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1]
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T
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I
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:
2
088
-
87
08
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4
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020
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3
4
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s
of
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c
i
one
r
s
uc
h
a
s
c
r
y
pt
o
gr
a
p
hy
,
s
e
c
ur
e
r
o
ut
i
n
g,
a
nd
k
e
ym
a
na
ge
m
e
nt s
c
he
m
e
a
nd e
t
c
[
9
-
1
0
].
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
he
p
r
o
p
os
e
d pa
pe
r
p
r
e
s
e
nt
s
a
c
om
ple
t
e
l
y
n
ew
s
ec
u
r
i
t
y
ap
p
r
o
ach
t
h
at
u
s
es
n
o
n
-
c
o
nv
e
nt
i
ona
l
a
pp
r
o
a
c
h i
n o
r
de
r
t
o a
d
d
re
s
s
t
h
re
a
t
s
fro
m
m
a
j
o
ri
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
a
t
t
a
c
k
s
i
n
W
S
N
a
n
d
i
m
p
o
s
e
s
c
o
s
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
b
e
t
t
e
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce i
n
W
S
N
.
S
ect
i
o
n
1
(
a
-
c
)
di
s
c
us
s
e
s
a
b
ou
t
t
he
e
xi
s
t
i
ng
l
it
e
r
a
t
ur
e
s
w
he
r
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
t
e
c
h
n
i
que
s
a
r
e
di
s
c
u
s
s
e
d
f
or
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
s
c
he
m
e
s
us
e
d
i
n
po
w
e
r
t
r
a
ns
m
is
s
i
on l
i
ne
s
f
ol
l
owe
d by
di
s
c
us
s
i
o
n o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h p
r
obl
e
m
s
a
nd p
r
o
p
os
e
d
s
ol
ut
i
on
.
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
2
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
s
a
b
o
u
t
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
f
ol
l
ow
e
d by
di
s
c
us
s
i
o
n of
r
e
s
ul
t
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
i
n
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
3
.
F
i
n
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
co
n
cl
u
s
i
v
e
r
em
ar
k
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
i
n
S
ect
i
o
n
4
.
a.
T
h
e
b
a
c
k
gr
ound
T
hi
s
s
e
c
t
i
on
di
s
c
us
s
e
s
t
he
pr
e
vi
o
us
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h w
o
r
k o
n
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
,
pr
i
va
c
y
i
n W
S
N a
nd
ne
t
w
or
k
pr
ot
oc
ol
s
.
T
he
w
or
k c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
ut
by
Y
i
ng
L
i
u
[
11]
ha
v
e
us
e
s
S
-
dL
M
S
(
S
e
c
u
r
e
di
f
f
ut
i
on
M
e
a
n
S
qua
r
e
)
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
o
v
e
r
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
n
e
t
w
or
k a
ga
i
ns
t
va
r
i
ous
a
t
t
a
c
ks
.
T
ay
eb
i
et
al
.
[
1
2
]
p
r
es
e
n
t
s
a c
h
ao
t
i
c
D
S
-
S
S
(
Di
r
e
c
t
S
e
que
nc
e
S
pr
e
a
d S
pe
c
t
r
um
)
m
e
t
hod f
or
i
m
pr
ovi
n
g t
he
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
i
n
W
S
N
.
L
uo e
t
a
l
.
[
13]
,
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
ced
a w
el
l
-
o
r
ga
ni
z
e
d
Ac
c
e
s
s
C
o
nt
r
ol
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
or
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
i
n t
he
c
r
os
s
dom
a
i
n s
e
t
t
i
ng of
i
nt
e
r
ne
t
o
f
t
hi
ng
s
.
I
l
l
i
a
no
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
4]
i
nt
r
o
duc
e
a
n
A
nom
a
l
de
t
e
c
t
i
on s
c
he
m
e
w
i
t
h opt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
on a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
f
or
W
S
N
e
ve
nt
i
n
t
e
g
r
i
t
y
.
H
a
j
j
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
,
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
m
u
l
t
i
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
m
a
x
i
m
i
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
W
S
N
by
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
n
g t
he
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
n
od
e
l
i
f
e
.
S
un e
t
a
l
.
[
1
6]
,
a
da
pt
s
a
n i
nt
r
us
i
on
de
t
e
c
t
or
m
ode
l
b
a
s
e
d
on
V
-
d
et
ect
o
r
s
c
he
m
e
f
or
de
t
e
c
t
i
on of
i
nt
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
i
n
W
S
N.
Z
ha
ng e
t
a
l
.
[
1
7]
,
i
nt
r
o
d
uc
e
s
a
n a
no
ny
m
ous
ke
y
e
xc
ha
n
ge
pr
ot
oc
ol
ba
s
e
d
on
t
he
c
r
y
pt
o
gr
a
p
hi
c
t
e
c
hni
que
(
E
C
C
)
f
o
r
a
d
dr
e
s
s
i
n
g s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
a
n
d
pr
i
v
a
c
y
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
.
K
u
m
ar
et
al
.
[
1
8
]
,
a
d
d
r
es
s
e
d
a l
o
cal
i
zat
i
o
n
al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
t
o
s
ecu
r
e t
h
e s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e at
t
ack
s
an
d
d
et
ect
i
o
n
o
f
m
a
l
i
c
i
o
u
s
an
ch
o
r
n
o
d
e
o
f
p
r
i
v
i
l
eg
ed
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
L
i
et
al
.
[
1
9
]
,
ad
a
p
t
s
a
D
V
(
D
i
s
t
an
ce
V
ect
o
r
)
h
o
p
al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
w
hi
c
h
ba
s
e
d
o
n
ve
c
t
o
r
r
o
ut
i
n
g
t
ha
t
of
f
e
r
s
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
a
ga
i
ns
t
wo
r
m
hol
e
a
t
t
a
c
ks
.
Um
a
r
e
t
a
l.
[
2
0]
,
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
a
t
r
us
t
b
a
s
e
d
c
ro
s
s
l
a
y
e
r fra
m
e
w
o
r
k
(
T
ru
F
i
x
) u
s
i
n
g
t
r
us
t
ba
s
e
d f
uz
z
y
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
f
or
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
a
ga
i
ns
t
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
t
y
pe
s
of
a
t
t
a
c
k
s
i
n
W
S
N.
G
u
a
n a
nd
Ge
[
21]
,
a
d
dr
e
s
s
i
n
g t
he
di
s
t
r
i
but
e
d
ne
t
w
or
k s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
i
n
W
S
N
a
ga
i
ns
t
ja
m
m
i
ng
a
t
t
a
c
k
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
h
e
l
p
o
f
m
a
r
k
o
v
j
u
m
p
m
o
d
e
l
.
S
h
e
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
,
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
n
I
D
(
I
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
)
ba
s
e
d c
om
pr
e
h
e
ns
i
ve
s
i
gna
t
ur
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
or
t
he
p
r
ot
e
c
t
i
o
n o
f
d
a
t
a
i
nt
e
gr
i
t
y
in
W
S
N
a
n
d
a
l
s
o f
o
r
r
e
d
u
c
i
ng t
he
ba
n
d
w
i
dt
h
.
Z
ha
ng e
t
a
l
.
[
23]
,
i
nt
r
o
duc
e
s
a
n i
nt
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
de
t
e
c
t
i
o
n ba
s
e
d o
n t
r
us
t
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
a
nd s
t
a
t
e
c
o
nt
e
xt
f
o
r
r
e
s
oi
ur
c
e
ove
r
he
a
d a
nd m
a
l
ic
i
ous
i
de
nt
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on i
n
W
S
N
.
R
a
na
[
2
4]
,
a
d
a
pt
s
a
c
on
ve
x s
t
a
t
e
a
ppr
oxi
m
a
t
i
on
(
CS
A
)
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
s
m
a
r
t
v
e
h
i
l
c
l
e
c
y
b
e
r
a
t
t
a
c
k
s
.
N
u
r
e
l
l
a
r
i
a
n
d
M
c
L
e
r
n
o
n
[
2
5
]
,
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
u
s
i
n
g
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
f
u
s
i
o
n
r
u
l
e
f
o
r
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
a
t
t
a
c
k
s
i
n
W
S
N
.
S
h
a
fi
e
e
[2
6
]
,
di
s
c
us
s
e
s
a
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
c
om
pa
r
a
t
i
ve
m
e
t
hod
w
i
t
h s
pe
c
t
r
u
m
s
e
ns
i
ng
(
S
S
)
a
l
g
or
i
t
hm
i
n c
o
g
ni
t
i
ve
W
S
N f
or
t
he
us
a
ge
ne
xt
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
o
n
W
S
N.
L
i
u
a
nd
D
o
ng
e
t
a
l
.
[
27]
,
a
da
pt
s
a
n
a
c
t
i
ve
t
r
us
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
or
t
r
us
t
a
bl
e
,
e
f
f
i
c
i
r
n
t
a
nd
s
e
c
ur
e
r
ou
t
i
ng
i
n
W
S
N
w
hi
c
h i
m
pr
o
ve
s
t
he
da
t
a
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
.
M
e
hm
ood
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
8]
,
i
nt
r
o
d
uc
e
s
a
k
no
w
l
e
d
ge
ba
s
e
d C
A
S
(
C
ont
e
xt
Aw
a
r
e
S
c
he
m
e
)
f
or
i
de
nt
i
f
y
i
ng t
he
a
t
t
a
c
ks
a
n
d de
a
l
i
n
g t
he
i
nt
e
r
r
u
pt
i
o
n oc
c
u
r
i
n
t
he
m
a
li
c
i
ous
no
de
.
L
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
9]
,
i
nt
r
o
duc
e
s
a
n a
ut
he
nt
i
c
a
t
i
on
or
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
pr
ot
oc
ol
f
or
pr
i
va
c
y
p
r
ot
e
c
t
i
on
o
f
i
nt
e
r
ne
t
o
f
t
hi
ngs
(
I
nd
us
t
r
i
a
l
f
e
i
l
d)
us
i
n
g o
pt
im
a
l
t
e
c
hni
q
ue
.
P
r
a
s
a
nt
a
G
ope
[
3
0]
,
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
a
n a
ut
he
n
t
i
c
a
t
i
on
pr
ot
oc
ol
f
o
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
i
n
da
t
a
a
c
c
e
s
i
n
r
e
a
l
t
i
m
e
e
n
vi
r
onm
e
nt
us
i
n
g
c
r
y
pt
o
g
r
a
phi
c
t
e
c
h
ni
q
u
e
s
.
F
ai
s
al
et
al
.
[
31]
ha
ve
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
no
ve
l
s
c
he
m
e
ba
s
e
d
o
n
r
e
c
e
i
ve
s
i
gna
l
s
t
r
e
ngt
h
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
t
o
c
ount
e
r
t
h
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
r
e
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
t
t
a
c
k
o
n
t
h
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
b
a
s
e
d
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
a
d
-
ho
c
n
e
t
w
or
k.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
of
T
a
y
e
bi
e
t
a
l
.
[
32]
ha
ve
p
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d i
m
pr
o
ve
d
c
ha
ot
i
c
ba
s
e
d
di
r
e
c
t
s
e
que
nc
e s
p
r
ead
s
p
ect
r
u
m
(
DS
S
S
)
t
e
c
hni
que
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
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ce
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h
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r
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S
S
S
de
pe
nde
nt
W
S
N
.
T
i
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
3]
ha
ve
p
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d
a
m
odi
f
i
e
d
ve
r
s
i
on
of
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i
xe
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nt
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ge
r
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n
d
no
nl
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a
r
p
r
o
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a
m
m
i
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a
n
d
g
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ve
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j
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o
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e
c
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o
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o
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-
l
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y
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o
pt
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m
i
z
a
t
i
on t
o im
pr
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ve
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ne
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gy
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i
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t
i
on,
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pe
c
t
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c
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o e
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nc
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e
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r
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t
y
l
e
ve
l
.
T
he
wo
r
k
of
Ha
j
ji
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
4]
ha
ve
i
nt
r
od
uc
e
d a
n
ove
l
m
ul
t
i
obje
c
t
i
ve
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c
ur
e
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pr
ot
oc
ol
f
or
o
pt
im
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z
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ng ove
r
a
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ne
t
w
or
k r
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s
ou
r
c
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or
de
r
t
o ge
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q
ua
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wa
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da
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pr
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ng
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t
wo
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k
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-
s
pa
n o
f
W
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N
.
Al
s
hi
ni
na
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
5]
o
f
f
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s
a
n
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dva
nc
e
d a
p
pr
oa
c
h
ba
s
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l
ear
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q
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e t
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er
f
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b
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en
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-
u
s
e
r
a
n
d
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N
.
T
h
e ex
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i
m
en
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al
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f
ec
t
s
d
i
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p
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et
w
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k
r
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ces
.
K
um
a
r
e
t
a
l
.
[
36]
f
oc
us
e
d
o
n
t
he
i
s
s
ue
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
w
i
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c
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oc
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t
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on
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or
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o
de
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a
n
d
p
r
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nt
e
d
a s
ecu
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e l
o
cal
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zat
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al
g
o
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h
m
t
o
p
r
o
t
ect
t
h
e s
en
s
o
r
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d
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e o
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t
s
i
d
er
at
t
ack
an
d
as
w
el
l
as
i
t
a
l
s
o
m
oni
t
or
s
t
he
i
n
s
i
de
r
n
ode
t
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
c
om
pr
om
i
s
e
d
n
o
de
i
n
t
h
e
ne
t
w
or
k.
L
u
o
e
t
a
l
.
[
37]
ha
v
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
a
s
e
c
ur
e
a
nd
r
o
b
us
t
Ac
c
e
s
s
c
ont
r
ol
de
s
i
gn b
a
s
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d
on
c
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r
t
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t
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-
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pt
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N i
n
t
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c
r
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s
Dom
i
a
n f
r
a
m
e
wor
k
of
I
oT
.
G
ua
n
a
nd
G
e
[
38]
ha
ve
de
s
i
gne
d
M
a
r
k
ov
c
ha
i
n
a
nd
l
e
ve
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d
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a
j
am
m
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at
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ack
.
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pt
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w
n
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F
i
g
ur
e
1.
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
A
na
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
s
c
he
m
e
of
p
r
o
p
os
e
d
m
e
t
ho
dol
ogy
T
he
p
r
o
p
os
e
d s
y
s
t
e
m
i
nt
r
o
du
c
e
s
a
no
ve
l
c
oo
r
di
na
t
o
r
n
o
d
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
ha
t
i
s
m
e
a
nt
f
or
m
i
nim
i
z
i
ng
t
he
ne
t
w
or
k
o
ve
r
he
a
d by
a
s
s
i
s
t
i
ng i
n e
n
ha
nc
i
n
g t
he
da
t
a
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on r
a
t
e
.
B
a
s
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
c
oo
r
di
na
t
o
r
n
ode
i
s
a
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
a
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
t
h
a
t
f
i
n
a
l
l
y
t
a
ke
s
a
de
c
i
s
i
on o
f
f
i
na
l
l
y
f
or
w
a
r
di
ng t
he
da
t
a
pa
c
ke
t
t
o
t
he
ne
i
gh
b
or
i
n
g
no
de
or
t
o t
h
e
s
i
nk
.
I
t
a
l
s
o t
a
ke
s
a
de
c
i
s
i
o
n
of
m
a
ny
ot
h
e
r
e
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
op
e
r
a
t
i
ons
a
n
d
h
e
nc
e
i
t
s
cap
ab
i
l
i
t
i
es
can
b
e
u
s
ed
m
al
i
ci
o
u
s
l
y
b
y
t
h
e
ad
v
e
r
s
a
r
y
.
H
e
n
ce,
i
t
i
s
es
s
en
t
i
al
t
h
at
co
o
r
d
ina
to
r
n
od
e
s
hould
be
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
a
n
d
t
ha
t
r
i
ght
s
a
r
e
r
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t
a
i
ne
d
onl
y
wi
t
hi
n
t
he
c
ur
r
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nt
l
y
ope
r
a
t
i
o
na
l
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
he
a
d.
T
he
c
ont
r
ol
m
e
s
s
a
ge
ha
s
be
e
n
w
o
r
ke
d
u
po
n t
o s
pl
i
t
t
he
o
pe
r
a
t
i
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of
r
out
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s
t
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be
a
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pe
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f
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m
a
t
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on a
s
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t
h
up
da
t
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s
us
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n
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a
t
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x.
A
ne
w
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d
ve
r
s
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r
i
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-
87
08
I
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J
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c
&
C
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o
l
.
10
,
No
.
4
,
A
ug
us
t
2
020
:
3
4
5
1
-
3
4
5
9
3
456
de
ve
l
ope
d
by
pr
i
m
a
r
y
gho
s
t
no
de
.
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ne
i
n
t
e
r
e
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t
i
ng
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oi
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o be
o
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e
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ve
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s
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ha
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p
r
op
os
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d s
y
s
t
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m
d
oe
s
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im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ny f
or
m
of
e
nc
r
y
pt
i
on m
e
c
ha
ni
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m
a
nd i
t
pe
r
f
o
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m
s
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u
r
i
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d c
o
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t
o f
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f
t
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n
c
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a
n
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on
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s
t
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ng ne
t
w
o
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k
t
ha
t
l
e
a
ds
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o de
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a
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on of
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e
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t
ack
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n
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s
co
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ag
e
t
h
em
f
r
o
m
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y
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r
t
h
er
at
t
ack
s
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h
e
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
b
r
o
a
d
c
a
s
t
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
o
u
t
e
r
e
q
u
e
s
t
(
r
req
)
of
t
he
ne
w
no
de
n
node
in
or
de
r
t
o pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
t
e
i
n t
he
ne
t
wo
r
k
(
L
i
ne
-
1
)
.
A
t
t
h
i
s
p
o
i
n
t
,
i
t
i
s
y
e
t
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
n
i
f n
node
is
g
e
nu
in
e
nod
e
or
m
a
l
i
c
i
ous
no
d
e
.
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f
t
he
r
e
q
ue
s
t
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
d b
y
t
he
n
new
i
s
f
ou
n
d t
o be
l
o
oki
ng
f
o
r
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
h
op (
L
i
ne
-
3)
th
a
n
th
e
s
ou
r
c
e
nod
e
a
llo
ws
a
n
a
c
c
e
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s
on
ly to its
s
in
g
le
hop n
e
igh
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n
od
e
s
pr
o
vi
de
d i
f
t
he
t
r
us
t
va
l
ue
of
t
h
e
n
new
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s e
q
u
a
l
t
o
t
h
a
t
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
t
table
.
Ot
h
e
r
w
i
s
e
,
i
t
d
o
e
s
n
’t
g
i
v
e
t
h
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
.
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w
e
v
e
r,
i
f
t
h
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re
q
u
e
s
t
t
y
p
e
of
t
he
n
new
i
s
f
o
u
nd
not
t
o
be
m
a
t
c
hi
ng
w
i
t
h t
ha
t
of
t
t
able
(
L
i
n
e
-
7
)
t
h
a
n
i
t
i
s
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
a
s
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m
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l
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c
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o
u
s
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n
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ha
t
r
e
que
s
t
i
s
f
or
w
a
r
de
d t
o t
he
gh
os
t
n
od
e
g
node
w
hi
c
h t
he
n c
o
ns
t
r
uc
t
s
f
a
ke
n
ode
s
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
f
ak
e r
o
u
t
es
an
d
al
l
o
cat
e t
h
em
as
a
r
o
u
t
e
r
es
p
o
n
s
e r
r
ep
t
o
t
h
e
m
al
i
ci
o
u
s
n
o
d
e
(
L
i
n
e
-
1
1)
.
T
he
m
a
li
c
i
ous
no
de
ha
s
n
o
o
t
he
r
o
pt
i
on
t
ha
n c
ho
os
i
ng
t
ha
t
r
o
ut
e
r
e
q
ue
s
t
t
ha
t
c
o
s
t
t
he
m
unw
a
nt
e
d
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
s
.
Ma
jo
r
ity of
t
he
e
xi
s
t
i
n
g
r
o
ut
i
ng
s
c
he
m
e
in
W
S
N
us
e
s
o
nl
y
f
ou
r
t
y
pe
s
of
c
o
nt
r
ol
m
e
s
s
a
ge
i
.
e
.
r
o
ut
e
_r
e
q
ue
s
t
,
r
o
ut
e
_r
e
pl
y
,
r
o
ut
e
_a
c
k
no
w
l
e
dge
m
e
nt
,
a
n
d
r
o
ut
e
_e
r
r
or
.
Ho
w
e
ve
r
,
t
he
p
r
op
os
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
m
a
ke
s
s
l
i
ght
c
ha
n
g
e
s
i
n
r
ou
te
_r
e
p
ly
b
y
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
ing
t
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r
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p
ly of
c
o
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t
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n
o
de
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s
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c
t
i
o
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s
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on
s
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q
ue
nc
e
s
of
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t
a
a
g
gr
e
g
a
t
i
on.
T
he
r
o
ut
e
_
r
e
q
ue
s
t
m
e
s
s
a
ge
pe
r
f
o
r
m
s
de
c
l
a
r
a
t
i
on
o
f
t
he
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
ti
on
r
e
l
a
t
e
d t
o
ne
i
gh
b
or
i
ng
n
ode
s
o
f
a
t
a
r
ge
t
no
de
.
T
he
s
e
v
e
r
i
t
y
of
t
he
a
t
ta
c
k i
s
ju
d
ge
d
by
t
he
i
nt
r
us
i
o
n l
e
ve
l
ove
r
t
he
r
out
e
_r
e
q
ue
s
t
c
ont
r
ol
m
e
s
s
a
ge
.
T
he
br
oa
dc
a
s
t
i
ng
o
f
t
he
r
out
e
_r
e
pl
y
i
s
c
a
r
r
i
e
d o
ut
by
c
o
o
r
di
na
t
or
n
o
de
pe
r
i
odi
c
a
l
l
y
a
n
d s
uc
h
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
a
r
e
onl
y
f
o
r
w
a
r
de
d vi
a
c
o
or
di
n
a
t
or
n
o
de
t
he
r
e
by
m
i
nim
i
z
i
ng t
he
o
ve
r
he
a
d.
I
t
w
a
s
s
e
e
n f
r
om
t
he
e
xi
s
t
i
ng
ap
p
r
o
ach
es
t
h
at
t
h
ey
ar
e h
i
g
h
l
y
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
t
o
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
t
t
a
c
k
w
h
i
c
h
r
e
n
d
e
r
s
i
n
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
he
e
xi
s
t
i
n
g a
p
pr
oa
c
he
s
.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
a
n
e
w
a
dve
r
s
a
r
i
a
l
m
od
e
l
i
s
de
s
i
gne
d
i
n s
uc
h a
wa
y
t
ha
t
i
t
i
nc
or
p
o
r
a
t
e
s
m
a
l
i
c
i
ous
be
ha
vi
o
ur
of
m
a
jor
i
t
y
of
t
he
l
e
t
ha
l
t
hr
e
a
t
s
i
n
W
S
N
.
I
n t
hi
s
p
r
oc
e
s
s
,
t
h
e
v
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
l
e
n
o
d
e
w
i
l
l
t
r
y
t
o
pe
r
f
o
r
m
l
e
s
s
b
r
oa
dc
a
s
t
i
n
g i
n
or
de
r
t
o e
ns
ur
e
t
ha
t
t
he
y
a
r
e
not
m
uc
h e
x
po
s
i
ng t
he
i
r
l
oc
a
t
i
on a
n
d r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
s
t
o
t
oo
m
a
ny
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
ns
o
r
s
.
T
he
a
t
t
a
c
ke
r
no
de
,
on
t
he
ot
he
r
ha
nd
,
w
i
l
l
t
r
y
t
o
e
xt
r
a
c
t
m
or
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
ti
on
f
r
o
m
s
uc
h
vul
ne
r
a
bl
e
n
o
d
e
i
n o
r
de
r
t
o
o
bt
a
i
n i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
ion
o
f
l
a
r
g
e
c
ha
i
n o
f
ne
t
wo
r
k
s
w
hi
c
h e
xi
s
t
s
i
n m
ul
t
i
hop.
F
o
r
t
hi
s
pu
r
pos
e
,
t
he
a
t
t
a
c
ke
r
no
de
br
oa
dc
a
s
t
a
f
a
l
s
i
f
i
e
d c
ont
r
ol
m
e
s
s
a
ge
of
r
o
ut
e
_r
e
q
ue
s
t
j
us
t
t
o s
h
o
w t
ha
t
t
he
y
a
r
e
av
ai
l
ab
l
e t
o
act
as
a co
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
o
r
n
o
d
e f
o
r
t
h
e t
ar
g
et
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e.
I
t
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e o
n
ce t
h
ey
b
eco
m
e co
o
r
d
i
n
at
o
r
n
o
d
e
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
y
w
i
l
l
g
a
i
n
r
i
g
h
t
s
t
o
u
s
e
r
o
u
t
e
_
r
e
p
l
y
a
n
d
s
t
a
r
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
m
a
l
i
c
i
o
u
s
l
y
.
F
igu
r
e
2
p
r
e
s
en
t
s
a
s
c
he
m
e
s
t
o
di
ve
r
t
m
a
l
i
c
i
ous
n
ode
.
Adversary
Update
Routing Table
Attacker
Source Node
Intermediate Node
Malicious Code
Fake msg
Primary Ghost Node
Secondary Ghost Node
F
ig
ur
e
2
.
S
c
he
m
e
s
t
o
di
ve
r
t
m
a
l
i
c
i
ous
n
ode
3.
R
ES
U
LT
A
N
A
LY
S
I
S
T
hi
s
s
e
c
t
i
on
o
ut
l
i
ne
s
a
b
out
t
he
s
i
m
ul
a
ti
on
out
c
om
e
s
c
a
r
r
i
e
d o
ut
i
n t
he
pr
o
pos
e
d r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
w
o
r
k.
I
n
o
r
de
r
t
o
a
s
s
e
s
s
t
he
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
o
f
t
he
pr
o
pos
e
d s
y
s
t
e
m
,
it
i
s
e
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
t
o u
n
de
r
s
t
a
n
d t
ha
t
pr
o
p
os
e
d
s
tud
y
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
a
n
o
v
e
l
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
f
o
r
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
.
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t
i
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
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t
h
a
t
s
e
c
u
r
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t
y
p
e
r
f
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n
c
e
s
h
o
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l
d
b
e en
s
u
r
ed
n
o
t
at
t
h
e co
s
t
o
f
d
at
a
d
el
i
v
er
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
t
h
e an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
s
ecu
r
i
t
y
ap
p
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o
ach
i
s
car
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ed
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s
i
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o
m
e p
r
act
i
cal
p
ar
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g
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r
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al
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p
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T
h
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r
r
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on
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de
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i
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g 50
0
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6
00 s
e
ns
or
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be
a
r
i
n
g M
i
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pr
o
pe
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r
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11
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m
u
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a
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a
.
An
a
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is
of
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e
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s
t
nod
e
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s
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n
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F
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gu
r
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3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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IS
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N
:
208
8
-
87
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ous
N
e
t
w
or
ke
d S
y
s
t
e
m
s
:
C
onfi
gur
a
t
i
o
n
a
nd
O
pe
ra
t
i
on
M
i
ddl
e
w
a
re
,
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nge
r
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Com
put
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S
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nga
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d
Bha
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j
N
.
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A
S
urve
y
on
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e
c
uri
t
y
a
nd
V
a
ri
ous
A
t
t
a
c
k
s
i
n W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or N
e
t
w
ork,
"
Int
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
o
ur
nal
of
Com
put
e
r
Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
and
E
ngi
ne
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r
i
ng
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E
CE
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i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or a
nd
M
obi
l
e
A
d
-
Ho
c
Ne
t
wo
r
k
s:
Ve
hi
c
ul
a
r a
nd S
pa
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A
ppl
i
c
a
t
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ons
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S
pri
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urv
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t
rus
i
on
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e
t
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c
t
i
on S
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
n W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
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ns
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e
t
w
orks
,
"
in
IE
E
E
Com
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
Sur
v
e
y
s
&
T
ut
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Y
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X
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A
S
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uri
t
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P
ri
v
a
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y
,
a
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rus
t
i
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ob
i
l
e
Crow
ds
ourc
i
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"
i
n
I
E
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Int
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nn,
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A
S
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y
of
P
ot
e
nt
i
a
l
S
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c
uri
t
y
Is
s
ue
s
i
n E
x
i
s
t
i
ng W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or N
e
t
w
ork
P
rot
oc
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,
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i
n
IE
E
E
In
t
e
r
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t
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J
our
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hus
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ri
s
t
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e
n.
,
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A
n Indus
t
ri
a
l
P
e
rs
pe
c
t
i
v
e
on W
i
r
e
l
e
ss S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
wo
r
k
s
—
A
S
urve
y
of Re
qui
re
m
e
nt
s
,
P
rot
oc
ol
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,
a
nd Cha
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nge
s
,
"
i
n
I
E
E
E
Com
m
uni
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at
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ons
Sur
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Y
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a
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i
,
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S
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D
i
s
t
ri
b
ut
e
d E
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
on
ove
r W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or
N
e
t
w
orks
unde
r A
t
t
a
c
ks
,
"
IE
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
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on A
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E
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ot
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-
D
SSS i
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N
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IE
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E
Com
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ffi
c
i
e
nt
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
ont
rol
s
c
he
m
e
for w
i
re
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or ne
t
w
orks
i
n
t
he
c
ros
s
-
dom
a
i
n c
ont
e
xt
of t
h
e
IoT
,
"
S
e
c
ur
i
t
y
a
nd Com
m
uni
c
at
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t
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Il
l
i
a
no V
P
,
P
a
udi
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G
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n
zál
ez L
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u
p
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E
C
,
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D
e
t
e
rm
i
ni
ng Re
s
i
l
i
e
nc
e
G
a
i
ns
f
rom
A
no
m
a
l
y
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
on fo
r
E
ve
nt
Int
e
gr
i
t
y
i
n W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or N
e
t
w
orks
,
"
A
CM T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on Se
ns
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Ne
t
wor
k
s
(
T
O
S
N)
,
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,
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E
l
H
aj
j
i
F
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eg
h
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Do
u
z
i
K,
"
A
da
pt
i
ve
Rout
i
ng P
rot
oc
ol
for L
i
fe
t
i
m
e
M
a
xi
m
i
z
a
t
i
on i
n
M
ul
t
i
-
Cons
tr
a
in
t
W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
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ns
or N
e
t
w
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,
"
J
our
nal
of
Com
m
uni
c
at
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ons
and
Inf
o
r
m
at
i
on Ne
t
wor
k
s
,
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S
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.
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A
n Int
rus
i
on
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e
t
e
c
t
i
on M
ode
l
for W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or N
e
t
w
orks
w
i
t
h a
n Im
prove
d
V
-
D
e
te
c
to
r
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
,
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I
E
E
E
S
e
ns
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s
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Z
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P
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S
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c
ur
e
A
no
n
y
m
ous
A
ut
he
nt
i
c
a
t
e
d K
e
y
E
xc
h
a
nge
P
rot
oc
o
l
B
a
s
e
d on E
CC for
W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or N
e
t
w
orks
,
"
Wi
r
e
l
e
s
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Com
m
uni
c
a
t
i
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i
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K
um
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K
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a R
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,
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A
S
e
c
ure
L
oc
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
on A
pproa
c
h U
s
i
ng M
ut
ua
l
A
ut
he
nt
i
c
a
t
i
on a
nd Ins
i
d
e
r
N
o
d
e
V
a
lid
a
tio
n
in
W
ir
e
le
s
s
S
e
n
s
o
r
N
e
tw
o
rks
,
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Mobi
l
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at
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W
a
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,
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uri
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D
V
-
hop l
o
c
a
l
i
s
a
t
i
on
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
a
ga
i
ns
t
w
orm
ho
l
e at
t
ack
i
n
w
i
r
el
es
s
s
en
s
o
r
ne
t
w
ork,
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I
E
T
W
i
re
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ss S
e
n
so
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M
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a
l
i
A
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u
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k
ar
n
a
i
n
Z
A
,
"
T
r
ufi
x:
A
c
onf
i
gur
a
bl
e
t
rus
t
-
ba
s
e
d
c
ros
s
-
l
a
y
e
r pro
t
o
c
ol
for w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
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ns
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t
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cc
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ua
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s
t
i
m
a
t
i
on ov
e
r w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or ne
t
w
orks
a
ga
i
ns
t
ra
n
d
om
m
ul
t
i
c
ha
nn
e
l
j
am
m
i
n
g
at
t
ack
s
,"
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E
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,
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ec
u
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d
ef
f
i
ci
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id
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ba
s
e
d
a
ggre
g
a
t
e
s
i
gn
a
t
ure
s
c
he
m
e
for w
i
re
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or ne
t
w
orks
,
"
IE
E
E
Int
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J
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ha
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L
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,
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,
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i
u
X
.
,
"
Int
r
us
i
on D
e
t
e
c
t
i
on
Ba
s
e
d on S
t
a
t
e
Cont
e
xt
a
nd H
i
e
ra
rc
hi
c
a
l
T
r
u
s
t
i
n
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
S
e
ns
or N
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t
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E
v
a
l
ua
t
i
on
of E
ne
rg
y
Cons
um
pt
i
on us
i
ng Re
c
e
i
ve
r
-
C
e
nt
ri
c
M
A
C P
rot
oc
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i
n
W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or N
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t
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,
"
Int
e
r
nat
i
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J
our
n
al
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
and Com
put
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r
E
ngi
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ri
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
l
e
c
&
C
om
p
E
n
g
IS
S
N
:
208
8
-
87
08
T
ac
t
i
c
al
ap
pr
o
ac
h
t
o
i
de
nt
i
f
y
an
d
q
uar
a
nt
i
ne
s
p
ur
i
o
us
n
od
e
…
(
So
m
u
P
ar
a
nde
)
3
459
[25]
N
ure
l
l
a
r
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E
,
M
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rnon D
,
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,
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A
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e
c
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opt
i
m
um
di
s
t
ri
but
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d de
t
e
c
t
i
on s
c
he
m
e
i
n unde
r
-
at
t
ack
w
i
r
el
es
s
s
e
ns
or ne
t
w
orks
,
"
IE
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on Si
gna
l
and Inf
or
m
at
i
on P
r
oc
e
s
s
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ov
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Ne
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S
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,
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E
v
a
l
u
a
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i
on A
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c
h f
or S
pe
c
t
rum
S
e
n
s
i
ng i
n Cogni
t
i
ve
W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or
N
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t
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orks
(C
-
W
S
Ns)
,
"
Canadi
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our
nal
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
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al
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r
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ng
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A
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T
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:
S
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c
ure
a
nd
T
rus
t
a
bl
e
Rout
i
n
g i
n W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or N
e
t
w
orks
,
"
in
IE
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on In
f
or
m
at
i
on
F
or
e
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r
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ba
s
e
d
i
nt
rus
i
on d
e
t
e
c
t
i
on m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
f
or
s
m
a
rt
w
i
re
l
e
s
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rg
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ff
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c
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A
ut
he
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i
c
a
t
i
on P
rot
oc
o
l
fo
r
Indus
t
ri
a
l
Int
e
rn
e
t
of
T
h
i
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,
"
i
n
IE
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Int
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Re
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i
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i
c
L
i
ght
w
e
i
ght
A
non
y
m
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A
ut
he
nt
i
c
a
t
i
on
P
rot
oc
ol
for S
e
c
uri
ng Re
a
l
-
T
i
m
e
A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on D
a
t
a
A
c
c
e
ss i
n
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
wo
r
k
s,
"
i
n
IE
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
o
n Indus
t
r
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al
E
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,
a
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H
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eeb
U
r
R
ah
m
an
,
"
Ide
nt
i
t
y
a
t
t
a
c
k d
e
t
e
c
t
i
on s
y
s
t
e
m
for 802.
11
-
b
a
s
e
d
a
d hoc
ne
t
w
ork
s
,
"
E
U
R
A
S
I
P
J
our
nal
on Wi
r
e
l
e
s
s
Com
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
and Ne
t
wor
k
i
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,
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rt
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eb
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t
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va
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rb
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a
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ks
h
y
a
S
w
a
i
n,
"
S
ecu
r
i
t
y
E
n
h
an
cem
e
nt
of F
i
x
Cha
ot
i
c
-
D
SSS i
n
W
SN
s
,
"
I
E
E
E
Com
m
uni
c
at
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S
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X
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D
, Z
h
an
g
X
,
Y
an
g
Z
.
,
"
S
e
c
r
e
c
y
R
a
te
O
p
t
im
iz
a
tio
n
in
W
ir
e
le
s
s
M
u
lti
-
H
op F
ul
l
D
upl
e
x N
e
t
w
ork
s
,"
I
E
E
E
A
cc
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E
l
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aj
j
i
F
,
L
eg
h
r
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s
C
,
a
n
d
Do
u
z
i
K.
,
"
A
da
p
t
i
ve
Rout
i
ng P
rot
oc
o
l
for L
i
fe
t
i
m
e
M
a
x
im
iz
a
t
io
n
in
M
u
lti
-
Cons
tr
a
in
t
W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or N
e
t
w
orks
,
"
J
o
ur
nal
of
Com
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
and
Inf
or
m
at
i
on Ne
t
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A
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hi
ni
na
,
R
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a
h
A
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d
K
h
al
e
d
M
. E
l
l
ei
t
h
y
,
"
A
H
i
ghl
y
A
c
c
ur
a
t
e
D
e
e
p
L
e
a
rni
ng Ba
s
e
d A
pproa
c
h for D
e
ve
l
op
i
ng
Wi
r
e
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or
N
e
t
w
ork M
i
ddl
e
w
a
re
,
"
I
E
E
E
A
cc
es
s
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K
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a
r,
G
ul
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S
e
c
ure
L
oc
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
on A
pproa
c
h U
s
i
ng M
ut
ua
l
A
ut
he
nt
i
c
a
t
i
on a
n
d Ins
i
de
r N
ode
V
a
lid
a
t
i
on
i
n W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or N
e
t
w
orks
,
"
Mobi
l
e
Inf
or
m
at
i
on
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
,
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2017
,
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L
uo,
M
., L
u
o
, Y
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an
, Y
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, &
W
an
g
, Z
., "
S
e
c
u
re
a
nd e
ffi
c
i
e
n
t
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
ont
rol
s
c
he
m
e
for w
i
re
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or ne
t
w
orks
in
th
e
c
ros
s
-
dom
a
i
n
c
ont
e
x
t
of
t
h
e
IoT
,
"
S
e
c
ur
i
t
y
and Com
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on N
e
t
wor
k
s
,
2
018.
[38]
G
ua
n,
Y
a
npe
ng,
a
nd X
i
a
ohua
G
e
,
"
D
i
s
t
ri
but
e
d s
e
c
ure
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
on
ove
r w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or ne
t
w
orks
a
ga
i
ns
t
ra
nd
o
m
m
u
ltic
h
a
n
n
e
l ja
m
m
in
g
a
tta
c
k
s
,
"
I
E
E
E
A
c
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s
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0870
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L
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l
i
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ei
r
a
,
H
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o
n
g
, M
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er
n
, R
. D
ah
ab
an
d
A
. A
. F
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o
u
r
ei
r
o
, "
S
ec
L
E
A
C
H
-
A
Ra
ndom
K
e
y
D
i
s
t
ri
but
i
o
n
S
ol
ut
i
on for S
e
c
uri
ng Cl
us
t
e
r
e
d
S
e
ns
o
r N
e
t
w
orks
,
"
F
i
f
t
h
IE
E
E
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
Sy
m
pos
i
um
on Ne
t
wor
k
Com
put
i
ng
and A
ppl
i
c
at
i
ons
(
NCA
'
06)
,
Ca
m
bri
dge
,
M
A
,
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M
. E
l
-
S
a
a
da
w
y a
nd
E
.
S
ha
a
ba
n,
"
E
nh
a
nc
i
ng
S
-
L
E
A
CH
s
e
c
u
ri
t
y
for
w
i
re
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or ne
t
w
or
ks
,
"
2012 IE
E
E
Int
e
r
nat
i
onal
Co
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
E
l
e
c
t
r
o/
Inf
or
m
at
i
on T
e
c
hnol
ogy
,
Ind
i
a
na
pol
i
s
,
IN
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pp.
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2012.
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
IE
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
So
m
u P
a
r
a
nde
,
c
om
pl
e
t
e
d hi
s
B.
E
from
K
a
rna
t
a
ka
U
ni
ve
rs
i
t
y
,
D
ha
rw
a
rd,
Indi
a
a
nd M
.
T
e
c
h fro
m
M
um
ba
i
U
ni
ve
rs
i
t
y
,
Indi
a
.
H
e
i
s
purs
ui
ng P
h
D
from
V
T
U
,
Be
l
a
g
a
vi
,
K
ar
an
at
ak
a, I
n
d
i
a. H
i
s
re
s
e
a
rc
h
a
r
e
a
i
s
W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or
N
e
t
w
ork.
H
e
ha
s
18
y
e
a
rs
of
e
xp
e
ri
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
a
c
hi
ng.
Jay
as
h
r
e
e
M
al
l
ap
u
r
,
S
he
ha
s
done
B.
E
from
K
a
rna
t
a
ka
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y
,
D
ha
rw
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rd,
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a
a
nd M
.
T
e
c
h
from
G
ul
ba
rga
U
ni
ve
rs
i
t
y
,
Ind
i
a
.
S
he
ha
s
c
om
pl
e
t
e
d
he
r P
hD
i
n 2009 from
V
T
U
,
Be
l
a
g
a
vi
,
K
a
ra
na
t
a
ka
,
Ind
i
a
.
S
he
ha
s
2
5
y
e
a
rs
of
e
xpe
ri
e
nc
e
i
n
t
e
a
c
h
i
ng.
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