Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
4184
~
4196
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v8
i
6
.
pp
4184
-
41
96
4184
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Perform
ance An
alys
i
s of IEE
E
802.15.4 T
ra
ns
ceiv
er Syste
m
un
der Adaptiv
e Whi
te G
aussian Ch
annel
Ekhl
as
Kadh
um
,
Ru
ss
ul H
aitham
Control
and
S
y
s
t
ems
Engi
nee
r
ing
D
e
par
tment
,
Un
ive
rsit
y
of Tec
h
nolog
y
,
Ir
aq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
y
2
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
Ju
l
9
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Aug
2
, 2
01
8
Zi
gbe
e
t
ec
hnolo
g
y
h
as
be
en
d
eve
lop
ed
for
s
hort
ran
g
e
wire
le
ss
sensor
net
works
and
it
foll
ows
IEE
E
802.
15.
4
stand
ar
d.
For
such
sensors
,
seve
ral
conside
ra
ti
ons
should
be
t
ake
n
inc
ludi
ng
;
low
dat
a
r
ate
and
le
ss
design
complexi
t
y
in
orde
r
to
ac
hi
ev
e
eff
icient
pe
rf
orm
anc
e
consid
eri
ng
to
the
tra
nsce
ive
r
s
y
st
ems
.
Thi
s
rese
arc
h
foc
uses
on
implementi
ng
a
digi
tal
tra
nsce
ive
r
s
y
s
te
m
for
Zi
gbee
se
nsor
base
d
on
IEE
E
802
.
15.
4
.
T
he
s
y
stem
is
implemente
d
u
sing
offset
qu
adr
at
ur
e
phase
shift
ke
y
i
ng
(OQ
PS
K)
m
odula
ti
on
t
ec
h
nique
with
hal
f
sine
pulse
-
sh
api
n
g
m
et
hod.
Dir
ec
t
conve
rsio
n
sche
m
e
has
bee
n
used
in
the
design
of
Zi
gbee
rec
e
ive
r
in
or
der
to
fulfi
ll
th
e
req
uire
m
ent
s
m
e
nti
oned
above.
S
y
stem
p
erf
orm
anc
e
is
an
aly
z
ed
conside
rin
g
to
BER
when
it
enc
oun
te
r
ed
ada
pt
ive
whit
e
Gauss
ia
n
noise
(AW
G
N),
beside
s
show
ing
the
eff
e
ct
of
usi
ng
dire
c
t
seque
n
ce
spre
ad
spec
tr
um
(DSSS
)
te
chn
ique
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
A
WGN c
hann
el
DS
S
S
IEEE 8
02.15.4
OQPS
K
Zigb
ee
tra
ns
cei
ver
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Russu
l
Hait
ha
m
,
Con
tr
ol a
nd Sy
stem
s En
gi
neeri
ng
De
par
tm
ent,
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f
Tech
no
l
og
y,
Ba
ghda
d,
Ir
a
q.
Em
a
il
: ru
ssu
l
h@gm
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Du
e
to
the
a
dvance
s
in
wi
r
el
ess
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
a
nd
e
le
ct
ro
nics
ove
r
the
la
st
fe
w
ye
ars,
the
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
net
wor
ks
of
low
-
cost,
lo
w
-
powe
r,
an
d
m
ulti
-
fu
nctio
nal
sens
or
s
re
cei
ved
an
inc
reasin
g
at
te
ntion
.
T
hes
e
sensors
are
s
m
al
l
in
siz
e
and
able
to
se
ns
e
,
pr
ocess
data,
and
c
omm
un
ic
at
e
with
each
oth
e
r
ov
e
r
a
n
RF
(r
a
dio
fr
e
quency
)
cha
nn
el
.
A
se
ns
or
netw
ork
i
s
desi
gn
e
d
t
o
detect
eve
nts
or
phe
no
m
ena,
colle
ct
and
process
da
ta
,
and
tra
ns
m
it
sensed
in
for
m
at
ion
for
the
intende
d
us
er
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.T
hes
e
netw
orks
ha
ve
the
p
ote
ntial
of
int
erf
aci
ng
the
ph
ysi
cal
wo
rld
w
it
h
the
virtua
l
(
com
pu
ti
ng)
w
orl
d
in
a
n
un
pr
e
ceden
te
d
scal
e
and
pro
vid
e
pract
ic
al
us
efu
l
ness
i
n
de
velo
ping
a
la
rg
e
num
ber
of
a
pp
li
cat
ions
,
includi
ng
the
protect
ion
of
ci
vi
l
infr
a
struct
ur
es
[
3
]
,
ha
bitat
m
on
it
or
i
ng,
preci
sion
ag
ricult
ure
,
tox
ic
gas
det
ect
ion
,
s
upply
chain
m
anag
e
m
ent,
and h
eal
th
care
[
4
]
.
Zigb
ee
is
c
ons
idere
d
one
of
wireless
se
nso
r
de
vices
op
e
r
at
es
unde
r
IE
E
E
802.1
5.4
sta
nd
a
r
d.
T
his
sta
nd
a
rd
has
be
en
intr
oduce
s
by
Zig
bee
Alli
ance
[
5
]
.
Zig
be
e
sta
nd
a
rd
was
create
d
to
a
dd
ress
the
m
ark
et
need
for
c
os
t
-
e
ff
ect
i
ve,
sta
ndar
d
-
ba
sed
wireless
netw
orkin
g
so
l
utions
that
su
pport
lo
w
data
r
at
es
transceive
rs,
low
powe
r
c
on
s
umpti
on
[
6
]
,
sec
ur
it
y,
a
nd
reli
abili
ty
through
wireless
pe
rs
on
al
a
rea
net
works
(
WPA
Ns)
[
7
]
.
Zigb
ee
te
ch
nolog
y
ca
n
be
worked
within
three
va
rio
us
fr
e
quency
ba
nd
s
acco
r
ding
to
the
ge
ogr
aph
ic
al
cov
e
ra
ge
area
.
In
Eu
r
op
e
,
868
-
868.6
MH
z
(86
8
MHz
)
i
s
us
e
d,
i
n
N
or
ther
n
Am
erica
902
-
92
8
MH
z
(91
5
MHz),
wh
il
e
the
2.4
GH
z
is
us
e
d
al
l
ov
er
t
he
w
or
l
d,
an
d
it
dep
en
ds
on
un
li
cen
sed
Ind
us
tria
l,
Scie
nti
fic
and
Me
dical
(I
SM
) radi
o bands
[
8
]
.
It
is
know
n
that
the
wirel
ess
m
ediu
m
i
s
influ
e
nce
d
by
real
tim
e
conditi
ons
su
c
h
as
sig
nals
interfe
ren
ce
,
dopple
r
sh
ift,
a
nd
pat
h
los
s;
wh
e
re
the
se
pa
ram
et
ers
have
the
ef
fect
of
de
gradi
ng
w
irel
ess
transm
issi
on
pe
rfor
m
ance
[
9
]
.
Hen
ce
,
it
is
qu
it
e
i
m
po
rtant
to
pro
vid
e
a
tr
ansceive
r
syst
em
that
cou
ld
be
able
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce A
na
ly
sis
of
IEE
E 80
2.15.4 Tr
anscei
ver
Syste
m under
Ad
apti
ve Whit
e
...
(
E
khlas
Ka
dhum)
4185
to accom
m
od
at
e w
it
h suc
h
e
nvir
on
m
ents.
On
e
of
the
m
ain
chall
en
ges
in
desig
ning
a
di
gital
transceive
r
syst
e
m
is
to
at
ta
in
a
syst
e
m
with
su
c
h
an
acce
pte
d
pe
rfor
m
ance
in
r
eal
tim
e
env
iro
nm
ents.
Fo
r
s
uc
h
syst
e
m
,
bit
error
rate
(BE
R)
is
con
side
re
d
to
be
an
im
po
rtant
m
easur
e
m
ent
factor
that
dete
rm
ines
the
num
ber
of
bits
corrupted
duri
ng
tra
ns
m
issi
on
against
the
total
num
ber
of
tra
nsfer
r
ed
bits.
He
nce
,
determ
ine
th
e
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of
the
di
gital
syst
e
m
in
facin
g
su
c
h
env
i
ronm
ents.
This
resea
rch
aim
s
to
pr
esent
a
m
od
el
for
Zigbe
e
t
ran
s
cei
ver
syst
em
based
on
IE
EE
802.1
5.
4
sta
nd
a
rd,
an
d
sp
eci
fical
ly
fo
r
t
he
2.4
G
HZ
f
re
qu
e
ncy
band.
The
obj
ect
iv
es
of
t
his
resea
rch
c
an
be
su
m
m
arized as foll
ow
s:
1.
To
im
ple
m
ent
2.4
G
HZ
Zi
gbee
transcei
ver
syst
e
m
based
on
IE
EE
80
2.15.4.
Offset
qu
a
drat
ur
e
phase
s
hi
ft
keyi
ng
(OQP
S
K)
m
od
ulati
on
te
chn
iq
ue
with
half
sine
w
ave
as
a
pulse
sh
api
ng,
an
d
direct
seq
ue
nc
e
sp
rea
d spectr
um
(
DS
SS) as a
sp
rea
ding tec
hniq
ue
a
re such
sign
ific
a
nt s
pe
ci
ficat
ion
s
within t
his stan
da
r
d.
2.
To
a
naly
ze
sy
stem
per
f
orm
a
nce,
co
ns
ide
ri
ng
BER
,
unde
r
a
dap
ti
ve
w
hite
Ga
us
sia
n
noise
(AWG
N)
channel a
nd to
com
par
e the sit
uations
wh
e
n
t
he
syst
em
is w
it
h
or
with
ou
t
D
SSS.
2.
Z
IGBE
E AR
CHI
TE
CT
U
R
E
Ba
sed
on
op
e
n
syst
em
interco
nnect
ion
(
OS
I
)
re
fer
e
nc
e
m
od
el
,
Zig
bee
pr
oto
c
ol
la
ye
rs
can
be
div
ide
d.
T
her
e
are
so
m
e
adv
antages
relat
e
d
with
this
div
isi
on.
Firstl
y,
whenev
e
r
prot
ocol
chan
ge
s
over
tim
e,
it
is
po
ssi
ble
to
a
pp
ly
the
re
qu
i
red
m
od
ific
at
ion
or
re
pl
ace
m
ent
to
the
l
ay
ers
af
fected
by
that
c
hange
rath
e
r
than
al
te
ri
ng
the
whole
prot
oco
l.
Sec
ondly,
if
th
ere
a
re
any
en
ha
ncem
ents
to
be
do
ne
for
de
velo
pin
g
a
n
app
li
cat
io
n,
it
can
be
at
ta
ined
f
ro
m
a
third
par
ty
in
depen
den
tl
y
f
ro
m
the
lowe
r
la
ye
rs.
In
oth
e
r
wor
ds,
t
he
changes
a
re
ap
plied
on
the
ap
plica
ti
on
la
ye
r
on
ly
[
10
]
.
IEE
E
802.1
5.4
sta
nd
a
r
d
de
fines
sp
eci
ficat
io
ns
of
t
he
two
bott
om
lay
ers
(PHY
a
nd
MAC
la
ye
r)
.
The
rem
ai
nin
g
uppe
r
la
ye
rs
of
Zigb
ee
protoc
ol
(n
et
wor
k,
sec
ur
it
y,
and ap
plica
ti
on profil
e lay
er)
are
def
ine
d by
Zigb
ee
A
ll
ia
nc
e
[
11
]
.
Zigb
ee
P
HY
la
ye
r
is
res
pons
i
ble
f
or
perform
ing
spreadi
ng,
m
odulati
on
,
dem
od
ulati
on
a
nd
des
pr
ea
ding
f
unct
ions
[
12
]
.
I
n
orde
r
to
re
duce
the
im
pact
of
noise
from
adj
ace
nt
netw
orks,
direct
se
qu
e
nce
sp
rea
ding
se
quence
(
DS
SS
)
is
us
ed
to
inc
re
ase
the
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
of
the
sig
nal
hen
ce
in
cr
easi
ng
it
s
pow
er
[
13
]
.
OQPS
K
m
od
ul
at
ion
te
ch
niqu
e
an
d
DSSS
s
pr
ea
ding
te
c
hniqu
e
are
us
e
d
in
2.4
G
HZ
ba
nd
;
w
her
e
eac
h
4
-
bit
sy
m
bo
l
is
m
app
ed
into
a
32
c
hip
PN
se
qu
e
nc
e.
I
n
t
he
915
MHz
a
nd
86
8
MHz
bands,
th
e
Bi
nar
y
P
hase
Sh
i
ft
Keyi
ng
(BPS
K)
m
odulati
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
us
e
d
besi
des
m
app
in
g
eac
h
on
e
-
bit
sy
m
bo
l
into
a
15
c
hip
P
N
seq
uen
ce
[
14
]
,
[
15
]
.
OQPS
K,
al
so
cal
le
d
Stagge
r
ed
Q
PS
K
(SQ
PSK),
is
a
m
od
ifie
d
versi
on
of
QP
S
K.
I
n
this
te
ch
nique,
the
carrier
wave
per
m
it
s
to
send
the
sig
nal
f
or
f
our
ort
ho
gonal
ph
a
ses.
T
he
ben
e
fit
beh
in
d
this
m
od
ific
a
ti
on
is
to
delay
t
he
s
ign
al
by
a
hal
f
cy
cl
e
s
o
as
to
av
oi
d
po
s
sible
c
hange
i
n
sig
nal
phase
[
16
]
-
[
18
]
.
OQPSK
m
od
ulati
on
e
quit
at
ion
c
ould
be writt
en
as
foll
ows
[
19
]
:
i
t
f
c
t
s
i
2
c
o
s
)
(
,
t
0
(1)
Wh
e
re:
4
1
2
i
i
(2)
The
ca
rr
ie
r
phase
can
ta
ke
one
of
the
f
our
sp
ace
d
values:
.
4
7
a
n
d
,
4
5
,
4
3
,
4
Eq
uation
(
1)
c
an
be
furth
e
r
wr
it
te
n
as:
t
f
c
i
t
f
c
i
t
s
i
2
s
i
n
s
i
n
2
c
o
s
c
o
s
)
(
(3)
)
(
2
2
)
(
1
1
)
(
t
s
i
t
s
i
t
s
i
(4)
Wh
e
re:
T
t
t
f
c
t
0
,
2
co
s
2
)
(
1
(
5)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4184
-
4196
4186
t
f
c
t
2
c
o
s
2
)
(
2
(6)
i
s
i
c
os
1
(7)
i
s
i
s
i
n
2
(8)
s
i
s
i
i
1
2
t
an
1
(9)
As
a
res
ult,
O
QP
S
K
m
odulati
on
sig
nal can
be
e
xpresse
d
a
s:
t
t
f
c
t
Q
t
f
c
t
t
s
,
2
s
i
n
)
(
2
2
co
s
)
(
2
)
(
(10)
wh
e
re
f
c
repres
ents the
freq
ue
ncy of ca
rr
ie
r
wav
e
.
In
or
der
to
m
e
asur
e
the p
er
form
ance
of
dig
it
al
m
od
ulati
on
sch
em
e,
two
ter
m
s
hav
e
to
be
con
side
re
d;
it
s
power
e
ff
i
ci
ency
an
d
ba
ndwidt
h
ef
fici
ency.
P
ower
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
def
i
ne
s
the
ca
pab
il
it
y
of
a
m
od
ul
at
ion
te
chn
iq
ue
t
o
m
ai
ntain
the
fid
el
it
y
of
the
digi
ta
l
m
ess
age
at
low
le
vels
of
powe
r.
In
a
dig
it
al
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
,
an
increasin
g
in
si
gn
al
powe
r
le
ads
to
a
n
inc
r
easi
ng
i
n
nois
e
i
m
m
un
it
y.
Howe
ver,
the
ty
pe
of
m
od
ulati
on
e
m
plo
ye
d
deter
m
ines
the
pos
sible
am
ou
nt
by
w
hich
the
sign
al
po
wer
i
s
increase
d
(i.
e.,
an
acce
pted
bit
error
pro
bab
il
it
y)
to
get
a
cer
ta
in
le
vel
of
fi
delit
y.
The
po
wer
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
(also
cal
le
d
e
nergy
eff
ic
ie
ncy)
is
def
i
ned
a
s
the
rati
o
bet
wee
n
the
sig
nal
pow
er
pe
r
bit
an
d
no
ise
powe
r
s
pectral
den
sit
y
E
b
N
o
⁄
necessa
ry
for
the
recei
ver
in
put
for
a
certai
n
value
of
e
rror
p
r
obabili
ty
(say
10
-
4
)
[
20
]
.
B
ER
can
be
de
fined
a
s
the
total
nu
m
ber
of
bits
co
rrup
te
d
durin
g
transm
issi
on
to
the
overall
num
ber
of
bi
ts
trans
ferred
ov
e
r
a
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
c
hannel a
nd i
t can
be
cal
c
ulate
d
as
[
21
]
:
b
i
t
s
of
n
u
m
b
er
O
v
er
al
l
b
i
t
s
ed
t
r
an
s
f
er
r
of
N
u
m
b
er
BER
(11)
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
the
rati
o
of
t
ransm
it
te
d
sign
al
powe
r
to
the
powe
r
of
noise
r
epr
ese
nts
t
he
S
ign
al
-
to
-
No
ise
Ra
ti
o
(S
NR
)
a
nd it
is m
easur
ed
in
dec
ibel (
dB). S
NR ca
n be e
xpresse
d
as
[
22
]
:
P
o
w
er
N
o
i
s
e
P
o
w
er
S
i
g
n
al
l
o
g
10
10
S
NR
(
12)
Fo
r
OQP
SK, t
he
total
pro
babi
li
t
y of
e
rror
pe
r bit
is
[
11
]
:
P
e
=
Q
(
√
2
.
SNR
(13)
wh
e
re
Q
re
pr
es
ents
the
f
un
ct
i
on
Q
(
x
)
us
ed
to
c
al
culat
e
the
ar
ea
unde
r
t
he
t
ai
l
of
Ga
us
sia
n
probabil
it
y
distrib
ution f
unct
ion (
pdf
)
a
nd it
is cal
culat
e
d
as
[
22
]
:
Q
(
x
)
=
1
√
2π
∫
e
−
(
t
2
2
⁄
)
∞
x
dt
(14)
Fo
rm
equati
on
(
13
)
, it i
s clea
r
that any i
nc
rea
sing i
n SNR le
ads
t
o decrease
in
BER
.
3.
PROP
OSE
D SYSTE
M
Feat
ur
es
s
how
n
in
T
able
1
ar
e
con
side
re
d
f
or
im
ple
m
entin
g
the
Zig
bee
transceive
r
syst
e
m
.
Fo
r
the
transm
itter
pa
r
t,
the
m
ai
n
co
m
po
nen
ts
i
nclud
i
ng
;
bit
-
to
-
s
ym
bo
l
an
d
sy
m
bo
l
to
chip
m
app
i
ng,
se
rial
to
par
al
le
l
conve
rsion,
ba
seba
nd
wav
e
f
orm
sh
aping
a
nd
m
od
ulat
ion
a
re
de
picte
d.
F
urt
her
m
or
e,
t
he
conve
rsion
f
rom
RF
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce A
na
ly
sis
of
IEE
E 80
2.15.4 Tr
anscei
ver
Syste
m under
Ad
apti
ve Whit
e
...
(
E
khlas
Ka
dhum)
4187
to
base
band
si
gn
al
,
i
n
ad
diti
on
t
o
D/A
c
on
ver
si
on,
pa
rall
el
to
serial
conver
si
on
a
nd
de
sp
rea
ding
proc
ess
are
al
l
dep
ic
te
d
in
the
receive
r
par
t.
Fig
ur
e
1
an
d
Fig
ur
e
2
il
lustrate
the
basic
el
e
m
e
nts
of
the
pro
po
s
ed
transm
itter and
r
ecei
ve
r
m
od
e
ls. Steps
s
howi
ng b
el
ow d
e
scr
ibe the
desi
gn
proce
dure in m
or
e
d
et
ai
ls.
Table
1.
Sp
eci
f
ic
at
ion
s
of
IEE
E 80
2.15.4 f
or
2.4 GHZ
Zig
be
e (PHY
)
la
ye
r
[
9
]
Featu
res
Valu
e
Data Rate
2
5
0
k
b
p
s
Frequ
en
cy
of
Oper
atio
n
2
.4 GHz
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
Ch
an
n
els
16
Ch
an
n
el Spacin
g
5
MHZ
Ch
ip
Rate
2
Mbp
s
Pu
lse Sh
ap
in
g
Half
Sine
Sp
readin
g
T
echn
iq
u
e
DSSS
Mod
u
latio
n
T
echn
iq
u
e
OQPSK
B
i
t
t
o
S
y
m
b
o
l
S
y
m
b
o
l
t
o
C
h
i
p
M
a
p
p
i
n
g
S
e
r
i
a
l
T
o
P
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
o
r
I
n
p
h
a
s
e
D
a
t
a
Q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
D
a
t
a
I
-
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
Q
-
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
P
u
l
s
e
S
h
a
p
i
n
g
P
u
l
s
e
S
h
a
p
i
n
g
M
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
M
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
∑
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
d
S
i
g
n
a
l
2
M
b
p
s
C
h
i
p
S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
S
i
g
n
a
l
2
5
0
k
b
p
s
Figure
1.
Tra
nsm
itter m
od
el
L
o
w
P
a
s
s
f
i
l
t
e
r
L
o
w
P
a
s
s
f
i
l
t
e
r
L
o
w
P
a
s
s
f
i
l
t
e
r
L
o
w
P
a
s
s
f
i
l
t
e
r
P
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
-
t
o
-
S
e
r
i
a
l
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
o
r
P
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
-
t
o
-
S
e
r
i
a
l
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
o
r
S
(
t
)
S
(
t
)
R
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
D
a
t
a
R
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
D
a
t
a
D
e
l
a
y
D
e
l
a
y
P
u
l
s
e
S
h
a
p
i
n
g
P
u
l
s
e
S
h
a
p
i
n
g
M
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
M
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
M
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
M
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
P
u
l
s
e
S
h
a
p
i
n
g
P
u
l
s
e
S
h
a
p
i
n
g
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
D
e
s
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
D
e
s
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
S
a
m
p
l
e
&
H
o
l
d
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
S
a
m
p
l
e
&
H
o
l
d
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
S
a
m
p
l
e
&
H
o
l
d
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
S
a
m
p
l
e
&
H
o
l
d
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
Figure
2
.
Re
cei
ver m
od
el
Step1
:
Pr
e
par
i
ng
the
i
nput
bi
t
stream
:
This
ste
p
incl
ud
es
a
pp
ly
in
g
m
app
i
ng
pr
ocess
of
bit
to
sym
bo
l
and
sym
bo
l
to
chip.
At
first,
the
input
data
s
tream
m
us
t
be
pr
e
par
e
d
to
m
e
et
IEEE
802.1
5.4
sp
eci
ficat
io
ns
for
data
rate
an
d
chip
rate.
Pse
udo
-
ra
ndom
no
ise
(PN
)
chi
p
seq
uen
ce
is
use
d
to
c
onstr
uc
t
a
direct
seq
uen
ce
sp
rea
d
s
pectr
um
(D
SSS
).
T
he
reason
beh
i
nd
the
us
e
of
th
is
te
chn
iq
ue
is
to
increase
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
of
input
data
stream
to
2
Mb
ps
w
hich
in
tu
rn
m
igh
t
i
m
pr
ove
tra
nsm
itter
perf
or
m
ance
in
m
ulti
path
en
vir
on
m
ent.
It
is
al
so
us
e
d
to
ac
hieve
a
n
i
m
prov
em
ent
in
sig
nal
to
noise
ra
ti
o
(S
NR
)
thr
ough
ou
t
inc
reas
ing
re
sist
ance
of
the
syst
e
m
tow
ar
ds anti
ci
pated
or
acci
den
ta
l
j
am
m
ing
[
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4184
-
4196
4188
S
te
p2
:
Se
rial
to
par
al
le
l
co
nv
e
rsion:
Pr
i
or
to
m
od
ulati
on
process
,
th
e
pr
e
viou
s
co
ded
data
are
separ
at
e
d
i
nto
In
-
phase
an
d
Qu
a
drat
ur
e
dat
a.
E
ven
an
d
odd
cl
oc
k
pu
lse
s
are
ge
ner
at
e
d
us
i
ng
JK
-
flip
flo
p
i
n
toggle
sta
te
;
wh
ere
the
po
sit
i
ve
outp
ut
(Q)
is
us
ed
as
a
so
urce
of
cl
oc
k
pu
lse
s
f
or
the
first
D
-
flip
flop
t
o
pro
du
ce
the In
-
ph
a
se d
at
a, w
hi
le
the
ne
gative
outp
ut
is fed
to
the
sec
ond
D
-
flip f
lo
p
pro
duci
ng Q
ua
drat
e
dat
a
.
Figure
3 de
picts t
he pr
ocess
of se
rial
to paral
le
l conversi
on.
Step
3:
M
o
dul
at
ion
P
ro
ce
ss:
OQPS
K
m
od
ulati
on
is
t
he
sam
e
as
QP
SK
exc
ept
the
Q
-
c
ha
nn
el
i
s
delay
ed
by
T/2
seco
nds.
Al
though
the
po
wer
de
ns
it
y
and
er
r
or
pe
rfo
rm
ance
are
the
sa
m
e
in
the
two
te
chn
iq
ues
,
O
QP
S
K
pr
oduce
s
a
m
axi
m
u
m
ph
a
se
cha
ng
e
of
π/
2
in
c
ontr
ast
to
QP
S
K
w
hi
ch
prov
i
des
a
ph
ase
sh
ift
of
π
[
23
]
.
The
ou
t
pu
t
of
In
-
phase
a
nd
Qu
a
drat
ur
e
dat
a
is
firstly
m
ul
ti
plied
by
half
sine
wa
ve
to
pe
rfor
m
pu
lse
s
ha
ping.
The
pu
rpose
be
hind
the
use
of
pulse
sh
a
ping
(also
cal
le
d
pr
e
-
m
od
ulati
ng
f
il
te
r)
is
to
m
ake
the
transm
itted
sign
al
sp
ect
r
um
getti
ng
m
at
ched
with
c
h
an
nel
bandw
i
dth
,
he
nce;
av
oid
in
g
m
ul
ti
path
and
inter
-
sy
m
bo
l i
nter
fere
nce
(I
S
I) ef
fe
ct
s
[
9
]
.
h
al
f
sin
e pulse si
gnal
c
an be
represe
nted
as
[
24
]
:
p
(
t
)
=
sin
π
t
2
T
c
(15)
J
Q
Q
K
S
E
T
C
L
R
Q
Q
S
E
T
C
L
R
D
Q
Q
S
E
T
C
L
R
D
C
l
o
c
k
L
o
g
i
c
1
I
n
-
P
h
a
s
e
I
n
p
u
t
D
a
t
a
Q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
I
n
p
u
t
D
a
t
a
E
v
e
n
C
l
o
c
k
Q
-
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
O
d
d
C
l
o
c
k
I
-
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
Figure
3
.
Seria
l t
o
pa
rall
el
conv
e
rsion
Nex
t,
the
I
-
ch
ann
el
data
is
m
ul
ti
plied
by
a
cosi
ne
wa
ve
of
2.4
G
HZ
and
the
Q
-
c
ha
nn
el
data
is
m
ul
ti
plied
by
a
sine
wa
ve
of
the
sam
e
fr
eq
uen
cy
.
T
he
fin
al
m
od
ulate
d
t
ran
sm
it
te
d
sig
nal
(
)
is
obta
ined
by
add
i
ng
the
ou
t
pu
t
of
I
-
cha
nn
el
and
Q
-
cha
nnel
.
At
the
re
c
ei
ver
,
t
he
in
pu
t
represents
t
he
receive
d
tra
nsm
it
ted
sign
al
a
fter
pa
ssing
t
hro
ugh
t
he
c
omm
un
ic
a
ti
on
c
hannel.
The
fo
ll
owin
g
ste
ps
de
scri
be
the
desi
gn
pro
cedure
of the
receive
r m
od
el
:
Step1
:
RF
to
Ba
seband
c
on
ver
si
on
:
at
firs
t,
the
dem
od
ul
at
ion
process
i
s
p
e
rfor
m
ed
by
m
ulti
plyi
ng
the
In
-
phase
da
ta
at
the
receiver
side
by
cos
ine
carrier
sig
na
l;
wh
il
e
the
Qu
ad
ratu
re
data
is
m
ulti
plied
by
sine
carrier
sig
nal
to
pro
duce
I
-
c
ha
nn
el
an
d
Q
-
c
hannel
m
od
ula
te
d
sign
al
s.
T
he
resu
lt
ant
sig
nals
are
the
n
pu
lse
-
sh
a
ped
by
hal
f
sine
pu
lse
sha
ping
sig
nals,
si
m
il
arl
y
as
do
ne
in
the
tra
nsm
itter
side.
I
n
orde
r
to
extra
ct
the
no
ise
pro
duce
d
by
the
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
ch
ann
el
a
nd
to
get
the
rig
ht
ve
rsion
of
t
he
t
ran
sm
it
te
d
sign
al
;
an
analo
g
lo
w pas
s f
il
te
r
is
us
e
d wit
h
ce
rtai
n pa
ram
et
ers.
Step2
:
A/D
c
onve
rsion:
sinc
e
the
pr
oduce
d
f
il
te
red
sig
nals
are
in
a
nalo
g
f
or
m
at
,
an
anal
og
to
dig
it
al
(A
/D
)
c
onve
rt
or
is
us
e
d
t
o
ge
ner
at
e
t
he
digi
ta
l
sign
al
.
Ze
r
o
order
hold
c
ircuit
f
ollow
e
d
by
a
c
om
par
at
or
is
us
e
d
f
or this
pur
pose.
Step3
:
Parall
el
to
ser
ia
l
C
onve
rsion:
the
I
n
-
phase
a
nd Q
ua
drat
ur
e
d
at
a
are
co
m
bin
ed
t
og
e
ther
us
i
ng
a
par
al
le
l t
o seri
al
co
nve
rtor to
pro
du
ce
ser
ia
l
data.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
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&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce A
na
ly
sis
of
IEE
E 80
2.15.4 Tr
anscei
ver
Syste
m under
Ad
apti
ve Whit
e
...
(
E
khlas
Ka
dhum)
4189
Step4
:
De
spre
adin
g
proces
s:
si
m
i
la
rly
,
as
perform
ed
with
the
tran
sm
i
tter
side,
the
re
su
lt
ant
serial
data
is
des
pr
ea
ded
us
i
ng
t
he
sam
e
PN
sequence
a
nd
c
hip
rate
sp
eci
fie
d
by
the
sta
nda
r
d.
T
o
ov
e
rc
ome
the
delay
that
m
igh
t
occ
ur
,
a
delay
el
e
m
ent
co
uld
be
ad
ded
a
fter
the
P
N
se
qu
e
nce
to
e
nsu
re
it
s
synchro
ni
zat
ion
with that
at
the
tran
sm
it
te
r
side.
4.
CHAN
NEL
MO
DEL
In
order
t
o
a
naly
ze
syst
e
m
perform
ance
against
the
re
al
-
tim
e
env
iro
nm
ents,
a
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
channel
has
be
en
e
qu
i
pped
betwee
n
t
he
tr
ansm
itter
an
d
receiver
m
od
el
.
I
n
t
his
re
sear
ch,
A
dap
ti
ve
Wh
it
e
Gau
s
sia
n
No
is
e
(AWGN
)
c
ha
nn
el
m
od
el
is
us
e
d.
A
WGN
cha
nnel
is
c
onsidere
d
t
o
be
the
sim
plest
no
ise
m
od
el
u
sed
by v
ari
ou
s c
ommun
ic
at
io
n
cha
nnel
s and h
as r
a
ndom
p
ro
cesse
s b
eha
vior that exists i
n
nature
[
23
]
.
Fo
r
AWG
N
, the
tran
sm
it
te
d
sign
al
sub
j
ect
ed t
o
noise
e
ff
ect
r
(
t
)
can
be
e
xpres
s
ed
as:
r
(
t
)
=
s
(
t
)
+
n
(
t
)
(16
)
wh
e
re
s
(
t
)
is
the
m
od
ulate
d
tra
ns
m
itted
sign
a
l,
and
n
(
t
)
is
th
e
no
ise
a
dded
by
A
WG
N
c
ha
nn
el
.
I
n
this
researc
h,
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
4,
A
WGN
cha
nn
el
is
ad
de
d
betwee
n
the
tr
ansm
itter
and
receiver
m
od
el
s
with
a v
a
riable
rang
e of S
NR
value
s.
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
m
o
d
e
l
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
m
o
d
e
l
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
M
o
d
e
l
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
M
o
d
e
l
A
W
G
N
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
I
n
p
u
t
S
i
g
n
a
l
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
S
i
g
n
a
l
Figure
4
.
The
pro
po
se
d
t
ran
s
cei
ver
syst
em
w
it
h A
WGN c
hannel
5.
RESU
LT
S
AND SI
MU
L
A
TION
A
NA
L
YS
IS
Zigb
ee
tra
ns
ce
iver
syst
em
has
bee
n
im
plem
ented
based
on
IE
EE
802.
15.4
s
pecifica
ti
on
s
f
or
2.4
GH
Z
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
band
assum
ing
the
in
pu
t
si
gn
al
is
in
a
bina
ry
f
or
m
at
.
Fig
ur
e
5
sho
ws
t
he
ge
ner
al
struc
ture
of
syst
e
m
i
m
ple
mentat
ion
,
whic
h
incl
ud
e
s the
tran
sm
it
te
r,
r
ec
ei
ver
,
and BER
calc
ulator
.
Figure
5
.
Ge
ne
ral str
uctur
e
of
the pr
opos
e
d
tr
ansceive
r
syst
e
m
An
i
nput
bit
stream
has
been
pro
du
ce
d
by
a
Ra
ndom
In
te
ge
r
Ge
nerat
or
bl
ock
with
data
rate
of
25
0
kbps
; i
.e
. s
am
pling
ti
m
e is
4
e
−
6
s,
a
nd as s
how
n
i
n Fi
gure
6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4184
-
4196
4190
Figure
6. I
nput
d
at
a stream
The
tra
ns
m
it
ter
a
nd
recei
ver
m
od
el
s
hav
e
be
en
im
ple
m
ent
ed
us
in
g
fun
da
m
ental
com
po
nen
ts
with
i
n
MATLAB/Si
m
ulink
to
s
how
the
possibil
it
y
i
n
desig
ning
ra
dio
tran
sm
i
tt
er
and
receive
r
s
yst
e
m
with
com
plex
m
od
ulati
on
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
an
d
wi
th
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
pu
lse
sh
a
ping
m
et
ho
d
i
n
reli
able
an
d
c
os
t
-
eff
ect
ive
way.
Af
te
r
gen
e
rati
ng
the
input
seq
ue
nce
,
it
has
bee
n
m
ulti
plied
by
a
P
N
se
qu
e
nce
of
32
chi
ps
a
nd
c
hip
rate
of
2M
bp
s
to
pro
du
ce
a
DSSS
sig
nal.
Si
gn
al
wav
e
f
orm
s
of
in
pu
t
s
equ
e
nce
a
nd
PN
se
qu
e
nce
Gen
e
rato
r
afte
r
NR
Z
conve
rsion
are
dep
ic
te
d
in
Figure
7
an
d
Figure
8
res
pecti
vely
,
w
hile
Figure
9
s
hows
the
final
si
gn
a
l
afte
r
sp
rea
ding.
Figure
7. Bi
po
l
ar inp
ut seque
nc
e
Figure
8. P
N
S
equ
e
nce
Ge
nerat
or
O
utput Si
gn
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce A
na
ly
sis
of
IEE
E 80
2.15.4 Tr
anscei
ver
Syste
m under
Ad
apti
ve Whit
e
...
(
E
khlas
Ka
dhum)
4191
Figure
9. I
nput
seque
nce af
te
r
apply
ing
DSS
S tech
nique
The
res
ulted
s
ign
al
has
be
en
div
ide
d
i
nto
e
ve
n
an
d
odd
pa
r
t
to
pro
du
c
e
th
e
In
-
phase
a
nd
Qu
a
drat
ur
e
data
us
in
g
se
ri
al
-
to
-
par
al
le
l
c
onve
rtor.
T
he
serial
to
pa
rall
el
co
nv
e
rto
r
ha
s
bee
n
co
ns
tr
uc
te
d
us
in
g
a
J
-
K
flip
flo
p
a
nd
tw
o
D
flip
flo
ps
w
it
h
cl
oc
k
f
re
quen
cy
of
16
M
HZ.
since
the
OQPS
K
m
od
ul
at
ion
sc
hem
e
i
m
plies
that
the
Q
uadr
at
ur
e
data
ha
ve
to
be
s
hifted
by
one
bit
pe
r
iod
,
a
n
e
xtra
D
flip
flo
p
ha
s
been
us
e
d
as
a
delay
el
e
m
ent.
Figu
r
e
10
sho
ws
the
odd
and
e
ven
cl
ock
pulse
s
pr
oduce
d
by
J
-
K
flip
flop
,
wh
il
e
the
final
In
-
phase
and Qua
dr
at
ure data a
re shown
in Fi
gure
11.
Figure
10. Clo
ck pu
lse
s
of e
ve
n
a
nd od
d data
Figure
11. In
-
P
hase a
nd
qu
a
drat
ur
e
data
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4184
-
4196
4192
The
outp
ut
data
fr
om
In
-
phas
e
and
Q
uadrat
ur
e
cha
nnel
ha
ve
bee
n
co
nv
e
rted
into
NRZ
form
at
and
then
m
ulti
plied
by
a
half
-
sine
wav
e
at
2
MH
Z
wh
ic
h
ha
s
be
en
pr
oduce
d
by
m
ult
iply
ing
0.5
MHZ
pulse
wave
by
a
sin
e
w
av
e
of
0.
5
MHZ
.
Fig
ur
e
s
12
a
nd
13
sho
w
the
ge
ner
at
io
n
of
half
-
si
ne
pu
l
ses
an
d
t
he
re
su
lt
ant
ou
t
pu
t
of eac
h chan
nel.
Figure
12. Hal
f
sine si
gn
al
wa
vefor
m
Figure
13. I
n
-
ph
a
se a
nd qua
dr
at
ur
e
data a
fter
half
si
ne pu
l
se sh
a
ping
Nex
t,
acc
ordi
ng
to
e
qu
at
io
n
10,
m
od
ulati
on
process
has
be
en
pe
rfor
m
ed
by
m
ult
iply
ing
the
In
-
ph
ase
data
by
sine
wav
e
ca
rr
ie
r
f
reque
ncy
of
2.4
GH
z
,
w
hile
the
data
of
Qu
a
drat
ur
e
ha
s
bee
n
m
ulti
pl
ie
d
by
or
t
hogonal
c
osi
ne
wa
ve
at
th
e
sa
m
e
fr
eq
ue
ncy.
T
he
final
m
od
ulate
d
sign
al
has
bee
n
produce
d
by
si
m
ply
add
i
ng the
res
ul
ta
nt I
-
c
ha
nn
el
and Q
-
c
hannel
data an
d
a
s s
hown in Fi
gure
14 a
nd Fig
ure
15.
Figure
14. In
-
phase a
nd
qu
a
drat
ur
e
data a
fter
m
od
ulati
on pr
ocess
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce A
na
ly
sis
of
IEE
E 80
2.15.4 Tr
anscei
ver
Syste
m under
Ad
apti
ve Whit
e
...
(
E
khlas
Ka
dhum)
4193
Figure
15. Res
ultant t
ra
ns
m
itt
ed
si
gn
al
At
the
receive
r
side,
the
first
ste
p
was
to
c
onve
rt
the
recei
ved
RF
si
gn
al
into
a
base
ba
nd
wa
vefo
r
m
by
firstly
per
f
orm
ing
dem
od
ul
at
ion
process
t
hro
ugh
m
ulti
pl
yi
ng
the
In
-
phase
data
by
sine
wav
e
car
rier
sign
al
and
t
he
Q
ua
drat
ur
e
data
by
cosine
wa
ve
c
arr
ie
r
si
gn
al
at
2.4
G
HZ
.
Th
en,
half
si
ne
pulse
sh
a
ping
ha
s
bee
n
perform
ed,
sim
il
arly
as
done
with
the
tra
nsm
itter
side,
by m
ul
ti
plyi
ng
th
e
ge
ner
at
e
d
de
m
od
ulate
d
da
ta
by h
al
f
si
ne
wa
ve
of
1
MHZ.
Fi
nally
,
an
8
th
ord
er
a
nalo
g
Butt
er
w
or
t
h
lo
w
pa
ss
filt
er
at
16
M
HZ
has
be
en
use
d
to
recover
t
he
or
i
gin
al
data
.
I
n
sam
pling
and
thres
ho
l
ding
proces
s,
a
ci
rc
ui
t
con
sist
s
of
a
zero
orde
r
hold
at
sam
pling
tim
e
of
6.2
5
−
8
s
an
d
a
com
par
at
or
has
been
use
d
to
im
ple
m
ent
AD
C
f
un
ct
io
n.
The
n,
i
n
orde
r
to
des
pr
ea
d
t
he
f
inal
di
gital
sig
nal,
t
he
I
n
-
pha
se
an
d
Q
uadra
ture
data
was
firstly
com
bin
ed
to
get
her
thr
ou
gh
par
al
le
l
-
to
-
seri
al
conver
si
on
process
,
an
d
this
was
done
us
in
g
a
swit
ch
at
cl
ock
f
r
equ
e
ncy
of
2
MHZ.
Eve
ntu
al
ly
,
de
sp
rea
ding
proc
ess
has
bee
n
pe
rfor
m
ed
by
m
ulti
plyi
ng
P
N
seq
uen
ce
ge
ne
rator
of
2Mbp
s
chi
p
rate
by
the
la
st
serial
sig
nal.
Fo
r
sync
hro
nizat
ion
pur
po
se
,
a
suffici
ent
am
ount
of
delay
has
been
ad
de
d
afte
r
the
P
N
se
qu
e
n
ce
at
the
recei
ver
side.
Fig
ures
16
t
o
20
dem
on
strat
e
si
gnal
wa
vefo
rm
s
at
diff
e
re
nt
sta
ges
of
the
pro
posed
r
ecei
ver
m
od
el
,
and
w
hen
t
he
transceive
r
sys
tem
passed
th
r
ough
A
WGN
channel
m
od
el
.
Data
has bee
n
s
ucce
ssfu
ll
y rec
over
ed
as
sho
wn in
Fig
ur
e
21.
Figure
16. A
W
GN cha
nnel
m
od
el
receive
d s
ign
al
Figure
17. De
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od
ulate
d
I
n
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phase
receive
d data
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