n
d
.
In
ter
f
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s
,
v
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l.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
6
-
7
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[5
]
J.
M
o
o
n
a
n
d
D.
C
h
o
,
“
Ef
f
icie
n
t
G
ro
u
p
Ha
n
d
o
f
f
D
e
c
isio
n
A
lg
o
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h
m
f
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r
W
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t
w
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s
w
it
h
M
o
b
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A
c
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P
o
in
ts,
”
in
2
0
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1
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M
IL
COM
2
0
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1
M
il
it
a
ry
Co
mm
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fer
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e
,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
6
-
1
1
0
1
.
[6
]
X
.
Xu
,
“
A
c
c
e
ss
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
Ha
n
d
o
v
e
r
S
trate
g
y
f
o
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M
u
lt
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p
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A
c
c
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ss
P
o
in
ts
Co
o
p
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ra
ti
v
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Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
in
V
e
h
icle
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts,
”
in
Ve
h
icu
l
a
r T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
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ies
-
De
p
l
o
y
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n
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a
n
d
Ap
p
l
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,
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n
T
e
c
h
,
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
9
7
-
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1
5
.
[7
]
S
.
Ch
a
e
,
T
.
Ng
u
y
e
n
,
a
n
d
Y.
M
.
Ja
n
g
,
“
S
e
a
m
l
e
ss
Qo
S
-
En
a
b
led
Ha
n
d
o
v
e
r
S
c
h
e
m
e
Us
in
g
Co
M
P
i
n
F
a
st
M
o
v
in
g
V
e
h
icu
lar Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
In
t.
J
.
Distrib
.
S
e
n
s.
Ne
two
rk
s
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
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8
8
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8708
Ha
n
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ith
m
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(
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2485
[8
]
D.
Ba
rth
,
S
.
Be
ll
a
h
se
n
e
,
a
n
d
L
.
Klo
u
l,
“
M
o
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it
y
P
re
d
ictio
n
Us
in
g
M
o
b
i
le
Us
e
r
P
ro
f
il
e
s,”
in
2
0
1
1
I
EE
E
1
9
t
h
An
n
u
a
l
In
ter
n
a
ti
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a
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y
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o
n
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
,
An
a
lys
is,
a
n
d
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mu
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f
Co
mp
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ter
a
n
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T
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o
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ms
,
2
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1
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p
.
2
8
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-
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9
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.
[9
]
G
.
Zh
a
n
g
a
n
d
F
.
L
iu
,
“
A
n
A
u
c
ti
o
n
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
t
o
G
ro
u
p
Ha
n
d
o
v
e
r
w
it
h
M
o
b
il
it
y
P
re
d
icti
o
n
i
n
He
tero
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
V
e
h
icu
lar Ne
tw
o
rk
s,” in
2
0
1
1
1
1
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
IT
S
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
5
8
4
-
5
8
9
.
[1
0
]
L
.
Zh
a
n
ju
n
,
M
.
Qic
h
a
o
,
R.
Co
n
g
,
a
n
d
C.
Qia
n
b
in
,
“
L
o
a
d
Ba
lan
c
in
g
Ba
se
d
o
n
th
e
S
p
e
c
if
ic
O
ff
se
t
o
f
Ha
n
d
o
v
e
r,
”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
(
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l)
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
6
2
8
1
-
6
2
9
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
1
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R.
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.
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d
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.
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[1
2
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G
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o
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.
Yu
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i,
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h
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lar L
o
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NET
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EURA
S
IP
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,
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o
.
1
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2
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[1
3
]
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.
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riff
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.
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a
z
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li
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o
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se
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in
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ter
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3
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p
p
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0
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.
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4
]
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,
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o
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p
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.
[1
5
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.
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in
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o
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,
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In
t.
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.
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mp
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.
[1
6
]
Q.
-
A
.
Zen
g
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d
D.
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.
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g
ra
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l,
“
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n
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o
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f
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ir
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o
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il
e
Ne
tw
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rk
s,”
in
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n
d
b
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k
o
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irele
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s
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t
o
jm
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.
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o
h
n
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il
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o
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2
0
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,
p
.
6
6
2
.
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RAP
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RS
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fa
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th
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E
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re
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in
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e
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tri
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l
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e
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t
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a
n
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f
ro
m
Un
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e
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T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(U
T
M
).
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w
sh
e
is
p
u
rsu
in
g
P
h
.
D
in
U
n
iv
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k
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h
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c
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n
O
f
f
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Hig
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c
a
ti
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o
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r
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h
im
S
u
lt
a
n
.
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r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
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rc
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lu
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e
v
e
h
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lar
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e
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rk
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m
o
b
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y
m
a
n
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g
e
m
e
n
t
in
L
T
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LT
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n
d
5
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,
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o
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h
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r
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fiz
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r
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En
g
(Ho
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s
)
f
ro
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M
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p
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tan
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n
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(f
o
r
m
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rl
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Un
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sit
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rth
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n
)
in
1
9
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,
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tain
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in
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6
f
ro
m
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siti
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k
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M
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d
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,
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sp
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ti
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.
S
h
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c
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rre
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tl
y
A
s
s
o
c
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P
r
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f
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ss
o
r
w
it
h
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a
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lt
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f
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tri
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g
,
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it
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T
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k
n
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M
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.
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r
c
u
rre
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t
re
se
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tere
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re
in
In
tern
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t
o
f
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h
in
g
s,
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iq
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it
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p
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g
a
n
d
sm
a
rt
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s
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s
s
se
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r
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e
tw
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rk
s,
I
P
V6
,
Ha
n
d
o
f
f
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
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t,
6
lo
W
P
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a
n
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two
rk
a
n
d
M
o
b
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le Co
m
p
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ti
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g
S
y
ste
m
.
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Effiy
a
n
a
G
h
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z
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d
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B.
E.
(2
0
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7
)
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
U
n
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k
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M
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.
S
h
e
re
c
e
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d
t
w
o
M
.
E.
d
e
g
re
e
,
w
h
ich
is
f
ro
m
S
h
ib
a
u
ra
In
st
it
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
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g
y
(2
0
1
0
)
a
n
d
Un
iv
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rsiti
T
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k
n
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lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(2
0
1
1
).
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h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
P
h
.
D
(
2
0
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)
f
ro
m
Un
iv
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rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
.
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w
s
h
e
is
w
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rk
in
g
in
F
a
c
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lt
y
o
f
El
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c
tri
c
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l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
Un
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e
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T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
w
h
o
is
c
u
rre
n
t
ly
a
c
ti
v
e
in
re
se
a
rc
h
o
f
M
o
b
i
li
ty
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
S
p
o
rt
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
S
y
ste
m
,
Ub
i
q
u
it
o
u
s
Ne
tw
o
rk
,
5
G
a
n
d
Ha
n
d
o
v
e
r
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
K
a
m
a
lu
d
i
n
M
o
h
a
m
a
d
Yu
s
o
f
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
En
g
in
2
0
0
0
,
M
EE
in
2
0
1
2
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
.
He
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
P
h
.
D
i
n
2
0
1
4
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ess
e
x
,
Esse
x
.
H
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
w
i
th
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
in
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
,
Ra
n
g
in
g
Est
im
a
ti
o
n
,
L
o
c
a
li
sa
ti
o
n
,
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
(W
S
N),
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
Ra
d
io
(CR),
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
S
c
a
n
n
in
g
,
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
-
De
f
in
e
d
Ra
d
io
(S
DR),
Ne
t
w
o
rk
in
g
,
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
-
De
f
in
e
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
(S
DN
),
In
tern
e
t
-
of
-
T
h
in
g
s (Io
T
),
Cro
w
d
S
o
u
rc
i
n
g
a
n
d
Da
ta M
in
i
n
g
.
H
iro
a
k
i
M
o
r
in
o
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
B.
E,
M
.
E.
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
s
f
ro
m
t
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
T
o
k
y
o
in
1
9
9
4
,
1
9
9
6
a
n
d
1
9
9
9
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
o
f
S
h
i
b
a
u
ra
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ja
p
a
n
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
t
h
e
M
A
C
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
a
n
d
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
ro
to
c
o
ls
o
f
w
irele
ss
m
u
lt
ih
o
p
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
u
rg
e
n
t
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
g
a
th
e
rin
g
a
n
d
n
o
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
u
sin
g
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
a
nd
re
li
a
b
le p
e
e
r
-
to
-
p
e
e
r
v
id
e
o
m
u
lt
ica
st n
e
tw
o
rk
s.
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